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Behera S, Balasubramanian S. Lipase A from Bacillus subtilis: Substrate Binding, Conformational Dynamics, and Signatures of a Lid. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7545-7556. [PMID: 37989487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein-ligand binding studies are crucial for understanding the molecular basis of biological processes and for further advancing industrial biocatalysis and drug discovery. Using computational modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the binding of a butyrate ester substrate to the lipase A (LipA) enzyme of Bacillus subtilis. Besides obtaining a close agreement of the binding free energy with the experimental value, the study reveals a remarkable reorganization of the catalytic triad upon substrate binding, leading to increased essential hydrogen bond populations. The investigation shows the distortion of the oxyanion hole in both the substrate-bound and unbound states of LipA and highlights the strengthening of the same in the tetrahedral intermediate complex. Principal component analysis of the unbound ensemble reveals the dominant motion in LipA to be the movement of Loop-1 (Tyr129-Arg142) between two states that cover and uncover the active site, mirroring that of a lid prevalent in several lipases. This lid-like motion of Loop-1 is also supported by its tendency to spontaneously open up at an oil-water interface. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the impact of substrate binding on the structure, flexibility, and conformational dynamics of the LipA enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudarshan Behera
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Sundaram Balasubramanian
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
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2
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Nahar S, Sokullu E, Gauthier MA. The phage display of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A significantly enhances catalytic activity due to altered nanoscale distribution in colloidal solution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:868-872. [PMID: 31758554 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Screening libraries of mutant proteins by phage display is now relatively common. However, one unknown factor is how the bacteriophage scaffold itself influences the properties of the displayed protein. This communication evaluates the effect of solution parameters on the catalytic activity of phage displayed Bacillus subtilis Lipase A (BSLA), compared to the free enzyme in solution. While the pH- and temperature-activity profiles of BSLA were not intrinsically affected by phage display, the nanoscale distribution of BSLA within the micellar assay buffer was. This lead to a pronounced increase of activity of phage-BSLA relative to the free enzyme, owing to the accumulation of phage-BSLA at the substrate-rich micelles. Considering this result obtained for BSLA, caution is warranted and similar effects should be considered when selecting other enzymes/proteins by phage display, as the activity of the displayed protein may differ from that of the free protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharifun Nahar
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Esen Sokullu
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc A Gauthier
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), EMT Research Center, Varennes, Quebec, Canada
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3
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Pacheco S, Cantón E, Zuñiga-Navarrete F, Pecorari F, Bravo A, Soberón M. Improvement and efficient display of Bacillus thuringiensis toxins on M13 phages and ribosomes. AMB Express 2015; 5:73. [PMID: 26606918 PMCID: PMC4659786 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-015-0160-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal proteins that have been used worldwide in the control of insect-pests in crops and vectors of human diseases. However, different insect species are poorly controlled by the available Bt toxins or have evolved resistance to these toxins. Evolution of Bt toxicity could provide novel toxins to control insect pests. To this aim, efficient display systems to select toxins with increased binding to insect membranes or midgut proteins involved in toxicity are likely to be helpful. Here we describe two display systems, phage display and ribosome display, that allow the efficient display of two non-structurally related Bt toxins, Cry1Ac and Cyt1Aa. Improved display of Cry1Ac and Cyt1Aa on M13 phages was achieved by changing the commonly used peptide leader sequence of the coat pIII-fusion protein, that relies on the Sec translocation pathway, for a peptide leader sequence that relies on the signal recognition particle pathway (SRP) and by using a modified M13 helper phage (Phaberge) that has an amber mutation in its pIII genomic sequence and preferentially assembles using the pIII-fusion protein. Also, both Cry1Ac and Cyt1Aa were efficiently displayed on ribosomes, which could allow the construction of large libraries of variants. Furthermore, Cry1Ac or Cyt1Aa displayed on M13 phages or ribosomes were specifically selected from a mixture of both toxins depending on which antigen was immobilized for binding selection. These improved systems may allow the selection of Cry toxin variants with improved insecticidal activities that could counter insect resistances.
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Bravo A, Gómez I, Porta H, García-Gómez BI, Rodriguez-Almazan C, Pardo L, Soberón M. Evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins insecticidal activity. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 6:17-26. [PMID: 22463726 PMCID: PMC3815381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticidal Cry proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are use worldwide in transgenic crops for efficient pest control. Among the family of Cry toxins, the three domain Cry family is the better characterized regarding their natural evolution leading to a large number of Cry proteins with similar structure, mode of action but different insect specificity. Also, this group is the better characterized regarding the study of their mode of action and the molecular basis of insect specificity. In this review we discuss how Cry toxins have evolved insect specificity in nature and analyse several cases of improvement of Cry toxin action by genetic engineering, some of these examples are currently used in transgenic crops. We believe that the success in the improvement of insecticidal activity by genetic evolution of Cry toxins will depend on the knowledge of the rate-limiting steps of Cry toxicity in different insect pests, the mapping of the specificity binding regions in the Cry toxins, as well as the improvement of mutagenesis strategies and selection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Apdo. postal 510-3, Cuernavaca 62250, Morelos, Mexico
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5
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Boersma YL, Pijning T, Bosma MS, van der Sloot AM, Godinho LF, Dröge MJ, Winter RT, van Pouderoyen G, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. Loop Grafting of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A: Inversion of Enantioselectivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 15:782-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Boersma YL, Dröge MJ, van der Sloot AM, Pijning T, Cool RH, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. A Novel Genetic Selection System for Improved Enantioselectivity ofBacillus subtilis Lipase A. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1110-5. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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7
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Fernández LE, Gómez I, Pacheco S, Arenas I, Gill SS, Bravo A, Soberón M. Employing phage display to study the mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins. Peptides 2008; 29:324-9. [PMID: 18226423 PMCID: PMC2267870 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phage display is an in vitro method for selecting polypeptides with desired properties from a large collection of variants. The insecticidal Cry toxins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis are highly specific to different insects. Various proteins such as cadherin, aminopeptidase-N (APN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) have been characterized as potential Cry-receptors. We used phage display to characterize the Cry toxin-receptor interaction(s). By employing phage-libraries that display single-chain antibodies (scFv) from humans or from immunized rabbits with Cry1Ab toxin or random 12-residues peptides, we have identified the epitopes that mediate binding of lepidopteran Cry1Ab toxin with cadherin and APN receptors from Manduca sexta and the interaction of dipteran Cry11Aa toxin with the ALP receptor from Aedes aegypti. Finally we displayed in phages the Cry1Ac toxin and discuss the potential for selecting Cry variants with improved toxicity or different specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Elena Fernández
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gómez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Iván Arenas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Sarjeet S. Gill
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Alejandra Bravo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62250, Mexico
| | - Mario Soberón
- *Corresponding author: Phone 52 777 3291618, Fax 52 777 3291624
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Becker S, Michalczyk A, Wilhelm S, Jaeger KE, Kolmar H. Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening to IdentifyE. coli Cells Expressing Functionally Active Enzymes on their Surface. Chembiochem 2007; 8:943-9. [PMID: 17458914 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We show here that E. coli bacteria that display esterases or lipases on their cell surface together with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) are capable of hydrolysing carboxylic acid esters of biotin tyramide. The tyramide radicals generated by the coupled lipase-peroxidase reaction were short-lived and therefore became covalently attached to reactive tyrosine residues that were located in close vicinity on the surface of a bacterial cell that displayed lipase activity. Up to 120 000 biotinylated tyramide derivatives could be covalently coupled through HRP activation to the surface of a single living E. coli cell. Differences in cellular esterase activity were found to correlate with the amount of biotin tyramide deposited on the cell surface. Selective biotin tyramide labelling of cells that had lipase activity allowed their isolation by magnetic cell sorting from a 1:10(6) mixture of control cells. This strategy of covalently attaching a biotin label to esterase-proficient bacteria might open new avenues to ultrahigh-throughput screening of enzyme libraries for hydrolytic enzymes with enhanced activities or enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, Clemens-Schöpf Institute, Darmstadt University of Technology, Petersenstrasse 22, Darmstadt, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Enzymes have become an attractive alternative to conventional catalysts in numerous industrial processes. However, their properties do not always meet the criteria of the application of interest. Directed evolution is a powerful tool for adopting the characteristics of an enzyme. However, selection of the evolved variants is a critical step, and therefore new strategies to enable selection of the desired enzymatic activity have been developed. This review focuses on these novel strategies for selecting enzymes from large libraries, in particular those that are used in the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ykelien L Boersma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, the Netherlands
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10
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Boersma YL, Dröge MJ, Quax WJ. Selection strategies for improved biocatalysts. FEBS J 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-2956.2007.05782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Dröge MJ, Boersma YL, Braun PG, Buining RJ, Julsing MK, Selles KGA, van Dijl JM, Quax WJ. Phage display of an intracellular carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis: comparison of Sec and Tat pathway export capabilities. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:4589-95. [PMID: 16820448 PMCID: PMC1489362 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02750-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the phage display technology, a protein can be displayed at the surface of bacteriophages as a fusion to one of the phage coat proteins. Here we describe development of this method for fusion of an intracellular carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis to the phage minor coat protein g3p. The carboxylesterase gene was cloned in the g3p-based phagemid pCANTAB 5E upstream of the sequence encoding phage g3p and downstream of a signal peptide-encoding sequence. The phage-bound carboxylesterase was correctly folded and fully enzymatically active, as determined from hydrolysis of the naproxen methyl ester with Km values of 0.15 mM and 0.22 mM for the soluble and phage-displayed carboxylesterases, respectively. The signal peptide directs the encoded fusion protein to the cell membrane of Escherichia coli, where phage particles are assembled. In this study, we assessed the effects of several signal peptides, both Sec dependent and Tat dependent, on the translocation of the carboxylesterase in order to optimize the phage display of this enzyme normally restricted to the cytoplasm. Functional display of Bacillus carboxylesterase NA could be achieved when Sec-dependent signal peptides were used. Although a Tat-dependent signal peptide could direct carboxylesterase translocation across the inner membrane of E. coli, proper assembly into phage particles did not seem to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melloney J Dröge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University Center of Pharmacy, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration (GUIDE), A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Detry J, Rosenbaum T, Lütz S, Hahn D, Jaeger KE, Müller M, Eggert T. Biocatalytic production of enantiopure cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol using extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 72:1107-16. [PMID: 16586103 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 02/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two extracellular lipases from Bacillus subtilis, B. subtilis lipase A and lipase B, have been expressed in the heterologous host Escherichia coli, biochemically characterized and used for the kinetic resolution of (rac)-trans-1,2-diacetoxycyclohexane. Both enzymes were selectively acting on the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic substrate, highly specifically hydrolyzing only one of the two ester groups present, thus allowing the preparation of enantiopure (R,R)- and (S,S)-cyclohexane-trans-1,2-diol. The reaction conditions for the use of purified enzyme and crude cell lyophilizate were optimized and reactions in batch and repetitive batch modes were carried out on a preparative scale to yield enantiopure product (>99% enantiomeric excess).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Detry
- Institut für Biotechnologie 2, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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13
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Directed Evolution of Enantioselective Enzymes as Catalysts for Organic Synthesis. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-0564(05)49001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Dröge MJ, Boersma YL, van Pouderoyen G, Vrenken TE, Rüggeberg CJ, Reetz MT, Dijkstra BW, Quax WJ. Directed Evolution of Bacillus subtilis Lipase A by Use of Enantiomeric Phosphonate Inhibitors: Crystal Structures and Phage Display Selection. Chembiochem 2005; 7:149-57. [PMID: 16342303 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200500308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Phage display can be used as a protein-engineering tool for the selection of proteins with desirable binding properties from a library of mutants. Here we describe the application of this method for the directed evolution of Bacillus subtilis lipase A, an enzyme that has important properties for the preparation of the pharmaceutically relevant chiral compound 1,2-O-isopropylidene-sn-glycerol (IPG). PCR mutagenesis with spiked oligonucleotides was employed for saturation mutagenesis of a stretch of amino acids near the active site. After expression of these mutants on bacteriophages, dual selection with (S)-(+)- and (R)-(-)-IPG stereoisomers covalently coupled to enantiomeric phosphonate suicide inhibitors (SIRAN Sc and Rc inhibitors, respectively) was used for the isolation of variants with inverted enantioselectivity. The mutants were further characterised by determination of their Michaelis-Menten parameters. The 3D structures of the Sc and Rc inhibitor-lipase complexes were determined and provided structural insight into the mechanism of enantioselectivity of the enzyme. In conclusion, we have used phage display as a fast and reproducible method for the selection of Bacillus lipase A mutant enzymes with inverted enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melloney J Dröge
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Systematic approaches to directed evolution of proteins have been documented since the 1970s. The ability to recruit new protein functions arises from the considerable substrate ambiguity of many proteins. The substrate ambiguity of a protein can be interpreted as the evolutionary potential that allows a protein to acquire new specificities through mutation or to regain function via mutations that differ from the original protein sequence. All organisms have evolutionarily exploited this substrate ambiguity. When exploited in a laboratory under controlled mutagenesis and selection, it enables a protein to "evolve" in desired directions. One of the most effective strategies in directed protein evolution is to gradually accumulate mutations, either sequentially or by recombination, while applying selective pressure. This is typically achieved by the generation of libraries of mutants followed by efficient screening of these libraries for targeted functions and subsequent repetition of the process using improved mutants from the previous screening. Here we review some of the successful strategies in creating protein diversity and the more recent progress in directed protein evolution in a wide range of scientific disciplines and its impacts in chemical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, and Kentucky Tobacco Research and Development Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Enantioselective lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)alanine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Lee SH, Choi JI, Park SJ, Lee SY, Park BC. Display of bacterial lipase on the Escherichia coli cell surface by using FadL as an anchoring motif and use of the enzyme in enantioselective biocatalysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 70:5074-80. [PMID: 15345384 PMCID: PMC520891 DOI: 10.1128/aem.70.9.5074-5080.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a novel cell surface display system by employing FadL as an anchoring motif, which is an outer membrane protein involved in long-chain fatty acid transport in Escherichia coli. A thermostable Bacillus sp. strain TG43 lipase (44.5 kDa) could be successfully displayed on the cell surface of E. coli in an active form by C-terminal deletion-fusion of lipase at the ninth external loop of FadL. The localization of the truncated FadL-lipase fusion protein on the cell surface was confirmed by confocal microscopy and Western blot analysis. Lipase activity was mainly detected with whole cells, but not with the culture supernatant, suggesting that cell lysis was not a problem. The activity of cell surface-displayed lipase was examined at different temperatures and pHs and was found to be the highest at 50 degrees C and pH 9 to 10. Cell surface-displayed lipase was quite stable, even at 60 and 70 degrees C, and retained over 90% of the full activity after incubation at 50 degrees C for a week. As a potential application, cell surface-displayed lipase was used as a whole-cell catalyst for kinetic resolution of racemic methyl mandelate. In 36 h of reaction, (S)-mandelic acid could be produced with the enantiomeric excess of 99% and the enantiomeric ratio of 292, which are remarkably higher than values obtained with crude lipase or cross-linked lipase crystal. These results suggest that FadL may be a useful anchoring motif for displaying enzymes on the cell surface of E. coli for whole-cell biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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Burns KL, May SW. Separation methods applicable to the evaluation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2004; 797:175-90. [PMID: 14630149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes catalyze a rich variety of metabolic transformations, and do so with very high catalytic rates under mild conditions, and with high reaction regioselectivity and stereospecificity. These characteristics make biocatalysis highly attractive from the perspectives of biotechnology, analytical chemistry, and organic synthesis. This review, containing 128 references, focuses on the use of separation techniques in the elucidation of enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-substrate interactions. While coverage of the literature is selective, a broad perspective is maintained. Topics considered include chromatographic methods with soluble or immobilized enzymes, capillary electrophoresis, biomolecular interaction analysis tandem mass spectrometry (BIA-MS), phage and ribosomal display, and immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs). Examples were selected to demonstrate the relevance and application of these methods for determining enzyme kinetic parameters, ranking of enzyme inhibitors, and stereoselective synthesis and separation of chiral entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Burns
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 30332, GA, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred T Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim An Der Ruhr, Germany
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20
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Lilie H. Designer proteins in biotechnology. International Titisee Conference on protein design at the crossroads of biotechnology, chemistry and evolution. EMBO Rep 2003; 4:346-51. [PMID: 12671677 PMCID: PMC1319164 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.embor808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2002] [Accepted: 02/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hauke Lilie
- Institut für Biotechnologie, Universität Halle, Halle, Germany.
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