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Kiełbowski K, Bakinowska E, Ostrowski P, Pala B, Gromowska E, Gurazda K, Dec P, Modrzejewski A, Pawlik A. The Role of Adipokines in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076390. [PMID: 37047363 PMCID: PMC10094354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic and immune-mediated skin condition characterized by pro-inflammatory cytokines and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Dendritic cells, T lymphocytes, and keratinocytes represent the main cell subtypes involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, while the interleukin-23 (IL-23)/IL-17 pathway enhances the disease progression. Human adipose tissue is an endocrine organ, which secretes multiple proteins, known as adipokines, such as adiponectin, leptin, visfatin, or resistin. Current evidence highlights the immunomodulatory roles of adipokines, which may contribute to the progression or suppression of psoriasis. A better understanding of the complexity of psoriasis pathophysiology linked with adipokines could result in developing novel diagnostic or therapeutic strategies. This review aims to present the pathogenesis of psoriasis and the roles of adipokines in this process.
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Acquarone E, Monacelli F, Borghi R, Nencioni A, Odetti P. Resistin: A reappraisal. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 178:46-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jasinski-Bergner S, Kielstein H. Adipokines Regulate the Expression of Tumor-Relevant MicroRNAs. Obes Facts 2019; 12:211-225. [PMID: 30999294 PMCID: PMC6547259 DOI: 10.1159/000496625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of obesity requires the investigation of respective comorbidities, including tumor diseases like colorectal, renal, post-menopausal breast, prostate cancer, and leukemia. To date, molecular mechanisms of the malignant transformation of these peripheral tissues induced by obesity remain unclear. Adipose tissue secretes factors with hormone-like functions, the adipokines, and is therefore categorized as an endocrine organ. Current research demonstrates the ability of adipose tissue to alter DNA methylation and gene expression in peripheral tissues, probably affecting microRNA (miR) expression. METHODS Literature was analyzed for adipokine-regulated miRs. Many of these adipokine upregulated or downregulated miRs exert either oncogenic or anti-tumoral potential. RESULTS The three selected and analyzed adipokines, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin, induce more strongly oncogenic miRs and simultaneously reduce anti-tumoral miRs than vice versa. This effect is not only true for the pure number of regulated miRs, it is also the case by consideration of the abundance of the respective miR expression based on actual data sets derived from next-generation sequencing. CONCLUSION The link of obesity and cancer is analyzed under the aspect of adipokine-regulated miRs. At the same time the impact of miR abundance is considered as a regulatory variable. This context offers new strategies for tumor therapy and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Jasinski-Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany,
| | - Heike Kielstein
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Resistin-like molecule β is a bactericidal protein that promotes spatial segregation of the microbiota and the colonic epithelium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:11027-11033. [PMID: 28973871 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1711395114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestine is colonized by trillions of bacteria that perform essential metabolic functions for their hosts. The mutualistic nature of this relationship depends on maintaining spatial segregation between these bacteria and the intestinal epithelial surface. This segregation is achieved in part by the presence of a dense mucus layer at the epithelial surface and by the production of antimicrobial proteins that are secreted by epithelial cells into the mucus layer. Here, we show that resistin-like molecule β (RELMβ) is a bactericidal protein that limits contact between Gram-negative bacteria and the colonic epithelial surface. Mouse and human RELMβ selectively killed Gram-negative bacteria by forming size-selective pores that permeabilized bacterial membranes. In mice lacking RELMβ, Proteobacteria were present in the inner mucus layer and invaded mucosal tissues. Another RELM family member, human resistin, was also bactericidal, suggesting that bactericidal activity is a conserved function of the RELM family. Our findings thus identify the RELM family as a unique family of bactericidal proteins and show that RELMβ promotes host-bacterial mutualism by regulating the spatial segregation between the microbiota and the intestinal epithelium.
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Chen X, Zhang QF, He SH, Zhang Y, Zhou SG. Role of resistin in insulin resistance and obesity. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1241-1246. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i9.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistin is an adipose-derived hormone postulated to link adiposity to insulin resistance. Rodent animal experiments and in vitro experimental studies showed that resistin can induce insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism disorders, and be closely related to metabolic syndrome. However, the specific mechanisms of action of resistin in humans are not clear. There is still controversy over the relationship between resistin and obesity. This review aims to elucidate the role of resistin in insulin resistance and discuss the relationship between resistin and obesity.
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Gad W, Nair MG, Van Belle K, Wahni K, De Greve H, Van Ginderachter JA, Vandenbussche G, Endo Y, Artis D, Messens J. The quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (hQSOX1b) tunes the expression of resistin-like molecule alpha (RELM-α or mFIZZ1) in a wheat germ cell-free extract. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55621. [PMID: 23383248 PMCID: PMC3561318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although disulfide bond formation in proteins is one of the most common types of post-translational modifications, the production of recombinant disulfide-rich proteins remains a challenge. The most popular host for recombinant protein production is Escherichia coli, but disulfide-rich proteins are here often misfolded, degraded, or found in inclusion bodies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We optimize an in vitro wheat germ translation system for the expression of an immunological important eukaryotic protein that has to form five disulfide bonds, resistin-like alpha (mFIZZ1). Expression in combination with human quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (hQSOX1b), the disulfide bond-forming enzyme of the endoplasmic reticulum, results in soluble, intramolecular disulfide bonded, monomeric, and biological active protein. The mFIZZ1 protein clearly suppresses the production of the cytokines IL-5 and IL-13 in mouse splenocytes cultured under Th2 permissive conditions. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE The quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase hQSOX1b seems to function as a chaperone and oxidase during the oxidative folding. This example for mFIZZ1 should encourage the design of an appropriate thiol/disulfide oxidoreductase-tuned cell free expression system for other challenging disulfide rich proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Gad
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Karolien Van Belle
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Khadija Wahni
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henri De Greve
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A. Van Ginderachter
- Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Vandenbussche
- Centre de Biologie Structurale et de Bioinformatique, Structure et Fonction des Membranes Biologiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yaeta Endo
- Cell Free Science and Technology Research Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joris Messens
- Brussels Center for Redox Biology, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Structural Biology, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Jamaluddin MS, Weakley SM, Yao Q, Chen C. Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [PMID: 21545576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistin, originally described as an adipocyte-specific hormone, has been suggested to be an important link between obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. Although its expression was initially defined in adipocytes, significant levels of resistin expression in humans are mainly found in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen and bone marrow cells. Increasing evidence indicates that resistin plays important regulatory roles apart from its role in insulin resistance and diabetes in a variety of biological processes: atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune disease, malignancy, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney disease. As CVD accounts for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes and without diabetes, it is important to understand the role that adipokines such as resistin play in the cardiovascular system. Evidence suggests that resistin is involved in pathological processes leading to CVD including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, angiogenesis and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. The modes of action and signalling pathways whereby resistin interacts with its target cells are beginning to be understood. In this review, the current knowledge about the functions and pathophysiological implications of resistin in CVD development is summarized; clinical translations, therapeutic considerations and future directions in the field of resistin research are discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md S Jamaluddin
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Jamaluddin MS, Weakley SM, Yao Q, Chen C. Resistin: functional roles and therapeutic considerations for cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:622-32. [PMID: 21545576 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01369.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistin, originally described as an adipocyte-specific hormone, has been suggested to be an important link between obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. Although its expression was initially defined in adipocytes, significant levels of resistin expression in humans are mainly found in mononuclear leukocytes, macrophages, spleen and bone marrow cells. Increasing evidence indicates that resistin plays important regulatory roles apart from its role in insulin resistance and diabetes in a variety of biological processes: atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, autoimmune disease, malignancy, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and chronic kidney disease. As CVD accounts for a significant amount of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes and without diabetes, it is important to understand the role that adipokines such as resistin play in the cardiovascular system. Evidence suggests that resistin is involved in pathological processes leading to CVD including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis, angiogenesis and smooth muscle cell dysfunction. The modes of action and signalling pathways whereby resistin interacts with its target cells are beginning to be understood. In this review, the current knowledge about the functions and pathophysiological implications of resistin in CVD development is summarized; clinical translations, therapeutic considerations and future directions in the field of resistin research are discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md S Jamaluddin
- Molecular Surgeon Research Center, Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Hsu WY, Chao YW, Tsai YL, Lien CC, Chang CF, Deng MC, Ho LT, Kwok CF, Juan CC. Resistin induces monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by increasing ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in endothelial cells via p38MAPK-dependent pathway. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:2181-8. [PMID: 21520070 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, firstly reported as an adipocyte-specific hormone, is suggested to be an important link between obesity and diabetes. Recent studies have suggested an association between resistin and atherogenic processes. The adhesion of circulating monocytes to endothelial cells is a critical step in the early stages of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistin on the adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and the underlying mechanism. Our results showed that resistin caused a significant increase in monocyte adhesion. In exploring the underlying mechanisms of resistin action, we found that resistin-induced monocyte adhesion was blocked by inhibition of p38MAPK activation using SB203580 and SB202190. Furthermore, resistin increased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) by HUVECs and these effects were also p38MAPK-dependent. Resistin-induced monocyte adhesion was also blocked by monoclonal antibodies against ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Taken together, these results show that resistin increases both the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 by endothelial cells and monocyte adhesion to HUVECs via p38MAPK-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yen Hsu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Filková M, Haluzík M, Gay S, Senolt L. The role of resistin as a regulator of inflammation: Implications for various human pathologies. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:157-70. [PMID: 19740705 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Resistin was originally described as an adipocyte-secreted peptide that induced insulin resistance in rodents. Increasing evidence indicates its important regulatory roles in various biological processes, including several inflammatory diseases. Further studies have shown that resistin in humans, in contrast to its production by adipocytes in mice, is synthesized predominantly by mononuclear cells both within and outside adipose tissue. Possible roles for resistin in obesity-related subclinical inflammation, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatic diseases, malignant tumors, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, and chronic kidney disease have already been demonstrated. In addition, resistin can modulate several molecular pathways involved in metabolic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. In this review, current knowledge about the functions and pathophysiological implications of resistin in different human pathologies is summarized, although there is a significant lack of firm evidence regarding the specific role resistin plays in the "orchestra" of the numerous mediators of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mária Filková
- Institute of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Department of Rheumatology of First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Na Slupi 4, Prague 2, 128 50, Czech Republic
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Juan CC, Lien CC, Chang CL, Huang YH, Ho LT. Involvement of iNOS and NO in TNF-alpha-downregulated resistin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2008; 16:1219-25. [PMID: 18369347 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2008.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to characterize the regulation of resistin gene expression, we explore the effect of tumornecrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on resistin mRNA expression and its underlying mechanism in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated for 24 h with 0-10 ng/ml of TNF-alpha or with 2.5 ng/ml of TNF-alpha for 0-24 h, and then resistin mRNA levels were measured by northern blotting. To further explore the involvement of nitric oxide (NO) in TNF-alpha-regulated resistin expression, the effect of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on resistin mRNA levels in adipocytes and the effect of the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), and S,S'-1,3-phenylene-bis(1,2-ethanediyl)-bis-isothiourea.2HBr (PBITU), on the TNF-alpha effect in adipocytes were examined. The effects of TNF-alpha on inducible NOS (iNOS) protein expression in adipocytes were also measured by western blotting. RESULTS Our results showed that TNF-alpha caused a dose-dependent reduction in resistin mRNA levels. This effect seemed to be associated with the TNF-alpha-induced expression of iNOS. The results showed that TNF-alpha induced iNOS expression and release of NO after 24-h treatment of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Pretreatment with L-NAME and PBITU significantly reversed the TNF-alpha-induced downregulation of resistin expression, while treatment with SNP mimicked the inhibitory effect of TNF-alpha on resistin expression. In addition, pretreatment with protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) inhibitors, genistein and AG-1288, prevented TNF-alpha-induced iNOS expression and subsequent resistin downregulation. DISCUSSION Our data suggest that TNF-alpha suppresses resistin expression by inducing iNOS expression, thus causing overproduction of NO, which downregulates resistin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Chang Juan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Osawa H, Onuma H, Ochi M, Murakami A, Yamauchi J, Takasuka T, Tanabe F, Shimizu I, Kato K, Nishida W, Yamada K, Tabara Y, Yasukawa M, Fujii Y, Ohashi J, Miki T, Makino H. Resistin SNP-420 determines its monocyte mRNA and serum levels inducing type 2 diabetes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 335:596-602. [PMID: 16087164 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.07.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, secreted from adipocytes, causes insulin resistance in rodents. Its roles and main source in humans remain unknown. The G/G genotype of resistin single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP-420, induces type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by increasing promoter activity. We elucidated factors correlated with serum resistin and effects of SNP-420 on monocyte resistin mRNA. In 198 T2DM and 157 controls, fasting serum resistin was higher in T2DM. Multiple regression analysis revealed that SNP-420 genotype was the strongest determinant of serum resistin. In T2DM, 1-year duration of T2DM and 1% HbA1c was also correlated with 0.19 and 0.54 ng/ml serum resistin, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that serum resistin was an independent factor for T2DM. In 23 healthy volunteers, monocyte resistin mRNA was positively correlated with its simultaneous serum levels and was higher in G/G genotype. Thus, SNP-420 determines monocyte mRNA and serum levels of resistin, which could induce T2DM.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Case-Control Studies
- DNA/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Female
- Genotype
- Hormones, Ectopic/blood
- Hormones, Ectopic/genetics
- Hormones, Ectopic/metabolism
- Humans
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Regression Analysis
- Resistin
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhiko Osawa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Ehime University School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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Mancia F, Patel SD, Rajala MW, Scherer PE, Nemes A, Schieren I, Hendrickson WA, Shapiro L. Optimization of protein production in mammalian cells with a coexpressed fluorescent marker. Structure 2005; 12:1355-60. [PMID: 15296729 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2004] [Revised: 06/04/2004] [Accepted: 06/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of mammalian proteins in sufficient abundance and quality for structural studies often presents formidable challenges. Many express poorly in bacterial systems, whereas it can be time consuming and expensive to produce them from cells of higher organisms. Here we describe a procedure for the direct selection of stable mammalian cell lines that express proteins of interest in high yield. Coexpression of a marker protein, such as green fluorescent protein, is linked to that of the desired protein through an internal ribosome entry site in the vector that is transfected into cells in culture. The coexpressed marker is used to select for highly expressing clonal cell lines. Applications are described to a membrane protein, the 5HT2c serotonin receptor, and to a secreted cysteine-rich protein, resistin. Besides providing an expeditious means for producing mammalian proteins for structural work, the resulting cell lines also readily support tests of functional properties and structure-inspired hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Mancia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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14
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Huang SW, Seow KM, Ho LT, Chien Y, Chung DY, Chang CL, Lai YH, Hwang JL, Juan CC. Resistin mRNA levels are downregulated by estrogen in vivo and in vitro. FEBS Lett 2004; 579:449-54. [PMID: 15642357 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 11/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, is suggested to be an important link between obesity and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the regulatory effect of estrogen on adipocyte resistin gene expression in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and in isolated rat adipocytes in vitro. Subcutaneous injection of estradiol benzoate reduced resistin mRNA levels in adipocytes isolated from the inguinal, parametrial, perirenal, retroperitoneal, or periovarian fat deposits of OVX rats, while an in vitro study showed that estradiol treatment decreased resistin mRNA levels in cultured rat periovarian fat adipocytes. Results of Western blotting analysis also showed that estrogen decreased adipose resistin contents in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that estrogen is a pivotal negative regulator of resistin gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seng-Wong Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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15
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Banerjee RR, Rangwala SM, Shapiro JS, Rich AS, Rhoades B, Qi Y, Wang J, Rajala MW, Pocai A, Scherer PE, Steppan CM, Ahima RS, Obici S, Rossetti L, Lazar MA. Regulation of fasted blood glucose by resistin. Science 2004; 303:1195-8. [PMID: 14976316 DOI: 10.1126/science.1092341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 506] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The association between obesity and diabetes supports an endocrine role for the adipocyte in maintaining glucose homeostasis. Here we report that mice lacking the adipocyte hormone resistin exhibit low blood glucose levels after fasting, due to reduced hepatic glucose production. This is partly mediated by activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and decreased expression of gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver. The data thus support a physiological function for resistin in the maintenance of blood glucose during fasting. Remarkably, lack of resistin diminishes the increase in post-fast blood glucose normally associated with increased weight, suggesting a role for resistin in mediating hyperglycemia associated with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronadip R Banerjee
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, and The Penn Diabetes Center, 611 CRB, 415 Curie Boulevard, Universityof Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Cabrita LD, Bottomley SP. Protein expression and refolding--a practical guide to getting the most out of inclusion bodies. BIOTECHNOLOGY ANNUAL REVIEW 2004; 10:31-50. [PMID: 15504702 DOI: 10.1016/s1387-2656(04)10002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The release of sequence data, particularly from a number of medically and biotechnologically important genomes, is increasing in an exponential fashion. In light of this, elucidating the structure and function of proteins, particularly in a "high throughput" manner, is an important quest. The production of recombinant proteins however is not always straightforward, with a number of proteins falling prey to low expression problems, a high susceptibility to proteolysis and the often despised production of inclusion bodies. Whilst expression as inclusion bodies can often be advantageous, their solubilization and renaturation is often a time consuming and empirical process. In this review, we aim to outline some of the more common approaches that have been applied to a variety of proteins and address issues associated with their handling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Cabrita
- Monash University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, P.O. Box 13D, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Raghu P, Ghosh S, Soundarya K, Haseeb A, Aruna B, Ehtesham NZ. Dimerization of human recombinant resistin involves covalent and noncovalent interactions. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 313:642-6. [PMID: 14697240 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Resistin, an adipocyte secreted cysteine rich hormone has been implicated as molecular link between obesity and type 2 diabetes in a murine model. Although, at the protein level mouse and human resistin show remarkable similarities with respect to conserved cysteine residues, the physiological role of human resistin is not yet clear. In the present study we describe the purification and refolding of human recombinant resistin using two different refolding processes. Gel filtration analysis of protein refolded by both the methods revealed that human recombinant resistin, like mouse resistin, has a tendency to form dimers. Interestingly, dimerization of resistin appears to be mediated by both covalent (disulfide bond mediated) and non-covalent interactions as seen on reducing and non-reducing SDS-PAGE. Circular dichroism spectral analysis revealed that human resistin peptide backbone is a mixture of alpha-helical and beta-sheet conformation with significant amounts of unordered structure, similar to the mouse resistin. It is likely that the first cysteine (Cyst22) of human resistin, which is equivalent to mouse Cyst26, may be involved in stabilizing the dimers through covalent interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pullakhandam Raghu
- Molecular Biology Unit, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania, Hyderabad 500007, India
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