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Shichijo K, Takatsuji T. Pathological observation of the effects of exposure to radioactive microparticles on experimental animals. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2022; 63:i26-i37. [PMID: 35968993 PMCID: PMC9377041 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Internal radiation exposure from neutron-induced radioisotopes that were environmentally activated following an atomic bombing or nuclear accident should be considered for a complete picture of the pathologic effects on survivors. Inhaled hot particles expose neighboring tissues to very high doses of particle beams, which can cause local tissue damage. Experimentally, a few μm of 55MnO2 powder was irradiated with neutrons at a nuclear reactor in order to generate 56MnO2 that emits β-rays. Rats were irradiated via inhalation. Pathological changes in various rat tissues were examined. In addition, the 56Mn β energy spectrum around the particles was calculated to determine the local dose rate and the cumulative dose. This review focuses on our latest pathological findings in lungs with internal radiation injury and discusses the pathological changes of early event damage caused by localized, very high-dose internal radiation exposure, including apoptosis, elastin stigma, emphysema, hemorrhage and severe inflammation. The pathological findings of lung tissue due to internal radiation exposure of 0.1 Gy were severe, with no pathological changes observed due to external exposure to γ radiation at a dose of 2.0 Gy. Therefore, it is suggested that new pathological analysis methods for internal exposure due to radioactive microparticles are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Shichijo
- Corresponding author. Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 112-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan. Tel.: +81-95-819-7107; Fax: +81-95-819-7108; E-mail:
| | - Toshihiro Takatsuji
- Faculty of Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
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Lenarczyk M, Laiakis EC, Mattson DL, Johnson BD, Kronenberg A, North PE, Komorowski R, Mäder M, Baker JE. Irradiation of the kidneys causes pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart: A role for the immune system. FASEB Bioadv 2020; 2:705-719. [PMID: 33336158 PMCID: PMC7734425 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2020-00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac disease is a frequent and significant adverse event associated with radiotherapy for cancer. Identifying the underlying mechanism responsible for radiation injury to the heart will allow interventions to be developed. In the present study, we tested if local kidney irradiation results in remodeling of the shielded, nontargeted heart. One kidney, two kidneys, or the total body of male WAG and Dahl SS rats were irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays. Local kidney irradiation resulted in systemic hypertension, increased BUN, infiltration of T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and macrophages into the renal cortex and medulla, and renal fibrosis. Local irradiation of kidneys in WAG rats resulted in remodeling in the nontargeted heart after 120 days, manifested by perivascular fibrosis and increased interventricular septal thickness, but was not seen in Dahl SS rats due to a high baseline level of fibrosis in the sham-irradiated animals. Genetic depletion of T cells mitigated the nephropathy after local kidney irradiation, indicating a role for the immune system in mediating this outcome. Local kidney irradiation resulted in a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and low-molecular weight metabolites into the circulation associated with transmission of signals resulting in pathologic remodeling in the nontargeted heart. A new model is proposed whereby radiation-induced cardiac remodeling in susceptible animals is indirect, with lower hemi body organs such as the kidney exporting factors into the circulation that cause remodeling outside of the irradiated field in the shielded, nontargeted heart. This nontargeted effect appears to be mediated, in part, by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Amy Kronenberg
- Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCaliforniaUSA
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Baumann P, Wiegert S, Greco F, Ersch J, Cannizzaro V. Strain-specific differences in lung tissue viscoelasticity of mechanically ventilated infant Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L220-L231. [PMID: 33207919 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00100.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rats are often used in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) models. However, strain-specific susceptibility for VILI has not been elucidated yet. The aim of this study was to demonstrate strain-specific differences in VILI in infant Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats. VILI was compared in 2-wk-old pups after 8 h of protective or injurious ventilation. Pups were ventilated with tidal volumes (VT) of ∼7 mL/kg and positive end-expiratory pressures (PEEP) of 6 cmH2O (VT7 PEEP6) or with VT of ∼21 mL/kg and PEEP 2 cmH2O (VT21 PEEP2). Interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), inflammatory cells, and albumin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); histology; and low-frequency forced oscillation technique (LFOT) and pressure-volume (PV) maneuvers were assessed. Alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, and MIP-2 derived from BALF revealed more pronounced VILI after VT21 PEEP2 in both strains. LFOT and PV analyses demonstrated rat strain-specific differences both at baseline and particularly in response to VT21 PEEP2 ventilation. Sprague-Dawley rats showed higher airway and tissue resistance and elastance values with no difference in hysteresivity between ventilation strategies. Wister rats challenged by VT21 PEEP2 experienced significantly more energy dissipation when compared with VT7 PEEP6 ventilation. In conclusion, both rat strains are useful for VILI models. The degree of VILI severity depends on ventilation strategy and selected strain. However, fundamental and time-dependent differences in respiratory system mechanics exist and reflect different lung tissue viscoelasticity. Hence, strain-specific characteristics of the respiratory system need to be considered when planning and interpreting VILI studies with infant rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Baumann
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susanne Wiegert
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Greco
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joerg Ersch
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vincenzo Cannizzaro
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine and Neonatology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Transcriptome alteration spectrum in rat lung induced by radiotherapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19701. [PMID: 31873113 PMCID: PMC6927959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is crucial for curative treatment of lung cancer, which frequently leads to lung injury. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides and lack protein-coding capacity. Increasing evidences demonstrate the important roles of lncRNAs in biological processes. However, the mechanism underlying the association of ionizing radiation with alterations in mRNA and lncRNA expression and lung injury remains unclear. In our study, the male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to a dose of 18 Gy of 6 MV X-ray and the transcriptome spectrum was studied. To identify the differentially expressed mRNAs and lncRNAs induced by X-ray, the RNA sequencing data of lung tissues from irradiated and normal rats for 4, 8, and 16 weeks were analyzed, using |log2_ratio| ≥ 1 and q ≤ 0.05 as thresholds for significantly differential expression. The number of differentially expressed mRNAs was 1097 (686 up- and 411 down-) for 4-week radiotherapy group, 3006 (1935 up- and 1071 down-) for 8-week group and 1838 (1178 up- and 660 down-) for 16-week group. There were 606 (279 up- and 327 down-) differentially expressed lncRNAs in 4-week group, 1715 (831 up- and 884 down-) in 8-week group and 1043 (656 up- and 387 down-) in 16-week group. The differentially expressed mRNAs were mainly involved in cell cycle regulation and Fc receptor pathway, while the lncRNA target genes were significantly enriched in cellular stress response and regulation of cell migration. Moreover, compared with the control group, the irradiated group presented higher tissue specificity of lncRNAs. Radiation-induced lung injury, especially the dynamic network of lncRNAs and mRNAs, is worthy of study. Investigation on the regulatory details of related pathways is significant for the prevention of radiation-related lung injury, as well as the improvement of radiation therapy.
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Shichijo K, Fujimoto N, Uzbekov D, Kairkhanova Y, Saimova A, Chaizhunusova N, Sayakenov N, Shabdarbaeva D, Aukenov N, Azimkhanov A, Kolbayenkov A, Mussazhanova Z, Niino D, Nakashima M, Zhumadilov K, Stepanenko V, Tomonaga M, Rakhypbekov T, Hoshi M. Internal exposure to neutron-activated 56Mn dioxide powder in Wistar rats-Part 2: pathological effects. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2017; 56:55-61. [PMID: 28180988 PMCID: PMC5315723 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-016-0676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To fully understand the radiation effects of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki among the survivors, radiation from neutron-induced radioisotopes in soil and other materials should be considered in addition to the initial radiation directly received from the bombs. This might be important for evaluating the radiation risks to the people who moved to these cities soon after the detonations and probably inhaled activated radioactive "dust." Manganese-56 is known to be one of the dominant radioisotopes produced in soil by neutrons. Due to its short physical half-life, 56Mn emits residual radiation during the first hours after explosion. Hence, the biological effects of internal exposure of Wistar rats to 56Mn were investigated in the present study. MnO2 powder was activated by a neutron beam to produce radioactive 56Mn. Rats were divided into four groups: those exposed to 56Mn, to non-radioactive Mn, to 60Co γ rays (2 Gy, whole body), and those not exposed to any additional radiation (control). On days 3, 14, and 60 after exposure, the animals were killed and major organs were dissected and subjected to histopathological analysis. As described in more detail by an accompanying publication, the highest internal radiation dose was observed in the digestive system of the rats, followed by the lungs. It was found that the number of mitotic cells increased in the small intestine on day 3 after 56Mn and 60Co exposure, and this change persisted only in 56Mn-exposed animals. Lung tissue was severely damaged only by exposure to 56Mn, despite a rather low radiation dose (less than 0.1 Gy). These data suggest that internal exposure to 56Mn has a significant biological impact on the lungs and small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Shichijo
- Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Nariaki Fujimoto
- Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima,, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Darkhan Uzbekov
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Ynkar Kairkhanova
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Aisulu Saimova
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Nailya Chaizhunusova
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan Sayakenov
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Dariya Shabdarbaeva
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Nurlan Aukenov
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Almas Azimkhanov
- National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Krasnoarmeyskaya Str., 2, Build 54 B, Kurchatov, 071100, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexander Kolbayenkov
- National Nuclear Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Krasnoarmeyskaya Str., 2, Build 54 B, Kurchatov, 071100, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Daisuke Niino
- Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | | | - Kassym Zhumadilov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Munaitpasova Str.,13, Astana, 010008, Kazakhstan
| | - Valeriy Stepanenko
- A. Tsyb Medical Radiological Research Center, National Medical Research Radiological Center, Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Koroleva Str. 4, Obninsk, Kaluga region, 249036, Russia
| | - Masao Tomonaga
- Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Tolebay Rakhypbekov
- Semey State Medical University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Abay Str., 103, Semey, 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Masaharu Hoshi
- Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima,, 734-8553, Japan
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Tahamtan R, Shabestani Monfared A, Tahamtani Y, Tavassoli A, Akmali M, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Naghizadeh MM, Ghasemi D, Keshavarz M, Haddadi GH. Radioprotective effect of melatonin on radiation-induced lung injury and lipid peroxidation in rats. CELL JOURNAL 2015; 17:111-20. [PMID: 25870840 PMCID: PMC4393658 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2015.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective Free radicals generated by ionizing radiation attack various cellular components such as lipids. The lung is a very radiosensitive organ and its damage is a doselimiting factor in radiotherapy treatments. Melatonin (MLT), the major product of the pineal
gland acts as a radioprotective agent. This study aims to investigate the radioprotective
effects of MLT on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and histopathological changes in irradiated lungs.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, a total of 62 rats were divided into
five groups. Group 1 received no MLT and radiation (unT), group 2 received oral MLT
(oM), group 3 received oral MLT and their thoracic areas were irradiated with 18 Gy (oMR), group 4 received MLT by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and their thoracic areas were
irradiated with 18 Gy (ipM-R), group 5 received only 18 Gy radiation in the thoracic area
(R). Following radiotherapy, half of the animals in each group were sacrificed at 48 hours
for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and early phase lung injuries. Other animals were sacrificed in the eighth week of the experiment for evaluation of the presence of late phase
radiation induced lung injuries.
Results Pre-treatment of rats with either i.p injection (p<0.05) and oral administration of
MLT (p<0.001) significantly reduced MDA levels in red blood cell (RBC) samples compared to the R group. Furthermore, i.p. injection of MLT decreased MDA levels in plasma
and tissue (p<0.05). In the early phase of lung injury, both administration of MLT significantly increased lymphocyte (p<0.05) and macrophage frequency (p<0.001). MLT reduced the lung injury index in the lungs compared to the R group (p<0.05).
Conclusion The result of this study confirms the radioprotective effect of MLT on lipid
peroxidation, and in both early and late phases of radiation induced lung injuries in an
animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Tahamtan
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Ali Shabestani Monfared
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Centre, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Yasser Tahamtani
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tavassoli
- Department of Pathology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Maasoomeh Akmali
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | | | - Danial Ghasemi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Keshavarz
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University of Shiraz, Shiraz Iran
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Jacob RE, Murphy MK, Creim JA, Carson JP. Detecting radiation-induced injury using rapid 3D variogram analysis of CT images of rat lungs. Acad Radiol 2013; 20:1264-71. [PMID: 24029058 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES To investigate the ability of variogram analysis of octree-decomposed computed tomography (CT) images and volume change maps to detect radiation-induced damage in rat lungs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lungs of female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to one of five absorbed doses (0, 6, 9, 12, or 15 Gy) of gamma radiation from a Co-60 source. At 6 months postexposure, pulmonary function tests were performed and four-dimensional (4D) CT images were acquired using a respiratory-gated microCT scanner. Volume change maps were then calculated from the 4DCT images. Octree decomposition was performed on CT images and volume change maps, and variogram analysis was applied to the decomposed images. Correlations of measured parameters with dose were evaluated. RESULTS The effects of irradiation were not detectable from measured parameters, indicating only mild lung damage. Additionally, there were no significant correlations of pulmonary function results or CT densitometry with radiation dose. However, the variogram analysis did detect a significant correlation with dose in both the CT images (r = -0.57, P = .003) and the volume change maps (r = -0.53, P = .008). CONCLUSION This is the first study to use variogram analysis of lung images to assess pulmonary damage in a model of radiation injury. Results show that this approach is more sensitive to detecting radiation damage than conventional measures such as pulmonary function tests or CT densitometry.
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Palmer JL, Deburghgraeve CR, Bird MD, Hauer-Jensen M, Chen MM, Yong S, Kovacs EJ. Combined radiation and burn injury results in exaggerated early pulmonary inflammation. Radiat Res 2013; 180:276-83. [PMID: 23899376 DOI: 10.1667/rr3104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Events such as a nuclear meltdown accident or nuclear attack have potential for severe radiation injuries. Radiation injury frequently occurs in combination with other forms of trauma, most often burns. Thus far, combined injury studies have focused mainly on skin wound healing and damage to the gut. Since both radiation exposure and remote burn have pulmonary consequences, we examined the early effects of combined injury on the lung. C57BL/6 male mice were irradiated with 5 Gy of total body irradiation followed by a 15% total body surface area scald burn. Lungs from surviving animals were examined for evidence of inflammation and pneumonitis. At 48 h post-injury, pathology of the lungs from combined injury mice showed greater inflammation compared to all other treatment groups, with marked red blood cell and leukocyte congestion of the pulmonary vasculature. There was excessive leukocyte accumulation, primarily neutrophils, in the vasculature and interstitium, with occasional cells in the alveolar space. At 24 and 48 h post-injury, myeloperoxidase levels in lungs of combined injury mice were elevated compared to all other treatment groups (P < 0.01), confirming histological evidence of neutrophil accumulation. Pulmonary levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant KC (CXCL1) were 3 times above that of either injury alone (P < 0.05). Further, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1, CCL2) was increased two- and threefold compared to burn injury or radiation injury, respectively (P < 0.05). Together, these data suggest that combined radiation and burn injury augments early pulmonary congestion and inflammation. Currently, countermeasures for this unique type of injury are extremely limited. Further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms behind the synergistic effects of combined injury in order to develop appropriate treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Palmer
- a Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Department of Surgery, and Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153
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Mahmood J, Jelveh S, Zaidi A, Doctrow SR, Hill RP. Mitigation of radiation-induced lung injury with EUK-207 and genistein: effects in adolescent rats. Radiat Res 2012; 179:125-34. [PMID: 23237541 DOI: 10.1667/rr2954.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of civilian populations to radiation due to accident, war or terrorist act is an increasing concern. The lung is one of the more radiosensitive organs that may be affected in people receiving partial-body irradiation and radiation injury in lung is thought to be associated with the development of a prolonged inflammatory response. Here we examined how effectively damage to the lung can be mitigated by administration of drugs initiated at different times after radiation exposure and examined response in adolescent animals for comparison with the young adult animals that we had studied previously. We studied the mitigation efficacy of the isoflavone genistein (50 mg/kg) and the salen-Mn superoxide dismutase-catalase mimetic EUK-207 (8 mg/kg), both of which have been reported to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce activity of the NFkB pathway. The drugs were given by subcutaneous injection to 6- to 7-week-old Fisher rats daily starting either immediately or 2 weeks after irradiation with 12 Gy to the whole thorax. The treatment was stopped at 28 weeks post irradiation and the animals were assessed for levels of inflammatory cytokines, activated macrophages, oxidative damage and fibrosis at 48 weeks post irradiation. We demonstrated that both genistein and EUK-207 delayed and suppressed the increased breathing rate associated with pneumonitis. These agents also reduced levels of oxidative damage (50-100%), levels of TGF-β1 expression (75-100%), activated macrophages (20-60%) and fibrosis (60-80%). The adolescent rats developed pneumonitis earlier following irradiation of the lung than did the adult rats leading to greater severe morbidity requiring euthanasia (∼37% in adolescents vs. ∼10% in young adults) but the extent of the mitigation of the damage was similar or slightly greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mahmood
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, and The Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mahmood J, Jelveh S, Calveley V, Zaidi A, Doctrow SR, Hill RP. Mitigation of lung injury after accidental exposure to radiation. Radiat Res 2011; 176:770-80. [PMID: 22013884 DOI: 10.1667/rr2562.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
There is a serious need to develop effective mitigators against accidental radiation exposures. In radiation accidents, many people may receive nonuniform whole-body or partial-body irradiation. The lung is one of the more radiosensitive organs, demonstrating pneumonitis and fibrosis that are believed to develop at least partially because of radiation-induced chronic inflammation. Here we addressed the crucial questions of how damage to the lung can be mitigated and whether the response is affected by irradiation to the rest of the body. We examined the widely used dietary supplement genistein given at two dietary levels (750 or 3750 mg/kg) to Fischer rats irradiated with 12 Gy to the lung or 8 Gy to the lung + 4 Gy to the whole body excluding the head and tail (whole torso). We found that genistein had promising mitigating effects on oxidative damage, pneumonitis and fibrosis even at late times (36 weeks) when drug treatment was initiated 1 week after irradiation and stopped at 28 weeks postirradiation. The higher dose of genistein showed no greater beneficial effect. Combined lung and whole-torso irradiation caused more lung-related severe morbidity resulting in euthanasia of the animals than lung irradiation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mahmood
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, and the Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Liepe K, Faulhaber D, Wunderlich G, Andreeff M, Haase M, Jung R, Oehme L, Dörr W, Kotzerke J. Radiation Pneumopathy in the Rat After Intravenous Application of 188Re-Labeled Microspheres. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011; 81:529-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Mahmood J, Jelveh S, Calveley V, Zaidi A, Doctrow SR, Hill RP. Mitigation of radiation-induced lung injury by genistein and EUK-207. Int J Radiat Biol 2011; 87:889-901. [PMID: 21675818 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2011.583315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effects of genistein and/or Eukarion (EUK)-207 on radiation-induced lung damage and investigated whether treatment for 0-14 weeks (wks) post-irradiation (PI) would mitigate late lung injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS The lungs of female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were irradiated with 10 Gy. EUK-207 was delivered by infusion and genistein was delivered as a dietary supplement starting immediately after irradiation (post irradiation [PI]) and continuing until 14 wks PI. Rats were sacrificed at 0, 4, 8, 14 and 28 wks PI. Breathing rate was monitored and lung fibrosis assessed by lung hydroxyproline content at 28 wks. DNA damage was assessed by micronucleus (MN) assay and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels. The expression of the cytokines Interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and macrophage activation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Increases in breathing rate observed in the irradiated rats were significantly reduced by both drug treatments during the pneumonitis phase and the later fibrosis phase. The drug treatments decreased micronuclei (MN) formation from 4-14 wks but by 28 wks the MN levels had increased again. The 8-OHdG levels were lower in the drug treated animals at all time points. Hydroxyproline content and levels of activated macrophages were decreased at 28 wks in all drug treated rats. The treatments had limited effects on the expression of the cytokines. CONCLUSION Genistein and EUK-207 can provide partial mitigation of radiation-induced lung damage out to at least 28 wks PI even after cessation of treatment at 14 wks PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Mahmood
- Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, and the Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Zhang R, Ghosh SN, Zhu D, North PE, Fish BL, Morrow NV, Lowry T, Nanchal R, Jacobs ER, Moulder JE, Medhora M. Structural and functional alterations in the rat lung following whole thoracic irradiation with moderate doses: injury and recovery. Int J Radiat Biol 2008; 84:487-97. [PMID: 18470747 DOI: 10.1080/09553000802078396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize structural and functional injuries following a single dose of whole-thorax irradiation that might be survivable after a nuclear attack/accident. METHODS Rats were exposed to 5 or 10 Gy of X-rays to the whole thorax with other organs shielded. Non-invasive measurements of breathing rate and arterial oxygen saturation, and invasive evaluations of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, (for total protein, Clara cell secretory protein), vascular reactivity and histology were conducted for at least 6 time points up to 52 weeks after irradiation. RESULTS Irradiation with 10 Gy resulted in increased breathing rate, a reduction in oxygen saturation, an increase in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid protein and attenuation of vascular reactivity between 4-12 weeks after irradiation. These changes were not observed with the lower dose of 5 Gy. Histological examination revealed perivascular edema at 4-8 weeks after exposure to both doses, and mild fibrosis beyond 20 weeks after 10 Gy. CONCLUSIONS Single-dose exposure of rat thorax to 10 but not 5 Gy X-irradiation resulted in a decrease in oxygen uptake and vasoreactivity and an increase in respiratory rate, which paralleled early pulmonary vascular pathology. Vascular edema resolved and was replaced by mild fibrosis beyond 20 weeks after exposure, while lung function recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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DesRosiers C, Mendonca MS, Tyree C, Moskvin V, Bank M, Massaro L, Bigsby RM, Caperall-Grant A, Valluri S, Dynlacht JR, Timmerman R. Use of the Leksell Gamma Knife for localized small field lens irradiation in rodents. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004; 2:449-54. [PMID: 14529310 DOI: 10.1177/153303460300200510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For most basic radiobiological research applications involving irradiation of small animals, it is difficult to achieve the same high precision dose distribution realized with human radiotherapy. The precision for irradiations performed with standard radiotherapy equipment is +/-2 mm in each dimension, and is adequate for most human treatment applications. For small animals such as rodents, whose organs and tissue structures may be an order of magnitude smaller than those of humans, the corresponding precision required is closer to +/-0.2 mm, if comparisons or extrapolations are to be made to human data. The Leksell Gamma Knife is a high precision radiosurgery irradiator, with precision in each dimension not exceeding 0.5 mm, and overall precision of 0.7 mm. It has recently been utilized to treat ocular melanoma and induce targeted lesions in the brains of small animals. This paper describes the dosimetry and a technique for performing irradiation of a single rat eye and lens with the Gamma Knife while allowing the contralateral eye and lens of the same rat to serve as the "control". The dosimetry was performed with a phantom in vitro utilizing a pinpoint ion chamber and thermoluminescent dosimeters, and verified by Monte Carlo simulations. We found that the contralateral eye received less than 5% of the administered dose for a 15 Gy exposure to the targeted eye. In addition, after 15 Gy irradiation 15 out of 16 animals developed cataracts in the irradiated target eyes, while 0 out of 16 contralateral eyes developed cataracts over a 6-month period of observation. Experiments at 5 and 10 Gy also confirmed the lack of cataractogenesis in the contralateral eye. Our results validate the use of the Gamma Knife for cataract studies in rodents, and confirmed the precision and utility of the instrument as a small animal irradiator for translational radiobiology experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen DesRosiers
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Indiana University Schools of Medicine and Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Wiegman EM, Meertens H, Konings AWT, Kampinga HH, Coppes RP. Loco-regional differences in pulmonary function and density after partial rat lung irradiation. Radiother Oncol 2004; 69:11-9. [PMID: 14597352 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(03)00132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore regional differences in radiosensitivity of rat lung using lung function and computed tomography (CT) density as endpoints. METHODS At first, CT scans were used to determine rat lung volumes. The data obtained enabled the design of accurate collimators to irradiate 50% of the total lung volume for the apex, base, left, right, mediastinal and lateral part of the lung. Male Wistar rats were irradiated with a single dose of 18 Gy of orthovoltage X-rays. Further rat thorax CT scans were made before and 4, 16, 26, and 52 weeks after irradiation to measure in vivo lung density changes indicative of lung damage. To evaluate overall lung function, breathing frequencies were measured biweekly starting 1 week before irradiation. RESULTS Qualitative analysis of the CT scans showed clear density changes for all irradiated lung volumes, with the most prominent changes present in the mediastinal and left group at 26 weeks after radiation. Quantitative analysis using average density changes of whole lungs did not adequately describe the differences in radiation response between the treated groups. However, analysis of the density changes of the irradiated and non-irradiated regions of interest (ROI) more closely matched with the qualitative observations. Breathing frequencies (BF) were only increased after 50% left lung irradiation, indicating that the hypersensitivity of the mediastinal part as assessed by CT analysis, does not result in functional changes. CONCLUSIONS For both BF and CT (best described by ROI analysis), differences in regional lung radiosensitivity were observed. The presentation of lung damage either as function loss or density changes do not necessarily coincide, meaning that for each endpoint the regional sensitivity may be different.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wiegman
- Department of Radiation and Stress Cell Biology, University of Groningen, Ant. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, Germany
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Baumann M, Hölscher T, Begg AC. Towards genetic prediction of radiation responses: ESTRO's GENEPI project. Radiother Oncol 2003; 69:121-5. [PMID: 14643948 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Flampouri S, Evans PM, Verhaegen F, Nahum AE, Spezi E, Partridge M. Optimization of accelerator target and detector for portal imaging using Monte Carlo simulation and experiment. Phys Med Biol 2002; 47:3331-49. [PMID: 12375824 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/47/18/305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Megavoltage portal images suffer from poor quality compared to those produced with kilovoltage x-rays. Several authors have shown that the image quality can be improved by modifying the linear accelerator to generate more low-energy photons. This work addresses the problem of using Monte Carlo simulation and experiment to optimize the beam and detector combination to maximize image quality for a given patient thickness. A simple model of the whole imaging chain was developed for investigation of the effect of the target parameters on the quality of the image. The optimum targets (6 mm thick aluminium and 1.6 mm copper) were installed in an Elekta SL25 accelerator. The first beam will be referred to as A16 and the second as Cu1.6. A tissue-equivalent contrast phantom was imaged with the 6 MV standard photon beam and the experimental beams with standard radiotherapy and mammography film/screen systems. The arrangement with a thin Al target/mammography system improved the contrast from 1.4 cm bone in 5 cm water to 19% compared with 2% for the standard arrangement of a thick, high-Z target/radiotherapy verification system. The linac/phantom/detector system was simulated with the BEAM/EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Contrast calculated from the predicted images was in good agreement with the experiment (to within 2.5%). The use of MC techniques to predict images accurately, taking into account the whole imaging system, is a powerful new method for portal imaging system design optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Flampouri
- Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Sutton, UK.
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Russell NS, Begg AC. Editorial radiotherapy and oncology 2002: predictive assays for normal tissue damage. Radiother Oncol 2002; 64:125-9. [PMID: 12242121 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(02)00189-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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