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Chromiec PA, Urbaś ZK, Jacko M, Kaczor JJ. The Proper Diet and Regular Physical Activity Slow Down the Development of Parkinson Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:1605-1623. [PMID: 34631210 PMCID: PMC8460298 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From year to year, we know more about neurodegeneration and Parkinson’s disease (PD). A positive influence of various types of physical activity is more often described in the context of neuroprotection and prevention as well as the form of rehabilitation in Parkinson’s patients. Moreover, when we look at supplementation, clinical nutrition and dietetics, we will see that balancing consumed products and supplementing the vitamins or minerals is necessary. Considering the biochemical pathways in skeletal muscle, we may see that many researchers desire to identify molecular mediators that have an impact through exercise and balanced diet on human health or development of the neurodegenerative disease. Therefore, it is mandatory to study the potential mechanism(s) related to diet and factors resulted from physical activity as molecular mediators, which play a therapeutic role in PD. This review summarizes the available literature on mechanisms and specific pathways involved in diet-exercise relationship and discusses how therapy, including appropriate exercises and diet that influence molecular mediators, may significantly slow down the progress of neurodegenerative processes. We suggest that a proper diet combined with physical activity will be a good solution for psycho-muscle BALANCE not only in PD but also in other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zofia Kinga Urbaś
- 2Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Martyna Jacko
- 2Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Jan Jacek Kaczor
- 2Department of Bioenergetics and Physiology of Exercise, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 7, Gdansk, 80-211, Poland
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2
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Nikinmaa M. Environmental regulation of the function of circulating erythrocytes via changes in age distribution in teleost fish: Possible mechanisms and significance. Mar Genomics 2020; 49:100717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2019.100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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4
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Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang T, Liu J, Jahejo AR, Yang L, Chen P, Ning G, Huo N, Ma H, Yan F, Tian W. Protective effects of zinc and N-acetyl-L-cysteine supplementation against cadmium induced erythrocyte cytotoxicity in Arbor Acres broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:331-339. [PMID: 30059877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic metals released into the environment. Here, we investigated the protective role of Zn2+ and/or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) against Cd cytotoxicity in the erythrocytes of Arbor Acres (AA) broiler chickens. Four hundred one-day-old AA chickens were divided into 12 groups for in vitro and in vivo studies. Zn2+ and/or NAC was given to the Cd exposed AA chickens to assess their protective roles. This was accomplished by investigating nuclear morphological abnormalities, oxidative stress (SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH and T-AOC), cell apoptosis, ROS accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Results showed that Cd led to dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity in the erythrocytes of AA chickens characterized by morphological abnormalities, nucleus damage, increased apoptosis rate and antioxidants depletion. Zn2+ or NAC significantly decreased the erythrocyte apoptosis, ROS production and mitochondrial membrane depolarization caused by Cd. SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH and T-AOC activities significantly decreased both in serum and erythrocytes of Cd exposed AA chickens. The supplementation with Zn2+ or NAC alleviated Cd induced oxidative stress through promoting SOD or GPx/GSH activities respectively. NAC presented a better role in reducing apoptosis, improving antioxidant activities more than Zn2+ in vitro. The combined use of Zn2+ and NAC enhanced cytoprotection in Cd exposed erythrocytes of AA chickens compared to Zn2+ or NAC alone. In conclusion, Zn2+ and NAC exerted remarkable protective roles in Cd exposed erythrocytes of AA chickens by inhibiting cell apoptosis and oxidative stress, and this provides a promising approach to antagonize Cd poisoning in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Jingying Liu
- Function Laboratory, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Ali Raza Jahejo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Lamei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Peiru Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Guanbao Ning
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Nairui Huo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Haili Ma
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Fang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Wenxia Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China.
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5
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Orlando P, Silvestri S, Ferlizza E, Andreani G, Carpenè E, Falcioni G, Tiano L, Isani G. Biochemical responses to cadmium exposure in Oncorhynchus mykiss erythrocytes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:476-482. [PMID: 28780446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cd is known for its carcinogenic effects, however its mechanism of toxicity and in particular its ability to promote oxidative stress is debated. In fact, although it is considered a redox-inactive metal, at high concentration Cd was shown to promote indirectly oxidative stress. In this study we investigated metal accumulation in ex vivo exposed trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) erythrocytes and Cd dose-dependent effect in terms of RBC viability, cytosolic and mitochondrial ROS levels as well as its effects on mitochondrial membrane depolarization, hemoglobin stability and precipitation. In the concentration range used, Cd did not affect cell viability. However, metal accumulation was associated with an increase in all oxidative indexes evaluated, except mitochondrial superoxide anion production that, on the contrary, was significantly decreased, probably due to a lowered respiration rate associated with interference of Cd with complex I, II and III, as suggested by the observed Cd-dependent mitochondrial membrane depolarization. On the other hand, hemoglobin destabilisation seems to be the major trigger of oxidative stress in this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Orlando
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sonia Silvestri
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Enea Ferlizza
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Andreani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emilio Carpenè
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Falcioni
- School of Pharmacy and Health Products, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
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Silkin YA, Korotkov SM, Silkina EN. The study of the bioenergetic characteristics of the red blood cells of Black Sea fish: the common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca L.) and black scorpionfish (Scorpaena porcus L.). Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917030204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Dey S, Choudhury MD, Das S. Sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluent on two commonly cultured carps: a SEM- and EDS-based hematological biomarker analysis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1791-1805. [PMID: 27378480 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Blood being a vehicle for the transport of industrial pollutants in living system, fish hematology is considered as potent biomarker. In the present study, we investigated respective sublethal effects of pulp and paper mill effluents on hematology of two commonly cultured carps, Cyprinus carpio and Ctenopharyngodon idella, using optical, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Irrespective of species, results showed significant decrease in erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin contents while an increase in white blood cell counts (P < 0.05). We observed an increasing trend of MCV (170.0 ± 3.07 to 193.16 ± 2.5) and MCH (34.31 ± 1.89 to 38.71 ± 3.61) up to 28th day in C. carpio (P < 0.05), while, in C. idella, the highest percent increase in MCV (180.8 ± 2.19) and MCH (32.9 ± 0.62) was observed on seventh exposure day, which subsequently declined, respectively, to 173.1 ± 17.1 and 27.9 ± 2.45 on 28th day. Unlike C. carpio, significant and progressive MCHC declining trend (18.23 ± 0.28 to 16.13 ± 0.31) was observed in C. idella. The most commonly observed abnormalities under SEM include echinocytes, cytoplasmic blebbing, cytoplasmic ring, spherocytes, lobopodial projections and acanthocytes in red blood cells of exposed fishes. EDS further revealed the presence of aluminum, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, mercury, tungsten, zinc and titanium; some of these metals were not even detected in the effluent samples, suggesting the probable metal bio-concentration in fish tissue, and subsequent jeopardization is a major concern particularly in the industrial area. Our study further suggested the use of sensitive and specific techniques like SEM and EDS in fish hematological biomarker analysis along with the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Dey
- Aquatic Toxicology and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Manabendra Dutta Choudhury
- Ethnobotany and Medicinal Plants Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | - Suchismita Das
- Aquatic Toxicology and Remediation Laboratory, Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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Hu Z, Brooks SA, Dormoy V, Hsu CW, Hsu HY, Lin LT, Massfelder T, Rathmell WK, Xia M, Al-Mulla F, Al-Temaimi R, Amedei A, Brown DG, Prudhomme KR, Colacci A, Hamid RA, Mondello C, Raju J, Ryan EP, Woodrick J, Scovassi AI, Singh N, Vaccari M, Roy R, Forte S, Memeo L, Salem HK, Lowe L, Jensen L, Bisson WH, Kleinstreuer N. Assessing the carcinogenic potential of low-dose exposures to chemical mixtures in the environment: focus on the cancer hallmark of tumor angiogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36 Suppl 1:S184-202. [PMID: 26106137 PMCID: PMC4492067 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the important 'hallmarks' of cancer is angiogenesis, which is the process of formation of new blood vessels that are necessary for tumor expansion, invasion and metastasis. Under normal physiological conditions, angiogenesis is well balanced and controlled by endogenous proangiogenic factors and antiangiogenic factors. However, factors produced by cancer cells, cancer stem cells and other cell types in the tumor stroma can disrupt the balance so that the tumor microenvironment favors tumor angiogenesis. These factors include vascular endothelial growth factor, endothelial tissue factor and other membrane bound receptors that mediate multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to tumor angiogenesis. Though environmental exposures to certain chemicals have been found to initiate and promote tumor development, the role of these exposures (particularly to low doses of multiple substances), is largely unknown in relation to tumor angiogenesis. This review summarizes the evidence of the role of environmental chemical bioactivity and exposure in tumor angiogenesis and carcinogenesis. We identify a number of ubiquitous (prototypical) chemicals with disruptive potential that may warrant further investigation given their selectivity for high-throughput screening assay targets associated with proangiogenic pathways. We also consider the cross-hallmark relationships of a number of important angiogenic pathway targets with other cancer hallmarks and we make recommendations for future research. Understanding of the role of low-dose exposure of chemicals with disruptive potential could help us refine our approach to cancer risk assessment, and may ultimately aid in preventing cancer by reducing or eliminating exposures to synergistic mixtures of chemicals with carcinogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Hu
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 614 685 4606; Fax: +1-614-247-7205;
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Valérian Dormoy
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chia-Wen Hsu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Hsue-Yin Hsu
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, team 3 “Cell Signalling and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer”, University of Strasbourg, Facultée de Médecine, 67085 Strasbourg, France
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3375, USA
| | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Life Sciences, Tzu-Chi University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Firenze, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - Dustin G. Brown
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Kalan R. Prudhomme
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roslida A. Hamid
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chiara Mondello
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Jayadev Raju
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Food Directorate
, Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0K9, Canada
| | - Elizabeth P. Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences
, Colorado State University/Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Jordan Woodrick
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - A. Ivana Scovassi
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advance Research), King George’s Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226003, India
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Carcinogenesis and Risk Assessment, Environmental Protection and Health Prevention Agency, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rabindra Roy
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, WashingtonDC 20057, USA
| | - Stefano Forte
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, Viagrande 95029, Italy
| | - Hosni K. Salem
- Urology Department, kasr Al-Ainy School of Medicine, Cairo University, El Manial, Cairo 12515, Egypt
| | - Leroy Lowe
- Getting to Know Cancer, Truro, Nova Scotia B2N 1X5, Canada
| | - Lasse Jensen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden and
| | - William H. Bisson
- Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Environmental Health Science Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., in support of the National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NIEHS, MD K2-16, RTP, NC 27709, USA
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Li ZH, Li P, Shi ZC. Chronic exposure to Tributyltin induces brain functional damage in juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123091. [PMID: 25879203 PMCID: PMC4399936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Tributyltin (TBT) on brain function and neurotoxicity of freshwater teleost. The effects of long-term exposure to TBT on antioxidant related indices (MDA, malondialdehyde; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; GR, glutathione reductase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase), Na+-K+-ATPase and neurological parameters (AChE, acetylcholinesterase; MAO, monoamine oxidase; NO, nitric oxide) in the brain of common carp were evaluated. Fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of TBT (75 ng/L, 0.75 μg/L and 7.5 μg/L) for 15, 30, and 60 days. Based on the results, a low level and short-term TBT-induced stress could not induce the notable responses of the fish brain, but long-term exposure (more than 15 days) to TBT could lead to obvious physiological-biochemical responses (based on the measured parameters). The results also strongly indicated that neurotoxicity of TBT to fish. Thus, the measured physiological responses in fish brain could provide useful information to better understand the mechanisms of TBT-induced bio-toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation (Ministry of Agriculture), Key Field Station for Fishery Resource and Environment in Upper-Middle Reaches of Yangtze River (Ministry of Agriculture), Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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Babu V, Mariadoss S, Ipek CE, Serbest B, Ali S. Surface structures of gill, scale and erythrocyte of Anabas testudineus exposed to sublethal concentration of cypermethrin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1109-1115. [PMID: 24780535 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to assess the toxicity of sublethal concentrations (0.015, 0.030 and 0.045 ppm) of cypermethrin on the gills, scales and erythrocytes of Anabas testudineus for 21 days. The morphological changes on the gills, scales and erythrocytes of the A. testudineus were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM studies on all the three treated groups revealed several kinds of gills, scales and erythrocytes alterations and modifications with abnormal morphology. Gill alterations included highly active mucous cells, epithelial hyperplasia, fusion of secondary lamellae and epithelial lifting. The scales showed damaged lepidonts. Abnormal erythrocytes (shrunken cells), oozed out cytoplasmic content and lobopodial projections were observed in the erythrocytes of fish after exposure to cypermethrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velmurugan Babu
- Loyola College, Department Zoology, Environmental Science and Biotechnology Research Unit, Madras 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvanayagam Mariadoss
- Loyola College, Department Zoology, Environmental Science and Biotechnology Research Unit, Madras 600034, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Cengiz Elif Ipek
- Dicle University, Faculty Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, TR-21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey.
| | - Bilici Serbest
- Dicle University, School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department Biology, TR-21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Satar Ali
- Dicle University, Faculty Science, Department Biology, Section Hydrobiology, TR-21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
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11
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Deane EE, van de Merwe JP, Hui JHL, Wu RSS, Woo NYS. PBDE-47 exposure causes gender specific effects on apoptosis and heat shock protein expression in marine medaka, Oryzias melastigma. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 147:57-67. [PMID: 24374848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was fed with a low and high dose of dietary 2,2',4,4'-tetra-bromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47), over 21 days. Gender specific changes in caspases 3 and 8 in medaka were found as activities in male medaka were significantly increased in both liver and muscle at both low and high exposure levels whereas caspase activity in female medaka tissue remained unchanged. Results of HSP90 and HSP70 immunoassays also showed gender specific related changes as both HSP families were unchanged in liver and muscle of male medaka but significantly increased in liver and muscle of female medaka, following PBDE-47 exposure. The gender specific effects of PBDE-47 on HSP expression profiles could not be explained by inherent differences in the heat shock response of male and female marine medaka, as the HSP profiles in liver and muscle, induced by acute heat shock, were similar in both sexes. The findings from this study provide evidence that PBDE-47 can cause gender specific modulatory effects on mechanisms critical to the apoptotic cascade as well as HSP regulation and expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie E Deane
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong.
| | - Jason P van de Merwe
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jerome H L Hui
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Rudolf S S Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Norman Y S Woo
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong
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12
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Ma C, Cheng S, Hu Z, Li Q, Zhang R, Zhang S. Synthesis and characterization of a novel o-tolyltelluronic trimethyltin ester and its cytotoxic assessment in vitro. Dalton Trans 2014; 43:671-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt52326h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Sekar D, Falcioni ML, Barucca G, Falcioni G. DNA damage and repair following In vitro exposure to two different forms of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on trout erythrocyte. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:117-127. [PMID: 22012887 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 has been widely used to promote organic compounds degradation on waste aqueous solution, however, data on TiO2 nanotoxicity to aquatic life are still limited. In this in vitro study, we compare the toxicity of two different families of TiO2 nanoparticles on erythrocytes from Oncorhynchus mykiss trout. The crystal structure of the two TiO2 nanoparticles was analyzed by XRD and the results indicated that one sample is composed of TiO2 in the anatase crystal phase, while the other sample contains a mixture of both the anatase and the rutile forms of TiO2 in a 2:8 ratio. Further characterization of the two families of TiO2 nanoparticles was determined by SEM high resolution images and BET technique. The toxicity results indicate that both TiO2 nanoparticles increase the hemolysis rate in a dose dependent way (1.6, 3.2, 4.8 μg mL(-1) ) but they do not influence superoxide anion production due to NADH addition measured by chemiluminescence. Moreover, TiO2 nanoparticles (4.8 μg mL(-1) ) induce DNA damage and the entity of the damage is independent from the type of TiO2 nanoparticles used. Modified comet assay (Endo III and Fpg) shows that TiO2 oxidizes not only purine but also pyrimidine bases. In our experimental conditions, the exposure to TiO2 nanoparticles does not affect the DNA repair system functionality. The data obtained contribute to better characterize the aqueous environmental risks linked to TiO2 nanoparticles exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durairaj Sekar
- School of Advanced Studies "Ageing and Nutrition," University of Camerino, Italy
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14
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15
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Isani G, Falcioni ML, Barucca G, Sekar D, Andreani G, Carpenè E, Falcioni G. Comparative toxicity of CuO nanoparticles and CuSO4 in rainbow trout. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:40-46. [PMID: 23932511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the toxicity and accumulation of two different Cu compounds, CuO nanoparticles (NPs) and soluble CuSO4, in erythrocytes and different tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The crystal structure of CuO NP analysed by XRD indicates that the NP are Tenorite, a monoclinic CuO. The in vitro toxicity results indicate that both Cu compounds increase the haemolysis rate in a dose-dependent way, but the effect was reduced treating cells with CuO NP. Moreover, both Cu compounds induce DNA damage and the entity of the damage, similarly to haemolysis, was more marked in cells treated with CuSO4. In vivo results, obtained after intraperitoneal injection, showed that Cu concentrations were significantly higher in gills (p<0.0001), kidney (p=0.007) and liver (p<0.05) of exposed fish with a significant increase in plasma Cu concentration 15h after CuSO4 treatment. Cu concentrations were significantly higher in fish exposed to CuSO4 than CuO in kidney (p<0.05) and gills (p<0.0001). Significant DNA damage with respect to controls was detected only when Cu was injected as CuSO4. The present data could serve to evaluate environmental Cu toxicity in fish depending on Cu speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Isani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Italy.
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Nesci S, Ventrella V, Pagliarani A. Modulation of the F1FO-ATPase function by butyltin compounds. Appl Organomet Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.2948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences; University of Bologna; Italy
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17
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Caspase-10 is the key initiator caspase involved in tributyltin-mediated apoptosis in human immune cells. J Toxicol 2012; 2012:395482. [PMID: 22287961 PMCID: PMC3263648 DOI: 10.1155/2012/395482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is one of the most toxic compounds produced by man and distributed in the environment. A multitude of toxic activities have been described, for example, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, and endocrine disruptive effects. Moreover, it has been shown for many cell types that they undergo apoptosis after treatment with TBT and the cell death of immune cells could be the molecular background of its immunotoxic effect. As low as 200 nM up to 1 μM of TBT induces all signs of apoptosis in Jurkat T cells within 1 to 24 hrs of treatment. When compared to Fas-ligand control stimulation, the same sequence of events occurs: membrane blebbing, phosphatidylserine externalisation, the activation of the “death-inducing signalling complex,” and the following sequence of cleavage processes. In genetically modified caspase-8-deficient Jurkat cells, the apoptotic effects are only slightly reduced, whereas, in FADD-negative Jurkat cells, the TBT effect is significantly diminished. We could show that caspase-10 is recruited by the TRAIL-R2 receptor and apoptosis is totally prevented when caspase-10 is specifically inhibited in all three cell lines.
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Urushibara N, Mitsuhashi S, Sasaki T, Kasai H, Yoshimizu M, Fujita H, Oda A. JNK and p38 MAPK are independently involved in tributyltin-mediated cell death in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RTG-2 cells. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 149:468-75. [PMID: 19026764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.10.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are a family of Ser/Thr protein kinases that transmit various extracellular signals to the nucleus inducing gene expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Recent studies have revealed that organotin compounds induce apoptosis and MAPK phosphorylation/activation in mammal cells. In this study, we elucidated the cytotoxic mechanism of tributyltin (TBT), a representative organotin compound, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) RTG-2 cells. TBT treatment resulted in significant caspase activation, characteristic morphological changes, DNA fragmentation, and consequent apoptotic cell death in RTG-2 cells. TBT exposure induced the rapid and sustained accumulation of phosphorylated MAPKs, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 MAP kinase (p38 MAPK). Further analysis using pharmacological inhibitors against caspases and MAPKs showed that TBT also induced cell death in a caspase-independent manner and that p38 MAPK is involved in TBT-induced caspase-independent cell death, whereas JNK is involved in the caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway. Thus, TBT employs at least two independent signaling cascades to mediate cell death in RTG-2 cells. To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the relationship between MAPK activation and TBT cytotoxicity in RTG-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Urushibara
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
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Krumschnabel G, Podrabsky JE. Fish as model systems for the study of vertebrate apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 14:1-21. [PMID: 19082731 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a process of pivotal importance for multi-cellular organisms and due to its implication in the development of cancer and degenerative disease it is intensively studied in humans and mammalian model systems. Invertebrate models of apoptosis have been well-studied, especially in C. elegans and D. melanogaster, but as these are evolutionarily distant from mammals the relevance of findings for human research is sometimes limited. Presently, a non-mammalian vertebrate model for studying apoptosis is missing. However, in the past few years an increasing number of studies on cell death in fish have been published and thus new model systems may emerge. This review aims at highlighting the most important of these findings, showing similarities and dissimilarities between fish and mammals, and will suggest topics for future research. In addition, the outstanding usefulness of fish as research models will be pointed out, hoping to spark future research on this exciting, often underrated group of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Krumschnabel
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Structures and antifouling properties of low surface energy non-toxic antifouling coatings modified by nano-SiO2 powder. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Pagliarani A, Bandiera P, Ventrella V, Trombetti F, Pirini M, Nesci S, Borgatti AR. Tributyltin (TBT) inhibition of oligomycin-sensitive Mg-ATPase activity in mussel mitochondria. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:827-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 12/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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Ali M, Rahman S, Rehman H, Bhatia K, Ansari RA, Raisuddin S. Pro-apoptotic effect of fly ash leachates in hepatocytes of freshwater fish (Channa punctata Bloch). Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:63-71. [PMID: 17052884 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2006.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Revised: 07/25/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pro-apoptotic effect of fly ash leachates (FAL) was studied in the hepatocytes of an Indian freshwater fish, Channa punctata Bloch. Hepatocytes were exposed to different concentrations of '7-day' FAL for 24 and 48h and various parameters of apoptosis were studied using standardized procedures. FAL-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes was indicated by cytological examination, DNA fragmentation and DNA laddering. The induction in cytochrome-c release, caspases 3, 7, 10 and 9 activities and lactate dehydrogenase level provide mechanistic platform for FAL-induced apoptosis. Cytological examination showed an unambiguous apoptotic effect of ash leachates in fish hepatocytes. Exposed hepatocytes also showed increased production of H(2)O(2), superoxide ions and an increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO). The present study suggests a possible role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in FAL-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes. Lactate dehydrogenase, LPO and apoptosis as biomarkers of cytotoxicity have recently been used for assessment of ecotoxicological impact of environmental chemicals. Our findings show that these biomarkers may also be used for evaluation of ecotoxicological impact of complex chemical mixture such as fly ash and its leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehboob Ali
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi 110062, India
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Zhu X, Xing M, Lou J, Wang X, Fu W, Xu L. Apoptotic related biochemical changes in human amnion cells induced by tributyltin. Toxicology 2007; 230:45-52. [PMID: 17174019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) is one of the environmental pollutants, which is mostly accumulated in marine animals. The toxic effects of TBT have been extensively documented in several types of cells, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for TBT-induced cell damage are still not fully elucidated. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the apoptotic related biochemical changes in human amnion cells induced by TBT. After cells were exposed to TBT at the concentrations of 1-4 microM for 2h, the results suggested that TBT could induce an early and typical apoptosis, moreover caspase-3, the modifications of cytoskeletal structure and the Bcl-2 family were involved in this process. The results will deepen our understanding about the toxic mechanism of TBT on human amnion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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Roessink I, Belgers JDM, Crum SJH, van den Brink PJ, Brock TCM. Impact of triphenyltin acetate in microcosms simulating floodplain lakes. II. Comparison of species sensitivity distributions between laboratory and semi-field. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2006; 15:411-24. [PMID: 16633738 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-006-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The study objectives were to shed light on the types of freshwater organism that are sensitive to triphenyltin acetate (TPT) and to compare the laboratory and microcosm sensitivities of the invertebrate community. The responses of a wide array of freshwater taxa (including invertebrates, phytoplankton and macrophytes) from acute laboratory Single Species Tests (SST) were compared with the concentration-response relationships of aquatic populations in two types of freshwater microcosms. Representatives of several taxonomic groups of invertebrates, and several phytoplankton and vascular plant species proved to be sensitive to TPT, illustrating its diverse modes of toxic action. Statistically calculated ecological risk thresholds (HC5 values) based on 96 h laboratory EC50 values for invertebrates were 1.3 microg/l, while these values on the basis of microcosm-Species Sensitivity Distributions (SSD) for invertebrates in sampling weeks 2-8 after TPT treatment ranged from 0.2 to 0.6 microg/l based on nominal peak concentrations. Responses observed in the microcosms did not differ between system types and sampling dates, indicating that ecological threshold levels are not affected by different community structures including taxa sensitive to TPT. The laboratory-derived invertebrate SSD curve was less sensitive than the curves from the microcosms. Possible explanations for the more sensitive field response are delayed effects and/or additional chronic exposure via the food chain in the microcosms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Roessink
- Alterra, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Bollo E, Guglielmino R, Sant S, Pregel P, Riondato F, Miniscalco B, Cornaglia E, Nebbia C, Dacasto M. Biochemical, ultrastructural and molecular characterization of the triphenyltin acetate (TPTA)-induced apoptosis in primary cultures of mouse thymocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 22:275-84. [PMID: 16802106 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Triphenyltin acetate (TPTA), a triorganotin compound used in agriculture as a biocide, is immunotoxic in vivo and in vitro. The present study was undertaken to ascertain whether apoptosis might play a role in the TPTA toxicity in vitro. Mouse thymocyte primary cultures were exposed to 0, 4 and 8 micromol/L TPTA; methyl prednisolone (1 micromol/L) was used as a positive control. Cell aliquots were harvested after 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h and the presence of early or late apoptotic phenomena was checked by (a) morphological investigations; (b) spectrophotometric quantification of fragmented DNA and agarose gel electrophoresis; (c) cell flow cytofluorometry, using an annexin V-FITC kit; and (d) detection of in situ apoptosis by a colorimetric detection kit (Titer-Tacs). TPTA cytotoxicity was also evaluated using the trypan blue dye exclusion test. Morphological investigation indicated apoptosis and/or necrosis. After 8 h of incubation, cells exposed to 4 micromol/L TPTA showed an increase in DNA fragmentation (on electrophoresis), which was confirmed by spectrophotometry (p < 0.05). Flow cytofluorometry pointed out an early (p < 0.05) increase of annexin V-positive (apoptotic) cells in TPTA-exposed flasks, whereas at least partly contradictory, results were obtained with the Titer-Tacs kit. Overall, these results provide evidence that TPTA, at low concentrations (4 micromol/L) induces early and late apoptotic phenomena, whereas cells exposed to the highest concentrations (8 micromol/L) are likely to undergo necrosis rather than apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bollo
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Sezione di Anatomia Patologica, Università di Torino, Italy
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Nagata S, Zhou X. Analyses of Factors to Affect the Bioassay System Using Luminescent Bacterium Vibrio fischeri. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.52.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Nagata
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Environmental Biochemistry Group, Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe University
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