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Kalinina AA, Khromykh LM, Kazansky DB. T Cell Receptor Chain Centricity: The Phenomenon and Potential Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15211. [PMID: 37894892 PMCID: PMC10607890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are crucial players in adaptive anti-cancer immunity. The gene modification of T cells with tumor antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCRs) was a milestone in personalized cancer immunotherapy. TCR is a heterodimer (either α/β or γ/δ) able to recognize a peptide antigen in a complex with self-MHC molecules. Although traditional concepts assume that an α- and β-chain contribute equally to antigen recognition, mounting data reveal that certain receptors possess chain centricity, i.e., one hemi-chain TCR dominates antigen recognition and dictates its specificity. Chain-centric TCRs are currently poorly understood in terms of their origin and the functional T cell subsets that express them. In addition, the ratio of α- and β-chain-centric TCRs, as well as the exact proportion of chain-centric TCRs in the native repertoire, is generally still unknown today. In this review, we provide a retrospective analysis of studies that evidence chain-centric TCRs, propose patterns of their generation, and discuss the potential applications of such receptors in T cell gene modification for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry B. Kazansky
- N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 115478 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Manjili MH. The adaptation model of immunity: Is the goal of central tolerance to eliminate defective T cells or self-reactive T cells? Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13209. [PMID: 36239215 PMCID: PMC9539632 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The self-non-self model and the danger model are designed to understand how an immune response is induced. These models are not meant to predict if an immune response may succeed or fail in destroying/controlling its target. However, these immunological models rely on either self-antigens or self-dendritic cells for understanding of central tolerance, which have been discussed by Fuchs and Matzinger in response to Al-Yassin. In an attempt to address some questions that these models are facing when it comes to understanding central tolerance, I propose that the goal of negative selection in the thymus is to eliminate defective T cells but not self-reactive T cells. Therefore, any escape from negative selection could increase lymphopenia because of the depletion of defective naïve T cells outside the thymus, as seen in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud H. Manjili
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, VCU School of MedicineVCU Massey Cancer CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
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3
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Abstract
I've had serious misgivings about writing this article, because from living the experience day by day, it's hard to believe my accomplishments merit the attention. To skirt this roadblock, I forced myself to pretend I was in a conversation with my trainees, trying to distill the central driving forces of my career in science. The below chronicles my evolution from would-be astronaut/ballerina to budding developmental biologist to devoted T cell immunologist. It traces my work from a focus on intrathymic events that mold developing T cells into self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted lymphocytes to extrathymic events that fine-tune the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and impose the finishing touches on T cell maturation. It is a story of a few personal attributes multiplied by generous mentors, good luck, hard work, perseverance, and knowing when to step down. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Immunology, Volume 40 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Fink
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA;
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4
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Wagner DH. Of the multiple mechanisms leading to type 1 diabetes, T cell receptor revision may play a prominent role (is type 1 diabetes more than a single disease?). Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 185:271-80. [PMID: 27271348 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A single determinant factor for autoimmunity does not exist; disease development probably involves contributions from genetics, the environment and immune dysfunction. Type 1 diabetes is no exception. Genomewide-associated studies (GWAS) analysis in T1D has proved disappointing in revealing contributors to disease prediction; the only reliable marker has been human leucocyte antigen (HLA). Specific HLAs include DR3/DR4/DQ2/DQ8, for example. Because HLA molecules present antigen to T cells, it is reasonable that certain HLA molecules have a higher affinity to present self-antigen. Recent studies have shown that additional polymorphisms in HLA that are restricted to autoimmune conditions are further contributory. A caveat is that not all individuals with the appropriate 'pro-autoimmune' HLA develop an autoimmune disease. Another crucial component is autoaggressive T cells. Finding a biomarker to discriminate autoaggressive T cells has been elusive. However, a subset of CD4 helper cells that express the CD40 receptor have been described as becoming pathogenic. An interesting function of CD40 on T cells is to induce the recombination-activating gene (RAG)1/RAG2 T cell receptor recombination machinery. This observation is contrary to immunology paradigms that changes in TCR molecules cannot take place outside the thymic microenvironment. Alteration in TCR, called TCR revision, not only occurs, but may help to account for the development of autoaggressive T cells. Another interesting facet is that type 1 diabetes (T1D) may be more than a single disease; that is, multiple cellular components contribute uniquely, but result ultimately in the same clinical outcome, T1D. This review considers the process of T cell maturation and how that could favor auto-aggressive T cell development in T1D. The potential contribution of TCR revision to autoimmunity is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Wagner
- Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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5
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Buscone S, Garavello W, Pagni F, Gaini RM, Cattoretti G. Nasopharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) contain extrathymic corticothymocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98222. [PMID: 24858437 PMCID: PMC4032319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoidal tissue (also known as nasopharyngeal tonsils) of 58% of humans in the pediatric age group contains immature T-lymphoid cells with the phenotype of thymocytes (TdT+,CD1abc+, cytoplasmic CD3+, coexpressing CD4 and CD8, lacking an Intraepithelial Lymphocyte-associated phenotype). The notable difference in comparison to palatine tonsils is the clustering in groups and sheets, comprising hundreds or thousands of cells (1.7%±0.2 of total T cells). The thymic epithelium is morphologically and phenotypically absent. Adenoids share with tonsils and lymph nodes the presence of immature B cell precursors (TdT+, CD1a-, Pax5+, Surrogate light chain±), however in these latter the presence of TdT+, CD1a+, Pax5- precursors is absent or limited to individual cells. Human adenoids are distinct among the Waldeyer's ring lymphoid tissue because of the known embryogenic derivation from the third pharyngeal pouch, from which the thymus develops; in addition, they may display phenotypic incomplete features of a vestigial thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Buscone
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Werner Garavello
- Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Pagni
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Renato Maria Gaini
- Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Anatomic Pathology, Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine, Universitá degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
- * E-mail:
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6
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Vaitaitis GM, Wagner DH. CD40 interacts directly with RAG1 and RAG2 in autoaggressive T cells and Fas prevents CD40-induced RAG expression. Cell Mol Immunol 2013; 10:483-9. [PMID: 24037181 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2013.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells expressing CD40 (Th40 cells) constitute a pathogenic T-cell subset that is necessary and sufficient to transfer autoimmune disease. We have previously demonstrated that CD40 signals peripheral Th40 cells to induce RAG1 and RAG2 expression, proteins necessary for the expression of T-cell receptor (TCR), leading to TCR revision. The dependency of TCR expression in the thymus on RAG proteins has long been known. However, despite numerous publications, there is controversy as to whether TCR expression can be altered in the periphery, post-thymic selective pressures. Therefore, a better understanding of TCR expression in primary peripheral cells is needed. We now show that the CD40 protein itself interacts with RAG1 and RAG2 as well as with Ku70 and translocates to the nucleus in Th40 cells. This indicates that the CD40 molecule is closely involved in the mechanism of TCR expression in the periphery. In addition, Fas signals act as a silencing mechanism for CD40-induced RAGs and prevent CD40 translocation to the nucleus. It will be important to further understand the involvement of CD40 in peripheral TCR expression and how TCR revision impacts auto-antigen recognition in order to effectively target and tolerize autoaggressive T cells in autoimmune disease.
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Martin A, Tisch RM, Getts DR. Manipulating T cell-mediated pathology: Targets and functions of monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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SLAP deficiency increases TCR avidity leading to altered repertoire and negative selection of cognate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Immunol Res 2013; 55:116-24. [PMID: 22956467 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8354-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
How T cell receptor (TCR) avidity influences CD8(+) T cell development and repertoire selection is not yet fully understood. To fill this gap, we utilized Src-like adaptor protein (SLAP)-deficient mice as a tool to increase TCR avidity on double positive (DP) thymocytes. We generated SLAP(-/-) mice with the transgenic MHC class I-restricted TCR (OT-1) and SLAP(-/-) Vβ5 mice, expressing only the β-chain of the TCR OT-1 transgene, to examine the effects of increased TCR surface levels on CD8(+) T cell development and repertoire selection. In comparing SLAP(-/-) OT-1 and Vβ5 mice with wild-type controls, we performed compositional analysis and assessed thymocyte signaling by measuring CD5 levels. In addition, we performed tetramer and compositional staining to measure affinity for the cognate antigen, ovalbumin (OVA) peptide, presented by MHC. Furthermore, we quantified differences in α-chain repertoire in SLAP(-/-) Vβ5 mice. We have found that SLAP(-/-) OT-1 mice have fewer CD8(+) thymocytes but have increased CD5 expression. SLAP(-/-) OT-1 mice have fewer DP thymocytes expressing Vα2, signifying increased endogenous α-chain rearrangement, and more non-OVA-specific CD8(+) splenocytes upon tetramer staining. Our data demonstrate that SLAP(-/-) Vβ5 mice also have fewer OVA-specific cells and increased Vα2 usage in the peripheral Vβ5 CD8(+) T cells that were non-OVA-specific, demonstrating differences in α-chain repertoire. These studies provide direct evidence that increased TCR avidity in DP thymocytes enhances CD8(+) T cell negative selection deleting thymocytes with specificity for cognate antigen, an antigen the mature T cells may never encounter. Collectively, these studies provide new insights into how TCR avidity during CD8(+) T cell development influences repertoire selection.
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9
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Antigenic stimulation induces recombination activating gene 1 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase expression in a murine T-cell hybridoma. Cell Immunol 2012; 274:19-25. [PMID: 22464913 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Secondary rearrangements of the T cell receptor (TCR) represent a genetic correction mechanism which changes T cell specificity by re-activating V(D)J recombination in peripheral T cells. Murine T-cell hybridoma A1.1 was employed to investigate whether antigenic stimulation induced re-expression of recombinase genes and altered TCR Vβ expression. Following repeated antigenic stimulation, A1.1 cells were induced to re-express recombination activating gene (RAG)1 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) which are generally considered prerequisite to TCR gene rearrangement. Accompanied with the significant changes in TCR mRNA levels over time, it is suggested that secondary rearrangements may be induced in A1.1 cells, which represent a mature T cell clone capable of re-expressing RAG genes and possesses the prerequisite for secondary V(D)J rearrangement.
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10
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Simmons KB, Wubeshet M, Ames KT, McMahan CJ, Hale JS, Fink PJ. Modulation of TCRβ surface expression during TCR revision. Cell Immunol 2011; 272:124-9. [PMID: 22138498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TCR revision is a tolerance mechanism by which self-reactive TCRs expressed by mature CD4(+) peripheral T cells are replaced by receptors encoded by genes generated by post-thymic DNA rearrangement. The downmodulation of surface TCR expression initiates TCR revision, and serves as a likely trigger for the induction of the recombinase machinery. We show here in a Vβ5 transgenic mouse model system that downregulation of the self-reactive transgene-encoded TCR is not maintained by transgene loss or diminished transcription or translation. The downregulation of surface TCR expression likely occurs in two stages, only one of which requires tolerogen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynn B Simmons
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Mincheva-Nilsson L. Immune cells and molecules in pregnancy: friends or foes to the fetus? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 2:457-70. [PMID: 20476916 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.3.457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Considering allograft rejection as a basic feature of the immune system, the mammalian pregnancy is an immunological paradox where the semi-allogeneic fetus is not rejected. How are the demands of pregnancy solved in the context of maternal immunity? Medawar's original proposal of maternal immune inertness during pregnancy should be revised to active materno-placental tolerance. Multiple mechanisms are involved in peripheral and local tolerance induction that prevents fetal rejection while maintaining competent immune surveillance and protection. The goal of this review is to discuss the major cellular and molecular components of the immune system that control and promote fetal survival.
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12
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Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) revision is a process of tolerance induction by which peripheral T cells lose surface expression of an autoreactive TCR, reinduce expression of the recombinase machinery, rearrange genes encoding extrathymically generated TCRs for antigen, and express these new receptors on the cell surface. We discuss the evidence for this controversial tolerance mechanism below. Despite the apparent heresy of post-thymic gene rearrangement, we argue here that TCR revision follows the rules obeyed by maturing thymocytes undergoing gene recombination. Expression of the recombinase is carefully controlled both spatially and temporally, and may be initiated by loss of signals through surface TCRs. The resulting TCR repertoire is characterized by its diversity, self major histocompatibility complex restriction, self tolerance, and ability to mount productive immune responses specific for foreign antigens. Hence, TCR revision is a carefully regulated process of tolerance induction that can contribute to the protection of the individual against invading pathogens while preserving the integrity of self tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Scott Hale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Munroe ME. Functional roles for T cell CD40 in infection and autoimmune disease: the role of CD40 in lymphocyte homeostasis. Semin Immunol 2009; 21:283-8. [PMID: 19539498 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
CD40 stimulation on monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, and B-lymphocytes has been the subject of much study. It is well recognized that activation of CD40 on antigen presenting cells by its ligand, CD154, expressed on T-lymphocytes, contributes to the pro-inflammatory response necessary for eradication of infection, yet pathological in autoimmunity. However, there is evidence that CD40 is also expressed on T-lymphocytes and can act as a costimulatory molecule. While the exact role of CD40 on CD8 T cells remains controversial, it does appear to contribute to the adaptive immune response against infection. CD40 on CD4 T cells, on the other hand, plays a functional role in the autoimmune disease process. Further dissection of the exact nature and role of CD40 in T cell activation could lead the way to more effective vaccines and novel therapeutics for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa E Munroe
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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14
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Lantelme E, Orlando L, Porcedda P, Turinetto V, De Marchi M, Amoroso A, Mantovani S, Giachino C. An in vitro model of T cell receptor revision in mature human CD8+ T cells. Mol Immunol 2007; 45:328-37. [PMID: 17659780 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination is a mechanism peculiar to the somatic rearrangement of antigen receptor genes. It requires both expression of the RAG-1 and RAG-2 recombinases and accessibility of the substrate to its recombinase and post-cleavage/DNA repair stage. TCR revision is a genetic correction mechanism that changes T cell specificity by re-activating V(D)J recombination in peripheral T cells. This process is now well described in both normal or pathological murine and human settings. Many of its features, such as the question of whether it occurs in truly mature T cells, remain to be elucidated. Its occurrence in human CD8+ T cells is also an open question. We have therefore established an in vitro model of TCR revision in mature human CD8+ T cells to determine whether down-regulation of the TCR/CD3 complex from the cell surface in the presence of IL7 as a factor favouring chromatin remodelling initiates a TCR revision pathway. Only mature CD8+ T cells carrying already-formed antigen receptors were used. CD8+ T cells treated with anti-CD3 and IL7 showed rearrangement intermediates and expressed new Vbeta-chains on their surface. Investigation of the molecular pathway thus induced disclosed up-regulation of the RAG-2 transcript, but absence of the 'canonical' RAG-1 mRNA. A surprising finding was the demonstration of alternative splice forms of this mRNA, already expressed in untreated CD8+ T cells, encoding for the full-length RAG-1 protein, which was increased three-fold in the treated cells. All the V(D)J requirements were thus fulfilled when mature human CD8+ T cells were stimulated with anti-CD3 and IL7. Induction of TCR revision in vitro in mature T cells is an easily controllable system that could be employed in further studies to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in secondary V(D)J rearrangements in peripheral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Lantelme
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043 Orbassano, Italy.
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16
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Capello D, Cerri M, Muti G, Lucioni M, Oreste P, Gloghini A, Berra E, Deambrogi C, Franceschetti S, Rossi D, Alabiso O, Morra E, Rambaldi A, Carbone A, Paulli M, Gaidano G. Analysis of immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable genes in post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Hematol Oncol 2006; 24:212-9. [PMID: 16897790 DOI: 10.1002/hon.791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD) derive from antigen-experienced B-cells and represent a major complication of solid organ transplantation. We characterized usage, mutation frequency and mutation pattern of immunoglobulin variable (IGV) gene rearrangements in 50 PTLD (polymorphic PTLD, n=10; diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, n=35; and Burkitt/Burkitt-like lymphoma, n=5). Among PTLD yielding clonal IGV amplimers, a functional IGV heavy chain (IGHV) rearrangement was found in 40/50 (80.0%) cases, whereas a potentially functional IGV light chain rearrangement was identified in 36/46 (78.3%) PTLD. By combining IGHV and IGV light chain rearrangements, 10/50 (20.0%) PTLD carried crippling mutations, precluding expression of a functional B-cell receptor (BCR). Immunohistochemistry showed detectable expression of IG light chains in only 18/43 (41.9%) PTLD. Failure to detect a functional IGV rearrangement associated with lack of IGV expression. Our data suggest that a large fraction of PTLD arise from germinal centre (GC)-experienced B-cells that display impaired BCR. Since a functional BCR is required for normal B-cell survival during GC transit, PTLD development may implicate rescue from apoptosis and expansion of B-cells that have failed the GC reaction. The high frequency of IGV loci inactivation appears to be a peculiar feature of PTLD among immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Capello
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine & IRCAD, Division of Hematology, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
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17
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Warmflash A, Weigert M, Dinner AR. Control of Genotypic Allelic Inclusion through TCR Surface Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:6412-9. [PMID: 16272293 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.10.6412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To gain insight into the molecular causes and functional consequences of allelic inclusion of TCR alpha-chains, we develop a computational model for thymocyte selection in which the signal that determines cell fate depends on surface expression. Analysis of receptor pairs on selected dual TCR cells reveals that allelic inclusion permits both autoreactive TCR and receptors not in the single TCR cell repertoire to be selected. However, in comparison with earlier theoretical studies, relatively few dual TCR cells display receptors with high avidity for thymic ligands because their alpha-chains compete aggressively for the beta-chain, which hinders rescue from clonal deletion. This feature of the model makes clear that allelic inclusion does not in itself compromise central tolerance. A specific experiment based on modulation of TCR surface expression levels is proposed to test the model.
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18
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Couderc J. [B lymphocytes--a dogma revisited]. C R Biol 2005; 328:758-66. [PMID: 16125653 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The one B cell-one antibody hypothesis proposed by M.F. Burnet (1957) was recently challenged by results showing that one B cell can simultaneously express an auto-reactive BCR, and a BCR directed against non-self antigens. The latter allows this auto-reactive B cell to escape negative selection. Burnet's theory was thus challenged from the beginning. Namely, Liacopoulos et al. demonstrated that normal B cells produce simultaneously or sequentially two antibody molecules against two unrelated haptens. It thus appears that 'double producers' provide new prospects in auto-immunity. Our previous work using heterologous antigens also suggest that 'double producers' provide an amplifying factor for immunoglobulin repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Couderc
- Inserm 131, Cytokines et Immunorégulations, 32, rue des Carnets, 92140 Clamart, France.
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19
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Cardoso RS, Junta CM, Macedo C, Magalhães DAR, Silveira ELV, Paula MO, Marques MMC, Mello SS, Zárate-Bladés CR, Nguyen C, Houlgatte R, Donadi EA, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Passos GAS. Hybridization signatures of gamma-irradiated murine fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC) reveal modulation of genes associated with T-cell receptor V(D)J recombination and DNA repair. Mol Immunol 2005; 43:464-72. [PMID: 16337489 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we observed the occurrence of TRBV8.1-DB2.1 V(D)J recombination in murine fetal thymus organ culture (FTOC), in which the thymic microenvironment is mimicked. Since ionizing radiation affects T-cell development, we irradiated FTOCs with gamma rays to evaluate the modulation of genes implicated in TRBV8.1-BD2.1 rearrangements. The nylon cDNA microarray method was employed to monitor the expression of 9216 genes, which were organized in coexpression clusters. Clustering analysis showed similar expression profiling of genes implicated in the V(D)J recombination and DNA double strand break (DSB) repair processes such as XRCC4, RAG-2, Artemis and DNA-PK-cs, thus suggesting overlap between the two processes. The RUNX3 gene, whose coded protein binds to the enhancers of TR genes, was also modulated and the DNA cross-linking LR1 gene, which plays a role in the opening of hairpin DNA structures and whose expression pattern is similar to Artemis, may play a role in the control of V(D)J recombination. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the FTOC model system and cDNA microarray method are useful tools to evidentiate genes that may play a role in both processes V(D)J recombination and DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Cardoso
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Tolstonog GV, Li G, Shoeman RL, Traub P. Interaction in vitro of type III intermediate filament proteins with higher order structures of single-stranded DNA, particularly with G-quadruplex DNA. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:85-110. [PMID: 15699629 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic intermediate filament (cIF) proteins interact strongly with single-stranded (ss) DNAs and RNAs, particularly with G-rich sequences. To test the hypothesis that this interaction depends on special nucleotide sequences and, possibly, higher order structures of ssDNA, a random mixture of mouse genomic ssDNA fragments generated by a novel "whole ssDNA genome PCR" technique via RNA intermediates was subjected to three rounds of affinity binding to in vitro reconstituted vimentin IFs at physiological ionic strength with intermediate PCR amplification of the bound ssDNA segments. Nucleotide sequence and computer folding analysis of the vimentin-selected fragments revealed an enrichment in microsatellites, predominantly of the (GT)n type, telomere DNA, and C/T-rich sequences, most of which, however, were incapable of folding into stable stem-loop structures. Because G-rich sequences were underrepresented in the vimentin-bound fraction, it had to be assumed that such sequences require intramolecular folding or lateral assembly into multistrand structures to be able to stably interact with vimentin, but that this requirement was inadequately fulfilled under the conditions of the selection experiment. For that reason, the few vimentin-selected G-rich ssDNA fragments and a number of telomere models were analyzed for their capacity to form inter- and intramolecular Gquadruplexes (G4 DNAs) under optimized conditions and to interact as such with vimentin and its type III relatives, glial fibrillary acidic protein, and desmin. Band shift assays indeed demonstrated differential binding of the cIF proteins to parallel four-stranded G4 DNAs and, with lower affinity, to bimolecular G'2 and unimolecular G'4 DNA configurations, whereby the transition regions from four- to single-strandedness played an additional role in the binding reaction. In this respect, the binding activity of cIF proteins was comparable with that toward other noncanonical DNA structures, like ds/ss DNA forks, triplex DNA, four-way junction DNA and Z-DNA, which also involve configurational transitions in their interaction with the filament proteins. Association of the cIF proteins with the corresponding nonfolded G-rich ssDNAs was negligible. Considering the almost universal involvement of ssDNA regions and G-quadruplexes in nuclear processes, including DNA transcription and recombination as well as telomere maintenance and dynamics, it is plausible to presume that cIF proteins as complementary constituents of the nuclear matrix participate in the cell- and tissue-specific regulation of these processes.
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21
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Bynoe MS, Viret C, Flavell RA, Janeway CA. T cells from epicutaneously immunized mice are prone to T cell receptor revision. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:2898-903. [PMID: 15708975 PMCID: PMC549496 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409880102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epicutaneous immunization of T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) mice whose CD4(+) T cells are specific for the Ac1-11 fragment of myelin basic protein (MBP) with Ac1-11 elicits T cells with dominant suppressor/regulatory activity that confers protection against Ac1-11-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We now report that such disease-resistant MBP TCR Tg mice also harbor a sizeable fraction of peripheral CD4(+) T cells lacking surface expression of the Tg TCR beta chain and expressing diverse, endogenously rearranged TCR beta chains. Ex vivo incubation at physiological temperature caused the loss of neo-beta-chain expression and reversion to the MBP alphabeta TCR(+) phenotype. The presence of recombination activating gene 1 and 2 proteins in CD4(+) T cells with revised TCRs was consistent with effective V(D)J recombination activity. The emergence of these cells did not depend on the thymic compartment. We conclude that in mice epicutaneously immunized with an autoantigen, peripheral specific T cells are susceptible to multiple mechanisms of tolerance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Homeodomain Proteins/analysis
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunization
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret S Bynoe
- Section of Immunobiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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22
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van den Berg HA, Rand DA. Foreignness as a matter of degree: the relative immunogenicity of peptide/MHC ligands. J Theor Biol 2005; 231:535-48. [PMID: 15488530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2004.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 07/07/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ability of T lymphocytes (T cells) to recognize and attack foreign invaders while leaving healthy cells unharmed is often analysed as a discrete self/non-self dichotomy, with each peptide/MHC ligand classified as either self or non-self. We argue that the ligand immunogenicity is more naturally treated as a continuous quantity, and show how to define and quantitate relative ligand immunogenicity. In our theory, self-tolerance is acquired through reduction of the relative immunogenicity of autoantigens, whereas xenoantigens, typically not presented during induction of deletional tolerance, retain a high degree of relative immunogenicity. Autoantigens that are not prominently presented in deletional tolerance likewise retain a high relative immunogenicity and remain essentially foreign. According to our analysis, any given autoantigen can attain a high level of relative immunogenicity, provided it is presented at sufficiently high levels. Our theory provides a quantitative tool to analyse the immunogenicity of tumour-associated neoantigens and the aetiology of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A van den Berg
- Interdisciplinary Programme for Cellular Regulation, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
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23
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Cooper CJ, Turk GL, Sun M, Farr AG, Fink PJ. Cutting edge: TCR revision occurs in germinal centers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 173:6532-6. [PMID: 15557142 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.11.6532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mouse CD4(+)Vbeta5(+) T cells recognize a peripherally expressed superantigen encoded by an endogenous retrovirus. Ag encounter tolerizes the mature CD4 T cell compartment, either by deletion of autoreactive cells or by TCR revision. This latter process is driven by TCRbeta rearrangement through RAG activity and results in the rescue of cells expressing novel TCRs that no longer recognize the tolerogen. Consistent with the notion that revising T cells represent a distinct peripheral T cell population, we now show that these lymphocyte blasts express a hybrid effector/memory phenotype and are not undergoing cell division. A population of revising T cells is CD40(+), expresses the germinal center (GC) marker CXCR5, and is Vbeta5(low)Thy-1(low). Histology reveals that, consistent with their surface Ag phenotype, T cells undergoing TCR revision are enriched in splenic GCs. These data demonstrate that TCR revision is a multistep tolerance pathway supported by the unique microenvironment provided by GCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Germinal Center/cytology
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Self Tolerance/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymectomy
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine J Cooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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24
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Magalhães DAR, Macedo C, Junta CM, Mello SS, Marques MMC, Cardoso RS, Sakamoto-Hojo ET, Donadi EA, Passos GAS. Hybridization signatures during thymus ontogeny reveals modulation of genes coding for T-cell signaling proteins. Mol Immunol 2004; 42:1043-8. [PMID: 15829294 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-manipulated inbred mouse strains constitutes an interesting model-system for in vivo studies on thymus ontogeny due to the possibility to observe the molecular events of the thymocyte maturation. In previous studies, using RT-PCR method, we have found that several immune system genes such as interleukins and MHC are differentially expressed during ontogeny of the thymus whose genes act as modulators of T-cell differentiation. To determine which other genes are modulated on a large-scale basis, we measured the levels of mRNA expression in mouse fetal thymus (14-17 days of gestation) by hybridization with cDNA microarrays containing 1,576 cDNA sequences derived from the IMAGE MTB library. T-cell maturation was monitored by detection of the T-cell receptor beta TRBV8.1-BD2.1 rearranged DNA segment. Each developmental phase of thymus, displayed a characteristic expression profile, as evaluated by the Cluster and Tree-View softwares. Genes differentially and significantly expressed were selected on the basis of significance analysis of the microarray data (SAM program). With the reclustering of only significantly expressed genes, it was possible to characterize the phases of thymus ontogeny, based on the differential profile of expression. Our method provided the detection of genes implicated in the cell signaling, such as the hematopoietic cell signal transducer gene, genes implicated in T-cell calcium influx (tyrosine phosphatase) and calcium signaling proteins (vesicle transport binding protein 3, proline rich Gla, casein kinase alpha 1 and Down syndrome homolog protein 1) and a gene important for the protein transport, including T-cell receptors chains, towards the cell membrane (Golgi SNAP receptor complex member 2). The results demonstrate that the cDNA microarray used to explore the gene expression was useful for understanding the modulation of several cell-signaling genes, including the calcium cascade pathway, which is important for individual stages of T-cell maturation and control of anergy during thymus ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A R Magalhães
- Molecular Immunogenetics Group, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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25
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Maryanski JL, Aublin A, Attuil-Audenis V, Hamrouni A. Multiple T-cell clones specific for the same foreign pMHC ligand can be generated from a single, ancestral TCR-VDJbeta precursor. Immunol Res 2004; 30:231-40. [PMID: 15477663 DOI: 10.1385/ir:30:2:231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Owing to ordered, stage-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements and cell division during T-cell development, small cohorts of "half-sibling" T cells sharing an ancestral TCR VDJbeta rearrangement but expressing different TCR alpha-locus rearrangements may be selected into the mature T-cell repertoire. We wondered whether different alphabetaTCRs expressed by T cells from the same ancestral VDJbeta cohort might be capable of recognizing the same foreign peptide-major histocompatibility complex complex (pMHC). By a combined flow cytometric and single-cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to analyze TCRs selected by the previously defined foreign antigen, pCW3170-179/H-2Kd, we were able to identify cohorts of half-sibling antigen-specific CD8 T cells after their expansion in immunized mice. We amplified residual DJbeta rearrangements as clonal markers to confirm that the shared VDJbeta sequences represent ancestral rearrangements rather than identical but independent ones. An intriguing explanation of our findings would be that only a very limited repertoire of TCR alpha-chains is selected to pair with a given TCR beta-chain during T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet L Maryanski
- INSERM U503, IFR 128 BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France.
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26
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Ali M, Weinreich M, Balcaitis S, Cooper CJ, Fink PJ. Differential regulation of peripheral CD4+ T cell tolerance induced by deletion and TCR revision. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:6290-6. [PMID: 14634147 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.11.6290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In Vbeta5 transgenic mice, mature Vbeta5(+)CD4(+) T cells are tolerized upon recognition of a self Ag, encoded by a defective endogenous retrovirus, whose expression is confined to the lymphoid periphery. Cells are driven by the tolerogen to enter one of two tolerance pathways, deletion or TCR revision. CD4(+) T cells entering the former pathway are rendered anergic and then eliminated. In contrast, TCR revision drives gene rearrangement at the endogenous TCR beta locus and results in the appearance of Vbeta5(-), endogenous Vbeta(+), CD4(+) T cells that are both self-tolerant and functional. An analysis of the molecules that influence each of these pathways was conducted to understand better the nature of the interactions that control tolerance induction in the lymphoid periphery. These studies reveal that deletion is efficient in reconstituted radiation chimeras and is B cell, CD28, inducible costimulatory molecule, Fas, CD4, and CD8 independent. In contrast, TCR revision is radiosensitive, B cell, CD28, and inducible costimulatory molecule dependent, Fas and CD4 influenced, and CD8 independent. Our data demonstrate the differential regulation of these two divergent tolerance pathways, despite the fact that they are both driven by the same tolerogen and restricted to mature CD4(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Bone Marrow Transplantation/immunology
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Aggregation/genetics
- Cell Aggregation/immunology
- Cell Death/genetics
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lymphocyte Depletion/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation Chimera/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- fas Receptor/biosynthesis
- fas Receptor/metabolism
- fas Receptor/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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27
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Nakken B, Davis KE, Pan ZJ, Bachmann M, Farris AD. T-helper cell tolerance to ubiquitous nuclear antigens. Scand J Immunol 2003; 58:478-92. [PMID: 14629620 PMCID: PMC2579760 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic autoimmune diseases are characterized by the development of antinuclear autoantibodies. In order to understand the immunologic events leading to the development of such antibodies, knowledge of mechanisms of immune tolerance to nuclear antigens is required. By utilizing adoptive T-cell transfer strategies with transgenic mouse models expressing nuclear neo-self antigens, T-cell tolerance to the lupus-related nuclear antigens human La and nRNP A has been demonstrated. These findings also indicate the existence in normal animals of autoreactive B cells continuously presenting nuclear antigen, suggesting that nuclear antigens are not sequestered from the immune system. Investigations of CD4+ T-cell tolerance to non-nuclear antigens have revealed a number of mechanisms that protect the host from autoreactivity, including autoreactive T-cell deletion, regulatory T-cell development and anergy induction. Recent studies using T-cell receptor and neo-self nuclear antigen transgenic mice are revealing the importance of such mechanisms in maintaining tolerance to nuclear antigens. Mechanisms of tolerogenic antigen presentation, identification of tolerogenic antigen source(s) and the pathways leading to loss of tolerance to nuclear antigens in systemic autoimmune disease states are currently being sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nakken
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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28
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Bonefeld CM, Rasmussen AB, Lauritsen JPH, von Essen M, Ødum N, Andersen PS, Geisler C. TCR comodulation of nonengaged TCR takes place by a protein kinase C and CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 171:3003-9. [PMID: 12960325 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.6.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest events following TCR triggering is TCR down-regulation. However, the mechanisms behind TCR down-regulation are still not fully known. Some studies have suggested that only directly triggered TCR are internalized, whereas others studies have indicated that, in addition to triggered receptors, nonengaged TCR are also internalized (comodulated). In this study, we used transfected T cells expressing two different TCR to analyze whether comodulation took place. We show that TCR triggering by anti-TCR mAb and peptide-MHC complexes clearly induced internalization of nonengaged TCR. By using a panel of mAb against the Ti beta chain, we demonstrate that the comodulation kinetics depended on the affinity of the ligand. Thus, high-affinity mAb (K(D) = 2.3 nM) induced a rapid but reversible comodulation, whereas low-affinity mAb (K(D) = 6200 nM) induced a slower but more permanent type of comodulation. Like internalization of engaged TCR, comodulation was dependent on protein tyrosine kinase activity. Finally, we found that in contrast to internalization of engaged TCR, comodulation was highly dependent on protein kinase C activity and the CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif. Based on these observations, a physiological role of comodulation is proposed and the plausibility of the TCR serial triggering model is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibody Specificity
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dipeptides/physiology
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/physiology
- Humans
- Jurkat Cells
- Leucine/physiology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Protein Kinase C/physiology
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/enzymology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Menné Bonefeld
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Kalmanovich G, Mehr R. Models for antigen receptor gene rearrangement. III. Heavy and light chain allelic exclusion. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:182-93. [PMID: 12496399 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.1.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The extent of allelic exclusion in Ig genes is very high, although not absolute. Thus far, it has not been clearly established whether rapid selection of the developing B cell as soon as it has achieved the first productively rearranged, functional heavy chain is the only mechanism responsible for allelic exclusion. Our computational models of Ag receptor gene rearrangement in B lymphocytes are hereby extended to calculate the expected fractions of heavy chain allelically included newly generated B cells as a function of the probability of heavy chain pairing with the surrogate light chain, and the probability that the cell would test this pairing immediately after the first rearrangement. The expected fractions for most values of these probabilities significantly exceed the levels of allelic inclusion in peripheral B cells, implying that in most cases productive rearrangement and subsequent cell surface expression of one allele of the heavy chain gene probably leads to prevention of rearrangement completion on the other allele, and that additional mechanisms, such as peripheral selection disfavoring cells with two productively rearranged heavy chain genes, may also play a role. Furthermore, we revisit light chain allelic exclusion by utilizing the first (to our knowledge) computational model which addresses and enumerates B cells maturing with two productively rearranged kappa light chain genes. We show that, assuming that there are no selection mechanisms responsible for abolishing cells expressing two light chains, the repertoire of newly generated B lymphocytes exiting the bone marrow must contain a significant fraction of such kappa double-productive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Kalmanovich
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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30
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Kawahata K, Misaki Y, Yamauchi M, Tsunekawa S, Setoguchi K, Miyazaki JI, Yamamoto K. Generation of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells from autoreactive T cells simultaneously with their negative selection in the thymus and from nonautoreactive T cells by endogenous TCR expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4399-405. [PMID: 11970982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Normal T cell repertoire contains regulatory T cells that control autoimmune responses in the periphery. One recent study demonstrated that CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells were generated from autoreactive T cells without negative selection. However, it is unclear whether, in general, positive selection and negative selection of autoreactive T cells are mutually exclusive processes in the thymus. To investigate the ontogeny of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells, neo-autoantigen-bearing transgenic mice expressing chicken egg OVA systemically in the nuclei (Ld-nOVA) were crossed with transgenic mice expressing an OVA-specific TCR (DO11.10). Ld-nOVA x DO11.10 mice had increased numbers of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells in the thymus and the periphery despite clonal deletion. In Ld-nOVA x DO11.10 mice, T cells expressing endogenous TCR alpha beta chains were CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells, whereas T cells expressing autoreactive TCR were selected as CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells, which were exclusively dominant in recombination-activating gene 2-deficient Ld-nOVA x DO11.10 mice. In contrast, in DO11.10 mice, CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells expressed endogenous TCR alpha beta chains, which disappeared in recombination-activating gene 2-deficient DO11.10 mice. These results indicate that part of autoreactive T cells that have a high affinity TCR enough to cause clonal deletion could be positively selected as CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells in the thymus. Furthermore, it is suggested that endogenous TCR gene rearrangement might critically contribute to the generation of CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells from nonautoreactive T cell repertoire, at least under the limited conditions such as TCR-transgenic models, as well as the generation of CD4(+)CD25(-) T cells from autoreactive T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimito Kawahata
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Buch T, Rieux-Laucat F, Förster I, Rajewsky K. Failure of HY-specific thymocytes to escape negative selection by receptor editing. Immunity 2002; 16:707-18. [PMID: 12049722 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00312-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Editing of autoreactive antigen receptors by secondary V(D)J recombination efficiently rescues B lymphocyte precursors from apoptosis induced by negative selection, but its role has not been rigorously assessed in T cell development. We therefore generated a transgenic mouse model in which self-reactive thymocytes could edit their TCR by secondary recombination at the TCR alpha locus. For this purpose, the V alpha J alpha exon of a male-specific TCR was inserted into the TCR alpha locus followed by Cre-loxP-mediated deletion of the TCR delta locus. In this model, only few thymocytes escaped negative selection by change of specificity, probably through recombination before encounter of autoantigen. In the absence of the restricting MHC element, however, developing thymocytes replaced the inserted TCR alpha exon efficiently.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Clonal Deletion
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- Homozygote
- Immunoglobulin J-Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Integrases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Buch
- Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Weyertal 121, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- The Scripps Research Institute, Department of Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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33
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Abstract
Allotype and isotype exclusion is a property of most lymphocytes. The reason for this property is not known but it guarantees a high concentration of a single receptor, and threshold numbers of receptors may be required for efficient positive and negative selection. Receptor editing compromises exclusion by sustaining recombination even after a functional receptor is formed. Consequently, B cells expressing multiple receptors arise. We have studied such B cells in which one of the two receptors is anti-self, and find that these partially autoreactive B cells accumulate in the marginal zone. The restriction of these cells in this location may help to prevent them from undergoing diversification and developing into fully autoreactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- T Dörner
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
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35
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Smith K, Seddon B, Purbhoo MA, Zamoyska R, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. Sensory adaptation in naive peripheral CD4 T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1253-61. [PMID: 11696591 PMCID: PMC2195983 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.9.1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor interactions with peptide/major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) ligands control the selection of T cells in the thymus as well as their homeostasis in peripheral lymphoid organs. Here we show that pMHC contact modulates the expression of CD5 by naive CD4 T cells in a process that requires the continued expression of p56(lck). Reduced CD5 levels in T cells deprived of pMHC contact are predictive of elevated Ca(2)+ responses to subsequent TCR engagement by anti-CD3 or nominal antigen. Adaptation to peripheral pMHC contact may be important for regulating naive CD4 T cell responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Smith
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, ICSM Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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Abstract
B cells can revise their antigen receptors outside the confines of the bone marrow by secondary Ig gene rearrangements. Although the initial motivation to perform these revisions might be to silence a self-reactive specificity, those B cells that reinitiate the recombination process can perform a series of "leaping" rearrangements and inadvertently shift their receptor specificity towards autoimmunity. Heavy-chain receptor revision, coupled with other atypical rearrangements, might contribute to autoantibody production in systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Klonowski
- Temple University School of Medicine, Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, 3400 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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