Current status of Takayasu arteritis in India

Outcome of Open Repair of Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm in Takayasu Arteritis: A Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND

Takayasu Arteritis (TA) is an immune mediated arteritis causing inflammation of the aorta and its branches, which can result in aortic aneurysms. Our aim is to describe the outcome of surgical management in these patients who presented with Thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA).

METHODS

Between 2003 and 2023, 40 TA patients with TAAA underwent operative repair.

RESULTS

There were 24 females and 16 males, in the age group of 19-53 years, with hypertension in 20 patients. Raised Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate was present in 13 patients. According to Crawford classification, there were 2 patients with type I, 2 with type II, 17 with type III, 12 patients with type IV and 7 with type V aneurysm. Multiple steno-occlusive lesions of aortic branches were present in 21 patients, with majority affecting the renal artery. Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Partial cardiopulmonary bypass was used for types I, II, III and V. Separate bypass to visceral branches was done in eight patients, of whom five had multiple bypasses and three patients only had renal bypass. Twelve patients underwent reimplantation of branches, out of which nine had multiple vessel reimplantation. Four patients underwent staged repair of the aneurysm, which included visceral debranching in the first day, followed by repair of the aneurysm in the next day. In the immediate postoperative period, ten patients developed acute kidney injury and two required dialysis. Other morbidities included acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), spinal cord dysfunction, bleeding, and wound complications. Three patients expired in the immediate postoperative period. Mean duration of intensive care unit stay was 4.1 days and hospital stay was 12.7 days. Comparison of disease activity with morbidity and mortality was statistically insignificant. Patients were on follow-up for a range of 6 months to 14 years and median follow-up of 25 months. Over this time period four patients expired and four developed anastomotic pseudoaneurysm requiring intervention. On comparing the disease activity at the time of surgery with the long-term arteritis related complications that required intervention, the P value was 0.653 and hence statistically not significant. The 10-year survival rate is 84.4%.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical repair has good and satisfactory outcome, with low early and late mortality rates. Progression of disease can occur at any stage of the disease, hence indicating the need for long term follow-up and frequent imaging.

Unravelling a Triad: A Rare Case of Takayasu Arteritis, Hashimoto's Thyroiditis, and Psoriasis in a Young Female With Heart Failure

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an autoimmune entity of unknown aetiology causing granulomatous thickening of large and medium-sized arteries. Common symptoms include claudication, headaches, dizziness, syncope, visual changes, and palpitations. Diverse cardiac manifestations, such as ischemic heart disease, significant aortic regurgitation, and pulmonary hypertension, are associated with TA, although they rarely manifest as congestive heart failure. Radio-imaging, including CT angiography and MR angiography, along with more invasive procedures such as conventional angiography, are often used for diagnosis. Treatment is done with corticosteroids, steroid-sparing agents, biologics, and revascularization procedures. Here, we have a case of a 17-year-old Indian female who presented to us with a complaint of abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with Hashimoto's thyroiditis a few years ago, along with a history of congestive heart failure. On general examination, blood pressure was asymmetrical in the upper limbs with the presence of bilateral carotid bruit. There was also the presence of extensive scaly lesions on the extensor surface of all four limbs, suggestive of psoriasis. Radio-imaging confirmed the diagnosis of TA. CT angiography also showed total occlusion of the celiac trunk and proximal left gastric artery, which was likely the cause of her symptoms. The patient received treatment with corticosteroids in conjunction with methotrexate, along with other supportive drugs. TA with congestive heart failure has been occasionally described in the literature, while the association of TA with psoriasis is much rarer. The simultaneous occurrence of various autoimmune diseases is common, but the triad of Hashimoto thyroiditis, psoriasis, and TA with an initial presentation of heart failure is unique. Due to the common co-occurrence of autoimmune conditions, early and thorough patient evaluation with comprehensive studies is imperative for optimal health outcomes.

Clinical and angiographic outcomes of mycophenolate versus methotrexate in South Asian patients of Takayasu arteritis: Results from an open-label, outcome-assessor blinded randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare the clinical and angiographic responses of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) versus methotrexate (MTX) in Takayasu arteritis (TAK).

METHODS

This was an open-label, outcome assessor-blinded trial. Adult patients with active TAK were randomized 1:1 to MMF 1 g twice daily or MTX 20 mg once weekly by a computer-generated program. All patients were started on 0.5 mg/kg of steroids with a predetermined tapering protocol. The primary outcome was the treatment response as defined by Indian Takayasu arteritis score at 9 months. The secondary end points included the time to first failure and angiographic progression.

RESULTS

A total of 52 patients (26 in each arm) were recruited. The rate of responders was 71.43% (15/21) in the MMF arm and 63.64% (14/22) in the MTX arm (P = .58). The median time to the first failure was 9 months (range: 3-9) and 4.5 months (range: 3-9) in the MMF and MTX arms, respectively (P = .052). In both groups, 15% of patients (n = 3) had a progressive disease in angiography.

CONCLUSIONS

The results showed numerically better outcomes favouring MMF, with a longer time to the first failure than MTX (9 months versus 4.5 months, P = .052). No significant difference was seen in the angiographic outcomes.

Unveiling the Silent Struggle: A Teen's Battle With Heart Failure Masking Takayasu Arteritis

We hereby report a 17-year-old adolescent who presented with heart failure with an underlying diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis. Her clinical complaints were intermittent fever, claudication pain in the left upper limb, New York Heart Association (NYHA) grade III dyspnea, and episodes of dizziness for the past two years. On examination, she was unconscious, had absent peripheral pulses, and had severe hypotension. Diagnostic investigations revealed anemia, deranged renal and liver functions, cardiomegaly on chest X-rays, and severe coarctation of the aorta on echocardiography. Further imaging with CT aortography highlighted extensive arterial wall thickening. Laboratory findings included elevated inflammatory markers and negative autoimmune and infectious markers, confirming the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis (Takayasu arteritis) with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF 20-25%) in NYHA class III. The patient was managed with a combination of antihypertensive medications, diuretics, and immunosuppressive therapy. Subsequent follow-up demonstrated improvement in heart failure symptoms and inflammatory markers. This case emphasizes the challenging diagnostic and therapeutic considerations in managing Takayasu arteritis with concurrent cardiovascular complications in the adolescent population.

A patient with Takayasu arteritis presenting with malignant hypertension: a case report

Background

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare large-vessel vasculitis primarily affecting the aorta and its proximal branches. The manifestation of TA is variable, ranging from asymptomatic cases to severe organ dysfunction secondary to vascular damage, which often delays diagnosis.

Case summary

Here, we present a 37-year-old male patient suffering from visual impairment and malignant hypertension. Emergency fundoscopy showed large left subretinal bleeding and bilateral signs of hypertensive retinopathy. Echocardiographic and magnetic resonance imaging showed mildly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and signs of hypertensive cardiomyopathy. Evaluation for secondary causes of arterial hypertension did not reveal an underlying disease, and the patient was discharged with optimal medical therapy. He was re-admitted after 11 days with fever of unknown origin, fatigue, and elevated inflammatory markers. The diagnosis of TA was finally established using ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography scan and sonography of carotid and subclavian arteries. Anti-inflammatory combination therapy for active, severe TA with ophthalmologic involvement was initiated using high-dose glucocorticoids and the tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitor adalimumab to minimize drug-related risks. The patient was scheduled for multidisciplinary follow-up appointments, including specialist consultation in rheumatology, angiology, cardiology, diabetology, and ophthalmology.

Discussion

This case highlights the diversity of initial symptoms, the challenges of TA diagnosis, and the importance of comprehensive evaluation for rare secondary causes of arterial hypertension. Individualized acute and long-term care necessitates multidisciplinary management of immunosuppressive therapy, secondary organ involvement, and concomitant diseases.

Prevalence and pattern of myocardial involvement on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in Takayasu arteritis and its relationship with disease activity

BACKGROUND

Cardiac involvement in Takayasu arteritis (TA) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an excellent modality for the assessment of myocardial involvement. Studies have shown myocardial involvement in 25%-27% of patients.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the prevalence and pattern of myocardial involvement in TA on CMR. We also evaluated any correlation between CMR changes and disease activity score (ITAS 2010 and ITAS-A) assessed at the time of CMR.

METHODS

Patients classified as Takayasu arteritis according to Sharma et al. criteria were enrolled in the study. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were documented in the predesigned proforma. CMR was performed on a dedicated cardiac 3Tesla MR machine. Disease activity was recorded by ITAS2010 and ITAS-A.

RESULTS

A total of 37 TA patients were included. Mean (±SD) age was 29±11 years. Female to male ratio was 3:1. Five patients (14%) had myocardial involvement on CMR. Two (2/5) had myocarditis and three (3/5) patients had features of ischaemic myocardial fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

The myocardium is affected in TA, however the prevalence of subclinical myocardial involvement in our study was less (8% vs. 25%-27%) compared to the previous studies. Myocardial involvement trends towards early age of onset, less disease duration, lack of classical risk factors, and more with disease activity.

Carotid intima-media thickness/diameter ratio and peak systolic velocity as risk factors for neurological severe ischemic events in Takayasu's arteritis

Objective

To characterize Takayasu arteritis (TAK) with supra-aortic involvement and determine the associations between clinical features, carotid ultrasonographic (US) parameters, and neurological severe ischemic events (SIE).

Methods

Patients with supra-aortic involvement including brachiocephalic trunk, bilateral common carotid artery and internal carotid artery, and bilateral subclavian and vertebral artery and baseline carotid US examination were enrolled from the East China Takayasu arteritis cohort. Bilateral carotid diameter, intima-media thickness (IMT), and peak systolic velocity (PSV) were measured by US. Then, IMT/diameter ratio (IDR) was calculated. Risk factors associated with neurological SIE were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Totally, 295 patients were included, of whom 260 (88.14%) were female, and 93 (31.53%) experienced neurological SIE. Involved supra-aortic artery distribution (p=0.04) and number (p<0.01) differed between neurologic and non-neurologic SIE subjects, showing higher prevalence of common carotid and vertebral artery involvement after Bonferroni correction and 56.99% patients having more than four involved arteries in neurological SIE group. The bilateral IDR (p<0.01) differed between patients with and without neurological SIE. The carotid IDR (left: cut-off value ≥0.55, odds ratio [OR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24-6.07, p=0.01; right: ≥0.58, OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.21-6.02, p=0.01) and left carotid PSV (≤76.00 cm/s, OR 3.09; 95% CI 1.53-6.27; p<0.01) as well as involved supra-aortic artery number (≥4, OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.15-4.72, p =0.02) were independently associated with neurological SIE.

Conclusion

The carotid IDR and PSV might be performed as valuable markers for recognizing neurological SIE in TAK patients with supra-aortic lesions.

Is prolonged febrile syndrome associated with reactive thrombocytosis a possible association in the diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis? A case report

Takayasu’s arteritis is a rare, systemic, inflammatory vasculitis of large blood vessels with an unknown aetiology that more frequently affects women of childbearing age with progression to stenosis, fibrosis or thrombogenesis. Clinical manifestations are associated either with inflammation of the vascular wall (including fever, myalgia, arthralgia, weight loss) or the development of aneurysms and extensive vascular lesions, which creates challenges for a differential diagnosis. This current report presents the case of a female Caucasian patient, aged 23 years, that presented herself repetitively at the hospital reporting symptoms including fever, productive cough, myalgia associated with physical effort, arthralgia, inconstant headache, weight loss and altered general condition. The patient was diagnosed with Takayasu’s arteritis in the context of a prolonged febrile syndrome associated with reactive thrombocytosis. This association results in the need to exclude multiple differential diagnoses. Nonspecific management was initiated, which included antibiotic treatment, antifungal medication, anticoagulants, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and correction of anaemia. The patient slowly improved. Takayasu’s arteritis in the inflammatory phase associated with a prolonged febrile syndrome and reactive thrombocytosis is a rare diagnosis of exclusion of a multitude of inflammatory diseases of large blood vessels, infectious diseases and neurofibromatosis, which requires multiple investigations for an accurate diagnosis and management.

Corticosteroid monotherapy for the management of Takayasu arteritis-a systematic review and meta-analysis

We evaluated clinical response, normalization of inflammatory markers, angiographic stabilization (primary outcomes), relapses and adverse events (secondary outcomes) in Takayasu arteritis (TAK) patients following corticosteroid monotherapy. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Pubmed Central, Cochrane library, clinical trial databases and major international Rheumatology conferences were searched for studies reporting outcomes in TAK following corticosteroid monotherapy (without language/date restrictions). Risk ratios were calculated for controlled studies. Proportions were pooled for uncontrolled studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistic. Quality assessment of individual studies utilized the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. GRADE methodology ascertained certainty of individual outcomes across studies. Twenty-eight observational studies (1098 TAK) were identified. Twenty-three uncontrolled studies (580 TAK) were synthesized in meta-analysis. Clinical response was observed in 60% (95% CI 45-74%, 19 studies), normalization of inflammatory markers in 84% (95% CI 54-100%, 4 studies) and angiographic stabilization in 28% (95% CI 6-57%, 4 studies). Relapses occurred in 66% (95% CI 18-99%, 4 studies). Adverse events were reported in 51% (95% CI 2-99%, 4 studies). All pooled estimates had considerable heterogeneity, unexplained by subgroup analyses (time period, geographic location or number of patients). Two studies reported lesser restenosis following vascular surgery and fewer relapses when corticosteroids were combined with immunosuppressants compared with corticosteroid monotherapy. All outcomes had very low certainty. While corticosteroid monotherapy induces clinical response in most TAK patients, angiographic stabilization is observed in fewer than one-third. Most patients relapse following corticosteroid withdrawal. Preliminary evidence supports up-front addition of immunosuppressants to retard angiographic progression and reduce relapses (PROSPERO identifier CRD42021242910).

Clinical characteristics, imaging phenotypes and events free survival in Takayasu arteritis patients with hypertension

BACKGROUND

Hypertension occurred in 30-80% of Takayasu arteritis (TAK) patients around the world and the occurrence of hypertension might worsen the disease prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and imaging phenotypes, as well as their associations with events free survival (EFS) in Chinese TAK patients with hypertension.

METHODS

This current research was based on a prospectively ongoing observational cohort-the East China Takayasu Arteritis (ECTA) cohort, centered in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Totally, 204 TAK patients with hypertension were enrolled between January 2013 and December 2019. Clinical characteristics and imaging phenotypes of each case were evaluated and their associations with the EFS by the end of August 30, 2020, were analyzed.

RESULTS

Severe hypertension accounted for 46.1% of the entire population. Three specific imaging phenotypes were identified: Cluster 1: involvement of the abdominal aorta and/or renal artery (27.5%); Cluster 2: involvement of the ascending aorta, thoracic aorta, the aortic arch, and/or its branches (18.6%); and Cluster 3: combined involvement of Cluster 1 and 2 (53.9%). Clinical characteristics, especially hypertensive severity, differed greatly among the three imaging clusters. In all, 187 patients were followed up for a median of 46 (9-102) months; 72 events were observed in 60 patients (1-3 per person). The overall blood pressure control rate was 50.8%, and the EFS was 67.9% by the end of the follow-up. Multivariate Cox regression indicated that controlled blood pressure (HR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.32-3.74), Cluster 1 (HR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.48-0.92) and Cluster 3 (HR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.43-0.94) imaging phenotype was associated with the EFS. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that patients with controlled blood pressure showed better EFS (p = 0.043). Furthermore, using cases with Cluster 1 imaging phenotype and controlled blood pressure as reference, better EFS was observed in patients with Cluster 2 phenotype and controlled blood pressure (HR = 2.21, 95%CI 1.47-4.32), while the case with Cluster 1 phenotype plus uncontrolled blood pressure (HR = 0.64, 95%CI 0.52-0.89) and those with Cluster 3 phenotype and uncontrolled blood pressure (HR = 0.83, 95%CI 0.76-0.92) suffered worse EFS.

CONCLUSION

Blood pressure control status and imaging phenotypes showed significant effects on the EFS for TAK patients with hypertension.

Clinical course of 602 patients with Takayasu's arteritis: comparison between Childhood-onset versus adult onset disease

OBJECTIVES

To describe the clinical profile of Asian Indian patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TAK) and to compare clinical features and outcome of childhood-onset Takayasu's arteritis (cTAK) with adult-onset TAK (aTAK).

METHODS

Data related to clinical features and response to treatment of patients with cTAK (age of onset <16 years) and aTAK from a large observational cohort in our tertiary care teaching hospital were noted and compared.

RESULTS

Altogether, 602 patients (cTAK = 119; aTAK = 483) were studied. Patients with cTAK had a blunted female: male ratio; but fever, elevated acute phase reactants, involvement of abdominal aorta or its branches, hypertension, abdominal pain, elevated serum creatinine and cardiomyopathy were more common in cTAK as compared with aTAK. Patients with aTAK were more likely to have aortic-arch disease and claudication than cTAK. During follow-up, complete remission was more common in cTAK (87% vs 66%; P < 0.01), but subsequent relapses were equally common (30% vs 27%; P = 0.63). Independent associations of disease duration at presentation with disease extent [Disease Extent Index in TAK (DEI.Tak)] and damage [TAK Damage Score (TADS)] were observed (P ≤ 0.01). Moreover, 54% of patients with symptom duration of >5 years at presentation still continued to have elevated CRP suggesting continued and active inflammation warranting escalation or inititation of immunosuppression.

CONCLUSION

Patients with cTAK are more likely to have arterial disease below the diaphragm, systemic inflammation and achieve remission. Disease of the aortic arch is more common in patients with aTAK. Longer duration of symptoms prior to initiation of immunosuppression, thereby leading to extensive disease and damage, reflects ongoing disease activity as the rule rather than exception in untreated TAK.

The Role of Echocardiography in Evaluation of Takayasu's Arteritis: A Report of Two Cases

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a large-vessel chronic inflammatory vasculitis that leads to thrombotic vascular occlusion. This can lead to varied presentations including limb claudication, ischemic stroke, hypertension, and heart failure. Although contrast computed tomography angiography is the main modality for imaging of the aorta and its branches, transthoracic echocardiography can be an easy-to-access, point-of-care, initial screening tool for evaluating the aorta and other cardiac structures. We present echocardiographic images from two cases that demonstrate the important cardiac structural and vascular afflictions of TA.

Medium- and Large-Vessel Vasculitis

Systemic vasculitides are multisystem blood vessel disorders, which are defined by the size of the vessel predominantly affected, namely small, medium, or large vessels. The term "large vessel" relates to the aorta and its major branches; "medium vessel" refers to the main visceral arteries and veins and their initial branches. The most common causes of large-vessel vasculitis are giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis, and those of medium-vessel arteritis are polyarteritis nodosa and Kawasaki disease. However, there is some overlap, and arteries of any size can potentially be involved in any of the 3 main categories of dominant vessel involvement. In addition to multisystem vasculitides, other forms of vasculitis have been defined, including single-organ vasculitis (eg, isolated aortitis). Prompt identification of vasculitides is important because they are associated with an increased risk of mortality. Left undiagnosed or mismanaged, these conditions may result in serious adverse outcomes that might otherwise have been avoided or minimized. The ethnic and regional differences in the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of patients with vasculitis should be recognized. Because the clinical presentation of vasculitis is highly variable, the cardiovascular clinician must have a high index of suspicion to establish a reliable and prompt diagnosis. This article reviews the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnostic strategies, and management of vasculitis.

Multiple occlusions in extracranial arteries in patients with aortic arch syndrome: is minimally invasive treatment still possible? Technical aspects of the treatment based on our own experience and a review of the literature

Takayasu arteritis is a large vessel vasculitis of granulomatous nature and unknown aetiology affecting predominantly the aorta and its major branches, which may lead to ischaemic symptoms of many organs including the central nervous system. To decrease the risk of neurological complications and improve the quality of life, an arterial revascularisation may be necessary. The treatment options include pharmacotherapy as well as both open surgical and endovascular procedures, which has to be carefully chosen to obtain clinical success. There is an ongoing debate on the advantages, possibilities, and indications for implementing endovascular and open surgical methods, especially in high-risk patients. In this article we present our own experience in the treatment of an unusually complex and high-risk patient with multiple occlusion of supra-aortic branches, focusing on the technical aspects of the procedures and the decision-making process, as well as to confront with contemporary medical knowledge.

Ischemic stroke as the first presentation of takayasu's arteritis in young male

Takayasu's arteritis should be kept under the differential diagnosis of stroke in all young patients. Early, proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to reduce any further progression, morbidity, and mortality rates of the disease.

Takayasu arteritis in a rural hospital in Indonesia

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a rare chronic granulomatous inflammation of the aorta or its branches and is prevalent all around the world. It causes stenosis of large arteries and ischaemic damage to target organs. There is usually a delay in recognising TA because of the rarity and unfamiliarity with the disease, unspecific early symptoms and lack of diagnostic equipment for early diagnosis. In this report, we present a case of an 18-year-old woman from Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia, with recurrent fever, headache, claudication of extremities and postprandial abdominal pain. She was diagnosed clinically with suspicion of TA and was sent to a tertiary hospital to confirm the diagnosis. Arteriography revealed that the patient had narrowing of the thoracic and abdominal aorta until the level of the aortic bifurcation. The patient was started on high-dose corticosteroid, cyclosporine A and diltiazem. The patient then showed improvement in her symptoms.

Aortitis and aortic aneurysm in systemic vasculitis

The term "large-vessel vasculitis" refers to chronic inflammation affecting the elastic arteries, mainly aorta and its major branches. Large-vessel vasculitis affecting the aorta is termed as "aortitis." This leads to diffuse wall thickening, loss of elasticity, stenosis, occlusion, dissection, calcification or aneurysm formation. Vasculitis involving the aorta includes Takayasu arteritis (commonest large-vessel vasculitis in India), giant cell arteritis (GCA), the periaortitis spectrum (including inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm), rheumatic diseases and IgG4-related disease. It is important for physicians to be aware of the aortic manifestations of common vasculitis-so that clinically relevant aortic involvement is not missed. Also, it is equally important for surgeons to keep in mind that aortic aneurysms can have an inflammatory aetiology. The primary reason for this is the central role that immunosuppressive therapy plays in the management of inflammatory aortic aneurysms. Surgical or percutaneous interventions, when needed, are most likely to succeed when performed after activity control; perioperative steroids may be beneficial in select cases, and postoperative disease activity control is imperative.

Takayasu's arteritis: the retrospective analysis of patients from the Ural population

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a rare disease that can be overlooked during the first visit to a GP, rheumatologist, or any other medical specialist due to a variety of its symptoms. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and the course of patients with TA residing in the Middle Ural. A retrospective analysis was conducted using the medical records of 183 patients treated at the Sverdlovsk Regional Clinical Hospital 1 from 1979 through 2018. The male to female ratio was 1:3. The mean age was 33.5 years for women and 35.2 for men. The most frequently involved arteries were subclavian (101 cases; 55%), carotid (98 cases; 53%) and renal (77 cases; 42%). Type V was the most common angiographic type. Arterial stenosis was present in 94 (51%) patients. Sixty-six patients received surgical interventions. Of all patients included in the analysis, 31 died. The observed 5-year survival was 92%, 10-year survival, 90% and 15-year survival, 80%. Seventy-two patients (39%) developed major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and thrombosis of large arteries/veins. The clinical presentation of TA may vary in different geographical regions.

Takayasu arteritis - epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment

Takayasu disease belongs to the group of autoimmune vasculitis which most often affects the aorta and its branches. It is rare, and it mainly affects young women. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest that Takayasu arteritis is being increasingly recognized in Europe. The first symptoms are non-specific and an early diagnosis is difficult and requires clinical awareness and suspicion. Patients with Takayasu arteritis often present increased inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, but systemic inflammatory response does not always show a positive correlation with inflammatory activity in the vessel wall. Therefore, imaging studies play a principal role in diagnosis and control of the disease. Glucocorticoids remain the most effective and serve as a cornerstone first line treatment. Immunosuppressive drugs play an important role as well, and biological therapy is increasingly being included in the treatment. This article describes the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics and treatment of this rare disease, so as to alert clinicians because disease left untreated can lead to narrowing and even closure of vital blood vessels. The most common Takayasu arteritis complications include pulmonary thrombosis, aortic regurgitation, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular events, vision degeneration or blindness, and hearing problems.

Clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of Takayasu's arteritis in southern Chinese: a multicenter retrospective study

To study the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of southern Chinese patients with Takayasu's arteritis (TA). This is a retrospective chart review study of 78 patients managed in 14 public hospitals in Hong Kong between the years 2000 and 2010. Patients were identified from the hospital registry using the ICD-10 diagnostic code of the disease. The classification of TA was based on the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) or modified Ichikawa's criteria. Demographic data, clinical presentation, angiographic findings, pattern of vascular involvement (Numano's classification), treatment and outcome of these patients were presented. 78 patients were studied (82% women, age at presentation 34.2 ± 14 years). The estimated point prevalence of TA was 11/million population. The commonest initial manifestations were hypertension (62%) and vascular ischemic symptoms (38%). Systemic symptoms occurred in nine (12%) patients only. The proportion of patients fulfilling the angiographic subtypes of the Numano's classification was: types I (13%), IIa (4%), IIb (12%), III (12%), IV (20%) and V (39%), respectively. Thirty-two patients (41%) were treated with high-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) and 22 patients (28%) received additional non-GC immunosuppressive drugs. Vascular complications occurred in 26 (33%) patients and revascularization surgery was performed in 23(29%) patients. Three (4%) patients died of vascular complication at a median of 8 years after disease onset. TA is rare in southern Chinese patients of Hong Kong. Most patients present with ischemic symptoms during the stenotic phase of the disease. Although mortality is low, a significant proportion of patients developed vascular stenosis that required surgical interventions. More awareness of TA as a differential diagnosis of non-specific systemic symptoms with elevated inflammatory markers in younger patients is needed for earlier diagnosis.

Takayasu's arteritis: a review of the literature and the role of endovascular treatment

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is a chronic non-specific vasculitis with variable presentation in different ethnicities and countries. Treatment options vary and are dependent on the stage and presentation of the disease. We aimed to review current literature related to TA, focusing on the role of endovascular treatment in revascularisation. The temporal course of the disease and stage at presentation influence the management of TA. Treatment options include medical therapy, endovascular intervention or surgical vascular reconstruction. The decision to intervene is individualised according to vascular anatomy and the presence of haemodynamically significant lesions. There are currently no clear guidelines regarding the choice between the endovascular and open surgical approaches, but studies have shown that endovascular procedures are associated with slightly higher rates of restenosis while surgical procedures have higher rates of thrombosis. Periprocedural immunosuppression is suggested if the disease is active at the point of intervention. This improves outcomes but at the cost of immunosuppression-related side effects. Careful long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of disease activation or flare-up, requiring appropriate evaluation of the diseased vessels.

Extravascular manifestations of Takayasu arteritis: focusing on the features shared with spondyloarthritis

BACKGROUND

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a systemic disease characterized by large vessel involvement. Although the vascular characteristics of TAK are well characterized, there is no well-organized study demonstrating the extravascular manifestations of TAK. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of extravascular manifestations of TAK, and to identify the association between vascular and extravascular manifestations of TAK.

METHODS

TAK patients from two independent cohorts between January 2012 and October 2017 were included in the study. Patient characteristics were retrospectively collected from the electronic dataset. The computed tomography scans of all subjects were reviewed to evaluate the pattern of vascular involvement and presence of sacroiliitis. Clinical findings including uveitis, skin lesions, oral ulcers, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were reviewed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between vascular and extravascular manifestations.

RESULTS

For the 268 TAK patients, the mean age at diagnosis was 41.2 ± 14.2 years and 88.1% were female. The extravascular manifestation of TAK was observed in 19.0% of patients, the most common being arthritis including sacroiliitis (11.9%) followed by recurrent oral ulcers (8.6%) and IBD (2.6%). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed type IIB vascular involvement (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.956, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.337-6.537, p = 0.007) and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (adjusted OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.003-1.025, p = 0.012) as significantly associated with the presence of axial and peripheral arthritis.

CONCLUSIONS

Extravascular manifestations of TAK were observed in up to one-fifth of patients. The most common extravascular manifestation was arthritis, which was associated with a type IIB vascular involvement pattern and a high ESR.

Surgical strategy for refractory aortitis

In some instances, we encounter cases suffered from inflammatory aortic diseases (aortitis) in Japan, some of which are at the active stages with systemic inflammation. Most of them are refractory with some technical difficulties of surgical treatment. The aortic wall, particularly, at the active stage, is too fragile to hold the surgical sutures. Consequently, the suture reinforcement with Teflon felt is required. In the late stage after surgery, false aneurysms on the suture line, that is, suture detachment potentially occur. To prevent such sequelae in the early and late phases, continuous (life-long) as well as perioperative inflammation control using corticosteroid as an initial drug and/or other immunosuppression agents. This decade, instead of the conventional open surgical repairs, endovascular treatments have widely spread, predominantly for stenotic aortic/arterial lesions. In particular, for more difficult patients suffered from more troublesome Behçet disease, endovascular treatments would have greater advantages to avoid more occasionally occurred pseudo-aneurysm on the other parts as well as the surgical suture lines. The key issues on surgical treatment for refractory aortitis are perioperative inflammation control including the long term with corticosteroid and/or immunosuppressive agents, appropriate open surgical or endovascular treatment approaches, and sufficient reinforcement of surgical suture lines.

Soluble-HLA-E: A follow up biomarker in Takayasu arteritis, independent of HLA-E genotype

AIM

Disease activity assessment in Takayasu arteritis (TA) is challenging. Human leukocyte antigen E (HLA-E) is shed from endothelium into serum as a soluble molecule (sHLA-E) in response to inflammation. We aimed to study: (i) utility of sHLA-E as a biomarker of disease activity; and (ii) association of HLA-E polymorphism rs1264457 with clinical disease in Asian-Indian TA patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In phase-1, sHLA-E levels were estimated in sera of 50 consecutive TA patients at baseline visit and 27 healthy controls. Serial estimations were performed in 27 of them. In phase-2, DNA of 150 TA patients and 264 healthy controls were genotyped for rs1264457 polymorphism.

RESULTS

At baseline visit, disease was classified as active, stable and grumbling in 23, 18 and nine patients, respectively. sHLA-E levels were higher in active TA (43; interquartile range [IQR]: 25.3-64.6) pg/mL) than stable disease (12.9; IQR: 7.6-21.6 pg/mL) (P = 0.001). At first follow-up visit, sHLA-E levels were numerically higher in active disease than stable disease (P = 0.06) but this trend was blunted at second follow-up. sHLA-E levels increased in 54% versus 25% of patients with persistently active/relapsing and persistent stable course, respectively. rs1264457 polymorphism was not associated with susceptibility to TA and did not affect sHLA-E levels.

CONCLUSION

sHLA-E level is useful as a biomarker of disease activity and course in TA patients. rs1264457 polymorphism is neither associated with susceptibility nor did it influence sHLA-E levels in TA.

A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Abatacept (CTLA-4Ig) for the Treatment of Takayasu Arteritis

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy of abatacept to that of placebo for the treatment of Takayasu arteritis (TAK).

METHODS

In this multicenter trial, patients with newly diagnosed or relapsing TAK were treated with abatacept 10 mg/kg intravenously on days 1, 15, and 29 and week 8, together with prednisone administered daily. At week 12, patients in remission underwent a double-blinded randomization to continue to receive abatacept monthly or switch to placebo. Patients in both study arms received a standardized prednisone taper, reaching a dosage of 20 mg daily at week 12, with discontinuation of prednisone at week 28. All patients remained on their randomized assignment until meeting criteria for early termination or until 12 months after enrollment of the last patient. The primary end point was duration of remission (relapse-free survival).

RESULTS

Thirty-four eligible patients with TAK were enrolled and treated with prednisone and abatacept; of these, 26 reached the week 12 randomization and underwent a blinded randomization to receive either abatacept or placebo. The relapse-free survival rate at 12 months was 22% for those receiving abatacept and 40% for those receiving placebo (P = 0.853). Treatment with abatacept in patients with TAK enrolled in this study was not associated with a longer median duration of remission (median duration 5.5 months for abatacept versus 5.7 months for placebo). There was no difference in the frequency or severity of adverse events, including infection, between the treatment arms.

CONCLUSION

In patients with TAK, the addition of abatacept to a treatment regimen with prednisone did not reduce the risk of relapse.

Serum Cytokine Profile in Asian Indian Patients with Takayasu Arteritis and its Association with Disease Activity

BACKGROUND

Arterial inflammation Takayasu arteritis (TA) is an outcome of balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Comprehensive assessment of these cytokines is important for understanding pathogenesis and assessing disease activity.

OBJECTIVE

To study pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines representing different T-helper cell pathway in serum samples of Asian Indian patients with TA and to assess their association with disease activity.

METHODS

Consecutive Indian patients with TA were assayed for serum interferon-γ, interleukin-6, interleukin-23, interleukin-17, interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor- β levels at baseline and follow up visit. Patients were grouped into active and stable disease based on Indian Takyasu Arteritis clinical Activity Score-2010. Serum levels of these cytokines between active and stable disease and between baseline and follow up visits were compared by non-parametric tests.

RESULTS

Among 32 patients enrolled, 15 were classified as active while 17 as stable disease at baseline. IFN-γ levels were significantly higher in active disease than stable disease (p=0.0129) while other cytokines did not differ significantly between 2 groups. Serum levels of none of the cytokines changed significantly over 2 visits in both responders and non-responders. IL23 levels positively correlate with disease duration ((r=0.999; p<0.005). Modest correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL23 levels at both baseline and follow up and between IFN-γ and IL-6 and CRP at follow up.

CONCLUSION

IFN-γ levels are raised in active disease in TA and correlates well with other biomarkers of disease activity and proinflammatory cytokines. There is also a direct correlation between Il-23 levels and disease duration.

Recurrent first-trimester abortion in a young female: Rare presentation of Takayasu arteritis

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic, progressive, autoimmune, idiopathic, and large-vessel vasculitis that usually affects young adults, especially females. TA primarily affects the aorta and its major branches, the coronary arteries, and the pulmonary arteries. Recurrent pregnancy loss is usually defined as three or more consecutive losses occurring at <20 weeks’ gestation of a clinically recognized pregnancy. Common causes of recurrent fetal loss include anatomic, chromosomal, hormonal, infectious, or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. However, to the best of our knowledge, TA causing recurrent fetal loss has not been described in the literature. We present such a rare case of a patient who presented with hemoptysis as her presenting complaint and also had a recurrent first-trimester abortion.

Incidence, prevalence, mortality and causes of death in Takayasu Arteritis in Korea - A nationwide, population-based study

BACKGROUND

Studies investigating the epidemiology and mortality of Takayasu Arteritis (TA) are scarce. The objective of this study was to provide information regarding the epidemiology of TA, such as the incidence, prevalence, survival and cause of death in Korea.

METHODS

We used a national, population-based database maintained by the Rare Intractable Disease registration program and the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service, which includes information on all TA patients, diagnosed based on uniform criteria. We also used data from Statistics Korea linked with RID database to confirm survival and cause of death. We analyzed data for the period 2008-2012.

RESULTS

During study period, there were 612 new patients with TA, with a female-to-male ratio of 4.3:1. The annual mean incidence was 0.24 per 10⁵ people, and the prevalence was 2.82 per 10⁵ people in 2012. The average annual mortality rate was 0.02 per 10⁵ people, and the standardized mortality ratio was 3.1. The overall survival of patients with TA was 96.6%, which was significantly lower than that in the general population. Cardiovascular disease was the most common cause of death, accounting for 29 of the 64 deaths (45.3%), followed by neoplasms in 9 patients (14.1%).

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence and prevalence presented in this study are the highest ever reported. The survival of patients with TA was significantly lower than that of the general population, and the main cause of death was cardiovascular disease. This study reflects the need for greater awareness of TA, especially in Asian countries.

A Curious Case of "Septic Shock"

BACKGROUND

Takayasu arteritis, also known as "pulseless disease," causes proximal occlusion of the lumen of large arteries of the neck and arm, leading to impalpable pulses and "pseudohypotension." This may misdirect the management plan for a patient in the emergency setting if the presence of vascular occlusion is not previously known.

CASE REPORT

We describe a young woman who presented to the emergency department (ED) with fever. On evaluation, she had shock, which was not responsive to a fluid bolus. Bedside Rapid Diagnostic Test was positive for Plasmodium vivax, and a diagnosis of severe vivax malaria was made. She was started on intravenous artesunate and vasopressors in view of her persistent hypotension in the face of a normal central venous pressure. A thorough examination at that time revealed palpable lower limb pulses with feeble upper limb pulses. Vasopressors were tapered while monitoring lower limb blood pressure. Computed tomographic angiogram confirmed the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis. WHY SHOULD AN EMERGENCY PHYSICIAN BE AWARE OF THIS?: Hypotension and shock are regularly encountered in the ED. Occlusive arterial disease involving upper limbs can mimic refractory shock, leading to potentially harmful and unnecessary interventions. Emergency physicians should be aware of this possibility. A simple routine of quickly checking all peripheral pulses would help them avoid this pitfall.

Cause of death in Chinese Takayasu arteritis patients

To analyze the causes of death and the related risk factors for in-patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK) admitted to a referral center of China during 1983 to 2014.The medical charts of 12 deceased TAK patients (10 women, 2 men) were reviewed by two senior rheumatologists. The demographic data, clinical manifestations, angiographic presentations, and the direct causes of death were analyzed retrospectively. Medical records of 40 TAK patients (32 women, 8 men) were selected as controls by age and sex matching method from 81 patients who were sampled isometrically from 810 successively admitted TAK in-patients of the same center during the same period. In addition to the comparison of clinical manifestations between the two groups, binary logistic regression was conducted to explore the related risk factors of mortality of TAK.Twelve patients died at the median age of 33.5 (ranging from 13 to 68 years old). The median survival time was 102.5(ranging from 6 to 567) months. The direct causes of death were heart failure in 5 (5/12, 41.7%), hemorrhage in 2 (2/12, 16.7%), pulmonary infection in 2 (2/12, 16.7%), sudden death in 1 (1/12, 8.3%), postoperative complication in 1 (1/12, 8.3%), and end-stage malignancy in 1 (1/12, 8.3%). Ischemia (4/12, 33.3%) and hemorrhage (4/12, 33.3%) were the two most common presentations in deceased patients. Eight patients had received surgical procedures related to TAK changes. Among them, 2 patients died after surgical procedure, the other 6 patients died later of non-operation-related causes. Compared with the control group (n = 40), patients in the deceased group had longer disease duration (P = 0.017), higher proportion of active disease (P = 0.020), secondary hypertension (P = 0.004), and congestive heart failure (P = 0.017). A model of binary logistic regression had revealed that secondary hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 9.333, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.721 - 50.614, P = 0.010), congestive heart failure (OR = 5.667, 95% CI: 1.248 - 25.734, P = 0.025), and longer disease duration (OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.001 - 0.735, P = 0.027) were risk factors for TAK mortality. Active disease (OR = 0.167, 95% CI: 0.038 - 50.614, P = 0.018) was negatively associated with death of TAK.Heart failure is the leading cause of death in TAK patients, followed by ischemia and pulmonary infection. Early deaths occur postoperatively but become rare later after the procedure. Well-control of hypertension, and prevention of congestive heart failure may improve the long-term prognosis.

Clinical, angiographic profile and percutaneous endovascular management of Takayasu's arteritis - A single centre experience

OBJECTIVE

Aim of the study was to evaluate clinical, angiographic profile and percutaneous endovascular management of Takayasu's arteritis.

BACKGROUND

Takayasu's arteritis is a chronic inflammatory vasculitis affecting the aorta and its major branches. Although it is more prevalent in Asia, the distribution of the disease is worldwide with different vascular involvement patterns and clinical manifestations.

METHODS

In this prospective study a total of 50 consecutive patients who were reported as having Takayasu's arteritis between January 2010 and April 2016 were evaluated. Detailed clinical presentation and angiograms of all patients were analysed.

RESULTS

50 patients were analysed during study period. Among 50 patients, 43(86%) were female and 7 (14%) were male. Average age of presentation was 26.92years. Most common clinical presentation was claudication (74%) followed by, musculoskeletal symptoms (48%), fatigue (46%), weight loss (22%), headache (22%), visual disturbances (16%), syncope (10%), dyspnoea (20%). Most common features were absent/diminished pulses (80%), difference in blood pressure (80%), followed by bruit (70%)hypertension (64%), cerebrovascular accident (8%),heart failure (8%) and aortic regurgitation (4%). According to the new angiographic classification, angiographic type I (40%) was encountered most frequently, followed by type III (30%), type V (16%), type IIb (8%), type IIa (2%), and type IV is (4%). Angioplasty was the main stay of treatment in 66% of the patients, remaining 34% of them were treated medically either with corticosteroids or methotrexate.

CONCLUSION

Takayasu's arteritis is a rare disease, affects mainly women, manifestations range from asymptomatic disease, found as a result of impalpable pulses or bruits, to catastrophic neurological impairment. Takayasu's arteritis is the common cause of renovascular hypertension. Angiography remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Angiographic evaluation and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stenting is useful in selected cases.

Percutaneous Angioplasty of the Sole Patent Cerebral Artery in Two Patients with Takayasu's Aortoarteritis

We report two female patients with Takayasu’s aortoarteritis, who presented with symptoms of cerebral ischemia due to critical stenosis of the sole patent cerebral artery. Both had occlusion of both vertebral arteries and one carotid artery with critical stenosis of the other carotid artery and presented with hemiparesis contralateral to the patent but stenosed cerebral artery. They also had transient ischemic attacks attributable to the culprit vessel. In the first patient, balloon angioplasty alone was not successful, and hence, a self-expanding stent was deployed in the right common carotid artery. In the second patient, successful balloon angioplasty was performed for the left common carotid artery. Distal protection devices were not used, and neither patient experienced any periprocedural neurological event. Clinical follow-up at six months revealed no significant cerebral events.

Stenosis or Occlusion of the Right Subclavian and Common Carotid Arteries Is More Common than That of the Innominate Artery in Takayasu Arteritis

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to introduce the phenomenon that stenosis or occlusion occurs less frequently in the innominate artery than in the right subclavian and common carotid arteries, which are not first-order branches of the aorta, in Takayasu arteritis (TA).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and image findings of all patients who were diagnosed with TA from 2006 to 2014. Two vascular surgeons and two radiologists interpreted the images by disease character, location, and extent of occlusion based on computed tomography angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, or digital subtraction arteriography. We have also reviewed the literature on arterial involvement in TA.

RESULTS

A total of 42 patients were diagnosed with TA. The mean age was 43.9 years, and 83.3% (35/42) of the patients were women. The left subclavian artery was the most common stenosis or occlusion site (17, 40.5%) among the aortic branches. The innominate artery was a less common site (3, 7.1%) than the right subclavian artery (4, 9.5%) and the right common carotid artery (9, 21.4%). All innominate artery cases were found after endovascular procedures of the right subclavian or common carotid arteries.

CONCLUSION

The innominate artery might develop stenosis or occlusion less frequently than the right subclavian and common carotid arteries in Korean TA patients.

The results of treatment in renal artery stenosis due to Takayasu disease: comparison between surgery, angioplasty, and stenting. A monocentrique retrospective study

PURPOSE

To evaluate retrospectively and compare the long-term patency and the antihypertensive effect of open surgery, angioplasty, and stent insertion of the renal artery stenosis due to Takayasu's arteritis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed and compared the effects on blood pressure and permeability of the renal artery over 23 patients (age ranging from 16 to 60 years, mean 33.9 years); with renovascular hypertension caused by Takayasu's arteritis. those patients underwent surgical treatment (11 arteries) or endovascular (19) including angioplasty (11) and stenting (8) for 30 stenotic renal arteries.

RESULTS

Technical success was 96.7% (29/30) without major complications (but longer period of hospitalization among patients who had surgery). In the last follow-up CT angiography (mean 60 ± 36 months), restenosis was 18.2% (2/11) in the surgery, 9% (1/11) in the angioplasty, and 62.5% (5/8) in the stenting. Rate of the permeability of the surgery was 100%, 90.9% , 81.8%, the permeability of the angioplasty was 100%, 90.9%, 90.9%, primary patency rate stenting was 62.5%, 37.5%, 37.5%, assists permeability was 87.5%, 75%, 50% at 1, 3 and 5 years, respectively. In the clinical follow-up (mean 60 ± 37.8 months, range 48-96 months) beneficial effects on blood pressure were achieved into 91.3% of patients (21/23), and there was no significant difference between patients who have been treated by surgery and angioplasty alone and the patients who received a stent in at least one renal artery.

CONCLUSION

Angioplasty has shown better long-term patency and a similar clinical benefit of renovascular hypertension in renal artery stenosis caused by Takayasu's arteritis compared with the surgery and the stenting. We suggest that stenting should be reserved in case of clear failure of the angioplasty. The surgery is our choice for patients who do not meet the indication of endovascular treatment or failure of this treatment.

Current Clinical Features of New Patients With Takayasu Arteritis Observed From Cross-Country Research in Japan: Age and Sex Specificity

BACKGROUND

The clinical features of newly diagnosed Japanese patients with Takayasu arteritis and its age or sex specificities are unknown.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We analyzed information from nationwide registration forms submitted by patients with Takayasu arteritis between April 2001 and March 2011 as part of a research program by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Among the 7779 patients who submitted their forms, 1372 newly registered patients with Takayasu arteritis were enrolled; 83.8% were female. The median age at onset was 35 years, which was significantly higher in male patients (median, 43.5 years) than in female patients (median, 34 years; P<0.001). Local symptoms and findings were most commonly observed in the cervicobrachial area, with more complaints in the head or neck than in the upper limbs. Approximately 85% of the patients had vascular involvements in the aortic arch or its major branches; many young female patients had localized lesions. Although male patients had extensive aortic lesions or aneurysms with more complications, localized abdominal lesions were relatively more frequent in male patients with age at onset >40 years than in other age-sex groups. Disease statuses were severe in patients who registered at ≥1 year after onset.

CONCLUSIONS

The proportions of male patients and patients with elderly onset increased in newly diagnosed patients with Takayasu arteritis. Their clinical and angiographic features differed according to onset age and sex.

Clinical Features and Outcomes of Takayasu Arteritis with Neurological Symptoms in China: A Retrospective Study

Objective.

To describe the clinical features and longterm outcomes of patients with Takayasu arteritis (TA) in China who experienced neurological symptoms.

Methods.

A retrospective study was undertaken of patients with TA who attended a single study center from 2002 to 2013, who also exhibited neurological symptoms (n = 274). Clinical and imaging features were analyzed, as well as longterm outcomes.

Results.

The mean age at disease onset was 28.2 ± 11.2 years, with a female-to-male ratio of 4.3:1. The most common neurological manifestation was dizziness (214, 78.1%), the most frequent type of TA was type III (112, 40.9%), and the most common affected artery was the left subclavian (147, 53.6%). Involvement of 3 or 4 branches of the aortic arch was observed in 28% of patients. Among 30 patients experiencing a stroke (10.9%), steno-occlusive lesions of the subclavian artery and common carotid artery were frequently observed in patients with ischemic stroke, while steno-occlusive lesions of the descending aorta, abdominal aorta, and/or renal arteries were more frequently observed with hemorrhagic stroke. Heart failure was the most common cardiovascular event in those who died (n = 6) and in surviving cohorts.

Conclusion.

Neurological features in patients with TA were variable, and correlated with the number of arteries and the site of artery involvement. Resistant hypertension was one of the most important risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke in patients with TA.

Biologic therapy in ANCA-negative vasculitis

Standard therapeutic schemes for vasculitis are usually associated with numerous side effects and uneven clinical response. However, recent advances in understanding of the pathogenesis of these systemic diseases have resulted in the development of a group of biologic agents potentially useful in patients with vasculitis. Thus, anti-tumor necrosis factor-α drugs may be effective in patients with refractory Kawasaki disease but have failed to do so in giant cell arteritis, and their role in Takayasu arteritis is yet unclear. Preliminary reports on the use of the anti-IL6-receptor antibody, tocilizumab, in large-vessel vasculitis have been encouraging. Interferon alpha has showed positive results in hepatitis B virus-associated polyarteritis nodosa, and hepatitis C virus-induced cryoglobulinemia. Early experience with rituximab in several types of vasculitis has been quite promising, but must be confirmed in ongoing randomized clinical trials. The development of new biologic targeted therapies will probably open a hopeful future for patients with vasculitis.