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Wang J, Wang K. New insights into Chlamydia pathogenesis: Role of leukemia inhibitory factor. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1029178. [PMID: 36329823 PMCID: PMC9623337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1029178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) is the leading cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infections worldwide. Since the symptoms of Ct infection are often subtle or absent, most people are unaware of their infection until they are tested or develop severe complications such as infertility. It is believed that the primary culprit of Ct-associated tissue damage is unresolved chronic inflammation, resulting in aberrant production of cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, as well as dysregulated tissue influx of innate and adaptive immune cells. A member of the IL-6 cytokine family, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), is one of the cytokines induced by Ct infection but its role in Ct pathogenesis is unclear. In this article, we review the biology of LIF and LIF receptor (LIFR)-mediated signaling pathways, summarize the physiological role of LIF in the reproductive system, and discuss the impact of LIF in chronic inflammatory conditions and its implication in Ct pathogenesis. Under normal circumstances, LIF is produced to maintain epithelial homeostasis and tissue repair, including the aftermath of Ct infection. However, LIF/LIFR-mediated signaling – particularly prolonged strong signaling – can gradually transform the microenvironment of the fallopian tube by altering the fate of epithelial cells and the cellular composition of epithelium. This harmful transformation of epithelium may be a key process that leads to an enhanced risk of infertility, ectopic pregnancy and cancer following Ct infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Izaak Walton Killam (IWK) Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
- *Correspondence: Jun Wang,
| | - Katherine Wang
- Canadian Center for Vaccinology, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Lee MJ, Kim J, Kim MY, Bae YS, Ryu SH, Lee TG, Kim JH. Proteomic analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced secretome of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:1754-62. [PMID: 20184379 DOI: 10.1021/pr900898n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hASCs) are useful for regeneration of inflamed or injured tissues. To identify secreted hASC proteins during inflammation, hASCs were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and conditioned media derived from hASCs were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 187 individual proteins as secreted proteins (secretome) in hASC-conditioned media; 118 proteins were secreted at higher levels upon TNF-alpha treatment. The TNF-alpha-induced secretome included a variety of cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). TNF-alpha also increased expression of various proteases including cathepsin L, matrix metalloproteases and protease inhibitors, and induced secretion of long pentraxin 3, a key inflammatory mediator implicated in innate immunity. TNF-alpha-conditioned media stimulated migration of human monocytes, which play a key role in inflammatory responses. This migration was abrogated by pretreatment with neutralizing anti-IL-6, anti-IL-8, and anti-MCP-1 antibodies, suggesting that IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 are involved in migration of monocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that TNF-alpha-induced secretome may play a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and that shotgun proteomic analysis will be useful for elucidation of the paracrine functions of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Jeong Lee
- Medical Research Center for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Epidemiological data showed that total IgE and IL-4 levels in cigarette smokers were elevated, comparable to those in the asthmatics. The etiological agent(s) elevating IgE production are not clear. We evaluate whether tobacco polyphenols potentiate IgE production in a rodent model. Mice were fed with rutin or CGA in drinking water during antigen sensitization, followed by antigenic challenge i.p. in alum. CGA and rutin were also delivered in a bolus intraperitoneally or intranasally along with antigens during immunization. Antigen-specific IgE and IgG responses were measured. Enhancement of total IgE responses via i.p. and drinking routes can be achieved at concentrations as low as 0.1% CGA. Furthermore, IgG1 responses but not IgG2a and IgG2b were augmented, indicating a Th2 type of response by CGA. Moreover, both antigen-specific and serum IgE production can be achieved when CGA and antigenic challenges were delivered intranasally in the absence of alum. In contrast, nicotine does not enhance antigen-specific IgE production, and only marginally affects serum IgE levels. The more polarized Th2 development in CGA-treated mice may account for enhancement of both antigen-specific and total IgE responses. High levels of IL-4 but not IFN-gamma or IL-12, were observed in antigen-challenged mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) cultures from CGA-treated mice. In contrast, significant levels of IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-gamma were observed in antigen-challenged cultures from nicotine-treated mice. This study shows that tobacco polyphenols, CGA and rutin potentiated IgE production in vivo. Polyphenolic antioxidants enhance Th2 development. We propose that IgE production and T cell dichotomy may be critically influenced by the redox microenvironment. Enhanced Th2 development and IgE production henceforth may counteract more severe Th1-mediated tissue damage triggered by environmental oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gong
- Division of Allergy, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California, USA
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Gómez-Quiroz LE, Paris R, Lluis JM, Bucio L, Souza V, Hernández E, Gutiérrez M, Santiago M, García-Ruiz C, Fernández-Checa JC, Kershenobich D, Gutiérrez-Ruiz MC. Differential modulation of interleukin 8 by interleukin 4 and interleukin 10 in HepG2 cells treated with acetaldehyde. Liver Int 2005; 25:122-30. [PMID: 15698409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as interleukin (IL) 8, are important mediators of hepatic injury and repair following an insult. The purpose of this work was to study the regulation of IL-8 by IL-10 and IL-4 in HepG2 cells treated with acetaldehyde (Ac). METHODS HepG2 cells were pretreated with IL-10 or IL-4 before exposure to Ac, examining IL-8 expression by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. RESULTS Ac treatment produced an increment in IL-8 induction and secretion that was prevented by IL-4 pretreatment, while IL-10 pretreatment failed to decrease Ac-induced IL-8 production. Consistent with these findings Ac increased NF-kappa B and AP-1 activation that were prevented by IL-4 but not by IL-10, findings accompanied by greater I kappa B-alpha levels in IL-4 but not IL-10 pretreated cells. In contrast to the pro-inflammatory role of IL-10 in HepG2, IL-10 did not show any change in the activation of NF-kappa B by Ac in WRL-68 cells, a human fetal hepatic cell line. Moreover, IL-10 did not induce the degradation of I kappa B-alpha in cellular extract from rat primary cultured cells. CONCLUSIONS While the present findings demonstrate the anti-inflammatory role of IL-4 in preventing the expression of IL-8 by Ac, the regulation of chemokines by anti-inflammatory cytokines is complex and depends on the cellular lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique Gómez-Quiroz
- Experimental Biology PhD Program, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Mexico D.F. 09340, Mexico
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Sennikov SV, Injelevskaya TV, Krysov SV, Silkov AN, Kovinev IB, Dyachkova NJ, Zenkov AN, Loseva MI, Kozlov VA. Production of hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines by erythroblast antigen+ and glycophorin A+ cells from human bone marrow. BMC Cell Biol 2004; 5:39. [PMID: 15488155 PMCID: PMC524510 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-5-39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2004] [Accepted: 10/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythroid nuclear cells (ENC) of the bone marrow (BM) have not previously been considered as important producers of wide spectrum of haemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines. The aim of the current work was to confirm the production of the main hemo- and immunoregulatory cytokines in human ENC from BM. RESULTS We used native human BM ENC in our experiments. We for the first time have shown, that the unstimulated erythroblasts (Gl A+ or AG-EB+) produced a wide spectrum of immunoregulatory cytokines. Human BM ENC produce cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and IL-10. They can be sub-divided into glycophorin A positive (Gl A+) and erythroblast antigen positive (AG-EB+) cells. To study potential differences in cytokine expression between these subsets, ENC were isolated and purified using specific antibodies to Gl A and AG-EB and the separated cells were cultivated for 24 hours. The cytokine contents of the supernatant were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Quantitative differences in TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha production were found between Gl A+ and AG-EB+ BM ENC. Furthermore, in vitro addition of erythropoietin (EPO) reduced IFN-gamma and IL-2 production specifically by the AG-EB+ ENC. Thus, Gl A+ and AG-EB+ ENC produce IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1 and TNF-alpha. Gl A+ ENC also produce IL-10. CONCLUSION Cytokine production by erythroid nuclear cells suggests that these cells might be involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic and immunocompetent cells in human BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Sennikov
- Laboratory of the Regulation of Immunopoiesis, Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, Yadrintsevskaya 14, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
| | - Tatyana V Injelevskaya
- Laboratory of the Regulation of Immunopoiesis, Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, Yadrintsevskaya 14, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
| | - Sergey V Krysov
- Laboratory of the Regulation of Immunopoiesis, Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, Yadrintsevskaya 14, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
| | - Alexandr N Silkov
- Laboratory of the Regulation of Immunopoiesis, Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, Yadrintsevskaya 14, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
| | - Igor B Kovinev
- The Department of Haematology, Regional Haematological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya J Dyachkova
- The Department of Haematology, Regional Haematological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anton N Zenkov
- The Department of Haematology, Regional Haematological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mary I Loseva
- The Department of Haematology, Regional Haematological Center, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Kozlov
- Laboratory of the Regulation of Immunopoiesis, Institute of Clinical Immunology SB RAMS, Yadrintsevskaya 14, Novosibirsk, 630099, Russia
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Oskeritzian CA, Zhao W, Pozez AL, Cohen NM, Grimes M, Schwartz LB. Neutralizing endogenous IL-6 renders mast cells of the MCT type from lung, but not the MCTC type from skin and lung, susceptible to human recombinant IL-4-induced apoptosis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:593-600. [PMID: 14688371 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Human cord blood-derived mast cells undergo apoptosis upon exposure to recombinant human (rh)IL-4 and become resistant to rhIL-4-induced apoptosis when cultured in the presence of rhIL-6. The current study extends these effects of rhIL-4 to different populations of human mast cells, namely fetal liver-derived mast cells, lung-derived mast cells, and skin-derived mast cells. Endogenous production of IL-6 appears to protect fetal liver-derived mast cells and those of the MC(T) phenotype from rhIL-4-mediated apoptosis, because neutralization of IL-6 renders these mast cells sensitive. In contrast, mast cells of the MC(TC) phenotype from skin and lung were resistant to IL-4-mediated apoptosis, even after neutralization of endogenous IL-6. MC(TC) cells were CD124(low), whereas those of the MC(T) cells were CD124(high). These observations extend the phenotypic differences between MC(T) and MC(TC) types of human mast cells to include different functional responses to IL-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Oskeritzian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Alexis N, Griffith K, Almond M, Peden DB. IL-4 induces IL-6 and signs of allergic-type inflammation in the nasal airways of nonallergic individuals. Clin Immunol 2002; 104:217-20. [PMID: 12217330 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2002.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to its more widely recognized role in promoting IgE synthesis, we speculate that interleukin-4 (IL-4) may modulate both allergic- and nonallergic-type inflammatory processes in the airway mucosa. We examined in vivo the effect of IL-4 on granulocyte and cytokine homeostasis in the nasal airways of nonallergic volunteers. Ten (N = 10) healthy subjects received nasal IL-4 (10 microg) or saline (0.9%) challenges on separate occasions. Nasal lavage was obtained before and 24 h after nasal challenges. We report that IL-4 induced a significant increase in IL-6 and produced elevated levels of eosinophils and neutrophils compared to saline. These data demonstrate that IL-4 can modulate both allergic- and nonallergic-type inflammatory responses in the nasal airways of nonallergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Alexis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Tao M, Li B, Nayini J, Sivaraman S, Song S, Larson A, Toofanfard M, Chen H, Venugopal P, Preisler HD. In vivo effects of IL-4, IL-10, and amifostine on cytokine production in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2001; 41:161-8. [PMID: 11342369 DOI: 10.3109/10428190109057966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Both IL-4 and IL-10 have been shown in vitro to inhibit leukemia cell secretion of IL-1beta, GM-CSF, and TNFalpha, and increase leukemia cell release of IL-1ra. In this study, we have investigated the in vivo effects of IL-4, IL-10, and amifostine on cytokine production in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Serum IL-1ra, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, GM-CSF, and SCF levels were measured in AML patients who received IL-4, IL-10, or amifostine. No significant changes in the serum levels of IL-1ra, IL-1beta, TNFalpha, GM-CSF, and SCF were found in AML patients who received amifostine. Both IL-4 and IL-10 were found to increase serum IL-1ra. This data is in accord with the in vitro studies. However, IL-4 increased serum GM-CSF levels and IL-10 increased serum IL-1beta and TNFalpha levels. These in vivo effects of the two cytokines differ from their in vitro effects. Despite the similar effects of IL-4 and IL-10 on cytokine production by AML cells in vitro, different effects were observed in AML patients in vivo. IL-4 increased serum SCF levels, whereas IL-10 decreased serum SCF levels. IL-4 increased serum GM-CSF levels, whereas IL-10 had no effect on them. Although IL-10 increased serum IL-1beta and TNFalpha levels, IL-4 had no effect on them. These findings indicate that the in vitro effects of IL-4 and IL-10 do not necessarily reflect their in vivo effects, and that the complex effects of the two cytokines on serum cytokine levels make it difficult to predict their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tao
- Rush Cancer Institute, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison Street, Suite 809, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Denizot Y, Raher S, Trimoreau F, Praloran V, Godard A. Effect of cytokines and lipid mediators on the synthesis of interleukin 1 beta by human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytokine 2000; 12:499-502. [PMID: 10857767 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of interleukin (IL-)1beta by cultured human bone marrow stromal cells. RT-PCR experiments indicate that two-thirds of cultures constitutively express IL-1beta mRNA transcripts. Their cell-associated IL-1beta levels are elevated after stimulation with tumour necrosis factor (TNF-)alpha but not with cytokines such as IL-1alpha, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, SCF, G-CSF, M-CSF and TGF-beta or lipid mediators such as PGE2, LTB4, LXA4, LXB4, 12-HETE, 15-HETE and PAF. Addition of IL-4, but not IL-10 or TGF-beta, reduces the TNF-alpha-induced cell-associated IL-1beta. IL-1beta is never detected in bone marrow stromal cell supernatants whatever the stimulant added. In conclusion the pro-inflammatory molecule TNF-alpha stimulates bone marrow stromal cell-associated IL-1beta levels while the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 reduces the TNF-alpha-induced effect. These results strengthen the key regulatory role of IL-4 on the production of haematopoietic cytokines by human bone marrow stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Denizot
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France
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Besse A, Trimoreau F, Praloran V, Denizot Y. Effect of cytokines and growth factors on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor secretion by human bone marrow stromal cells. Cytokine 2000; 12:522-5. [PMID: 10857771 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1999.0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of growth factors, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines on the macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) secretion by cultured human bone marrow stromal cells. Their production of M-CSF cultured in serum-free medium is enhanced in a time-dependent manner in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF-)alpha and interleukin (IL-)4 but not to IL-1, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, SCF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), G-CSF, bFGF and transforming growth factor (TGF-)beta. The co-addition of IL-4 and TNF-alpha has a greater than additive effect on the secretion of M-CSF suggesting that they act synergistically. The anti-inflammatory molecules IL-10 and TGF-beta have no effect on the TNF-alpha-induced M-CSF synthesis by marrow stromal cells. In conclusion TNF-alpha and IL-4 are potent stimulators of the M-CSF synthesis by human bone marrow stromal cells, a result of importance regarding the role of M-CSF in the proliferation/differentiation of mononuclear-phagocytic cells and the role of marrow stromal cells as regulators of marrow haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Besse
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie Expérimentale, Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France
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van Eeden SF, Terashima T. Interleukin 8 (IL-8) and the release of leukocytes from the bone marrow. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 37:259-71. [PMID: 10752978 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009089427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 8 (IL-8) is produced by various cells upon stimulation and influences a variety of functions of leukocytes in particular neutrophils. Systemic administration of IL-8 induces a rapid neutropenia associated by sequestration of neutrophils in the lung that is followed by a neutrophilia characterized by the rapid release of neutrophils from the bone marrow. These cells are released predominantly from the bone marrow venous sinusoids. In addition, several studies have shown the potential role of IL-8 in hematopoiesis and trafficking of hematopoietic stem cells. Systemic administration of IL-8 induces a rapid mobilization of progenitors from the bone marrow with long-term myelo-lymphoid repopulation capacity. It has been employed clinically to mobilize hematopoietic progenitor cells into the peripheral blood and used for autologous or allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The mechanism for these effects of IL-8 is largely speculative. This report summarizes current ideas on the possible mechanisms how IL-8 influences cell trafficking in and from the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F van Eeden
- Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of British Columbia, St. Pauls Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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