1
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Bénardais K, Delfino G, Samama B, Devys D, Antal MC, Ghandour MS, Boehm N. BBS4 protein has basal body/ciliary localization in sensory organs but extra-ciliary localization in oligodendrocytes during human development. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 385:37-48. [PMID: 33860840 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-021-03440-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome protein 4 (BBS4) localization has been studied in human embryos/fetuses from Carnegie stage 15 to 37 gestational weeks in neurosensory organs and brain, underlying the major clinical signs of BBS. We observed a correlation between the differentiation of the neurosensory cells (hair cells, photoreceptors, olfactory neurons) and the presence of a punctate BBS4 immunostaining in their apical cytoplasm. In the brain, BBS4 was localized in oligodendrocytes and myelinated tracts. In individual myelinated fibers, BBS4 immunolabelling was discontinuous, predominantly at the periphery of the myelin sheath. BBS4 immunolabelling was confirmed in postnatal developing white matter tracts in mouse as well as in mouse oligodendrocytes cultures. In neuroblasts/neurons, BBS4 was only present in reelin-expressing Cajal-Retzius cells. Our results show that BBS4, a protein of the BBSome, has both basal body/ciliary localization in neurosensory organs but extra-ciliary localization in oligodendrocytes. The presence of BBS4 in developing oligodendrocytes and myelin described in the present paper might attribute a new role to this protein, requiring further investigation in the field of myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Bénardais
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France. .,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France. .,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France. .,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
| | - G Delfino
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - B Samama
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - D Devys
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire IGBMC, UMR7104, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique (CNRS, Illkirch, France
| | - M C Antal
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - M S Ghandour
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - N Boehm
- ICube Laboratory, UMR 7357, Team IMIS, Strasbourg, France.,Institut d'Histologie, Service Central de Microscopie Electronique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg FMTS, Strasbourg, France.,Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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2
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Joseph NF, Grinman E, Swarnkar S, Puthanveettil SV. Molecular Motor KIF3B Acts as a Key Regulator of Dendritic Architecture in Cortical Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:521199. [PMID: 33192305 PMCID: PMC7604319 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.521199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons require a well-coordinated intercellular transport system to maintain their normal cellular function and morphology. The kinesin family of proteins (KIFs) fills this role by regulating the transport of a diverse array of cargos in post-mitotic cells. On the other hand, in mitotic cells, KIFs facilitate the fidelity of the cellular division machinery. Though certain mitotic KIFs function in post-mitotic neurons, little is known about them. We studied the role of a mitotic KIF (KIF3B) in neuronal architecture. We find that the RNAi mediated knockdown of KIF3B in primary cortical neurons resulted in an increase in spine density; the number of thin and mushroom spines; and dendritic branching. Consistent with the change in spine density, we observed a specific increase in the distribution of the excitatory post-synaptic protein, PSD-95 in KIF3B knockdown neurons. Interestingly, overexpression of KIF3B produced a reduction in spine density, in particular mushroom spines, and a decrease in dendritic branching. These studies suggest that KIF3B is a key determinant of cortical neuron morphology and that it functions as an inhibitory constraint on structural plasticity, further illuminating the significance of mitotic KIFs in post-mitotic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine F Joseph
- The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Eddie Grinman
- The Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Supriya Swarnkar
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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3
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Pazour GJ, Quarmby L, Smith AO, Desai PB, Schmidts M. Cilia in cystic kidney and other diseases. Cell Signal 2019; 69:109519. [PMID: 31881326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells lining the ducts and tubules of the kidney nephron and collecting duct have a single non-motile cilium projecting from their surface into the lumen of the tubule. These organelles were long considered vestigial remnants left as a result of evolution from a ciliated ancestor, but we now recognize them as critical sensory antennae. In the kidney, the polycystins and fibrocystin, products of the major human polycystic kidney disease genes, localize to this organelle. The polycystins and fibrocystin, through an unknown mechanism, monitor the diameter of the kidney tubules and regulate the proliferation and differentiation of the cells lining the tubule. When the polycystins, fibrocystin or cilia themselves are defective, the cell perceives this as a pro-proliferative signal, which leads to tubule dilation and cystic disease. In addition to critical roles in preventing cyst formation in the kidney, cilia are also important in cystic and fibrotic diseases of the liver and pancreas, and ciliary defects lead to a variety of developmental abnormalities that cause structural birth defects in most organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America.
| | - Lynne Quarmby
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Abigail O Smith
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Paurav B Desai
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Biotech II, Suite 213, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, United States of America
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79112 Freiburg, Germany.
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4
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Wang J, Gao X, Zheng X, Hou C, Xie Q, Lou B, Zhu J. Expression and potential functions of KIF3A/3B to promote nuclear reshaping and tail formation during Larimichthys polyactis spermiogenesis. Dev Genes Evol 2019; 229:161-181. [PMID: 31486889 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-019-00637-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A and KIF3B are homologous motor subunits of the Kinesin II protein family. KIF3A, KIF3B, and KAP3 form a heterotrimeric complex and play a significant role in spermatogenesis. Here, we first cloned full-length kif3a/3b cDNAs from Larimichthys polyactis. Lp-kif3a/3b are highly related to their homologs in other animals. The proteins are composed of three domains, an N-terminal head domain, a central stalk domain, and a C-terminus tail domain. Lp-kif3a/3b mRNAs were found to be ubiquitously expressed in the examined tissues, with high expression in the testis. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to analyze the expression of Lp-kif3a/3b mRNAs during spermiogenesis. The results showed that Lp-kif3a/3b mRNAs had similar expression pattern and were continuously expressed during spermiogenesis. From middle spermatid to mature sperm, Lp-kif3a/3b mRNAs gradually localized to the side of the spermatid where the midpiece and tail form. In addition, we used immunofluorescence (IF) to observe that Lp-KIF3A protein co-localizes with tubulin during spermiogenesis. In early spermatid, Lp-KIF3A protein and microtubule signals were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm. In middle spermatid, however, the protein was detected primarily around the nucleus. In late spermatid, the protein migrated primarily to one side of the nucleus where the tail forms. In mature sperm, Lp-KIF3A and microtubules accumulated in the midpiece. Moreover, Lp-KIF3A co-localized with the mitochondria. In mature sperm, Lp-KIF3A and mitochondria were present in the midpiece. Therefore, Lp-KIF3A/KIF3B may be involved in spermiogenesis in L. polyactis, particularly during nuclear reshaping and tail formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuebin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Congcong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Xie
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.,Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316100, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Lou
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China. .,Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Zhejiang, Zhoushan, 316100, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Junquan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Kumar D, Mains RE, Eipper BA, King SM. Ciliary and cytoskeletal functions of an ancient monooxygenase essential for bioactive amidated peptide synthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2329-2348. [PMID: 30879092 PMCID: PMC6529398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03065-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many secreted peptides used for cell-cell communication require conversion of a C-terminal glycine to an amide for bioactivity. This reaction is catalyzed only by the integral membrane protein peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM). PAM has been highly conserved and is found throughout the metazoa; PAM-like sequences are also present in choanoflagellates, filastereans, unicellular and colonial chlorophyte green algae, dinoflagellates and haptophytes. Recent studies have revealed that in addition to playing a key role in peptidergic signaling, PAM also regulates ciliogenesis in vertebrates, planaria and chlorophyte algae, and is required for the stability of actin-based microvilli. Here we briefly introduce the basic principles involved in ciliogenesis, the sequential reactions catalyzed by PAM and the trafficking of PAM through the secretory and endocytic pathways. We then discuss the multi-faceted roles this enzyme plays in the formation and maintenance of cytoskeleton-based cellular protrusions and propose models for how PAM protein and amidating activity might contribute to ciliogenesis. Finally, we consider why some ciliated organisms lack PAM, and discuss the potential ramifications of ciliary localized PAM for the endocrine features commonly observed in patients with ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Richard E Mains
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Betty A Eipper
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA.
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6
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Zhao YQ, Mu DL, Wang D, Han YL, Hou CC, Zhu JQ. Analysis of the function of KIF3A and KIF3B in the spermatogenesis in Boleophthalmus pectinirostris. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:769-788. [PMID: 29511984 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Spermatogenesis represents one of the most complicated morphological transformation procedures. During this process, the assembly and maintenance of the flagella and intracellular transport of membrane-bound organelles required KIF3A and KIF3B. Our main goal was to test KIF3A and KIF3B location during spermatogenesis of Boleophthalmus pectinirostris. We cloned complete cDNA of KIF3A/3B from the testis of B. pectinirostris by PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The predicted secondary and tertiary structures of B. pectinirostris KIF3A/3B contained three domains: (a) the head region, (b) the stalk region, and (c) the tail region. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) results revealed that KIF3A and KIF3B mRNA were presented in all the tissues examined, with the highest expression seen in the testis. In situ hybridization (ISH) showed that KIF3A and KIF3B were distributed in the periphery of the nuclear in the spermatocyte and the early spermatid. In the late spermatid and mature sperm, the KIF3A and KIF3B mRNA were gradually gathered to one side where the flagella formed. Immunofluorescence (IF) showed that KIF3A, tubulin, and mitochondria were co-localized in different stages during spermiogenesis in B. pectinirostris. The temporal and spatial expression dynamics of KIF3A/3B indicate that KIF3A and KIF3B might be involved in flagellar assembly and maintenance at the mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, these proteins may transport the mitochondria resulting in flagellum formation in B. pectinirostris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Li Mu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, People's Republic of China.
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7
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Zhao YQ, Yang HY, Zhang DD, Han YL, Hou CC, Zhu JQ. Dynamic transcription and expression patterns of KIF3A and KIF3B genes during spermiogenesis in the shrimp, Palaemon carincauda. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 184:59-77. [PMID: 28689636 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Spermiogenesis is a highly ordered and complex process in the male germ cell differentiation. The microtubule-based motor proteins KIF3A and KIF3B are required for the progression of the stages of spermiogenesis. In this study, the main goal was to determine whether KIF3A and KIF3B have a key role in spermiogenesis in Palaemon carincauda. The complete cDNA of KIF3A/3B from the testis of P. carincauda was cloned by using PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The predicted secondary and tertiary structures of KIF3A/3B contained three domains which were the: a) head region, b) stalk region, and c) tail region. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) results revealed that KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were obtained for all the tissues examined, with the greatest gene expression in the testis. In situ hybridization indicated the KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were distributed in the periphery of the nuclear in the early spermatid of spermiogenesis. In the middle and late spermatid stages, KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were gradually upregulated and assembled to one side where acrosome biogenesis begins. In the mature sperm, KIF3A and KIF3B mRNAs were distributed in the acrosome cap and spike. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that KIF3A, tubulin, mitochondria, and Golgi were co-localized in different stages during spermiogenesis in P. carincauda. The temporal and spatial gene expression dynamics of KIF3A/3B indicate that KIF3A and KIF3B proteins may be involved in acrosome formation and nucleus shaping. Moreover, these proteins can transport the mitochondria and Golgi that facilitate acrosome formation in P. carincauda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying-Li Han
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong-Cong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology by the Ministry of Education, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Schock EN, Struve JN, Chang CF, Williams TJ, Snedeker J, Attia AC, Stottmann RW, Brugmann SA. A tissue-specific role for intraflagellar transport genes during craniofacial development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174206. [PMID: 28346501 PMCID: PMC5367710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are nearly ubiquitous, cellular projections that function to transduce molecular signals during development. Loss of functional primary cilia has a particularly profound effect on the developing craniofacial complex, causing several anomalies including craniosynostosis, micrognathia, midfacial dysplasia, cleft lip/palate and oral/dental defects. Development of the craniofacial complex is an intricate process that requires interactions between several different tissues including neural crest cells, neuroectoderm and surface ectoderm. To understand the tissue-specific requirements for primary cilia during craniofacial development we conditionally deleted three separate intraflagellar transport genes, Kif3a, Ift88 and Ttc21b with three distinct drivers, Wnt1-Cre, Crect and AP2-Cre which drive recombination in neural crest, surface ectoderm alone, and neural crest, surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm, respectively. We found that tissue-specific conditional loss of ciliary genes with different functions produces profoundly different facial phenotypes. Furthermore, analysis of basic cellular behaviors in these mutants suggests that loss of primary cilia in a distinct tissue has unique effects on development of adjacent tissues. Together, these data suggest specific spatiotemporal roles for intraflagellar transport genes and the primary cilium during craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth N. Schock
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jaime N. Struve
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ching-Fang Chang
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Trevor J. Williams
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado School of Dental Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - John Snedeker
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aria C. Attia
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rolf W. Stottmann
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Samantha A. Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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9
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Abstract
Vesicles, organelles and other intracellular cargo are transported by kinesin and dynein motors, which move in opposite directions along microtubules. This bidirectional cargo movement is frequently described as a 'tug of war' between oppositely directed molecular motors attached to the same cargo. However, although many experimental and modelling studies support the tug-of-war paradigm, numerous knockout and inhibition studies in various systems have found that inhibiting one motor leads to diminished motility in both directions, which is a 'paradox of co-dependence' that challenges the paradigm. In an effort to resolve this paradox, three classes of bidirectional transport models--microtubule tethering, mechanical activation and steric disinhibition--are proposed, and a general mathematical modelling framework for bidirectional cargo transport is put forward to guide future experiments.
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10
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Liu B, Chen S, Johnson C, Helms JA. A ciliopathy with hydrocephalus, isolated craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, and clefting caused by deletion of Kif3a. Reprod Toxicol 2014; 48:88-97. [PMID: 24887031 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of the facial midline are a consistent feature among individuals with defects in primary cilia. Here, we provide a framework in which to consider how these primary cilia-dependent facial anomalies occur. We generated mice in which the intraflagellar transport protein Kif3a was deleted in cranial neural crest cells. The Kif3a phenotypes included isolated metopic craniosynostosis, delayed closure of the anterior fontanelles, and hydrocephalus, as well as midline facial anomalies including hypertelorism, cleft palate, and bifid nasal septum. Although all cranial neural crest cells had truncated primary cilia as a result of the conditional deletion, only those in the midline showed evidence of hyper-proliferation and ectopic Wnt responsiveness. Thus, cranial neural crest cells do not rely on primary cilia for their migration but once established in the facial prominences, midline cranial neural crest cells require Kif3a function in order to integrate and respond to Wnt signals from the surrounding epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - S Chen
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - C Johnson
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States; College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - J A Helms
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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11
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Functional Analysis of KIF3A and KIF3B during Spermiogenesis of Chinese Mitten Crab Eriocheir sinensis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97645. [PMID: 24870586 PMCID: PMC4037190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spermatogenesis represents the transformation process at the level of cellular development. KIF3A and KIF3B are believed to play some roles in the assembly and maintenance of flagella, intracellular transport of materials including organelles and proteins, and other unknown functions during this process. During spermatogenesis in Eriocheir sinensis, if the sperm shaping machinery is dependent on KIF3A and KIF3B remains unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The cDNA of KIF3A and KIF3B were obtained by designing degenerate primers, 3'RACE, and 5'RACE. We detected the genetic presence of kif3a and kif3b in the heart, muscle, liver, gill, and testis of E. sinensis through RT-PCR. By western blot analysis, the protein presence of KIF3A and KIF3B in heart, muscle, gill, and testis reflected the content in protein level. Using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence, we could track the dynamic location of KIF3A and KIF3B during different developmental phases of sperm. KIF3A and KIF3B were found surrounding the nucleus in early spermatids. In intermediate spermatids, these proteins expressed at high levels around the nucleus and extended to the final phase. During the nuclear shaping period, KIF3A and KIF3B reached their maximum in the late spermatids and were located around the nucleus and concentrated in the acrosome to some extent. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results revealed that KIF3A and KIF3B were involved in the nuclear and cellular morphogenesis at the levels of mRNA and protein. These proteins can potentially facilitate the intracellular transport of organelles, proteins, and other cargoes. The results represent the functions of KIF3A and KIF3B in the spermatogenesis of Crustacea and clarify phylogenetic relationships among the Decapoda.
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12
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Lehti MS, Kotaja N, Sironen A. KIF3A is essential for sperm tail formation and manchette function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 377:44-55. [PMID: 23831641 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
KIF3A motor protein is responsible for intraflagellar transport, which is required for protein delivery during axoneme formation in ciliated cells. The function of KIF3A during spermatogenesis is not known. In this study, we show that depletion of KIF3A causes severe impairments in sperm tail formation and interestingly, it also affects manchette organization and the shaping of sperm heads. Our results demonstrate the analogy between the mechanisms governing the formation of cilia in somatic cells and the formation of spermatozoa-specific flagella. Furthermore, this study reveals KIF3A as an important regulator of spermatogenesis and emphasizes the crucial role of KIF3A in maintaining male fertility. We also identified several novel interacting partners for KIF3A, including meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1 (MNS1) that colocalizes with KIF3A in the manchette and principal piece of the sperm tail. This study highlights the essential role of KIF3A-mediated microtubular transport in the development of spermatozoa and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari S Lehti
- Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Animal Genomics, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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13
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Scholey JM. Kinesin-2: a family of heterotrimeric and homodimeric motors with diverse intracellular transport functions. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2013; 29:443-69. [PMID: 23750925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-101512-122335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-2 was first purified as a heterotrimeric, anterograde, microtubule-based motor consisting of two distinct kinesin-related subunits and a novel associated protein (KAP) that is currently best known for its role in intraflagellar transport and ciliogenesis. Subsequent work, however, has revealed diversity in the oligomeric state of different kinesin-2 motors owing to the combinatorial heterodimerization of its subunits and the coexistence of both heterotrimeric and homodimeric kinesin-2 motors in some cells. Although the functional significance of the homo- versus heteromeric organization of kinesin-2 motor subunits and the role of KAP remain uncertain, functional studies suggest that cooperation between different types of kinesin-2 motors or between kinesin-2 and a member of a different motor family can generate diverse patterns of anterograde intracellular transport. Moreover, despite being restricted to ciliated eukaryotes, kinesin-2 motors are now known to drive diverse transport events outside cilia. Here, I review the organization, assembly, phylogeny, biological functions, and motility mechanism of this diverse family of intracellular transport motors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;
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14
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Kinesin-2 family motors in the unusual photoreceptor cilium. Vision Res 2012; 75:33-6. [PMID: 23123805 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances in the understanding of kinesin-2 family motors in vertebrate photoreceptor development. Zebrafish photoreceptors develop by the 3rd day of embryogenesis, making it possible to study mutant phenotypes without the use of conditional alleles. Recent work using a zebrafish kif3b mutant allele validates the concept that the heterotrimeric kinesin II motor is generally required for ciliogenesis. In zebrafish photoreceptors, however, loss of kif3b function delays but does not block cilium formation. This is thought to occur because both kif3b or kif3c can dimerize with kif3a and function redundantly. The second ciliary kinesin thought to function in photoreceptor cells is kif17. Prior work has shown that either morpholino knockdown of this gene or the overexpression of its dominant negative form can reduce or delay photoreceptor cilium development without any evident impact on ciliogenesis in general. This has led to the idea that kif17 may play an important role only in some specialized cilium types, such the one in photoreceptor cells. In a recently identified kif17 mutant, however, photoreceptor outer segments are formed by 5 dpf and an obvious delay of outer segment formation is seen only at the earliest stage analyzed (3 dpf). This work suggests that kif17 plays a significant role mainly at an early stage of photoreceptor development. Taken together, these studies lead to an intriguing concept that as they differentiate photoreceptors alter their kinesin repertoire.
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15
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Dang R, Zhu JQ, Tan FQ, Wang W, Zhou H, Yang WX. Molecular characterization of a KIF3B-like kinesin gene in the testis of Octopus tankahkeei (Cephalopoda, Octopus). Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:5589-98. [PMID: 22183304 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
KIF3B is known for maintaining and assembling cilia and flagellum. To date, the function of KIF3B and its relationship with KIF3A during spermiogenesis in the cephalopod Octopus tankahkeei remains unknown. In the present study, we characterized a gene encoding a homologue of rat KIF3B in the O. tankahkeei testis and examined its temporal and spatial expression pattern during spermiogenesis. The cDNA of KIF3B was obtained with degenerate and RACE PCR and the distribution pattern of ot-kif3b were observed with RT-PCR. The morphological development during spermiogenesis was illustrated by histological and transmission electron microscopy and mRNA expression of ot-kif3b was observed by in situ hybridization. The 2,365 nucleotides cDNA consisted of a 102 bp 5' untranslated region (UTR), a 2,208 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 736 amino acids, and a 55 bp 3' UTR. Multiple alignments revealed that the putative Ot-KIF3B shared 68, 68, 69, 68, and 67% identity with that of Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Gallus gallus, Danio rerio, and Xenopus laevis, respectively, along with high identities with Ot-KIF3A in fundamental structures. Ot-kif3b transcripts appeared gradually in early spermatids, increased in intermediate spermatids and maximized in drastically remodeled and final spermatids. The kif3b gene is identified and its expression pattern is demonstrated for the first time in O. tankahkeei. Compared to ot-kif3a reported by our laboratory before, our data suggested that the putative heterodimeric motor proteins Ot-KIF3A/B may be involved in intraspermatic transport and might contribute to structural changes during spermiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Dang
- Faculty of Life Science and Bioengineering, Ningbo University, 315211, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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16
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Logan CV, Abdel-Hamed Z, Johnson CA. Molecular genetics and pathogenic mechanisms for the severe ciliopathies: insights into neurodevelopment and pathogenesis of neural tube defects. Mol Neurobiol 2010; 43:12-26. [PMID: 21110233 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-010-8154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) is a severe autosomal recessively inherited disorder characterized by developmental defects of the central nervous system that comprise neural tube defects that most commonly present as occipital encephalocele. MKS is considered to be the most common syndromic form of neural tube defect. MKS is genetically heterogeneous with six known disease genes: MKS1, MKS2/TMEM216, MKS3/TMEM67, RPGRIP1L, CEP290, and CC2D2A with the encoded proteins all implicated in the correct function of primary cilia. Primary cilia are microtubule-based organelles that project from the apical surface of most epithelial cell types. Recent progress has implicated the involvement of cilia in the Wnt and Shh signaling pathways and has led to an understanding of their role in normal mammalian neurodevelopment. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the molecular genetics of the human disorder, and to assess recent insights into the etiology and molecular cell biology of severe ciliopathies from mammalian animal models of MKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare V Logan
- Section of Ophthalmology and Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
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17
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Identification and dynamic transcription of KIF3A homologue gene in spermiogenesis of Octopus tankahkeei. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 157:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Pan X, Acar S, Scholey JM. Torque generation by one of the motor subunits of heterotrimeric kinesin-2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:53-7. [PMID: 20833139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimeric kinesin-2 motors transport intraflagellar transport (IFT)-particles from the base to the tip of the axoneme to assemble and maintain cilia. These motors are distinct in containing two non-identical motor subunits together with an accessory subunit. We evaluated the significance of this organization by comparing purified wild type kinesin-2 holoenzymes that support IFT in vivo, with mutant trimers containing only one type of motor domain that do not support IFT in vivo. In motility assays, wild type kinesin-2 moved microtubules (MTs) at a rate intermediate between the rates supported by the two mutants. Interestingly, one of the mutants, but not the other mutant or the wild type protein, was observed to drive a persistent counter-clock-wise rotation of the gliding MTs. Thus one of the two motor domains of heterotrimeric kinesin-2 exerts torque as well as axial force as it moves along a MT, which may allow kinesin-2 to control its circumferential position around a MT doublet within the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Pan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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19
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Doodhi H, Ghosal D, Krishnamurthy M, Jana SC, Shamala D, Bhaduri A, Sowdhamini R, Ray K. KAP, the accessory subunit of kinesin-2, binds the predicted coiled-coil stalk of the motor subunits. Biochemistry 2009; 48:2248-60. [PMID: 19161286 DOI: 10.1021/bi8018338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinesin-2 is an anterograde motor involved in intraflagellar transport and certain other intracellular transport processes. It consists of two different motor subunits and an accessory protein KAP (kinesin accessory protein). The motor subunits were shown to bind each other through the coiled-coil stalk domains, while KAP was proposed to bind the tail domains of the motor subunits. Although several genetic studies established that KAP plays an important role in kinesin-2 functions, its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report the results of a systematic analysis of the KAP binding sites by using recombinant Drosophila kinesin-2 subunits as well as the endogenous proteins. These show that at least one of the coiled-coil stalks is sufficient to bind the N-terminal region of DmKAP. The soluble complex involving the recombinant kinesin-2 fragments is reconstituted in vitro at high salt concentrations, suggesting that the interaction is primarily nonionic. Furthermore, independent distant homology modeling indicated that DmKAP may bind along the coiled-coil stalks through a combination of predominantly hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. These observations led us to propose that KAP would stabilize the motor subunit heterodimer and help assemble a greater kinesin-2 complex in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Doodhi
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Colaba, Mumbai 400005, India
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20
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Abd El-Aziz MM, El-Ashry MF, Barragan I, Marcos I, Borrego S, Antiñolo G, Bhattacharya SS. Molecular Genetic Analysis of Two Functional Candidate Genes in the Autosomal Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa, RP25, Locus. Curr Eye Res 2009; 30:1081-7. [PMID: 16354621 DOI: 10.1080/02713680500351039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the disease gene in five Spanish families with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) linked to the RP25 locus. Two candidate genes, EEF1A1 and IMPG1, were selected from the region between D6S280 and D6S1644 markers where the families are linked. The genes were selected as good candidates on the basis of their function, tissue expression pattern, and/or genetic data. METHODS A molecular genetic study was performed on DNA extracted from one parent and one affected member of each studied family. The coding exons, splice sites, and the 5' UTR of the genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For mutation detection, direct sequence analysis was performed using the ABI 3100 automated sequencer. Segregation of an IMPG1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in all the families studied was analyzed by restriction enzyme digest of the amplified gene fragments. RESULTS In total, 15 SNPs were identified of which 7 were novel. Of the identified SNPs, one was insertion, two were deletions, five were intronic, six were missense, and one was located in the 5' UTR. These changes, however, were also identified in unaffected members of the families and/or 50 control Caucasians. The examined known IMPG1 SNP was not segregating with the disease phenotype but was correlating with the genetic data in all families studied. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that neither EEF1A1 nor IMPG1 could be responsible for RP25 in the studied families due to absence of any pathogenic variants. However, it is important to notice that the methodology used in this study cannot detect larger deletions that lie outside the screened regions or primer site mutations that exist in the heterozygous state. A role of both genes in other inherited forms of RP and/or retinal degenerations needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt.
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21
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Intraflagellar transport and the generation of dynamic, structurally and functionally diverse cilia. Trends Cell Biol 2009; 19:306-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Zhang Y, Wang R, Jefferson H, Sperry AO. Identification of motor protein cargo by yeast 2-hybrid and affinity approaches. Methods Mol Biol 2008; 392:97-116. [PMID: 17951713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-490-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the molecular composition of the cargo transported by individual kinesin motors is critical to an understanding of both motor function and regulation of the proper intracellular placement of numerous cellular components including proteins, RNA, and organelles. In this chapter, we describe methods to identify the motor tail sequences responsible for cargo binding by expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-motor tail fusion proteins in mammalian cells. In addition, we detail two complementary approaches to identify specific proteins associated with these targeting sequences: a yeast 2-hybrid screen and affinity chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuguo Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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23
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Chapter 6 New Insights into Melanosome Transport in Vertebrate Pigment Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 272:245-302. [DOI: 10.1016/s1937-6448(08)01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Abd El-Aziz MM, Barragan I, O'Driscoll C, Borrego S, Abu-Safieh L, Pieras JI, El-Ashry MF, Prigmore E, Carter N, Antinolo G, Bhattacharya SS. Large-scale molecular analysis of a 34 Mb interval on chromosome 6q: major refinement of the RP25 interval. Ann Hum Genet 2007; 72:463-77. [PMID: 18510646 PMCID: PMC2689154 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2008.00455.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A large scale bioinformatics and molecular analysis of a 34 Mb interval on chromosome 6q12 was undertaken as part of our ongoing study to identify the gene responsible for an autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) locus, RP25. Extensive bioinformatics analysis indicated in excess of 110 genes within the region and we also noted unfinished sequence on chromosome 6q in the Human Genome Database, between 58 and 61.2 Mb. Forty three genes within the RP25 interval were considered as good candidates for mutation screening. Direct sequence analysis of the selected genes in 7 Spanish families with arRP revealed a total of 244 sequence variants, of which 67 were novel but none were pathogenic. This, together with previous reports, excludes 60 genes within the interval ( approximately 55%) as disease causing for RP. To investigate if copy number variation (CNV) exists within RP25, a comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis was performed on a consanguineous family. A clone from the tiling path array, chr6tp-19C7, spanning approximately 100-Kb was found to be deleted in all affected members of the family, leading to a major refinement of the interval. This will eventually have a significant impact on cloning of the RP25 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology, London EC1V 9EL, UK. Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta University Hospital, Tanta, Egypt
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25
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Aspengren S, Hedberg D, Wallin M. Melanophores: A model system for neuronal transport and exocytosis? J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:2591-600. [PMID: 17149749 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Black pigment cells, melanophores, from lower vertebrates are specialized in bidirectional and coordinated translocation of pigment granules, melanosomes, in the cytoplasm. Melanophores develop from the neuronal crest and are most abundant in the dermal and epidermal layers of the skin, where the intracellular distribution of the pigment significantly influences the color of the animal. The transport of pigment is dependent on an intact cytoskeleton and motor proteins associated with cytoskeletal components. The easily cultured melanophores have proved to be excellent models for organelle transport because the intracellular movements of pigment can be visualized via light microscopy, and the granules move in response to defined chemical signals. The ease of achieving a combination of morphological and functional transport studies is the advantage of the melanophore system, and studies on pigment cells have revealed new components of the transport machinery, including molecular motors, their adapters, and transfer of vesicles to other cells. Many cellular components are transported with a combination of the actin- and microtubule-based transport systems, and, since all eukaryotic organisms rely on functional intracellular transport and an intact cytoskeleton, studies on melanophores are important for many aspects of cell biology, including axonal transport. In this review, we present an overview of the research on the pigment transport system and the potential use of pigment cells as a model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Aspengren
- Department of Zoology/Zoophysiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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26
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Dinu CZ, Chrisey DB, Diez S, Howard J. Cellular Motors for Molecular Manufacturing. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2007; 290:1203-12. [PMID: 17847054 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cells are composed of macromolecular structures of various sizes that act individually or collectively to maintain their viability and perform their function within the organism. This review focuses on one structure, the microtubule, and one of the motor proteins that move along it, conventional kinesin (kinesin 1). Recent work on the cellular functions of kinesins, such as the organization of microtubules during cellular division and the movement of the organelles and vesicles, offers insights into how biological motors might prove useful for organizing structures in engineered environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Dinu
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
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27
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Abstract
Kinesin-2 is a major microtubule-based motor in most cell types. Its in vitro motile properties have been analyzed extensively and been found to differ considerably from kinesin-1. Although recombinant kinesin-2 heterodimers exhibit processive movement, the processivity of the native kinesin-2 holoenzyme has never been evaluated. Kinesin-2 can interact with dynactin, a 'processivity factor' for cytoplasmic dynein, which may alter its motile properties. In this study, we analyze the in vitro motility of single native kinesin-2 molecules and determine the effects of dynactin on motor processivity. We find that individual native kinesin-2 molecules travel processively. Dynactin has no effect on velocity but significantly increases the run length of kinesin-2 movements. These results show that the interaction with dynactin has important functional consequences on the activity of the kinesin-2 motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Berezuk
- Department of Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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28
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Wickstead B, Gull K. A "holistic" kinesin phylogeny reveals new kinesin families and predicts protein functions. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 17:1734-43. [PMID: 16481395 PMCID: PMC1415282 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-11-1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin superfamily proteins are ubiquitous to all eukaryotes and essential for several key cellular processes. With the establishment of genome sequence data for a substantial number of eukaryotes, it is now possible for the first time to analyze the complete kinesin repertoires of a diversity of organisms from most eukaryotic kingdoms. Such a "holistic" approach using 486 kinesin-like sequences from 19 eukaryotes and analyzed by Bayesian techniques, identifies three new kinesin families, two new phylum-specific groups, and unites two previously identified families. The paralogue distribution suggests that the eukaryotic cenancestor possessed nearly all kinesin families. However, multiple losses in individual lineages mean that no family is ubiquitous to all organisms and that the present day distribution reflects common biology more than it does common ancestry. In particular, the distribution of four families--Kinesin-2, -9, and the proposed new families Kinesin-16 and -17--correlates with the possession of cilia/flagella, and this can be used to predict a flagellar function for two new kinesin families. Finally, we present a set of hidden Markov models that can reliably place most new kinesin sequences into families, even when from an organism at a great evolutionary distance from those in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Wickstead
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom.
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Hiesberger T, Igarashi P. Elucidating the function of primary cilia by conditional gene inactivation. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2005; 14:373-7. [PMID: 15931007 DOI: 10.1097/01.mnh.0000172725.37252.d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review discusses recent experimental approaches to determine the function of primary cilia by conditional inactivation of genes crucial for cilia formation. RECENT FINDINGS A functional role in the sensing of fluid flow was recently assigned to the primary cilia. This discovery shed light onto how cells sense dynamic fluid movements. Conditional inactivation of primary cilia formation in later ontogenic stages demonstrated the crucial role renal primary cilia play in the control of cell proliferation. SUMMARY Primary cilia can act as flow sensors, transmitting signals by means of calcium influx into the cells. Structures based on primary cilia are also crucial for the function of photoreceptor cells and it can be expected that additional functions of these organelles will be determined in the future. An important experimental approach to elucidate the involvement of primary cilia in other physiological processes is to specifically inactivate genes crucial for formation of primary cilia. Morphological and physiological changes induced by the loss of primary cilia will help determine additional roles primary cilia play in physiology and organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hiesberger
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-856, USA.
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May SR, Ashique AM, Karlen M, Wang B, Shen Y, Zarbalis K, Reiter J, Ericson J, Peterson AS. Loss of the retrograde motor for IFT disrupts localization of Smo to cilia and prevents the expression of both activator and repressor functions of Gli. Dev Biol 2005; 287:378-89. [PMID: 16229832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signals are transduced into nuclear ratios of Gli transcriptional activator versus repressor. The initial part of this process is accomplished by Shh acting through Patched (Ptc) to regulate Smoothened (Smo) activity. The mechanisms by which Ptc regulates Smo, and Smo activity is transduced to processing of Gli proteins remain unclear. Recently, a forward genetic approach in mice identified a role for intraflagellar transport (IFT) genes in Shh signal transduction, downstream of Patched (Ptc) and Rab23. Here, we show that the retrograde motor for IFT is required in the mouse for the phenotypic expression of both Gli activator and repressor function and for effective proteolytic processing of Gli3. Furthermore, we show that the localization of Smo to primary cilia is disrupted in mutants. These data indicate that primary cilia act as specialized signal transduction organelles required for coupling Smo activity to the biochemical processing of Gli3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R May
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Badano JL, Teslovich TM, Katsanis N. The centrosome in human genetic disease. Nat Rev Genet 2005; 6:194-205. [PMID: 15738963 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The centrosome is an indispensable component of the cell-cycle machinery of eukaryotic cells, and the perturbation of core centrosomal or centrosome-associated proteins is linked to cell-cycle misregulation and cancer. Recent work has expanded our understanding of the functional complexity and importance of this organelle. The centrosomal localization of proteins that are involved in human genetic disease, and the identification of novel centrosome-associated proteins, has shown that numerous, seemingly unrelated, cellular processes can be perturbed by centrosomal dysfunction. Here, we review the mechanistic relationship between human disease phenotypes and the function of the centrosome, and describe some of the newly-appreciated functions of this organelle in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Badano
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, John Hopkins University, 533 Broadway Research Building, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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32
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Murayama T, Toh Y, Ohshima Y, Koga M. The dyf-3 gene encodes a novel protein required for sensory cilium formation in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Mol Biol 2004; 346:677-87. [PMID: 15713455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated neurons in animals are important for the reception of environmental stimuli. To understand the mechanism of cilium morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans, we analyzed dyf-3 mutants that are defective in uptake of a fluorescent dye and abnormal in sensory cilium structure. Expression of green fluorescent protein in sensory neurons of a dyf-3 mutant revealed that the mutant has stunted cilia and abnormal posterior projections in some sensory neurons. The dyf-3 gene encodes three proteins with different N-terminals. The largest DYF-3 protein has 404 amino acid residues that are 38% identical with those of a predicted human protein of unknown function. Expression of a functional dyf-3Colon, two colonsgfp fusion gene is detected in 26 chemosensory neurons, including six IL2 neurons, eight pairs of amphid neurons (ASE, ADF, ASG, ASH, ASI, ASJ, ASK and ADL) and two pairs of phasmid neurons (PHA and PHB). Expression of a dyf-3 cDNA in specific neurons of dyf-3 animals indicated that dyf-3 acts cell-autonomously for fluorescent dye uptake. Reduction of dyf-3Colon, two colonsgfp expression in a daf-19 mutant suggests that dyf-3 expression is regulated by DAF-19 transcription factor, and DYF-3 may be involved in the intraflagellar transport system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Murayama
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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33
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Mueller J, Perrone CA, Bower R, Cole DG, Porter ME. The FLA3 KAP subunit is required for localization of kinesin-2 to the site of flagellar assembly and processive anterograde intraflagellar transport. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 16:1341-54. [PMID: 15616187 PMCID: PMC551497 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-10-0931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a bidirectional process required for assembly and maintenance of cilia and flagella. Kinesin-2 is the anterograde IFT motor, and Dhc1b/Dhc2 drives retrograde IFT. To understand how either motor interacts with the IFT particle or how their activities might be coordinated, we characterized a ts mutation in the Chlamydomonas gene encoding KAP, the nonmotor subunit of Kinesin-2. The fla3-1 mutation is an amino acid substitution in a conserved C-terminal domain. fla3-1 strains assemble flagella at 21 degrees C, but cannot maintain them at 33 degrees C. Although the Kinesin-2 complex is present at both 21 and 33 degrees C, the fla3-1 Kinesin-2 complex is not efficiently targeted to or retained in the basal body region or flagella. Video-enhanced DIC microscopy of fla3-1 cells shows that the frequency of anterograde IFT particles is significantly reduced. Anterograde particles move at near wild-type velocities, but appear larger and pause more frequently in fla3-1. Transformation with an epitope-tagged KAP gene rescues all of the fla3-1 defects and results in preferential incorporation of tagged KAP complexes into flagella. KAP is therefore required for the localization of Kinesin-2 at the site of flagellar assembly and the efficient transport of anterograde IFT particles within flagella.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Biological Transport
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Centromere/ultrastructure
- Chlamydomonas/metabolism
- Cilia/metabolism
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Flagella/physiology
- Genetic Linkage
- Kinesins/biosynthesis
- Kinesins/chemistry
- Kinesins/metabolism
- Kinesins/physiology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Microscopy, Video
- Models, Genetic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phenotype
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/chemistry
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Temperature
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Mueller
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Morris RL, English CN, Lou JE, Dufort FJ, Nordberg J, Terasaki M, Hinkle B. Redistribution of the kinesin-II subunit KAP from cilia to nuclei during the mitotic and ciliogenic cycles in sea urchin embryos. Dev Biol 2004; 274:56-69. [PMID: 15355788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
KAP is the non-motor subunit of the heteromeric plus-end directed microtubule (MT) motor protein kinesin-II essential for normal cilia formation. Studies in Chlamydomonas have demonstrated that kinesin-II drives the anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) of protein complexes along ciliary axonemes. We used a green fluorescent protein (GFP) chimera of KAP, KAP-GFP, to monitor movements of this kinesin-II subunit in cells of sea urchin blastulae where cilia are retracted and rebuilt with each mitosis. As expected if involved in IFT, KAP-GFP localized to apical cytoplasm, basal bodies, and cilia and became concentrated on basal bodies of newly forming cilia. Surprisingly, after ciliary retraction early in mitosis, KAP-GFP moved into nuclei before nuclear envelope breakdown, was again present in nuclei after nuclear envelope reformation, and only decreased in nuclei as ciliogenesis reinitiated. Nuclear transport of KAP-GFP could be due to a putative nuclear localization signal and nuclear export signals identified in the sea urchin KAP primary sequence. Our observation of a protein involved in IFT being imported into the nucleus after ciliary retraction and again after nuclear envelope reformation suggests KAP115 may serve as a signal to the nucleus to reinitiate cilia formation during sea urchin development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Morris
- Department of Biology, Wheaton College, Norton, MA 02766, USA.
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35
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Li JB, Gerdes JM, Haycraft CJ, Fan Y, Teslovich TM, May-Simera H, Li H, Blacque OE, Li L, Leitch CC, Lewis RA, Green JS, Parfrey PS, Leroux MR, Davidson WS, Beales PL, Guay-Woodford LM, Yoder BK, Stormo GD, Katsanis N, Dutcher SK. Comparative genomics identifies a flagellar and basal body proteome that includes the BBS5 human disease gene. Cell 2004; 117:541-52. [PMID: 15137946 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00450-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 569] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are microtubule-based structures nucleated by modified centrioles termed basal bodies. These biochemically complex organelles have more than 250 and 150 polypeptides, respectively. To identify the proteins involved in ciliary and basal body biogenesis and function, we undertook a comparative genomics approach that subtracted the nonflagellated proteome of Arabidopsis from the shared proteome of the ciliated/flagellated organisms Chlamydomonas and human. We identified 688 genes that are present exclusively in organisms with flagella and basal bodies and validated these data through a series of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. We then applied this resource to the study of human ciliation disorders and have identified BBS5, a novel gene for Bardet-Biedl syndrome. We show that this novel protein localizes to basal bodies in mouse and C. elegans, is under the regulatory control of daf-19, and is necessary for the generation of both cilia and flagella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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36
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Abstract
It has been a decade since a novel form of microtubule (MT)-based motility, i.e., intraflagellar transport (IFT), was discovered in Chlamydomonas flagella. Subsequent research has supported the hypothesis that IFT is required for the assembly and maintenance of all cilia and flagella and that its underlying mechanism involves the transport of nonmembrane-bound macromolecular protein complexes (IFT particles) along axonemal MTs beneath the ciliary membrane. IFT requires the action of the anterograde kinesin-II motors and the retrograde IFT-dynein motors to transport IFT particles in opposite directions along the MT polymer lattice from the basal body to the tip of the axoneme and back again. A rich diversity of biological processes has been shown to depend upon IFT, including flagellar length control, cell swimming, mating and feeding, photoreception, animal development, sensory perception, chemosensory behavior, and lifespan control. These processes reflect the varied roles of cilia and flagella in motility and sensory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Scholey
- Center for Genetics and Development, Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Deciliation, also known as deflagellation, flagellar autotomy, flagellar excision, or flagellar shedding, refers to the process whereby eukaryotic cells shed their cilia or flagella, often in response to stress. Used for many decades as a tool for scientists interested in the structure, function, and genesis of cilia, deciliation itself is a process worthy of scientific investigation. Deciliation has numerous direct medical implications, but more profoundly, intriguing relationships between deciliation, ciliogenesis, and the cell cycle indicate that understanding the mechanism of deciliation will contribute to a deeper understanding of broad aspects of cell biology. This review provides a critical examination of diverse data bearing on this problem. It also highlights current deficiencies in our understanding of the mechanism of deciliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynne M Quarmby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
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38
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Baker SA, Freeman K, Luby-Phelps K, Pazour GJ, Besharse JC. IFT20 links kinesin II with a mammalian intraflagellar transport complex that is conserved in motile flagella and sensory cilia. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:34211-8. [PMID: 12821668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraflagellar transport (IFT) is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism thought to be required for the assembly and maintenance of all eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Although IFT proteins are present in cells with sensory cilia, the organization of IFT protein complexes in those cells has not been analyzed. To determine whether the IFT complex is conserved in the sensory cilia of photo-receptors, we investigated protein interactions among four mammalian IFT proteins: IFT88/Polaris, IFT57/Hippi, IFT52/NGD5, and IFT20. We demonstrate that IFT proteins extracted from bovine photoreceptor outer segments, a modified sensory cilium, co-fractionate at approximately 17 S, similar to IFT proteins extracted from mouse testis. Using antibodies to IFT88 and IFT57, we demonstrate that all four IFT proteins co-immunoprecipitate from lysates of mouse testis, kidney, and retina. We also extended our analysis to interactions outside of the IFT complex and demonstrate an ATP-regulated co-immunoprecipitation of heterotrimeric kinesin II with the IFT complex. The internal architecture of the IFT complex was investigated using the yeast two-hybrid system. IFT20 exhibited a strong interaction with IFT57/Hippi and the kinesin II subunit, KIF3B. Our data indicate that all four mammalian IFT proteins are part of a highly conserved complex in multiple ciliated cell types. Furthermore, IFT20 appears to bridge kinesin II with the IFT complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Baker
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226, USA
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39
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Sarpal R, Todi SV, Sivan-Loukianova E, Shirolikar S, Subramanian N, Raff EC, Erickson JW, Ray K, Eberl DF. Drosophila KAP Interacts with the Kinesin II Motor Subunit KLP64D to Assemble Chordotonal Sensory Cilia, but Not Sperm Tails. Curr Biol 2003; 13:1687-96. [PMID: 14521834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2003.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kinesin II-mediated anterograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) is essential for the assembly and maintenance of flagella and cilia in various cell types. Kinesin associated protein (KAP) is identified as the non-motor accessory subunit of Kinesin II, but its role in the corresponding motor function is not understood. RESULTS We show that mutations in the Drosophila KAP (DmKap) gene could eliminate the sensory cilia as well as the sound-evoked potentials of Johnston's organ (JO) neurons. Ultrastructure analysis of these mutants revealed that the ciliary axonemes are absent. Mutations in Klp64D, which codes for a Kinesin II motor subunit in Drosophila, show similar ciliary defects. All these defects are rescued by exclusive expression of DmKAP and KLP64D/KIF3A in the JO neurons of respective mutants. Furthermore, reduced copy number of the DmKap gene was found to enhance the defects of hypomorphic Klp64D alleles. Unexpectedly, however, both the DmKap and the Klp64D mutant adults produce vigorously motile sperm with normal axonemes. CONCLUSIONS KAP plays an essential role in Kinesin II function, which is required for the axoneme growth and maintenance of the cilia in Drosophila type I sensory neurons. However, the flagellar assembly in Drosophila spermatids does not require Kinesin II and is independent of IFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai 400005, India
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40
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Brown JM, Fine NA, Pandiyan G, Thazhath R, Gaertig J. Hypoxia regulates assembly of cilia in suppressors of Tetrahymena lacking an intraflagellar transport subunit gene. Mol Biol Cell 2003; 14:3192-207. [PMID: 12925756 PMCID: PMC181560 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e03-03-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We cloned a Tetrahymena thermophila gene, IFT52, encoding a homolog of the Chlamydomonas intraflagellar transport protein, IFT52. Disruption of IFT52 led to loss of cilia and incomplete cytokinesis, a phenotype indistinguishable from that of mutants lacking kinesin-II, a known ciliary assembly transporter. The cytokinesis failures seem to result from lack of cell movement rather than from direct involvement of ciliary assembly pathway components in cytokinesis. Spontaneous partial suppressors of the IFT52 null mutants occurred, which assembled cilia at high cell density and resorbed cilia at low cell density. The stimulating effect of high cell density on cilia formation is based on the creation of pericellular hypoxia. Thus, at least under certain conditions, ciliary assembly is affected by an extracellular signal and the Ift52p function may be integrated into signaling pathways that regulate ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Brown
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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41
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Abstract
First discovered in the green alga, Chlamydomonas, intraflagellar transport (IFT) is the bidirectional movement of protein particles along the length of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Composed of approximately 16 different proteins, IFT particles are moved out to the distal tip of the organelle by kinesin-II and are brought back to the cell body by cytoplasmic dynein 1b. Mutant analysis of the IFT motor and particle proteins using diverse organisms has revealed a conserved and essential role for IFT in the assembly and maintenance of cilia and flagella. IFT is thought to mediate this assembly through the delivery of axonemal precursors out to the distal tip of the growing organelle. Consistent with this model, the IFT particle proteins are rich in protein-protein binding motifs, suggesting that the particles may act as scaffolds for the binding of multiple cargoes. With most of the IFT proteins now identified at the level of the gene, this review will briefly examine both the structure and function of the IFT machinery of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Cole
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, 83844-3052, USA.
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42
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De Marco V, de Marco A, Goldie KN, Correia JJ, Hoenger A. Dimerization properties of a Xenopus laevis kinesin-II carboxy-terminal stalk fragment. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:717-22. [PMID: 12835758 PMCID: PMC1326323 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 05/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analysed the structural and physical properties of the carboxy-terminal stalk region of a kinesin-II, Xenopus kinesin-like protein 3A/B (Xklp3A/B), which we showed to be essential for heterodimerization in a previous work (De Marco et al., 2001). We expressed the corresponding A-stalk and B-stalk fragments and investigated their modes of interaction by analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), circular dichroism spectroscopy, denaturation assays and electron microscopy. Co-expression of the A-stalk and B-stalk produced the properly folded, hetero-dimeric coiled coil at high yields. The dimeric nature of the complex was confirmed by AUC. We also found that the isolated A-stalk fragment forms a stable helix by itself and shows a significant tendency towards homodimer and higher-order complex formation. In the absence of the corresponding A-stalk fragment, the isolated B-stalk fragment remains partially unfolded, which suggests that the A-stalk provides a template structure for the B-stalk in order to recompose the complete heterodimeric coiled coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria De Marco
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ario de Marco
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kenneth N. Goldie
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - John J. Correia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, USA
| | - Andreas Hoenger
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Tel: +49 6221 387453; Fax: +49 6221 387519;
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43
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Imamura T, Huang J, Usui I, Satoh H, Bever J, Olefsky JM. Insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation involves protein kinase C-lambda-mediated functional coupling between Rab4 and the motor protein kinesin. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4892-900. [PMID: 12832475 PMCID: PMC162221 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.14.4892-4900.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin stimulates glucose transport by promoting translocation of GLUT4 proteins from the perinuclear compartment to the cell surface. It has been previously suggested that the microtubule-associated motor protein kinesin, which transports cargo toward the plus end of microtubules, plays a role in translocating GLUT4 vesicles to the cell surface. In this study, we investigated the role of Rab4, a small GTPase-binding protein, and the motor protein KIF3 (kinesin II in mice) in insulin-induced GLUT4 exocytosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Photoaffinity labeling of Rab4 with [gamma-(32)P]GTP-azidoanilide showed that insulin stimulated Rab4 GTP loading and that this insulin effect was inhibited by pretreatment with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) inhibitor LY294002 or expression of dominant-negative protein kinase C-lambda (PKC-lambda). Consistent with previous reports, expression of dominant-negative Rab4 (N121I) decreased insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation by 45%. Microinjection of an anti-KIF3 antibody into 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased insulin-induced GLUT4 exocytosis by 65% but had no effect on endocytosis. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that Rab4, but not Rab5, physically associated with KIF3, and this was confirmed by showing in vitro association using glutathione S-transferase-Rab4. A microtubule capture assay demonstrated that insulin stimulation increased the activity for the binding of KIF3 to microtubules and that this activation was inhibited by pretreatment with the PI3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or expression of dominant-negative PKC-lambda. Taken together, these data indicate that (i) insulin signaling stimulates Rab4 activity, the association of Rab4 with kinesin, and the interaction of KIF3 with microtubules and (ii) this process is mediated by insulin-induced PI3-kinase-dependent PKC-lambda activation and participates in GLUT4 exocytosis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Imamura
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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44
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Schoch CL, Aist JR, Yoder OC, Gillian Turgeon B. A complete inventory of fungal kinesins in representative filamentous ascomycetes. Fungal Genet Biol 2003; 39:1-15. [PMID: 12742059 DOI: 10.1016/s1087-1845(03)00022-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Complete inventories of kinesins from three pathogenic filamentous ascomycetes, Botryotinia fuckeliana, Cochliobolus heterostrophus, and Gibberella moniliformis, are described. These protein sequences were compared with those of the filamentous saprophyte, Neurospora crassa and the two yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Data mining and phylogenetic analysis of the motor domain yielded a constant set of 10 kinesins in the filamentous fungal species, compared with a smaller set in S. cerevisiae and S. pombe. The filamentous fungal kinesins fell into nine subfamilies when compared with well-characterized kinesins from other eukaryotes. A few putative kinesins (one in B. fuckeliana and two in C. heterostrophus) could not be defined as functional, due to unorthodox organization and lack of experimental data. The broad representation of filamentous fungal kinesins across most of the known subfamilies and the ease of gene manipulation make fungi ideal models for functional and evolutionary investigation of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad L Schoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, 334 Plant Science Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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45
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Lin F, Hiesberger T, Cordes K, Sinclair AM, Goldstein LSB, Somlo S, Igarashi P. Kidney-specific inactivation of the KIF3A subunit of kinesin-II inhibits renal ciliogenesis and produces polycystic kidney disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:5286-91. [PMID: 12672950 PMCID: PMC154337 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0836980100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common genetic cause of renal failure in humans. Several proteins that are encoded by genes associated with PKD have recently been identified in primary cilia in renal tubular epithelia. These findings have suggested that abnormalities in cilia formation and function may play a role in the pathogenesis of PKD. To directly determine whether cilia are essential to maintain tubular integrity, we conditionally inactivated KIF3A, a subunit of kinesin-II that is essential for cilia formation, in renal epithelia. Constitutive inactivation of KIF3A produces abnormalities of left-right axis determination and embryonic lethality. Here we show that tissue-specific inactivation of KIF3A in renal tubular epithelial cells results in viable offspring with normal-appearing kidneys at birth. Cysts begin to develop in the kidney at postnatal day 5 and cause renal failure by postnatal day 21. The cyst epithelial cells lack primary cilia and exhibit increased proliferation and apoptosis, apical mislocalization of the epidermal growth factor receptor, increased expression of beta-catenin and c-Myc, and inhibition of p21(CIP1). These results demonstrate that the absence of renal cilia produces both the clinical and cell biological findings associated with PKD. Most generally, the phenotype of Kif3a mutant mice suggests a role for primary cilia in the maintenance of lumen-forming epithelial differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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46
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Deacon SW, Serpinskaya AS, Vaughan PS, Lopez Fanarraga M, Vernos I, Vaughan KT, Gelfand VI. Dynactin is required for bidirectional organelle transport. J Cell Biol 2003; 160:297-301. [PMID: 12551954 PMCID: PMC2172679 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200210066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesin II is a heterotrimeric plus end-directed microtubule motor responsible for the anterograde movement of organelles in various cell types. Despite substantial literature concerning the types of organelles that kinesin II transports, the question of how this motor associates with cargo organelles remains unanswered. To address this question, we have used Xenopus laevis melanophores as a model system. Through analysis of kinesin II-mediated melanosome motility, we have determined that the dynactin complex, known as an anchor for cytoplasmic dynein, also links kinesin II to organelles. Biochemical data demonstrates that the putative cargo-binding subunit of Xenopus kinesin II, Xenopus kinesin II-associated protein (XKAP), binds directly to the p150Glued subunit of dynactin. This interaction occurs through aa 530-793 of XKAP and aa 600-811 of p150Glued. These results reveal that dynactin is required for transport activity of microtubule motors of opposite polarity, cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin II, and may provide a new mechanism to coordinate their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Deacon
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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Photoreceptor Intersegmental Transport and Retinal Degeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0067-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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48
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Abstract
We have identified the Drosophila homologue of the non-motor accessory subunit of kinesin-II motor complex. It is homologous to the SpKAP115 of the sea urchin, KAP3A and KAP3B of the mouse, and SMAP protein in humans. In situ hybridization using a DmKAP specific cRNA probe has revealed a dynamic pattern of expression in the developing nervous system. The staining first appears in a subset of cells in the embryonic central nervous system at stage 13 and continues till the first instar larva stage. At the third instar larva stage the staining gets restricted to a few cells in the optic lobe and in the ventral ganglion region. It has also stained a subset of sensory neurons from late stage 13 and till the first instar larva stage. The DmKAP expression pattern in the nervous system corresponds well with that of Klp64D and Klp68D as reported earlier. In addition, we have found that the DmKAP gene is constitutively expressed in the germline cells and in follicle cells during oogenesis. These cells are also stained using an antibody to KLP68D protein, but mRNA in situ hybridization using KLP64D specific probe has not stained these cells. Together these results proved a basis for further analysis of tissue specific function of DmKAP in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400 005, India
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Matsuura K, Lefebvre PA, Kamiya R, Hirono M. Kinesin-II is not essential for mitosis and cell growth in Chlamydomonas. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2002; 52:195-201. [PMID: 12112134 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The FLA10 gene product (Fla10p) in Chlamydomonas, a heterotrimeric kinesin-II, plays a crucial role in flagellar assembly as a motor protein driving intraflagellar transport. This protein has also been suggested to play a role in mitosis based on its localization to mitotic spindle. A role for Fla10p in mitosis has been difficult to test because to date only conditional (temperature-sensitive) mutant alleles were available, and it is not known whether these retain residual function for mitosis at the non-permissive temperature. In this report, we describe a null allele of fla10 produced by insertional mutagenesis. This mutant does not assemble flagella, but proliferates at a rate identical to that of wild type cells. Observation of microtubule organization in the cell body revealed that normal mitotic spindles are formed in dividing mutant cells. Thus, we conclude that FLA10 kinesin plays no significant roles in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumi Matsuura
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Pazour GJ, Baker SA, Deane JA, Cole DG, Dickert BL, Rosenbaum JL, Witman GB, Besharse JC. The intraflagellar transport protein, IFT88, is essential for vertebrate photoreceptor assembly and maintenance. J Cell Biol 2002; 157:103-13. [PMID: 11916979 PMCID: PMC2173265 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200107108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 10% of the photoreceptor outer segment (OS) is turned over each day, requiring large amounts of lipid and protein to be moved from the inner segment to the OS. Defects in intraphotoreceptor transport can lead to retinal degeneration and blindness. The transport mechanisms are unknown, but because the OS is a modified cilium, intraflagellar transport (IFT) is a candidate mechanism. IFT involves movement of large protein complexes along ciliary microtubules and is required for assembly and maintenance of cilia. We show that IFT particle proteins are localized to photoreceptor connecting cilia. We further find that mice with a mutation in the IFT particle protein gene, Tg737/IFT88, have abnormal OS development and retinal degeneration. Thus, IFT is important for assembly and maintenance of the vertebrate OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Pazour
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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