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Delhaye S, Jarjat M, Boulksibat A, Sanchez C, Tempio A, Turtoi A, Giorgi M, Lacas-Gervais S, Baj G, Rovere C, Trezza V, Pellegrini M, Maurin T, Lalli E, Bardoni B. Defects in AMPAR trafficking and microglia activation underlie socio-cognitive deficits associated to decreased expression of phosphodiesterase 2 a. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 191:106393. [PMID: 38154608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 2 A (PDE2A) is an enzyme involved in the homeostasis of cAMP and cGMP and is the most highly expressed PDE in human brain regions critical for socio-cognitive behavior. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, PDE2A expression level is upregulated in Fmr1-KO mice, a model of the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the most common form of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Indeed, PDE2A translation is negatively modulated by FMRP, whose functional absence causes FXS. While the pharmacological inhibition of PDE2A has been associated to its pro-cognitive role in normal animals and in models of ID and ASD, homozygous PDE2A mutations have been identified in patients affected by ID, ASD and epilepsy. To clarify this apparent paradox about the role of PDE2A in brain development, we characterized here Pde2a+/- mice (homozygote animals being not viable) at the behavioral, cellular, molecular and electrophysiological levels. Pde2a+/- females display a milder form of the disorder with reduced cognitive performance in adulthood, conversely males show severe socio-cognitive deficits throughout their life. In males, these phenotypes are associated with microglia activation, elevated glutathione levels and increased externalization of Glutamate receptor (GluR1) in CA1, producing reduced mGluR-dependent Long-term Depression. Overall, our results reveal molecular targets of the PDE2A-dependent pathway underlying socio-cognitive performance. These results clarify the mechanism of action of pro-cognitive drugs based on PDE2A inactivation, which have been shown to be promising therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, FXS as well as other forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Delhaye
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Marielle Jarjat
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Asma Boulksibat
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Clara Sanchez
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Alessandra Tempio
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Andrei Turtoi
- Inserm U1194, Université Montpellier, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Mauro Giorgi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, DAHFMO, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Lacas-Gervais
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée, 06100 Nice, France
| | - Gabriele Baj
- Department of Life Science, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carole Rovere
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, DAHFMO, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, IBBC-CNR, 00015 Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Thomas Maurin
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Enzo Lalli
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- CNRS UMR7275, Inserm U1323, Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 06560 Valbonne, France.
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Bergeron A, Guillemette C, Sirard MA, Richard FJ. Active 3'-5' cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are present in detergent-resistant membranes of mural granulosa cells. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 29:778-790. [PMID: 26724956 DOI: 10.1071/rd15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids rafts are specialised membrane microdomains involved in cell signalling that can be isolated as detergent-resistant membranes (DRMs). The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) has a central role in cell signalling in the ovary and its degradation is carried out by the phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzyme family. We hypothesised that PDEs could be functionally present in the lipid rafts of porcine mural granulosa cell membranes. PDE6C, PDE8A and PDE11A were detected by dot blot in the DRMs and the Triton-soluble fraction of the mural granulosa cells membrane and the cytosol. As shown by immunocytochemistry, PDEs showed clear immunostaining in mural granulosa cell membranes and the cytosol. Interestingly, cAMP-PDE activity was 18 times higher in the DRMs than in the Triton-soluble fraction of cell membranes and was 7.7 times higher in the cytosol than in the DRMs. cAMP-PDE activity in mural granulosa cells was mainly contributed by the PDE8 and PDE11 families. This study shows that PDEs from the PDE8 and PDE11 families are present in mural granulosa cells and that the cAMP-PDE activity is mainly contributed by the cytosol. In the cell membrane, the cAMP-PDE activity is mainly contributed by the DRMs. In addition, receptors for prostaglandin E2 and LH, two G-protein-coupled receptors, are present in lipid rafts and absent from the non-raft fraction of the granulosa cell membrane. These results suggest that in these cells, the lipid rafts exist as a cell-signalling platform and PDEs are one of the key enzyme families present in the raft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annick Bergeron
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Christine Guillemette
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Marc-André Sirard
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François J Richard
- Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Département des Sciences Animales, Faculté des Sciences de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, 2425 rue de l'Agriculture, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
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3
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Maruyama Y, Ueno S, Morita M, Hayashi F, Maekawa S. Inhibitory effect of several sphingolipid metabolites on calcineurin. Neurosci Lett 2018. [PMID: 29524645 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurons have well-developed membrane microdomains called "rafts" that are recovered as a detergent-resistant membrane microdomain fraction (DRM). NAP-22 is one of the major protein components of neuronal DRM. In a previous study, we showed that DRM-derived NAP-22 binds ganglioside and the inhibitory effect of ganglioside to calcineurin (CaN), a neuron-enriched calmodulin-regulated phosphoprotein phosphatase. Considering the important roles of CaN in neurons, identification of other cellular regulators of CaN could be a good clue to understand the molecular background of neuronal function. In this study, we screened the effect of several membrane lipid-derived molecules on the CaN activity and found sphingosine and some sphingosine-derived metabolites such as sphingosylphosphorylcholine, galactosylsphingosine (psychosine), and glucosylsphingosine, have inhibitory effect on CaN through the interaction with calmodulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Maruyama
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Satoko Ueno
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Fumio Hayashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Shohei Maekawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe-University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Phosphodiesterase Diversity and Signal Processing Within cAMP Signaling Networks. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 17:3-14. [PMID: 28956327 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-58811-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A large number of neuromodulators activate G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and mediate their cellular actions via the regulation of intracellular cAMP, the small highly diffusible second messenger. In fact, in the same neuron several different GPCRs can regulate cAMP with seemingly identical timecourses that give rise to distinct signaling outcomes, suggesting that cAMP does not have equivalent access to all its downstream effectors and may exist within defined intracellular pools or domains. cAMP compartmentalization is the process that allows the neuron to differentially interpret these various intracellular cAMP signals into cellular response. The molecular mechanisms that give rise to cAMP compartmentalization are not fully understood, but it is thought that phosphodiesterases (PDEs), the enzymes that degrade cAMP, significantly contribute to this process. PDEs, as the sole mechanism of signal termination for cAMP, hold great promise as therapeutic targets for pathologies that are due to the dysregulation of intracellular cAMP signaling. Due to their diverse catalytic activity, regulation and localization each PDE subtype expressed in a given neuron may have a distinct role on downstream signaling.
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Song RS, Tolentino R, Sobie EA, Neves-Zaph SR. Cross-regulation of Phosphodiesterase 1 and Phosphodiesterase 2 Activities Controls Dopamine-mediated Striatal α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid (AMPA) Receptor Trafficking. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:23257-23267. [PMID: 27605670 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.749747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine, a key striatal neuromodulator, increases synaptic strength by promoting surface insertion and/or retention of AMPA receptors (AMPARs). This process is mediated by the phosphorylation of the GluA1 subunit of AMPAR by cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases, making cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) potential regulators of synaptic strength. In this study, we examined the role of phosphodiesterase 2 (PDE2), a medium spiny neuron-enriched and cGMP-activated PDE, in AMPAR trafficking. We found that inhibiting PDE2 resulted in enhancement of dopamine-induced surface GluA1 expression in dopamine receptor 1-expressing medium spiny neurons. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that inhibition of PDE1 resulted in a decrease in surface AMPAR levels because of the allosteric activation of PDE2. The cross-regulation of PDE1 and PDE2 activities results in counterintuitive control of surface AMPAR expression, making it possible to regulate the directionality and magnitude of AMPAR trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy S Song
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Rosa Tolentino
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Eric A Sobie
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Susana R Neves-Zaph
- From the Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibition enhances the dopamine D1 receptor/PKA/DARPP-32 signaling cascade in frontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:1065-79. [PMID: 21833500 PMCID: PMC3539205 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Alteration of dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex, especially hypofunction of dopamine D1 receptors, contributes to psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenia. D1 receptors signal through the cAMP/PKA second messenger cascade, which is modulated by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes that hydrolyze and inactivate cyclic nucleotides. Though several PDEs are expressed in cortical neurons, the PDE4 enzyme family (PDE4A-D) has been implicated in the control of cognitive function. The best studied isoform, PDE4B, interacts with a schizophrenia susceptibility factor, disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1). OBJECTIVES We explore the control of mouse frontal cortex dopamine D1 receptor signaling and associated behavior by PDE4. RESULTS Inhibition of PDE4 by rolipram induced activation of cAMP/PKA signaling in cortical slices and in vivo, leading to the phosphorylation of DARPP-32 and other postsynaptic and presynaptic PKA-substrates. Rolipram also enhanced DARPP-32 phosphorylation invoked by D1 receptor activation. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated PDE4A, PDE4B, and PDE4D expression in DARPP-32-positive neurons in layer VI of frontal cortex, most likely in D1 receptor-positive, glutamatergic corticothalamic pyramidal neurons. Furthermore, the ability of rolipram treatment to improve the performance of mice in a sensorimotor gating test was DARPP-32-dependent. CONCLUSIONS PDE4, which is co-expressed with DARPP-32 in D1 receptor-positive cortical pyramidal neurons in layer VI, modulates the level of D1 receptor signaling and DARPP-32 phosphorylation in the frontal cortex, likely influencing cognitive function. These biochemical and behavioral actions of PDE4 inhibitors may contribute to the hypothesized antipsychotic actions of this class of compounds.
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Francis SH, Blount MA, Corbin JD. Mammalian Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases: Molecular Mechanisms and Physiological Functions. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:651-90. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of cyclic nucleotide (cN) phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is comprised of 11 families of enzymes. PDEs break down cAMP and/or cGMP and are major determinants of cellular cN levels and, consequently, the actions of cN-signaling pathways. PDEs exhibit a range of catalytic efficiencies for breakdown of cAMP and/or cGMP and are regulated by myriad processes including phosphorylation, cN binding to allosteric GAF domains, changes in expression levels, interaction with regulatory or anchoring proteins, and reversible translocation among subcellular compartments. Selective PDE inhibitors are currently in clinical use for treatment of erectile dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, intermittent claudication, and chronic pulmonary obstructive disease; many new inhibitors are being developed for treatment of these and other maladies. Recently reported x-ray crystallographic structures have defined features that provide for specificity for cAMP or cGMP in PDE catalytic sites or their GAF domains, as well as mechanisms involved in catalysis, oligomerization, autoinhibition, and interactions with inhibitors. In addition, major advances have been made in understanding the physiological impact and the biochemical basis for selective localization and/or recruitment of specific PDE isoenzymes to particular subcellular compartments. The many recent advances in understanding PDE structures, functions, and physiological actions are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharron H. Francis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Mitsi A. Blount
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jackie D. Corbin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and Department of Medicine-Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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Interplay of palmitoylation and phosphorylation in the trafficking and localization of phosphodiesterase 10A: implications for the treatment of schizophrenia. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9027-37. [PMID: 20610737 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1635-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a striatum-enriched, dual-specific cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase that has gained considerable attention as a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. As such, a PDE10A-selective inhibitor compound, MP-10, has recently entered clinical testing. Since little is known about the cellular regulation of PDE10A, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms that govern its subcellular localization in striatal medium spiny neurons. Previous reports suggest that PDE10A is primarily membrane bound and is transported throughout medium spiny neuron axons and dendrites. Moreover, it has been shown in PC12 cells that the localization of the major splice form, PDE10A2, may be regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation at threonine 16 (Thr-16). Using an antibody that specifically recognizes phosphorylated Thr-16 (pThr-16) of PDE10A2, we provide evidence that phosphorylation at Thr-16 is critical for the regulation of PDE10A subcellular localization in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrate in primary mouse striatal neuron cultures that PDE10A membrane association and transport throughout dendritic processes requires palmitoylation of cysteine 11 (Cys-11) of PDE10A2, likely by the palmitoyl acyltransferases DHHC-7 and -19. Finally, we show that Thr-16 phosphorylation regulates PDE10A trafficking and localization by preventing palmitoylation of Cys-11 rather than by interfering with palmitate-lipid interactions. These data support a model whereby PDE10A trafficking and localization can be regulated in response to local fluctuations in cAMP levels. Given this, we propose that excessive striatal dopamine release, as occurs in schizophrenia, might exert differential effects on the regulation of PDE10A localization in the two striatal output pathways.
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Bales KR, Plath N, Svenstrup N, Menniti FS. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition to Target the Synaptic Dysfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2010_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Russwurm C, Zoidl G, Koesling D, Russwurm M. Dual acylation of PDE2A splice variant 3: targeting to synaptic membranes. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25782-90. [PMID: 19632989 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.017194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cGMP-stimulated PDE2A hydrolyzes both cyclic nucleotides, cGMP and cAMP. Three splice variants have been cloned from several species. Whereas PDE2A1 is soluble, PDE2A2 and PDE2A3 are membrane-bound enzymes of rat and bovine origin, respectively. To date it is unclear whether one species expresses all three variants. The splice variants only differ in their N termini, which likely determine the subcellular localization. However, the mechanism for membrane attachment remains unknown. Here, we show that myristoylation underlies membrane targeting of PDE2A3. The myristoylated enzyme was bound to plasma membranes, whereas mutation of the myristoyl recipient Gly2 prevented incorporation of [3H]myristate and turned PDE2A3 completely soluble. Additionally, Cys5 and to a minor extent Cys11 are required for targeting of PDE2A3. Substitution of the putatively palmitoylated cysteines partially solubilized the enzyme and led to an accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi compartment, as shown by fluorescence microscopy in HEK 293 and PC12 cells. In vivo, PDE2A is expressed in many tissues. By using newly generated antibodies selectively detecting the splice variants PDE2A3 or PDE2A1, respectively, we demonstrate on the protein level PDE2A3 expression in mouse brain where it is entirely membrane-associated and a widespread expression of soluble PDE2A1 in mouse tissues. We show that PDE2A localizes to synaptosomal membranes and in primary cultures of hippocampal neurons partially overlaps with the presynaptic marker synaptophysin as demonstrated by immunofluorescence. In sum, these results demonstrate dual acylation as mechanism targeting neuronal PDE2A3 to synapses thereby ensuring local control of cyclic nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Russwurm
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, Bochum 44780, Germany
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Goraya TA, Masada N, Ciruela A, Willoughby D, Clynes MA, Cooper DMF. Kinetic properties of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase isoforms dictate intracellular cAMP dynamics in response to elevation of cytosolic Ca2+. Cell Signal 2008; 20:359-74. [PMID: 18335582 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiply regulated adenylyl cyclases (AC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE) can yield complex intracellular cAMP signals. Ca2+-sensitive ACs have received far greater attention than the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent PDE (PDE1) family in governing intracellular cAMP dynamics in response to changes in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Here, we have stably expressed two isoforms of PDE1, PDE1A2 and PDE1C4, in HEK-293 cells to determine whether they exert different impacts on cellular cAMP. Fractionation and imaging showed that both PDEs occurred mainly in the cytosol. However, PDE1A2 and PDE1C4 differed considerably in their ability to hydrolyze cAMP and in their susceptibility to inhibition by the non-selective PDE inhibitor, IBMX and the PDE1-selective inhibitor, MMX. PDE1A2 had an approximately 30-fold greater Km for cAMP than PDE1C4 and yet was more susceptible to inhibition by IBMX and MMX than was PDE1C4. These differences were mirrored in intact cells when thapsigargin-induced capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE) activated the PDEs. Mirroring their kinetic properties, PDE1C4 was active at near basal cAMP levels, whereas PDE1A2 required agonist-triggered levels of cAMP, produced in response to stimulation of ACs. The effectiveness of IBMX and MMX to inhibit PDE1A2 and PDE1C4 in functional studies was inversely related to their respective affinities for cAMP. To assess the impact of the two isoforms on cAMP dynamics, real-time cAMP measurements were performed in single cells expressing the two PDE isoforms and a fluorescent Epac-1 cAMP biosensor, in response to CCE. These measurements showed that prostaglandin E1-mediated cAMP production was markedly attenuated in PDE1C4-expressing cells upon induction of CCE and cAMP hydrolysis occurred at a faster rate than in cells expressing PDE1A2 under similar conditions. These results prove that the kinetic properties of PDE isoforms play a major role in determining intracellular cAMP signals in response to physiological elevation of [Ca2+]i and thereby provide a rationale for the utility of diverse PDE1 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmina A Goraya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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Puzzo D, Sapienza S, Arancio O, Palmeri A. Role of phosphodiesterase 5 in synaptic plasticity and memory. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:371-87. [PMID: 18728748 PMCID: PMC2518390 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s2447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that break down the phosphodiesteric bond of the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, second messengers that regulate many biological processes. PDEs participate in the regulation of signal transduction by means of a fine regulation of cyclic nucleotides so that the response to cell stimuli is both specific and activates the correct third messengers. Several PDE inhibitors have been developed and used as therapeutic agents because they increase cyclic nucleotide levels by blocking the PDE function. In particular, sildenafil, an inhibitor of PDE5, has been mainly used in the treatment of erectile dysfunction but is now also utilized against pulmonary hypertension. This review examines the physiological role of PDE5 in synaptic plasticity and memory and the use of PDE5 inhibitors as possible therapeutic agents against disorders of the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Puzzo
- Dept of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy.
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Sugama J, Yu JZ, Rasenick MM, Nakahata N. Mastoparan inhibits beta-adrenoceptor-G(s) signaling by changing the localization of Galpha(s) in lipid rafts. Cell Signal 2007; 19:2247-54. [PMID: 17692506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mastoparan, a wasp venom toxin, has various pharmacological activities, the mechanisms of which are still unknown. To clarify the action of mastoparan on G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling, we previously examined the effect of mastoparan on G(q)-mediated signaling and demonstrated that mastoparan binds to gangliosides causing a decrease in Galpha(q/11) content in lipid rafts, and resulting in the inhibition of G(q)-mediated phosphoinositide hydrolysis (Sugama et al., Mol. Pharmacol., 68, 1466, 2005). In the present study, we examined the effect of mastoparan on beta-adrenoceptor-G(s) signaling in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. Mastoparan inhibited isoproterenol-induced elevation of cyclic AMP in a concentration-dependent manner. Although mastoparan is known to be an activator of G(i), pertussis toxin only slightly attenuated mastoparan-induced inhibition of cyclic AMP elevation, suggesting that a major part of the inhibition of cyclic AMP elevation induced by mastoparan is not mediated by Galpha(i). By contrast, mastoparan-induced inhibition of cyclic AMP elevation was clearly attenuated by preincubation of the cells with ganglioside mixtures. Moreover, mastoparan changed the localization of Galpha(s) in lipid rafts without disrupting the structure of lipid rafts. Fluorescent staining analysis showed that mastoparan released GFP-Galpha(s) from plasma membranes into the cytosol. These results suggest that the mastoparan-induced suppression of cyclic AMP elevation is mainly caused by changing the localization of Galpha(s) in lipid rafts into a compartment in the cellular interior where it is not available to activate adenylyl cyclase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sugama
- Department of Cellular Signaling, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Willoughby D, Cooper DMF. Organization and Ca2+Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclases in cAMP Microdomains. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:965-1010. [PMID: 17615394 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00049.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The adenylyl cyclases are variously regulated by G protein subunits, a number of serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases, and Ca2+. In some physiological situations, this regulation can be readily incorporated into a hormonal cascade, controlling processes such as cardiac contractility or neurotransmitter release. However, the significance of some modes of regulation is obscure and is likely only to be apparent in explicit cellular contexts (or stages of the cell cycle). The regulation of many of the ACs by the ubiquitous second messenger Ca2+provides an overarching mechanism for integrating the activities of these two major signaling systems. Elaborate devices have been evolved to ensure that this interaction occurs, to guarantee the fidelity of the interaction, and to insulate the microenvironment in which it occurs. Subcellular targeting, as well as a variety of scaffolding devices, is used to promote interaction of the ACs with specific signaling proteins and regulatory factors to generate privileged domains for cAMP signaling. A direct consequence of this organization is that cAMP will exhibit distinct kinetics in discrete cellular domains. A variety of means are now available to study cAMP in these domains and to dissect their components in real time in live cells. These topics are explored within the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie Willoughby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
Contraction and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and cardiac myocytes are key physiological events in the cardiovascular system. These events are regulated by second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, in response to extracellular stimulants. The strength of signal transduction is controlled by intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentrations, which are determined by a balance in production and degradation of cAMP and cGMP. Degradation of cyclic nucleotides is catalyzed by 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs), and therefore regulation of PDEs hydrolytic activity is important for modulation of cellular functions. Mammalian PDEs are composed of 21 genes and are categorized into 11 families based on sequence homology, enzymatic properties, and sensitivity to inhibitors. PDE families contain many splice variants that mostly are unique in tissue-expression patterns, gene regulation, enzymatic regulation by phosphorylation and regulatory proteins, subcellular localization, and interaction with association proteins. Each unique variant is closely related to the regulation of a specific cellular signaling. Thus, multiple PDEs function as a particular modulator of each cardiovascular function and regulate physiological homeostasis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Cyclic AMP/physiology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Humans
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Male
- Mammals/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Muscle Cells/enzymology
- Muscle Cells/physiology
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocardial Contraction/physiology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Phenotype
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/classification
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/genetics
- Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/physiology
- Phosphorylation
- Phylogeny
- Protein Interaction Mapping
- Protein Kinases/physiology
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Subcellular Fractions/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Omori
- Discovery Research Laboratories, Tanabe Seiyaku Co Ltd, 2-50 Kawagishi 2-chome, Toda, Saitama 335-8505, Japan.
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Menniti FS, Faraci WS, Schmidt CJ. Phosphodiesterases in the CNS: targets for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5:660-70. [PMID: 16883304 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic and commercial success of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors such as Viagra, Levitra and Cialis has sparked renewed interest in the phosphodiesterases as drug discovery targets. Virtually all the phosphodiesterases are expressed in the CNS, making this gene family a particularly attractive source of new targets for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Significantly, all neurons express multiple phosphodiesterases, which differ in cyclic nucleotide specificity, affinity, regulatory control and subcellular compartmentalization. Therefore, phosphodiesterase inhibition represents a mechanism through which it could be possible to precisely modulate neuronal activity. In this article, we review the current state of the art in the burgeoning field of phosphodiesterase pharmacology in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Menniti
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, CNS Discovery, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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17
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Sinha SC, Sprang SR. Structures, mechanism, regulation and evolution of class III nucleotidyl cyclases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 157:105-40. [PMID: 17236651 DOI: 10.1007/112_0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic 3',5'-guanylyl and adenylyl nucleotides function as second messengers in eukaryotic signal transduction pathways and as sensory transducers in prokaryotes. The nucleotidyl cyclases (NCs) that catalyze the synthesis of these molecules comprise several evolutionarily distinct groups, of which class III is the largest. The domain structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic class III NCs are diverse, including a variety of regulatory and transmembrane modules. Yet all members of this family contain one or two catalytic domains, characterized by an evolutionarily ancient topological motif (betaalphaalphabetabetaalphabeta) that is preserved in several other enzymes that catalyze the nucleophilic attack of a 3'-hydroxyl upon a 5' nucleotide phosphate. Two dyad-related catalytic domains compose one catalytic unit, with the catalytic sites formed at the domain interface. The catalytic domains of mononucleotidyl cyclases (MNCs) and diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) are called cyclase homology domains (CHDs) and GGDEF domains, respectively. Prokaryotic NCs usually contain only one catalytic domain and are catalytically active as intermolecular homodimers. The different modes of dimerization in class III NCs probably evolved concurrently with their mode of binding substrate. The catalytic mechanism of GGDEF domain homodimers is not completely understood, but they are expected to have a single active site with each subunit contributing equivalent determinants to bind one GTP molecule or half a c-diGMP molecule. CHD dimers have two potential dyad-related active sites, with both CHDs contributing determinants to each site. Homodimeric class III MNCs have two equivalent catalytic sites, although such enzymes may show half-of-sites reactivity. Eukaryotic class III MNCs often contain two divergent CHDs, with only one catalytically competent site. All CHDs appear to use a common catalytic mechanism, which requires the participation of two magnesium or manganese ions for binding polyphosphate groups and nucleophile activation. In contrast, mechanisms for purine recognition and specificity are more diverse. Class III NCs are subject to regulation by small molecule effectors, endogenous domains, or exogenous protein partners. Many of these regulators act by altering the interface of the catalytic domains and therefore the integrity of the catalytic site(s). This review focuses on both conserved and divergent mechanisms of class III NC function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Sinha
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas 75390-9113, USA.
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18
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Mongillo M, Tocchetti CG, Terrin A, Lissandron V, Cheung YF, Dostmann WR, Pozzan T, Kass DA, Paolocci N, Houslay MD, Zaccolo M. Compartmentalized phosphodiesterase-2 activity blunts beta-adrenergic cardiac inotropy via an NO/cGMP-dependent pathway. Circ Res 2005; 98:226-34. [PMID: 16357307 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000200178.34179.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
beta-Adrenergic signaling via cAMP generation and PKA activation mediates the positive inotropic effect of catecholamines on heart cells. Given the large diversity of protein kinase A targets within cardiac cells, a precisely regulated and confined activity of such signaling pathway is essential for specificity of response. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are the only route for degrading cAMP and are thus poised to regulate intracellular cAMP gradients. Their spatial confinement to discrete compartments and functional coupling to individual receptors provides an efficient way to control local [cAMP]i in a stimulus-specific manner. By performing real-time imaging of cyclic nucleotides in living ventriculocytes we identify a prominent role of PDE2 in selectively shaping the cAMP response to catecholamines via a pathway involving beta3-adrenergic receptors, NO generation and cGMP production. In cardiac myocytes, PDE2, being tightly coupled to the pool of adenylyl cyclases activated by beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation, coordinates cGMP and cAMP signaling in a novel feedback control loop of the beta-adrenergic pathway. In this, activation of beta3-adrenergic receptors counteracts cAMP generation obtained via stimulation of beta1/beta2-adrenoceptors. Our study illustrates the key role of compartmentalized PDE2 in the control of catecholamine-generated cAMP and furthers our understanding of localized cAMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Mongillo
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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19
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Goraya TA, Cooper DMF. Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE1): Current perspectives. Cell Signal 2005; 17:789-97. [PMID: 15763421 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2004.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterases (PDE1), like Ca2+-sensitive adenylyl cyclases (AC), are key enzymes that play a pivotal role in mediating the cross-talk between cAMP and Ca2+ signalling. Our understanding of how ACs respond to Ca2+ has advanced greatly, with significant breakthroughs at both the molecular and functional level. By contrast, little is known of the mechanisms that might underlie the regulation of PDE1 by Ca2+ in the intact cell. In living cells, Ca2+ signals are complex and diverse, exhibiting different spatial and temporal properties. The potential therefore exists for dynamic changes in the subcellular distribution and activation of PDE1 in relation to intracellular Ca2+ dynamics. PDE1s are a large family of multiply-spliced gene products. Therefore, it is possible that a cell-type specific response to elevation in [Ca2+]i can occur, depending on the isoform of PDE1 expressed. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on Ca2+ regulation of PDE1 in the intact cell and discuss approaches that might be undertaken to delineate the responses of this important group of enzymes to changes in [Ca2+]i.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasmina A Goraya
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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20
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Yoshinaka K, Kumanogoh H, Nakamura S, Maekawa S. Identification of V-ATPase as a major component in the raft fraction prepared from the synaptic plasma membrane and the synaptic vesicle of rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 363:168-72. [PMID: 15172108 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2004] [Revised: 03/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is important in the maintenance and remodeling of the synapse. Since membrane cholesterol participates in the formation of the membrane microdomain (raft), the characterization of raft components within membrane structures in the synaptic region could be a good approach to understand the role of cholesterol in the synaptic function. In this study, protein complexes in the raft prepared from synaptic plasma membrane and the synaptic vesicle were analyzed with blue-native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and vacuolar H(+)-pump (V-ATPase) was identified as a major raft component using mass spectrometry. The ATPase activity was reduced through cholesterol deprivation with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Since the H(+) -gradient is used to transport synaptic transmitters or their precursors into the vesicle, this result suggests the essential role of cholesterol and raft in the synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Yoshinaka
- Department of Biosystems Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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