[Effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma]

Objective: To explore the effectiveness of minimally invasive surgical treatment for pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC). Methods: Six patients with PACC diagnosed in Peking University Third Hospital from January 2010 to September 2022 were retrospectively selected. Preoperative evaluation was performed on whether the lesions were eligible for surgery, including whether radical resection of liver metastases could be performed. Laparoscopic or Da Vinci robot-assisted resection was performed on six patients, and spleen retention was determined according to the original lesions and the relationship with peripheral blood vessels and tissues, while simultaneous resection was performed on cases of peripheral organ tissue invasion. The patients' basic information, preoperative general conditions, preoperative diagnosis and tumor stage, minimally invasive surgery methods, postoperative complications, pathological results, tumor stage and follow-up data were collected and analyzed to explore the effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery. Results: Among the six patients, four were males and two were females, with the age of 25-69 years. Five patients had abdominal pain and distension before surgery, five patients had tumors located at the tail of the pancreatic body, and one patient had tumors located at the head of the pancreas. Preoperative imaging (enhanced CT and MRI) was performed to measure the tumor diameter (2.8-10.0 cm). Tumor markers were elevated in two patients before surgery, and six patients underwent surgery through laparoscopy or robotic platform. No complications such as postoperative pancreatic fistula and bleeding were clinically relevant during and after surgery. There were two cases with concurrent or heterochronous liver metastasis, two cases with lymph node metastasis and nodular metastasis, four cases with tumor invasion of surrounding organs (stomach, spleen or duodenum), and three cases with vascular cancer thrombi. The follow-up time of the six patients was 12 to 165 months, and one patient underwent three operations due to postoperative liver metastasis and residual pancreatic recurrence, and the results were satisfactory. All the six patients survived at the last follow-up. Conclusions: PACC is prone to invade the surrounding organs, and has a large tumor diameter. Radical surgery for PACC can be completed through minimally invasive surgery, and satisfactory oncology prognosis can be obtained. In addition, some PACC patients with recurrence and metastasis can still be treated by surgery.

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibition Induces DNA Damage and Radiosensitization in Glioblastoma Cell Lines

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S)

Glioblastomas (GBM) are highly dependent on glucose for energy to promote cell proliferation and tumor growth. Preclinical studies have shown that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, drugs that are FDA approved for diabetes, reduce the viability and invasiveness of GBM cells. We hypothesize that SGLT2 inhibitors decrease GBM cell growth and viability by promoting DNA damage.

MATERIALS/METHODS

The SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin were used and cell studies were performed under low glucose (0.6 mM) media conditions. In the cell proliferation assays, cells were counted in triplicate after 24-, 48- and 72-hour treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors. Glucose transport assays were performed using a 6-fluorescent iodinated glucose analog (6FIGA) which is selectively transported by SGLTs and not by glucose transporters (GLUTs). Immunoblots were used to measure protein expression of SGLT2 and markers of DNA damage (phospho-ATM and gamma-H2AX). Cellular radiosensitization was evaluated by clonogenic survival assays.

RESULTS

SGLT2 inhibition with canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin decreased cell proliferation in LN229, U118MG and LN18 GBM cells lines. In LN229 cells, 72-hour treatment with canagliflozin (30 µM) decreased cell proliferation by 60% compared to vehicle control cells (p<0.0001) whereas dapagliflozin (30 µM) and empagliflozin (30 µM) decreased cell proliferation compared to vehicle control cells by 17% (p<0.0001) and 19% (p<0.001), respectively. Glucose transport assays show that 6FIGA uptake is reduced by canagliflozin and dapagliflozin in LN229 and U87 GBM cells. Canagliflozin treatment (50 µM) for 24 hours in LN229 cells results in increased phosphorylated ATM protein and increased gamma-H2AX protein, markers of DNA damage, by immunoblot. SGLT2 protein expression was not affected by canagliflozin. Treatment with canagliflozin (50 µM) 48 hours prior to 2, 4 and 6 Gy of ionizing radiation reduced clonogenic survival of LN229, LN18 and U118MG GBM cells.

CONCLUSION

SGLT2 inhibitors canagliflozin, dapagliflozin and empagliflozin decrease GBM cell proliferation, with the highest inhibitory effect seen with canagliflozin. Canagliflozin treatment alone increases DNA damage signaling in GBM cells. Canagliflozin radiosensitizes GBM cells. This work provides preliminary preclinical rationale for canagliflozin as a radiosensitizer in GBM.

Association of late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance with heart failure outcomes in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background

Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has been found to be associated with increased mortality in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). The correlation between LGE and heart failure (HF) hospitalization, referral for heart transplant, and ejection fraction (EF) improvement have not been well established.

Purpose

This meta-analysis assessed the relationship between LGE in CMR with HF hospitalization, referral for heart transplant and EF improvement in patients with NICM.

Methods

We searched the databases for studies reporting the association between LGE in CMR for NICM and HF outcomes including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for all studies. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimal follow up duration is one year.

Results

A total of 216 studies resulted from the literature search. A total of 25 studies and 3,039 patients (1,265 with LGE vs 1,774 without LGE) were included; mean follow up is around 33 months (ranging between 13 to 71 months). Our analysis demonstrated that LGE in NICM was associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization (odds ratio 3.38, 95% confidence interval 2.27–5.04; P&lt;0.01), referral for transplant (odds ratio 5.08, 95% confidence interval 2.49–10.35; P&lt;0.01), and lower chance for EF improvement (odds ratio 0.16, 95% confidence interval 0.03–0.85; P 0.03). Heterogeneity is moderate: χ2=49.5, df=21 (P=0.001), I2=57%. (Figures 1 and 2)

Conclusions

Our results suggest that LGE is associated with increased risk of HF hospitalization and referral for heart transplant and lower chance for EF improvement in long-term follow up.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Association of late-gadolinium enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance with ventricular arrhythmias and mortality in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy

Background

Late-gadolinium enhancement (LGE) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is a predictor of adverse events such as cardiovascular mortality, cardiovascular related hospitalization and defibrillation shocks in patients with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). The correlation between LGE and ventricular arrhythmia and mortality has not been completely established.

Purpose

This meta-analysis assessed the relationship between LGE in CMR with ventricular arrhythmias: sustained, non-sustained and ICD therapy; and mortality in patients with NICM.

Methods

Databases were queried for studies reporting the association between LGE in CMR in NICM and ventricular arrhythmias and mortality, including Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The search was not restricted to time or publication status. The minimal follow up duration was one year.

Results

A total of 46 studies and 10,548 patients (4,610 with LGE vs 5,938 without LGE) were included; mean follow up was 3 years (ranging between 13 to 71 months) and mean left ventricular ejection fraction 33%. LGE in NICM was associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (odds ratio 4.595, 95% confidence interval 3.54–5.97; P&lt;0.01) and mortality (odds ratio 2.949, 95% confidence interval 2.285–3.806; P&lt;0.01). Heterogeneity is low to moderate: χ2=82.2, df =45 (P=0.001), I2=45% (Figures 1, 2).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that LGE is associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death and mortality in long-term follow up. These results further substantiate the need for larger prospective randomized trials using LGE to decide ICD indication regardless of EF. There are two ongoing trials testing this indication: CMR-ICD and CMR-GUIDE.

Funding Acknowledgement

Type of funding sources: None.

Distributions of time, place, and population of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from January 20 to February 10, 2020, in China

Background and objective

Since December 2019, increasing cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are being detected worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific reference for the global prevention and control of COVID-19.

Methods

General demographic characteristics, epidemiological history, and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 were collected that had been reported on the websites of multiple Municipal Health Commissions in China. We herein describe distributions in time, place, and population of COVID-19.

Results

As of midnight on February 10, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China was 42,638, and the province with the largest number of confirmed cases was Hubei (31,728), followed by Guangdong (1177), Zhejiang (1117), and Henan (1105) province. The number of cases and the speed of confirmed cases in provinces other than Hubei were more moderate than those of the Hubei province. The median (interquartile range) age of 1740 patients with COVID-19 was 44 (33, 54) years, with a range of 10 months to 89 years.

Conclusions

The COVID-19 epidemic should be considered a global threat and the steps for control include early diagnosis and treatment, as well as isolation.

[Distributions of time, place, and population of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from January 20 to February 10, 2020, in China]

Background and objective

Since December 2019, increasing cases of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are being detected worldwide. The purpose of this paper is to provide a scientific reference for the global prevention and control of COVID-19.

Methods

General demographic characteristics, epidemiological history, and clinical symptoms of COVID-19 were collected that had been reported on the websites of multiple Municipal Health Commissions in China. We herein describe distributions in time, place, and population of COVID-19.

Results

As of midnight on February 10, 2020, the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in China was 42,638, and the province with the largest number of confirmed cases was Hubei (31728), followed by Guangdong (1177), Zhejiang (1117), and Henan (1105) province. The number of cases and the speed of confirmed cases in provinces other than Hubei were more moderate than those of the Hubei province. The median (interquartile range) age of patients with COVID-19 was 44 (33, 54) years, with a range of 10 months to 89 years.

Conclusions

The COVID-19 epidemic should be considered a global threat and the steps for control include early diagnosis and treatment, as well as isolation.

Comparing nanoparticle polymeric micellar paclitaxel and solvent-based paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an open-label, randomized, multicenter, phase III trial

BACKGROUND

Polymeric micellar paclitaxel (pm-Pac) is a novel Cremophor EL-free, nanoparticle micellar formulation of paclitaxel. We aimed to compare the efficacy and safety between pm-Pac plus cisplatin and solvent-based paclitaxel (sb-Pac) plus cisplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 448 stage IIIB to IV NSCLC patients were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive six 3-week cycles of either pm-Pac (230 mg/m²) plus cisplatin (70 mg/m²; n = 300), followed by dose escalation of pm-Pac to 300 mg/m² from the second 3-week cycle if prespecified toxic effects were not observed after the first cycle, or sb-Pac (175 mg/m²) plus cisplatin (70 mg/m²; n = 148). The primary end point was objective response rate (ORR) assessed by independent review committees (IRCs). The secondary end points included IRC-assessed progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety.

RESULTS

Patients in the pm-Pac-plus-cisplatin group showed significant improvements in IRC-assessed ORR compared with those in the sb-Pac-plus-cisplatin group (50% versus 26%; rate ratio 1.91; P < 0.0001). Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that a higher ORR was consistently observed in both squamous and nonsquamous histological types. IRC-assessed median PFS was significantly higher in the pm-Pac-plus-cisplatin group than in the sb-Pac-plus-cisplatin group (6.4-month versus 5.3-month; hazard ratio 0.63; P = 0.0001). Median OS was not significantly different between the two groups. The incidence of treatment-related serious adverse events (9% versus 18%; P = 0.0090) was significantly lower in the pm-Pac-plus-cisplatin group than in the sb-Pac-plus-cisplatin group.

CONCLUSION

Pm-Pac plus cisplatin yielded superior ORR and PFS along with a favorable safety profile and should become an option for patients with advanced NSCLC.

CLINICAL TRIAL IDENTIFIER

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02667743; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02667743.

Relationship between serum homocysteine and different menopausal stage

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the serum level of homocysteine in menopausal women and to explore the association between menopausal status, blood lipids, and homocysteine concentrations.Methods: The study recruited females aged 40-60 years who were not receiving menopausal hormone therapy. The demographic characteristics and menopausal status of the women were collected in the form of questionnaires. The study analyzed the association between hyperhomocysteinemia and variables using binary logistic stepwise regression.Results: Among 366 enrolled subjects, menopausal status was divided into four stages: premenopause stage (n = 135), menopausal transition stage (n = 91), early postmenopause stage (n = 87), and late postmenopause stage (n = 53). The proportion of hyperhomocysteinemia in the premenopausal stage, menopausal transition stage, and postmenopausal stage was 43%, 26.4%, and 45%, respectively (χ² = 8.999, p = 0.011). The mean concentration of homocysteine was 9.75 µmol/l. The level of homocysteine was higher in the postmenopause stage than in the other stages (p = 0.043), and the difference between postmenopause and menopausal transition was statistically significant (p < 0.01). In the binary logic analysis, menopausal transition compared with postmenopause (odds ratio = 2.027, 95% confidence interval = 1.117-3.679, p = 0.005).Conclusions: Serum homocysteine levels are associated with menopausal status. Homocysteine concentrations were progressively higher across menopausal stages. The transformation in the female body across the menopause transition stages may cause elevations in the homocysteine level in postmenopausal women.

The prevalence and determinants of genitourinary syndrome of menopause in Chinese mid-life women: a single-center study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determinants of genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) in Chinese mid-life women.

METHODS

A cross-sectional single-center study was performed among 40-65-year-old women who participated in physical examinations at Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital from December 2015 to December 2016. The participating women were questioned about their genitourinary symptoms, and the relationships between these symptoms and the women's demographic characteristics were evaluated.

RESULTS

The prevalence of GSM was 30.8%, the most frequent symptom was decreased sexual desire (18.4%), and the frequency of vulvovaginal symptoms and lower urinary tract symptoms was 17.5% and 14.8%, respectively. In addition, most of the symptoms were mild. In postmenopausal women, the prevalences of GSM and the three aforementioned symptoms were higher than those in perimenopausal women (p < 0.05). Based on binary logistic regression analysis, GSM was found to be associated with postmenopause (p = 0.007; odds ratio (OR) 1.52), at least two abortions (p = 0.035; OR 1.42), body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m² (p = 0.032; OR 1.91) and diabetes (p = 0.041; OR 1.94).

CONCLUSIONS

GSM is common in Chinese mid-life women, and associations between GSM and postmenopause, abortion, BMI and diabetes were identified. Health-care practitioners should actively discuss urogenital symptoms with middle-aged female patients and take appropriate interventions to improve the health of their urogenital tract and quality of life.

Association of body composition with menopausal symptoms in (peri-)menopausal women

OBJECTIVE

To explore the correlation of body composition with the severity of menopausal symptoms, as well as each classic menopausal symptom.

METHODS

A total of 758 (peri-)menopausal women were recruited (aged from 40 to 67 years) from the Menopause Clinic in the Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital. Different regions of fat mass, lean mass and fat-free mass were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, while menopausal symptoms were evaluated by valid modified Kupperman's index (KMI) in the Chinese version.

RESULTS

After adjusting for potential confounders, logistic regression revealed that trunk lean mass (odds ratio 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.99) was the independent determinant of moderate to severe menopausal symptoms (KMI ≥ 16). In multiple regression analysis, significant relationships were found between body mass index and hot flushes/sweating and diabetes (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between lean mass and muscle/joint pain and sexual problems (p < 0.05). We also observed significant relationships between fat mass and hot flushes/sweating and muscle/joint pain.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicated that trunk lean mass was an independent protective factor for moderate to severe menopausal symptoms. Strengthening the trunk lean mass may alleviate menopausal symptoms.

Hox genes reveal genomic DNA variation in tetraploid hybrids derived from Carassius auratus red var. (female) × Megalobrama amblycephala (male)

Background

Allotetraploid F₁ hybrids (4nF₁) (AABB, 4n = 148) were generated from the distant hybridization of Carassius auratus red var. (RCC) (AA, 2n = 100) (♀) × Megalobrama amblycephala (BSB) (BB, 2n = 48) (♂). It has been reported that Hox gene clusters are highly conserved among plants and vertebrates. In this study, we investigated the genomic organization of Hox gene clusters in the allotetraploid F₁ hybrids and their parents to investigate the polyploidization process.

Results

There were three copies of Hox genes in the 4nF₁ hybrids, two copies in RCC and one copy in BSB. In addition, obvious variation and pseudogenization were observed in some Hox genes from 4nF_1.

Conclusion

Our results reveal the influence of polyploidization on the organization and evolution of Hox gene clusters in fish and also clarify some aspects of vertebrate genome evolution.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-017-0550-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

JAK-STAT and G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways are frequently altered in epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma

Epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (EITL, also known as type II enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma) is an aggressive intestinal disease with poor prognosis and its molecular alterations have not been comprehensively characterized. We aimed to identify actionable easy-to-screen alterations that would allow better diagnostics and/or treatment of this deadly disease. By performing whole-exome sequencing of four EITL tumor-normal pairs, followed by amplicon deep sequencing of 42 tumor samples, frequent alterations of the JAK-STAT and G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathways were discovered in a large portion of samples. Specifically, STAT5B was mutated in a remarkable 63% of cases, JAK3 in 35% and GNAI2 in 24%, with the majority occurring at known activating hotspots in key functional domains. Moreover, STAT5B locus carried copy-neutral loss of heterozygosity resulting in the duplication of the mutant copy, suggesting the importance of mutant STAT5B dosage for the development of EITL. Dysregulation of the JAK-STAT and GPCR pathways was also supported by gene expression profiling and further verified in patient tumor samples. In vitro overexpression of GNAI2 mutants led to the upregulation of pERK1/2, a member of MEK-ERK pathway. Notably, inhibitors of both JAK-STAT and MEK-ERK pathways effectively reduced viability of patient-derived primary EITL cells, indicating potential therapeutic strategies for this neoplasm with no effective treatment currently available.

Synergistic tumor suppression by adenovirus-mediated ING4/PTEN double gene therapy for gastric cancer

Both inhibitor of growth 4 (ING4) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) have been shown to be strong candidate tumor suppressors. However, the combined efficacy of ING4 and PTEN for human gastric cancer remains to be determined. In this report, we constructed a multiple promoter expression cassette-based recombinant adenovirus coexpressing ING4 and PTEN (AdVING4/PTEN), assessed the combined effects of AdVING4/PTEN on gastric cancer using wild-type p53 AGS and SNU-1 human gastric cancer cell lines, and elucidated its underlying mechanisms. We found that AdVING4/PTEN-induced synergistic growth inhibition and apoptosis in vitro AGS or SNU-1 tumor cells and in vivo AGS xenografted tumors subcutaneously inoculated in athymic BALB/c nude mice. Mechanistically, AdVING4/PTEN exhibited an enhanced effect on upregulation of p53, Ac-p53 (K382), P21, Bax, PUMA, Noxa, cleaved Caspase-9, cleaved Caspase-3 and cleaved PARP as well as downregulation of Bcl-2 in vitro and in vivo. In addition, AdVING4/PTEN synergistically downregulated tumor vessel CD34 expression and reduced microvessel density, and additively inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in vivo. The synergistic tumor suppression elicited by AdVING4/PTEN was closely associated with the synergistic induction of apoptosis possibly via enhancement of endogenous p53 responses through cooperatively facilitating p53's stability and acetylation, and the synergistic inhibition of tumor angiogenesis probably via overlapping reduction of VEGF through cooperatively downregulating hypoxia inducible factor-1α's level and transcription activity. Thus, our results indicate that cancer gene therapy combining ING4 and PTEN may constitute a novel and effective therapeutic modality for human gastric cancer and other cancers.

Involvement of the mitfa gene in the development of pigment cell in Japanese ornamental (Koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

A colored phenotype is an important feature of ornamental fish. In mammals, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) was found to regulate the development of melanocytes. In this study, the mitfa cDNA was first cloned from the Japanese ornamental (Koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), an important ornamental freshwater fish. The full-length cDNA of the mitfa gene contains 1634 bp, coding for 412 amino acids in Koi. The identity degree of mitfa amino acid sequences between the Koi carp and zebrafish is 92.9%. We tested the expression of the mitfa gene in several varieties of Koi using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and found that the mitfa gene is highly expressed in the skin tissues of the Taisho sanke and the Procypris merus. Interestingly, the mitfa gene was also expressed in the Kohaku and Yamabaki ogon, although melanocytes were not observed in the skin. Koi carp embryos were transparent and colorless, while after hatching, different types of pigment cells successively emerged in a fixed order. In Taisho sanke, melanocytes first appeared in the trunk at approximately 12 days of age. Subsequently, there was a large area of melanocytes by 30 days of age. The expression level of the mitfa mRNA was low in early embryos and newly hatched larvae, and increased to high levels in 30-day-old fry. The results show that the mitfa gene is involved in regulating fish body color in the development of both melanocytes and pigment cells.

An analysis of the main reasons that perimenopausal and postmenopausal women in China have for seeking outpatient treatment and factors influencing their symptoms: a single-center survey

OBJECTIVE

To explore the main reasons that perimenopausal and postmenopausal women have for seeking treatment and factors influencing their symptoms in order to provide (peri-) menopausal women with better healthcare treatments.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Interviews were conducted with 357 (peri-) menopausal women who sought outpatient treatment at The Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University from July 1, 2010 to March 31, 2012. The survey includes general questions and an evaluation of (peri-) menopausal symptoms using the modified Kupperman index score.

RESULTS

The average age of the women who took part in the study was 51.47 years old (standard deviation = 5.18). Of the women, 47.6% were perimenopausal, 34.7% were early postmenopausal, and 17.7% were late postmenopausal. The age of natural menopause was between 39 and 56 years, and the average natural menopause age was 49.3 years (standard deviation = 4.0). The incidence of (peri-) menopausal symptoms was 91%. Age, education level, and chronic diseases were associated with menopausal symptoms. The main reasons for seeking treatment were hot flushes, insomnia, bone and joint pains, mood swings, and palpitations.

CONCLUSIONS

The main reasons for Chinese (peri-) menopausal women seeking treatment were hot flushes, insomnia, bone and joint pains, mood swings, and palpitations; age, education level, and chronic diseases are the main factors that influencing the (peri-) menopausal symptoms.

Analysis of mitochondrial respiratory-related genes reveals nuclear and mitochondrial genome cooperation in allotetraploid hybrid

An allotetraploid hybrid lineage derived from the distant hybridization of red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var., ♀, 2n =100) × common carp (Cyprinus carpio L., ♂, 2n =100) was investigated for its mitochondrial and nuclear genome inheritance patterns. Based on liver transcriptomic data for this hybrid, red crucian carp, and common carp, we identified 94, 136, and 86 contigs corresponding to 41, 46, and 37 mitochondrial respiratory chain nuclear genes, respectively. Mitochondrial respiratory chain nuclear gene sequences from red crucian carp and common carp were both detected in the allotetraploid hybrid, indicating that both parental nuclear genomes were participated in the synthesis of mitochondrial respiratory protein complexes in the hybrid. For mitochondrial respiratory related genes, high sequence similarity (>90%) and a low nucleotide divergence rate (<0.2) between red crucian carp and common carp could be a critical factor allowing cooperation of the three genomes (red crucian carp mitochondrial genome, red crucian and common carp nuclear genomes) in the allotetraploid hybrid lineage. Interestingly, gene duplication events were identified in the allotetraploid hybrid, red crucian and common carp, as confirmed by analysis of orthologous gene trees for these fish. Our findings provide valuable information with which to study cooperation between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of other hybrids, and will provide basic genetic information of relevance to mitochondrial-related diseases in humans and animals.

Subtypes of major depression: latent class analysis in depressed Han Chinese women

BACKGROUND

Despite substantial research, uncertainty remains about the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depression (MD). Can meaningful and valid subtypes be identified and would they be stable cross-culturally?

METHOD

Symptoms at their lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾ 30 years, with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed in Mplus. RESULTS; Using the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria, the 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria and all independently assessed depressive symptoms (n = 27), the best LCA model identified respectively three, four and six classes. A severe and non-suicidal class was seen in all solutions, as was a mild/moderate subtype. An atypical class emerged once bidirectional neurovegetative symptoms were included. The non-suicidal class demonstrated low levels of worthlessness/guilt and hopelessness. Patterns of co-morbidity, family history, personality, environmental precipitants, recurrence and body mass index (BMI) differed meaningfully across subtypes, with the atypical class standing out as particularly distinct.

CONCLUSIONS

MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several detectable subtypes with distinct clinical and demographic correlates. Three subtypes were most consistently identified in our analyses: severe, atypical and non-suicidal. Severe and atypical MD have been identified in multiple prior studies in samples of European ethnicity. Our non-suicidal subtype, with low levels of guilt and hopelessness, may represent a pathoplastic variant reflecting Chinese cultural influences.

Activation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor inhibits tumourigenicity and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells via PI3K/Akt pathway

AIMS

It has been reported that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agents are associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Reports have indicated that GLP-1 promotes pancreatic metaplasia and premalignant lesions. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of GLP-1-based therapy on pancreatic cancer cells.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in 30 human pancreatic cancer tissues. We also analysed associated clinicopathological data and each patient's prognosis. Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines were used to evaluate the in vitro effects of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide on cell growth, migration and invasion. Mouse xenograft models of human pancreatic cancer were established to evaluate the effects of liraglutide in vivo.

RESULTS

Human pancreatic cancer tissues showed lower levels or a lack of GLP-1R expression when compared with levels in the tumour-adjacent pancreatic tissues. Negative GLP-1R expression occurred more frequently in advanced tumours with larger diameters and lymphatic metastasis, and was associated with a poor prognosis. GLP-1R activation with liraglutide inhibited tumourigenicity and metastasis of human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Akt activation was dose-dependently inhibited by liraglutide, and the PI3K inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, displayed similar suppressive effects to liraglutide in human pancreatic cancer cells.

CONCLUSIONS

GLP-1R activation has an antitumour effect on human pancreatic cancers via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. This finding suggests that GLP-1-based therapies may be beneficial, rather than harmful, in treating type 2 diabetic patients with pancreatic cancer.

The structure of the symptoms of major depression: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in depressed Han Chinese women

BACKGROUND

The symptoms of major depression (MD) are clinically diverse. Do they form coherent factors that might clarify the underlying nature of this important psychiatric syndrome?

METHOD

Symptoms at lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatoryfactor analysis (CFA) were performed in Mplus in random split-half samples.

RESULTS

The preliminary EFA results were consistently supported by the findings from CFA. Analyses of the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria revealed two factors loading on: (i) general depressive symptoms; and (ii) guilt/suicidal ideation. Examining 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria revealed three factors reflecting: (i) weight/appetite disturbance; (ii) general depressive symptoms; and (iii) sleep disturbance. Using all symptoms (n = 27), we identified five factors that reflected: (i) weight/appetite symptoms; (ii) general retarded depressive symptoms; (iii) atypical vegetative symptoms; (iv) suicidality/hopelessness; and (v) symptoms of agitation and anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS

MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several underlying correlated symptom dimensions. In addition to a general depressive symptom factor, a complete picture must include factors reflecting typical/atypical vegetative symptoms, cognitive symptoms (hopelessness/suicidal ideation), and an agitated symptom factor characterized by anxiety, guilt, helplessness and irritability. Prior cross-cultural studies, factor analyses of MD in Western populations and empirical findings in this sample showing risk factor profiles similar to those seen in Western populations suggest that our results are likely to be broadly representative of the human depressive syndrome.

Protein serine/threonine Phosphotase-2A is differentially expressed and regulates eye development in vertebrates

Protein serine/threonine phosphatase-2A (PP-2A) is one of the key enzymes responsible for dephosphorylation in vertebrates. PP-2A-mediated dephosphorylation participates in many different biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, transformation, apoptosis, autophage and senescence. However, whether PP-2A directly controls animal development remains to be explored. Here, we present direct evidence to show that PP-2A displays important functions in regulating eye development of vertebrates. Using goldfish as a model system, we have demonstrated the following novel information. First, inhibition of PP-2A activity leads to significant death of the treated embryos, which is derived from blastomere apoptosis associated with enhanced phosphorylation of Bcl-XL at Ser-62, and the survived embryos displayed severe phenotype in the eye. Second, knockdown of PP-2A with morpholino oligomers leads to significant death of the injected embryos. The survived embryos from PP-2A knockdown displayed clear retardation in lens differentiation. Finally, overexpression of each catalytic subunit of PP-2A also causes death of majority of the injected embryos and leads to absence of goldfish eye lens or severely disturbed differentiation. Together, our results provide direct evidence that protein phosphatase-2A is important for normal eye development in goldfish.

Cognitive trio: relationship with major depression and clinical predictors in Han Chinese women

BACKGROUND

Previous studies support Beck's cognitive model of vulnerability to depression. However, the relationship between his cognitive triad and other clinical features and risk factors among those with major depression (MD) has rarely been systematically studied.

METHOD

The three key cognitive symptoms of worthlessness, hopelessness and helplessness were assessed during their lifetime worst episode in 1970 Han Chinese women with recurrent MD. Diagnostic and other risk factor information was assessed at personal interview. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by logistic regression.

RESULTS

Compared to patients who did not endorse the cognitive trio, those who did had a greater number of DSM-IV A criteria, more individual depressive symptoms, an earlier age at onset, a greater number of episodes, and were more likely to meet diagnostic criteria for melancholia, postnatal depression, dysthymia and anxiety disorders. Hopelessness was highly related to all the suicidal symptomatology, with ORs ranging from 5.92 to 6.51. Neuroticism, stressful life events (SLEs) and a protective parental rearing style were associated with these cognitive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS

During the worst episode of MD in Han Chinese women, the endorsement of the cognitive trio was associated with a worse course of depression and an increased risk of suicide. Individuals with high levels of neuroticism, many SLEs and high parental protectiveness were at increased risk for these cognitive depressive symptoms. As in Western populations, symptoms of the cognitive trio appear to play a central role in the psychopathology of MD in Chinese women.

A comparison of the clinical characteristics of women with recurrent major depression with and without suicidal symptomatology

BACKGROUND

The relationship between recurrent major depression (MD) in women and suicidality is complex. We investigated the extent to which patients who suffered with various forms of suicidal symptomatology can be distinguished from those subjects without such symptoms.

METHOD

We examined the clinical features of the worst episode in 1970 Han Chinese women with recurrent DSM-IV MD between the ages of 30 and 60 years from across China. Student's t tests, and logistic and multiple logistic regression models were used to determine the association between suicidality and other clinical features of MD.

RESULTS

Suicidal symptomatology is significantly associated with a more severe form of MD, as indexed by both the number of episodes and number of MD symptoms. Patients reporting suicidal thoughts, plans or attempts experienced a significantly greater number of stressful life events. The depressive symptom most strongly associated with lifetime suicide attempt was feelings of worthlessness (odds ratio 4.25, 95% confidence interval 2.9-6.3). Excessive guilt, diminished concentration and impaired decision-making were also significantly associated with a suicide attempt.

CONCLUSIONS

This study contributes to the existing literature on risk factors for suicidal symptomatology in depressed women. Identifying specific depressive symptoms and co-morbid psychiatric disorders may help improve the clinical assessment of suicide risk in depressed patients. These findings could be helpful in identifying those who need more intense treatment strategies in order to prevent suicide.

Detection of RB, p16/CDKN2 and p15(INK4B) gene alterations with immunohistochemical studies in human prostate carcinomas

To examine the status of cell cycle-inhibitory genes in human prostate carcinoma, we investigated alterations of RE (retinoblastoma), p16/CDKN2 and p15(INK4B) genes in 32 adenocarcinomas with immunohistochemistry. PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used to examine all 27 exons of the RE gene, exons 1 to 3 of the p16/CDKN2 gene and exons 1 and 2 of the p15(INK4B) gene for mutations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the RE gene was probed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. In addition, coordinate samples were subjected to immunohistochemical studies for reactivity to RE and p16 protein. The RE gene alterations were detected in 5 of the 32 tumors (16%); of these, only one mutation, a missense substitution, occurred within an exon. The remaining four single base insertions or deletions were found within introns of the RE gene and no mutational event was detected in its promoter region. LOH involving intron 17 of RB was detected in three cases of 10 informative tumors (30%). Intragenic mutations were also present in 3 of the 32 tumors in the p16/CDKN2 gene. In contrast, no mutational events were found in the p15(INK4B) gene in the tumors. Only one tumor had both a p16/CDKN2 mutation and LOH of the RE gene. Expression of pRB was absent or reduced in 16 cancers, while p16 expression was present in all cases to varying degrees. The results suggest that p16/CDKN2 gene mutations occur rarely and intragenic mutation, but not LOH,of the RE gene is not required in prostatic tumorigenesis.

Knockdown of RhoGDIα induces apoptosis and increases lung cancer cell chemosensitivity to paclitaxel

This study aimed to investigate the effects of RhoGDIα knockdown on apoptosis and the chemosensitivity of lung cancer cells to paclitaxel. The signaling proteins involved were also assessed. RhoGDIα expression was assessed by RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric assessment, and cell viability was measured with the MTT assay. Phosphorylation levels of signaling proteins, ERK, JNK, Akt, Bad and IκBα were tested by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Positivity for RhoGDIα in lung cancer tissues was significantly higher than in paracancerous tissues. Downregulation of RhoGDIα was associated with significantly increased apoptosis and repressed cell viability. This effect could be due to the consequent upregulation of p-JNK, as well as decreased levels of p-ERK, p-Bad and p-IκBα. Knockdown of RhoGDIα strengthened the effect on apoptosis and inhibition of cell viability induced by paclitaxel treatment. This chemosensitization effect could be a result of the intensification of pro-apoptotic JNK activation, and repression of anti-apoptotic p-ERK, p-Bad and p-IκBα expression stimulated by paclitaxel. In summary, our study indicated that RhoGDIα could be a promising therapeutic target, and the combination of RhoGDIα siRNA and paclitaxel might be a valuable potential therapy for lung cancer treatment.

Patterns of co-morbidity with anxiety disorders in Chinese women with recurrent major depression

BACKGROUND

Studies conducted in Europe and the USA have shown that co-morbidity between major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders is associated with various MDD-related features, including clinical symptoms, degree of familial aggregation and socio-economic status. However, few studies have investigated whether these patterns of association vary across different co-morbid anxiety disorders. Here, using a large cohort of Chinese women with recurrent MDD, we examine the prevalence and associated clinical features of co-morbid anxiety disorders.

METHOD

A total of 1970 female Chinese MDD patients with or without seven co-morbid anxiety disorders [including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and five phobia subtypes] were ascertained in the CONVERGE study. Generalized linear models were used to model association between co-morbid anxiety disorders and various MDD features.

RESULTS

The lifetime prevalence rate for any type of co-morbid anxiety disorder is 60.2%. Panic and social phobia significantly predict an increased family history of MDD. GAD and animal phobia predict an earlier onset of MDD and a higher number of MDD episodes, respectively. Panic and GAD predict a higher number of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. GAD and blood-injury phobia are both significantly associated with suicidal attempt with opposite effects. All seven co-morbid anxiety disorders predict higher neuroticism.

CONCLUSIONS

Patterns of co-morbidity between MDD and anxiety are consistent with findings from the US and European studies; the seven co-morbid anxiety disorders are heterogeneous when tested for association with various MDD features.

Perceived parenting and risk for major depression in Chinese women

BACKGROUND

In Western countries, a history of major depression (MD) is associated with reports of received parenting that is low in warmth and caring and high in control and authoritarianism. Does a similar pattern exist in women in China?

METHOD

Received parenting was assessed by a shortened version of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) in two groups of Han Chinese women: 1970 clinically ascertained cases with recurrent MD and 2597 matched controls. MD was assessed at personal interview.

RESULTS

Factor analysis of the PBI revealed three factors for both mothers and fathers: warmth, protectiveness, and authoritarianism. Lower warmth and protectiveness and higher authoritarianism from both mother and father were significantly associated with risk for recurrent MD. Parental warmth was positively correlated with parental protectiveness and negatively correlated with parental authoritarianism. When examined together, paternal warmth was more strongly associated with lowered risk for MD than maternal warmth. Furthermore, paternal protectiveness was negatively and maternal protectiveness positively associated with risk for MD.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the structure of received parenting is very similar in China and Western countries, the association with MD is not. High parental protectiveness is generally pathogenic in Western countries but protective in China, especially when received from the father. Our results suggest that cultural factors impact on patterns of parenting and their association with MD.

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in uracil-processing genes, intake of one-carbon nutrients and breast cancer risk

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The misincorporation of uracil into DNA leads to genomic instability. In a previous study, some of us identified four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in uracil-processing genes (rs2029166 and rs7296239 in SMUG1, rs34259 in UNG and rs4775748 in DUT) that were associated with significantly altered levels of uracil in human DNA. We investigated whether any of these SNPs are associated with an altered risk of developing breast cancer and if one-carbon nutrients intake can modify their effects.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

We genotyped the four SNPs in 1077 cases of incident breast cancer and 1910 age and race-matched controls in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study and examined associations with breast cancer risk and interactions with intake of folate, vitamins B6 and B12.

RESULTS

After adjustment for known risk factors for breast cancer, there was increased risk of breast cancer among postmenopausal women who were heterozygous for either of the two SMUG1 SNPs (odds ratio (OR) 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.56) and OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.07-1.55, respectively). Among premenopausal women, increased risk associated with the SMUG1 rs2029166 genotype was limited to those with low folate intake. There were no other interactions with vitamins B(6) or B(12) intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study suggests that the four selected SNPs are not robust determinants of breast cancer risk, but that the two SNPs in SMUG1 might modestly alter the risk of breast cancer. However, the increase in risk among heterozygotes in the two SNPs in SMUG1, which is thought to be the most active glycosylase in vivo, raises the possibility that subtle 'heterosis' effects on cancer risk might be produced by these SNPs.

Do We Have the Right Prognostic Index for Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) in the Era of Rituximab?

Introduction:

Whilst the addition of rituximab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to standard CHOP chemotherapy (R-CHOP) has improved the outcomes of DLBCL, the validity of the previously identified prognostic index based on clinical parameters is questioned. It is conceivable that prognostic model may alter with introduction of new therapeutics with differing efficacy and mechanisms of action.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective analysis comparing the relevance of International Prognostic Index (IPI), Age-adjusted IPI and Revised International Prognostic Index (R-IPI) in 320 consecutive patients with DLBCL from 2003–2008 treated with R-CHOP chemotherapy with curative intent. We evaluated the prognostic factors determinant of survival in our group of patients.

Results:

Patients were followed up for a median of 2.70 years. IPI was only able to stratify patients into 3 main risk groups instead of 4. In addition, among patients <60, aa-IPI no longer seem a robust prognostic model. We showed that R-IPI was able to separate patients into 3 different prognostic groups and perhaps most relevant in the era of chemo-immunotherapy. Significant prognostic factors identified in multivariate analysis were performance status (P=0.004) and bone marrow involvement (P=0.026).

Conclusion:

The most robust prognostic index for patients with DLBCL in the era of rituximab remains uncertain. Incorporation of molecular markers into clinical parameters should be evaluated, a study we are embarking on.