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Hellequin E, Collin S, Seder-Colomina M, Véquaud P, Anquetil C, Kish A, Huguet A. Membrane lipid adaptation of soil Bacteroidetes isolates to temperature and pH. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1032032. [PMID: 36950164 PMCID: PMC10025309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1032032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) are characteristic components of the Gram-negative bacterial membrane, recently proposed as promising temperature and pH (paleo) proxies in soil. Nevertheless, to date, the relationships between the 3-OH FA distribution and temperature/pH are only based on empirical studies, with no ground truthing work at the microbial level. This work investigated the influence of growth temperature and pH on the lipid composition of three strains of soil Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Bacteroidetes phylum. Even though non-hydroxy FAs were more abundant than 3-OH FAs in the investigated strains, our results suggest that 3-OH FAs are involved in the membrane adaptation of these bacteria to temperature. The strains shared a common adaptation mechanism to temperature, with a significant increase in the ratio of anteiso vs. iso or normal 3-OH FAs at lower temperature. In contrast with temperature, no common adaptation mechanism to pH was observed, as the variations in the FA lipid profiles differed from one strain to another. We suggest that models reconstructing environmental changes in soils should include the whole suite of 3-OH FAs present in the membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, as all of them could be influenced by temperature or pH at the microbial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve Hellequin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Eve Hellequin,
| | - Sylvie Collin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, France
| | | | - Pierre Véquaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, France
| | | | - Adrienne Kish
- Muséum National d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes UMR7245 MCAM, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Huguet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, EPHE, PSL, UMR METIS, Paris, France
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Schulze AS, Kleinau G, Krakowsky R, Rochmann D, Das R, Worth CL, Krumbholz P, Scheerer P, Stäubert C. Evolutionary analyses reveal immune cell receptor GPR84 as a conserved receptor for bacteria-derived molecules. iScience 2022; 25:105087. [PMID: 36164652 PMCID: PMC9508565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is found in immune cells and its expression is increased under inflammatory conditions. Activation of GPR84 by medium-chain fatty acids results in pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we screened available vertebrate genome data and found that GPR84 is present in vertebrates for more than 500 million years but absent in birds and a pseudogene in bats. Cloning and functional characterization of several mammalian GPR84 orthologs in combination with evolutionary and model-based structural analyses revealed evidence for positive selection of bear GPR84 orthologs. Naturally occurring human GPR84 variants are most frequent in Asian populations causing a loss of function. Further, we identified cis- and trans-2-decenoic acid, both known to mediate bacterial communication, as evolutionary highly conserved ligands. Our integrated set of approaches contributes to a comprehensive understanding of GPR84 in terms of evolutionary and structural aspects, highlighting GPR84 as a conserved immune cell receptor for bacteria-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus Samuel Schulze
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Rochmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ranajit Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Independent Data Lab UG, Frauenmantelanger 31, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Peters A, Rabe P, Liebing AD, Krumbholz P, Nordström A, Jäger E, Kraft R, Stäubert C. Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 and GPR84 – Two metabolite-sensing G protein-coupled receptors with opposing functions in innate immune cells. Pharmacol Res 2022; 176:106047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Szulc J, Okrasa M, Majchrzycka K, Sulyok M, Nowak A, Szponar B, Górczyńska A, Ryngajłło M, Gutarowska B. Microbiological and toxicological hazard assessment in a waste sorting plant and proper respiratory protection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 303:114257. [PMID: 34920354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though biological hazards in the work environments related to waste management were the subject of many scientific works, the knowledge of the topic is not extensive. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive assessment of microbiological and toxicological hazards at the workstations in a waste sorting plant and develop guidelines for selecting filtering respiratory protective devices that would consider specific workplace conditions. The research included the assessment of quantity (culture method), diversity (high-throughput sequencing), and metabolites (endotoxin - gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; secondary metabolites - liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry) of microorganisms occurring in the air and settled dust. Moreover, cytotoxicity of settled dust against a human epithelial lung cell line was determined with an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. The research was performed in a waste sorting plant (Poland; 240,000 tons waste/year) at six workstations: two feeders, two pre-sorting cabins, secondary raw material press and organic fraction waste feeder for composting. The total dust concentration at tested workstations varied from 0.128 mg m-3 to 5.443 mg m-3. The number of microorganisms was between 9.23 × 104 CFU m-3 and 1.38 × 105 CFU m-3 for bacteria and between 1.43 × 105 CFU m-3 and 1.65 × 105 CFU m-3 for fungi, which suggests high microbial contamination of the sorting facility. The numbers of microorganisms in the air correlated very strongly (R2 from 0.70 to 0.94) with those observed in settled dust. Microorganisms representing Group 2 biological agents (acc. to Directive, 2000/54/EC), including Corynebacterium spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and others potentially hazardous to human health, were identified. The endotoxins concentration in settled dust ranged from 0.013 nmol LPS mg-1 to 0.048 nmol LPS mg-1. Seventeen (air) and 91 (settled dust) secondary metabolites characteristic, e.g., for moulds, bacteria, lichens, and plants were identified. All dust samples were cytotoxic (IC50 values of 8.66 and 56.15 mg ml-1 after 72 h). A flowchart of respiratory protective devices selection for biological hazards at the workstations in the waste sorting plant was proposed based on the completed tests to help determine the right type and use duration of the equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Szulc
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, 90-530, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, Łódź, 90-133, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Majchrzycka
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection, National Research Institute, Łódź, 90-133, Poland.
| | - Michael Sulyok
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, A-3430, Austria.
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, 90-530, Poland.
| | - Bogumiła Szponar
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, 53-113, Poland.
| | - Anna Górczyńska
- Institute of Public Economic Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Lodz, 90-232, Łódź, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, 90-573, Poland.
| | - Beata Gutarowska
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Łódź, 90-530, Poland.
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Characterization of the LPS and 3OHFA Contents in the Lipoprotein Fractions and Lipoprotein Particles of Healthy Men. Biomolecules 2021; 12:biom12010047. [PMID: 35053195 PMCID: PMC8773495 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is caused by the accumulation of LDL particles in the intima, causing the activation of immune cells and triggering an inflammatory response. LPS is a potent activator of the innate immune response and it can be transported by lipoproteins. Since humans are much more sensitive to LPS than other mammals, and very low amounts of LPS can elicit an immune response, the aim of this study is to characterize the distribution of LPS and its immunogenic portion (3OHFAs) among lipoprotein types of healthy men. We separated lipoprotein fractions by ultracentrifugation and the amount of each 3OHFA was measured by MS in each lipoprotein fraction to calculate LPS concentration. Lipoprotein particle concentration was measured by NMR. LDL and HDL fractions transported the highest concentration of LPS (35.7% and 31.5%, respectively), but VLDL particles carried more LPS molecules per particle (0.55 molecules/particle) than LDL or HDL (p < 0.01). The distribution of LPS and all 3OHFAs among lipoprotein fractions showed high interindividual variability, suggesting that they may be studied as a potential biomarker. This may help understand the role of LPS in atherosclerosis in those cases where the disease cannot be explained by traditional risk factors.
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Li J, Xu J, Zhang R, Hao Y, He J, Chen Y, Jiao G, Abliz Z. Strategy for Global Profiling and Identification of 2- and 3-Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Plasma by UPLC-MS/MS. Anal Chem 2020; 92:5143-5151. [PMID: 32134635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
2-Hydroxy fatty acids (2-OHFAs) and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OHFAs) with the same carbon backbone are isomers, both of which are closely related to diseases involving fatty acid oxidation disorder. However, the comprehensive profiling of 2- and 3-OHFAs remains an ongoing challenge due to their high structure similarity, few structure-informative product ions, and limited availability of standards. Here, we developed a new strategy to profile and identify 2- and 3-OHFAs according to structure-dependent retention time prediction models using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Both accurate MS and MS/MS spectra were collected for peak annotation by comparison with an in-house database of theoretically possible 2- and 3-OHFAs. The structures were further confirmed by the validated structure-dependent retention time prediction models, taking advantage of the correlation between the retention time, carbon chain length and number of double bonds, as well as the hydroxyl position-induced isomeric retention time shift rule. With the use of this strategy, 18 2-OHFAs and 32 3-OHFAs were identified in the pooled plasma, of which 7 2-OHFAs and 20 3-OHFAs were identified for the first time in this work, furthering our understanding of OHFA metabolism. Subsequent quantitation method was developed by scheduled multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and then applied to investigate the alteration of 2- and 3-OHFAs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients. Finally, a potential biomarker panel consisting of six OHFAs with good diagnostic performance was achieved. Our study provides a new strategy for isomer identification and analysis, showing great potential for targeted metabolomics in clinical biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangshuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Yanzeng Hao
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, 456500 Linzhou, China
| | - Jiuming He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Guanggen Jiao
- Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Linzhou Esophageal Cancer Hospital, 456500 Linzhou, China
| | - Zeper Abliz
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100050 Beijing, China.,Centre for Imaging & Systems Biology, Minzu University of China, 100081 Beijing, China
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Peters A, Rabe P, Krumbholz P, Kalwa H, Kraft R, Schöneberg T, Stäubert C. Natural biased signaling of hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3 and G protein-coupled receptor 84. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:31. [PMID: 32102673 PMCID: PMC7045412 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medium-chain fatty acids and their 3-hydroxy derivatives are metabolites endogenously produced in humans, food-derived or originating from bacteria. They activate G protein-coupled receptors, including GPR84 and HCA3, which regulate metabolism and immune functions. Although both receptors are coupled to Gi proteins, share at least one agonist and show overlapping tissue expression, GPR84 exerts pro-inflammatory effects whereas HCA3 is involved in anti-inflammatory responses. Here, we analyzed signaling kinetics of both HCA3 and GPR84, to unravel signal transduction components that may explain their physiological differences. METHODS To study the signaling kinetics and components involved in signal transduction of both receptors we applied the label-free dynamic mass redistribution technology in combination with classical cAMP, ERK signaling and β-arrestin-2 recruitment assays. For phenotypical analyses, we used spheroid cell culture models. RESULTS We present strong evidence for a natural biased signaling of structurally highly similar agonists at HCA3 and GPR84. We show that HCA3 signaling and trafficking depends on dynamin-2 function. Activation of HCA3 by 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid but not 3-hydroxydecanoic acid leads to β-arrestin-2 recruitment, which is relevant for cell-cell adhesion. GPR84 stimulation with 3-hydroxydecanoic acid causes a sustained ERK activation but activation of GPR84 is not followed by β-arrestin-2 recruitment. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our results highlight that biased agonism is a physiological property of HCA3 and GPR84 with relevance for innate immune functions potentially to differentiate between endogenous, non-pathogenic compounds and compounds originating from e.g. pathogenic bacteria. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Peters
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Rabe
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hermann Kalwa
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Härtelstraße 16-18, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Kraft
- Carl Ludwig Institute for Physiology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Giannakou C, Aimonen K, Bloois LV, Catalán J, Geertsma RE, Gremmer ER, de Jong WH, Keizers PHJ, Schwillens PLWJ, Vandebriel RJ, Park MVDZ. Sensitive method for endotoxin determination in nanomedicinal product samples. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1231-1246. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products tend to interfere with various commonly used assays, including regulatory required endotoxin detection methods for medicines. We developed a method to quantify endotoxin levels that is compatible with nanomaterials and nanomedicinal products. Materials & methods: The method is based on measuring endotoxin indirectly via 3-hydroxylated fatty acids of lipid-A, using Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The outcome was related to results of the commonly used Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method. Results: The ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry method has clear advantages compared with other endotoxin determination assays; particularly the absence of nanospecific interference. Conclusion: The method is sensitive, straightforward and accurate in determining and quantifying endotoxin in nanomedicinal product samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Giannakou
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kukka Aimonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Robert E Geertsma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H de Jong
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Peter HJ Keizers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul LWJ Schwillens
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet VDZ Park
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Seo C, Kim Y, Lee HS, Kim SZ, Paik MJ. Metabolic Profiling of Aliphatic, hydroxy, and Methyl-Branched Fatty Acids in Human Plasma by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1363769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Seo
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seong Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Za Kim
- Kim Sook Za’s Children Hospital and Korea Genetic Research Center, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Jeong Paik
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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10
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Host defenses against metabolic endotoxaemia and their impact on lipopolysaccharide detection. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:125-144. [DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2017.1280483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Patra KP, Choudhury B, Matthias MM, Baga S, Bandyopadhya K, Vinetz JM. Comparative analysis of lipopolysaccharides of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira species. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:244. [PMID: 26518696 PMCID: PMC4628369 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are complex, amphipathic biomolecules that constitute the major surface component of Gram-negative bacteria. Leptospira, unlike other human-pathogenic spirochetes, produce LPS, which is fundamental to the taxonomy of the genus, involved in host-adaption and also the target of diagnostic antibodies. Despite its significance, little is known of Leptospira LPS composition and carbohydrate structure among different serovars. Results LPS from Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain L1-130, a pathogenic species, and L. licerasiae serovar Varillal strain VAR 010, an intermediately pathogenic species, were studied. LPS prepared from aqueous and phenol phases were analyzed separately. L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni has additional sugars not found in L. licerasiae serovar Varillal, including fucose (2.7 %), a high amount of GlcNAc (12.3 %), and two different types of dideoxy HexNAc. SDS-PAGE indicated that L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni LPS had a far higher molecular weight and complexity than that of L. licerasiae serovar Varillal. Chemical composition showed that L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni LPS has an extended O-antigenic polysaccharide consisting of sugars, not present in L. licerasiae serovar Varillal. Arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose and L-glycero-D-mannoheptose were detected in both the species. Fatty acid analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the presence of hydroxypalmitate (3-OH-C16:0) only in L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni. Negative staining electron microscopic examination of LPS showed different filamentous morphologies in L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni vs. L. licerasiae serovar Varillal. Conclusions This comparative biochemical analysis of pathogenic and intermediately pathogenic Leptospira LPS reveals important carbohydrate and lipid differences that underlie future work in understanding the mechanisms of host-adaptation, pathogenicity and vaccine development in leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash P Patra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Facility, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 5220, La Jolla, 92093-0760, California, USA.
| | - Biswa Choudhury
- Glycotechnology Core Resources, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 4243, La Jolla, 92093-0687, California, USA.
| | - Michael M Matthias
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Facility, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 5220, La Jolla, 92093-0760, California, USA.
| | - Sheyenne Baga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Facility, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 5220, La Jolla, 92093-0760, California, USA.
| | - Keya Bandyopadhya
- Glycotechnology Core Resources, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 4243, La Jolla, 92093-0687, California, USA.
| | - Joseph M Vinetz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Biomedical Research Facility, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, BRF 2, Room 5220, La Jolla, 92093-0760, California, USA.
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12
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Pais de Barros JP, Gautier T, Sali W, Adrie C, Choubley H, Charron E, Lalande C, Le Guern N, Deckert V, Monchi M, Quenot JP, Lagrost L. Quantitative lipopolysaccharide analysis using HPLC/MS/MS and its combination with the limulus amebocyte lysate assay. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1363-9. [PMID: 26023073 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d059725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitation of plasma lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) might be used to document Gram-negative bacterial infection. In the present work, LPS-derived 3-hydroxymyristate was extracted from plasma samples with an organic solvent, separated by reversed phase HPLC, and quantitated by MS/MS. This mass assay was combined with the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) bioassay to monitor neutralization of LPS activity in biological samples. The described HPLC/MS/MS method is a reliable, practical, accurate, and sensitive tool to quantitate LPS. The combination of the LAL and HPLC/MS/MS analyses provided new evidence for the intrinsic capacity of plasma lipoproteins and phospholipid transfer protein to neutralize the activity of LPS. In a subset of patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, with documented infection but with a negative plasma LAL test, significant amounts of LPS were measured by the HPLC/MS/MS method. Patients with the highest plasma LPS concentration were more severely ill. HPLC/MS/MS is a relevant method to quantitate endotoxin in a sample, to assess the efficacy of LPS neutralization, and to evaluate the proinflammatory potential of LPS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Gautier
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Wahib Sali
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Christophe Adrie
- Physiology Department, Cochin Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Hélène Choubley
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Emilie Charron
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Lalande
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Naig Le Guern
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Valérie Deckert
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mehran Monchi
- Intensive Care Unit, Melun General Hospital, Melun, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Quenot
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France Intensive Care Unit University Hospital of Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Lagrost
- INSERM, LNC UMR866, F-21000 Dijon, France LNC UMR866, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique Bourgogne-Franche Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France Clinical Research Department, University Hospital of Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
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13
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O'Brien JP, Needham BD, Brown DB, Trent MS, Brodbelt JS. Top-Down Strategies for the Structural Elucidation of Intact Gram-negative Bacterial Endotoxins. Chem Sci 2014; 5:4291-4301. [PMID: 25386333 PMCID: PMC4224326 DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Re-modelling of lipopolysaccharides, which are the primary constituent of the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, modulates pathogenesis and resistance to microbials. Reported herein is the characterization of intact Gram-negative bacterial lipooligosaccharides (LOS) via a new strategy utilizing online liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) mass spectrometry. Compared to collision-based MS/MS methods, UVPD and UVPD/HCD promoted a greater array of cleavages within both the glycan and lipid moieties, including C-C, C-N, C-O cleavages in the acyl chains as well as glycosidic and cross-ring cleavages, thus providing the most far-reaching structural characterization of LOS. This LC-MS/MS strategy affords a robust analytical method to structurally characterize complex mixtures of bacterial endotoxins that maintains the integrity of the core oligosaccharide and lipid A domains of LOS, providing direct feedback about the cell envelope architectures and LOS modification strategies involved in resistance host innate immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Brittany D Needham
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Dusty B Brown
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - M Stephen Trent
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, 2506 Speedway A5000, Austin, TX, USA 78712
| | - Jennifer S Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station A5300, Austin, TX, USA 78712
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Kilár A, Dörnyei Á, Kocsis B. Structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides with mass spectrometry and on- and off-line separation techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:90-117. [PMID: 23165926 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this review is the application of mass spectrometry to the structural characterization of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), also referred to as "endotoxins," because they elicit the strong immune response in infected organisms. Recently, a wide variety of MS-based applications have been implemented to the structure elucidation of LPS. Methodological improvements, as well as on- and off-line separation procedures, proved the versatility of mass spectrometry to study complex LPS mixtures. Special attention is given in the review to the tandem mass spectrometric methods and protocols for the analyses of lipid A, the endotoxic principle of LPS. We compare and evaluate the different ionization techniques (MALDI, ESI) in view of their use in intact R- and S-type LPS and lipid A studies. Methods for sample preparation of LPS prior to mass spectrometric analysis are also described. The direct identification of intrinsic heterogeneities of most intact LPS and lipid A preparations is a particular challenge, for which separation techniques (e.g., TLC, slab-PAGE, CE, GC, HPLC) combined with mass spectrometry are often necessary. A brief summary of these combined methodologies to profile LPS molecular species is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anikó Kilár
- Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.
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15
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Guo L, Zhang X, Zhou D, Okunade AL, Su X. Stereospecificity of fatty acid 2-hydroxylase and differential functions of 2-hydroxy fatty acid enantiomers. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:1327-35. [PMID: 22517924 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m025742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FA 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) is an NAD(P)H-dependent enzyme that initiates FA α oxidation and is also responsible for the biosynthesis of 2-hydroxy FA (2-OH FA)-containing sphingolipids in mammalian cells. The 2-OH FA is chiral due to the asymmetric carbon bearing the hydroxyl group. Our current study performed stereochemistry investigation and showed that FA2H is stereospecific for the production of (R)-enantiomers. FA2H knockdown in adipocytes increases diffusional mobility of raft-associated lipids, leading to reduced GLUT4 protein level, glucose uptake, and lipogenesis. The effects caused by FA2H knockdown were reversed by treatment with exogenous (R)-2-hydroxy palmitic acid, but not with the (S)-enantiomer. Further analysis of sphingolipids demonstrated that the (R)-enantiomer is enriched in hexosylceramide whereas the (S)-enantiomer is preferentially incorporated into ceramide, suggesting that the observed differential effects are in part due to synthesis of sphingolipids containing different 2-OH FA enantiomers. These results may help clarify the mechanisms underlying the recently identified diseases associated with FA2H mutations in humans and may lead to potential pharmaceutical and dietary treatments. This study also provides critical information to help study functions of 2-OH FA enantiomers in FA α oxidation and possibly other sphingolipid-independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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16
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de Santana-Filho AP, Noleto GR, Gorin PAJ, de Souza LM, Iacomini M, Sassaki GL. GC–MS detection and quantification of lipopolysaccharides in polysaccharides through 3-O-acetyl fatty acid methyl esters. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2011.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Buduneli N, Larsson L, Biyikoglu B, Renaud DE, Bagaitkar J, Scott DA. Fatty acid profiles in smokers with chronic periodontitis. J Dent Res 2010; 90:47-52. [PMID: 21041552 DOI: 10.1177/0022034510380695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that tobacco smoke induces alterations to the 3-OH fatty acids present in lipid A in a manner consistent with a microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. Whole saliva samples and full-mouth clinical periodontal recordings were obtained from persons with (22 smokers; 15 non-smokers) and without (14 smokers; 15 non-smokers) chronic periodontitis. Clear differences in the contributions of multiple saturated 3-OH fatty acid species were noted in the group with disease compared with healthy individuals. Increases in the long-chain fatty acids associated with anaerobic bacterial periodontopathogens, particularly 3-OH-C(i17.0) (146.7%, relative to controls), were apparent. Significant reductions in the 3-OH fatty acids associated with the consensus (high potency) enteric LPS structure (3-OH-C(12.0) and 3-OH-C(14.0); 33.3% and 15.8% reduction, respectively) were noted in smokers compared with non-smokers with chronic periodontitis. Thus, smoking is associated with specific structural alterations to the lipid-A-derived 3-OH fatty acid profile in saliva that are consistent with an oral microflora of reduced inflammatory potential. These findings provide much-needed mechanistic insight into the established clinical conundrum of increased infection with periodontal pathogens but reduced clinical inflammation in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
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19
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Jenske R, Vetter W. Gas chromatography/electron-capture negative ion mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of 2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids in bovine milk fat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:5500-5505. [PMID: 18570427 DOI: 10.1021/jf800647w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
2- and 3-hydroxy fatty acids (2- and 3-OH-FAs) are bioactive substances reported in sphingolipids and bacteria. Little is known of their occurrence in food. For this reason, a method suitable for the determination of OH-FAs at trace levels in bovine milk fat was developed. OH-FAs (and conventional fatty acids in samples) were converted into methyl esters and the hydroxyl group was derivatized with pentafluorobenzoyl (PFBO) chloride to give PFBO- O-FA methyl esters. These derivatives with strong electron affinity were determined by gas chromatography interfaced to mass spectrometry using electron-capture negative ion in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC/ECNI-MS-SIM). This method proved to be highly sensitive and selective for PFBO-O-FA methyl esters. For the analysis of samples, two internal standards were used. For this purpose, 9,10-dideutero-2-OH-18:0 methyl ester (ISTD-1) from 2-OH-18:1(9 c) methyl ester as well as the ethyl ester of 3-PFBO-O-12:0 (ISTD-2) was synthesized. ISTD-1 served as a recovery standard whereas ISTD-2 was used for GC/MS measurements. The whole-sample cleanup consisted of accelerated solvent extraction of dry bovine milk, addition of ISTD 1, saponification, conversion of fatty acids into methyl esters by use of boron trifluoride, separation of the methyl esters of OH-FAs from nonsubstituted FAs on activated silica, conversion of OH-FAs methyl esters into PFBO-O-FA methyl esters, addition of ISTD-2, and measurement by GC/ECNI-MS-SIM. By this method, ten OH-FAs were quantified in bovine milk fat with high precision in the range from 0.02 +/- 0.00 to 4.49 +/- 0.29 mg/100 g of milk fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Jenske
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 28, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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20
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Rybka J, Gamian A. Determination of endotoxin by the measurement of the acetylated methyl glycoside derivative of Kdo with gas–liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 64:171-84. [PMID: 15932775 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A gas-liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GLC-MS) method was applied to the detection of 3-deoxy-d-manno-2-octulosonic acid (Kdo), a constituent of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin). Samples containing LPS were dried, methanolyzed with 2 M HCl in methanol at 60 degrees C for 1 h and acetylated with acetic anhydride and pyridine (1:1, v/v) solution at 100 degrees C for 30 min, then the products were analyzed by GLC-MS or GLC-MSMS. Four acetylated methylglycoside methyl ester derivatives of Kdo are formed in these conditions, namely one with pyranose ring (Kdo1), two derivatives in the furanose form (Kdo2 and 3) and one derivative of anhydro Kdo (Kdo4), as results from their mass fragmentation patterns. Synthetic Kdo produced mainly Kdo4 derivative, whereas Kdo1 of pyranose ring shape was the predominating derivative formed from LPS. The ion fragment of m/z 375 was selected for the specific detection of this Kdo1 derivative, which might be applied for the endotoxin determination. That approach was used for the analysis of preparations of bacteria, bacteriophages and samples of animal sera. In order to ensure the removal of phosphate substitutions from Kdo, methanolyzed samples can be treated with alkaline phosphatase (2.6 U, pH 9.2, 37 degrees C, 15 min), what was elaborated on Vibrio LPS preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rybka
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland
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Ferrando R, Szponar B, Sánchez A, Larsson L, Valero-Guillén PL. 3-Hydroxy fatty acids in saliva as diagnostic markers in chronic periodontitis. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 62:285-91. [PMID: 15941605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Saturated straight- and branched-chain 3-hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) of 10-18 carbon chain lengths were determined in saliva from 27 individuals with chronic periodontitis and 18 healthy individuals by using gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 14 different 3-OH FAs detected, 3-OH-C(i17:0) was the most abundant in the periodontitis samples while 3-OH-C(14:0) was the most abundant in the healthy individuals. Considering the relative percentages of 3-OH-C(12:0), 3-OH-C(14:0), 3-OH-C(i17:0), and 3-OH-C(17:0), 95.6% of all cases were correctly classified as healthy individuals or periodontitis patients by means of discriminant analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 3-OH FA analysis in diagnosing peridontitis were, respectively, 0.92, 1.00, 1.00, and 0.90. The results indicate that 3-OH FA analysis of saliva samples is a useful diagnostic method in chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Ferrando
- Medicina Oral y Periodoncia, Clínica Odontológica Universitaria, Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Avenida Marqués de los Vélez s/n, 30008 Murcia, Spain
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Szponar B, Kraśnik L, Hryniewiecki T, Gamian A, Larsson L. Distribution of 3-hydroxy fatty acids in tissues after intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin. Clin Chem 2003; 49:1149-53. [PMID: 12816912 DOI: 10.1373/49.7.1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3-Hydroxy fatty acids (3-OH FAs) with 10- to 18-carbon chain lengths are constituents of the endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] of gram-negative bacteria. We investigated whether these FAs may be used as chemical markers in measuring endotoxin concentrations in mammalian tissue samples. METHODS We used gas-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure 3-OH FAs in serum and tissues (heart, liver, and skeletal muscles) of rats after intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli LPS. One group of rats (group I) received a single LPS dose of 20 mg/kg of body weight; group II rats received the same total dose but over the course of 10 days (2 mg/kg each day). Rats receiving saline (group III) were used as controls. RESULTS 3-OH FAs with chain lengths of 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 carbons were detected in all studied types of samples. Group I rats had 50-fold and group II rats had 3-fold higher serum concentrations of 3-hydoxytetradecanoic acid (3-OH 14:0, the predominant 3-OH FA of E. coli LPS) than group III rats. Concentrations of 3-OH 14:0 in livers from group I and II rats were similar and fourfold higher than in group III rats, whereas concentrations of the same acid in skeletal and heart tissues did not differ among the three groups of rats. 3-OH 14:0 dominated in heart and liver of group III rats, whereas 3-OH 16:0 (followed by 3-OH 14:0) dominated in skeletal muscles and blood. CONCLUSIONS 3-OH FAs 10-18 carbons in length, probably originating from endotoxin and mitochondrial beta-oxidation, are abundant in rat liver, skeletal muscles, and heart and can also be detected in blood. The widespread presence of these compounds in mammals limits their usefulness as LPS markers for endotoxin in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogumiła Szponar
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
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Johnson DW, Trinh MU. Analysis of isomeric long-chain hydroxy fatty acids by tandem mass spectrometry: application to the diagnosis of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:171-175. [PMID: 12512097 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl trimethylaminoethyl ester iodide derivatives have been used to selectively analyze isomeric long-chain hydroxy fatty acids by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The binary derivatives of 2-, 3-, 12- and 16-hydroxypalmitic acids afford remarkably different product ion spectra. Further discrimination between isomers is possible by acylating with pivaloyl chloride. 2- and omega-Hydroxy long-chain fatty acids form pivaloyl esters in quantitative yield whereas other secondary alcohols only partially react. Cotton-based filter paper used for blood collection contains substantial amounts of esterified long-chain hydroxy fatty acids. From the product ion spectra of the acetyl trimethylaminoethyl esters the hydroxydocosanoic and -tetracosanoic acids are >90% omega-hydroxy. All remaining saturated and unsaturated hydroxy acids are >90% 2-hydroxy acids. A method for the quantification of free 3-hydroxypalmitic acid in plasma by ESI-MS/MS for the diagnosis of long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (LCHAD) is described. Median plasma concentrations of 0.43 micromol/L (control, n = 22) and 12.2 micromol/L (LCHAD, n = 3) were obtained from 5 microL plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Johnson
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Women's and Children's Hospital, 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, South Australia 5006, Australia.
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