1
|
The Biorefinery of the Marine Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii as a Strategy to Valorize Microalgal Oil Fractions. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chrypthecodinium cohnii lipids have been almost exclusively used as a source of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Such an approach wastes the remaining microalgal lipid fraction. The present work presents a novel process to produce C. cohnii biomass, using low-cost industrial by-products (raw glycerol and corn steep liquor), in a 7L-bioreactor, under fed-batch regime. At the end of the fermentation, the biomass concentration reached 9.2 g/L and the lipid content and lipid average productivity attained 28.0% (w/w dry cell weight) and 13.6 mg/L h, respectively. Afterwards the microalgal biomass underwent a saponification reaction to produce fatty acid (FA) soaps, which were further converted into FA ethyl ester (FA EE). C. cohnii FA EE mixture was then fractionated, using the urea complexation method at different temperatures, in order to obtain a polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (PUFA EE) rich fraction, that could be used for food/pharmaceutical/cosmetic purposes, and a saturated fatty acid ethyl ester (SAT EE) rich fraction, which could be used as biodiesel. The temperature that promoted the best separation between PUFA and SAT EE, was −18 °C, resulting in a liquid fraction with 91.6% (w/w) DHA, and a solid phase with 88.2% of SAT and monounsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester (MONOUNSAT), which could be used for biodiesel purposes after a hydrogenation step.
Collapse
|
2
|
Microalgal Proteins and Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Other Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae are a known source of proteins, prebiotics, lipids, small molecules, anti-oxidants and bioactives with health benefits that can be harnessed for the development of functional foods, feeds, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. This review collates information on the supply, processing costs, target markets and value of microalgae, as well as microalgal proteins, lipids, vitamins and minerals. It discusses the potential impact that microalgae could have on global food and feed supply and highlights gaps that exist with regards to the use of microalgal proteins and ingredients as foods and supplements.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng L, Bi Y, Guo P, Bi Y, Wang T, Dong L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. Metabolic Analysis of Schizochytrium Mutants With High DHA Content Achieved With ARTP Mutagenesis Combined With Iodoacetic Acid and Dehydroepiandrosterone Screening. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:738052. [PMID: 34869256 PMCID: PMC8637758 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.738052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High DHA production cost caused by low DHA titer and productivity of the current Schizochytrium strains is a bottleneck for its application in competition with traditional fish-oil based approach. In this study, atmospheric and room-temperature plasma with iodoacetic acid and dehydroepiandrosterone screening led to three mutants, 6–8, 6–16 and 6–23 all with increased growth and DHA accumulations. A LC/MS metabolomic analysis revealed the increased metabolism in PPP and EMP as well as the decreased TCA cycle might be relevant to the increased growth and DHA biosynthesis in the mutants. Finally, the mutant 6–23, which achieved the highest growth and DHA accumulation among all mutants, was evaluated in a 5 L fermentor. The results showed that the DHA concentration and productivity in mutant 6–23 were 41.4 g/L and 430.7 mg/L/h in fermentation for 96 h, respectively, which is the highest reported so far in literature. The study provides a novel strain improvement strategy for DHA-producing Schizochytrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zeng
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanqi Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Pengfei Guo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Yali Bi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Liang Dong
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Raw Glycerol Based Medium for DHA and Lipids Production, Using the Marine Heterotrophic Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9112005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude glycerol, a biodiesel industry byproduct, and corn steep liquor (CSL) derived from a starch industry, were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for lipid production, using the heterotrophic microalga C. cohnii grown in a bench bioreactor, in a batch culture. The maximum biomass concentration, lipid content and lipid productivity attained were 5.34 g/L, 24.6% (w/w Dry Cell Weight-DCW) and 0.016 g L−1 h−1, respectively. Flow cytometry analysis was used to evaluate the impact of these substrates on the microalgae cells. A high proportion of intact cells with enzymatic (esterases) activity (>50%) was present throughout the cultivation time course. These results indicate that crude glycerol and CSL can be used in the medium formulation for DHA and lipid production using this microalga, which reduce the process costs in an expected maximum of 84%.
Collapse
|
5
|
Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from the Microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii by Utilizing Both Pentose and Hexose Sugars from Agricultural Residues. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The core objective of this work was to take advantage of the unexploited wheat straw biomass, currently considered as a broadly available waste stream from the Greek agricultural sector, towards the integrated valorization of sugar streams for the microbial production of polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (PUFAs). The OxiOrganosolv pretreatment process was applied using acetone and ethanol as organic solvents without any additional catalyst. The results proved that both cellulose-rich solid pulp and hemicellulosic oligosaccharides-rich aqueous liquid fraction after pretreatment can be efficiently hydrolyzed enzymatically, thus resulting in high yields of fermentable monosaccharides. The latter were supplied as carbon sources to the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii for the production of PUFAs, more specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The solid fractions consisted mainly of hexose sugars and led to higher DHA productivity than their pentose-rich liquid counterparts, which can be attributed to the different carbon source and C/N ratio in the two streams. The best performance was obtained with the solid pulp pretreated with ethanol at 160 °C for 120 min and an O2 pressure of 16 bar. The total fatty acids content reached 70.3 wt% of dried cell biomass, of which 32.2% was DHA. The total DHA produced was 7.1 mg per g of untreated wheat straw biomass.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lv M, Wang F, Zeng L, Bi Y, Cui J, Liu L, Bi Y, Chen L, Zhang W. Identification and metabolomic analysis of a starch-deficient Crypthecodinium cohnii mutant reveals multiple mechanisms relevant to enhanced growth and lipid accumulation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
7
|
Gupta J, Gupta R. Nutraceutical Status and Scientific Strategies for Enhancing Production of Omega-3 Fatty Acids from Microalgae and their Role in Healthcare. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2020; 21:1616-1631. [PMID: 32619166 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200703201014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adherence to Omega-3 fatty acids (O3FAs) as Nutraceuticals for medicinal applications provides health improvement. The prevention and treatment of diseases with O3FAs hold promise in clinical therapy and significantly reduces the risk of chronic disorders. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) O3FAs have beneficial effects in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, diabetic disease, foetal development, Alzheimer's disease, retinal problem, growth and brain development of infants and antitumor effects. Association to current analysis promotes the application of algal biomass for production of O3FAs, mode of action, fate, weight management, immune functions, pharmaceutical and therapeutic applications serving potent sources in healthcare management. A search of the literature was conducted in the databases of WHO website, Sci.org, PubMed, academics and Google. The authors performed search strategies and current scenario of O3FAs in health associated disorders. Promising outcomes and future strategies towards O3FAs may play a pivotal role in Nutraceutical industries in the cure of human health in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura-281406, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
9
|
Karnaouri A, Chalima A, Kalogiannis KG, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Lappas A, Topakas E. Utilization of lignocellulosic biomass towards the production of omega-3 fatty acids by the heterotrophic marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 303:122899. [PMID: 32028216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids have become a commodity of high nutritional and commercial value; intensive fishing and its environmental and social cost has led researchers to seeking alternative more sustainable ways of producing them. Heterotrophic microalgae such as Crypthecodinium cohnii, a marine dinoflagellate, have the ability to utilize various substrates and accumulate high amounts of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In this work, a mild oxidative organosolv pretreatment of beechwood pulps was employed that allowed up to 95% of lignin removal in a single stage, thus yielding a cellulose-rich solid fraction. The enzymatic hydrolysates were evaluated for their ability to support the growth and lipid accumulation of C. cohnii in batch and fed-batch cultures; the results verified the successful microalgae growth, while DHA reached up to 43.5% of the cell's total lipids. The proposed bioprocess demonstrated the utilization of non-edible biomass towards high added value food supplements in a sustainable and efficient manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelina Chalima
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos G Kalogiannis
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), CERTH, 6th Km Harilaou‑Thermi Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Angelos Lappas
- Chemical Process and Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), CERTH, 6th Km Harilaou‑Thermi Road, Thermi, 57001, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Industrial Biotechnology & Biocatalysis Group, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str, Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece; Biochemical and Chemical Process Engineering, Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-97187 Luleå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu L, Wang F, Pei G, Cui J, Diao J, Lv M, Chen L, Zhang W. Repeated fed-batch strategy and metabolomic analysis to achieve high docosahexaenoic acid productivity in Crypthecodinium cohnii. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:91. [PMID: 32299433 PMCID: PMC7164216 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01349-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is essential for human diet. However, high production cost of DHA using C. cohnii makes it currently less competitive commercially, which is mainly caused by low DHA productivity. In recent years, repeated fed-batch strategies have been evaluated for increasing the production of many fermentation products. The reduction in terms of stability of culture system was one of the major challenges for repeated fed-batch fermentation. However, the possible mechanisms responsible for the decreased stability of the culture system in the repeated fed-batch fermentation are so far less investigated, restricting the efforts to further improve the productivity. In this study, a repeated fed-batch strategy for DHA production using C. cohnii M-1-2 was evaluated to improve DHA productivity and reduce production cost, and then the underlying mechanisms related to the gradually decreased stability of the culture system in repeated fed-batch culture were explored through LC– and GC–MS metabolomic analyses. Results It was discovered that glucose concentration at 15–27 g/L and 80% medium replacement ratio were suitable for the growth of C. cohnii M-1-2 during the repeated fed-batch culture. A four-cycle repeated fed-batch culture was successfully developed and assessed at the optimum cultivation parameters, resulting in increasing the total DHA productivity by 26.28% compared with the highest DHA productivity of 57.08 mg/L/h reported using C. cohnii, including the time required for preparing seed culture and fermentor. In addition, LC– and GC–MS metabolomics analyses showed that the gradually decreased nitrogen utilization capacity, and down-regulated glycolysis and TCA cycle were correlated with the decreased stability of the culture system during the long-time repeated fed-batch culture. At last, some biomarkers, such as Pyr, Cit, OXA, FUM, l-tryptophan, l-threonine, l-leucine, serotonin, and 4-guanidinobutyric acid, correlated with the stability of culture system of C. cohnii M-1-2 were identified. Conclusions The study proved that repeated fed-batch cultivation was an efficient and energy-saving strategy for industrial production of DHA using C. cohnii, which could also be useful for cultivation of other microbes to improve productivity and reduce production cost. In addition, the mechanisms study at metabolite level can also be useful to further optimize production processes for C. cohnii and other microbes.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinjin Diao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingming Lv
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China.,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China. .,Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (MOE), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China. .,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China. .,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Dark Side of Microalgae Biotechnology: A Heterotrophic Biorefinery Platform Directed to ω-3 Rich Lipid Production. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120670. [PMID: 31835511 PMCID: PMC6956277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial oils have been considered a renewable feedstock for bioenergy not competing with food crops for arable land, freshwater and biodiverse natural landscapes. Microalgal oils may also have other purposes (niche markets) besides biofuels production such as pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) obtained from oleaginous microalgae show benefits over other PUFAs sources such as fish oils, being odorless, and non-dependent on fish stocks. Heterotrophic microalgae can use low-cost substrates such as organic wastes/residues containing carbon, simultaneously producing PUFAs together with other lipids that can be further converted into bioenergy, for combined heat and power (CHP), or liquid biofuels, to be integrated in the transportation system. This review analyses the different strategies that have been recently used to cultivate and further process heterotrophic microalgae for lipids, with emphasis on omega-3 rich compounds. It also highlights the importance of studying an integrated process approach based on the use of low-cost substrates associated to the microalgal biomass biorefinery, identifying the best sustainability methodology to be applied to the whole integrated system.
Collapse
|
12
|
Diao J, Song X, Cui J, Liu L, Shi M, Wang F, Zhang W. Rewiring metabolic network by chemical modulator based laboratory evolution doubles lipid production in Crypthecodinium cohnii. Metab Eng 2018; 51:88-98. [PMID: 30393203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Dietary omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) can be synthesized in microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii; however, its productivity is still low. Here, we established a new protocol termed as "chemical modulator based adaptive laboratory evolution" (CM-ALE) to enhance lipid and DHA productivity in C. cohnii. First, ACCase inhibitor sethoxydim based CM-ALE was applied to redirect carbon equivalents from starch to lipid. Second, CM-ALE using growth modulator sesamol as selection pressure was conducted to relive negative effects of sesamol on lipid biosynthesis in C. cohnii, which allows enhancement of biomass productivity by 30% without decreasing lipid content when sesamol was added. After two-step CM-ALE, the lipid and DHA productivity in C. cohnii was respectively doubled to a level of 0.046 g/L/h and 0.025 g/L/h in culture with addition of 1 mM sesamol, demonstrating that this two-step CM-ALE could be a valuable approach to maximize the properties of microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Diao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China; Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Mengliang Shi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China; SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, PR China; Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Liu L, Wang F, Yang J, Li X, Cui J, Liu J, Shi M, Wang K, Chen L, Zhang W. Nitrogen Feeding Strategies and Metabolomic Analysis To Alleviate High-Nitrogen Inhibition on Docosahexaenoic Acid Production in Crypthecodinium cohnii. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:10640-10650. [PMID: 30226986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that high-nitrogen content inhibits cell growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) biosynthesis in heterotrophic microalgae Crypthecodinium cohnii. In this study, two nitrogen feeding strategies, pulse-feeding and continuous-feeding, were evaluated to alleviate high-nitrogen inhibition effects on C. cohnii. The results showed that continuous-feeding with a medium solution containing 50% ( w/v) yeast extract at 2.1 mL/h during 12-96 h was the optimal nitrogen feeding strategy for the fermentation process, when glucose concentration was maintained at 15-27 g/L during the same period. With the optimized strategy, 71.2 g/L of dry cell weight and DHA productivity of 57.1 mg/L/h were achieved. In addition, metabolomic analysis was applied to determine the metabolic changes during different nitrogen feeding conditions, and the changes in amino acids, polysaccharides, purines, and pentose phosphate pathway were observed, providing valuable metabolite-level information for exploring the mechanism of the high-nitrogen inhibition effect and further improving DHA productivity in C. cohnii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P.R. China
| | - Ji Yang
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P.R. China
| | - Xingrui Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Jing Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Mengliang Shi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Kang Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education) , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- SynBio Research Platform , Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering Tianjin 300072 , PR China
- Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy , Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Rumiani LA, Jalili H, Amrane A. Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by Crypthecodinium cohnii under combined stress in two-stage cultivation with date syrup based medium. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
15
|
Cui J, Diao J, Sun T, Shi M, Liu L, Wang F, Chen L, Zhang W. 13C Metabolic Flux Analysis of Enhanced Lipid Accumulation Modulated by Ethanolamine in Crypthecodinium cohnii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:956. [PMID: 29867861 PMCID: PMC5963191 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii has attracted considerable attention due to its capability of accumulating lipids with a high fraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In our previous study, ethanolamine (ETA) was identified as an effective chemical modulator for lipid accumulation in C. cohnii. In this study, to gain a better understanding of the lipid metabolism and mechanism for the positive effects of modulator ETA, metabolic flux analysis was performed using 13C-labeled glucose with and without 1 mM ETA modulator. The analysis of flux distribution showed that with the addition of ETA, flux in glycolysis pathway and citrate pyruvate cycle was strengthened while flux in pentose phosphate pathway was decreased. In addition, flux in TCA cycle was slightly decreased compared with the control without ETA. The enzyme activity of malic enzyme (ME) was significantly increased, suggesting that NADP+-dependent ME might be the major source of NADPH for lipid accumulation. The flux information obtained by this study could be valuable for the further efforts in improving lipid accumulation and DHA production in C. cohnii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Cui
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinjin Diao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Mengliang Shi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Fangzhong Wang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin, China.,Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
A pilot-scale bioprocess to produce amphidinols from the marine microalga Amphidinium carterae: Isolation of a novel analogue. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
17
|
Diao J, Song X, Zhang X, Chen L, Zhang W. Genetic Engineering of Crypthecodinium cohnii to Increase Growth and Lipid Accumulation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:492. [PMID: 29616006 PMCID: PMC5868476 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated suitable selected markers and optimized transformation protocols to develop a new genetic transformation methodology for DHA-producing Crypthecodinium cohnii. Additionally, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO), potentially involved in CO2 fixation under autotrophic conditions, was selected as the target for construction of a gene knockdown mutant. Our results show that the constructs were successfully inserted into the C. cohnii chromosome by homologous recombination. Comparative analysis showed that deletion of the RuBisCO gene promoted cell growth and increased the lipid content of C. cohnii under heterotrophic conditions compared with those of the wild-type. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabolomic analysis showed that the metabolites involved in energy metabolism were upregulated, suggesting that the deletion of the RuBisCO gene may contribute to the re-direction of more carbon or energy toward growth and lipid accumulation under heterotrophic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Diao
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Song
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Bio-safety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,SynBio Research Platform, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Center for Bio-safety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ma X, Xie B, Du J, Zhang A, Hao J, Wang S, Wang J, Cao G. The Anti-Inflammatory Effect and Structure of EPCP1-2 from Crypthecodinium cohnii via Modulation of TLR4-NF-κB Pathways in LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells. Mar Drugs 2017; 15:E376. [PMID: 29194423 PMCID: PMC5742836 DOI: 10.3390/md15120376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharide from Crypthecodinium cohnii (EPCP1-2) is a marine exopolysaccharide that evidences a variety of biological activities. We isolated a neutral polysaccharide from the fermentation liquid of Crypthecodinium cohnii (CP). In this study, a polysaccharide that is derived from Crypthecodinium cohnii were analyzed and its anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated on protein expression of toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor κB pathways in macrophages. The structural characteristics of EPCP1-2 were characterized by GC (gas chromatography) and GC-MS (gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) analyses. The molecular weight was about 82.5 kDa. The main chain of EPCP1-2 consisted of (1→6)-linked mannopyranosyl, (1→6)-linked glucopyranosyl, branched-chain consisted of (1→3,6)-linked galactopyranosyl and terminal consisted of t-l-Rhapyranosyl. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was representated through assay of proliferation rate, pro-inflammatory factor (NO) and expressions of proteins on RAW 264.7, the macrophage cell line. The results revealed that EPCP1-2 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity by regulating the expression of toll-like receptor 4, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and Nuclear Factor-κB protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ma
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Baolong Xie
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jin Du
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Aijun Zhang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jianan Hao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Shuxun Wang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| | - Guorui Cao
- The Institute of Seawater Desalination and Multipurpose Utilization, SOA, Tianjin 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Venkata Subhash G, Rajvanshi M, Navish Kumar B, Govindachary S, Prasad V, Dasgupta S. Carbon streaming in microalgae: extraction and analysis methods for high value compounds. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1304-1316. [PMID: 28803061 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing recognition that carbon-neutral biofuels and microalgae are eco-friendly options because of their high CO2 sequestering capability and ability to grow in wastewater/sea water and non-arable land. Also the intrinsic properties of microalgal systems can be exploited for high value compounds such as carbohydrates, lipids, pigments and proteins. This article provides a comprehensive review of various microalgae cultivation practices utilizing organic and inorganic carbon sources. The merits and demerits of the various extraction and analytical procedures have also been discussed in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Venkata Subhash
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India.
| | - Meghna Rajvanshi
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - B Navish Kumar
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Sridharan Govindachary
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Venkatesh Prasad
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| | - Santanu Dasgupta
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Limited, Reliance Corporate Park, Ghansoli, Thane-Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai 400701, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Isleten-Hosoglu M, Elibol M. Peyniraltı Suyu ve Mısır Islatma Şurubunun Heterotrofik Mikroalg Crypthecodinium cohnii ile Biyokütle ve Yağ Üretimi Amacıyla Biyolojik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.24323/akademik-gida.345256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
21
|
De novo transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-producing Crypthecodinium cohnii during fed-batch fermentation. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Li X, Pei G, Liu L, Chen L, Zhang W. Metabolomic analysis and lipid accumulation in a glucose tolerant Crypthecodinium cohnii strain obtained by adaptive laboratory evolution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 235:87-95. [PMID: 28365353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) was commonly used for strain improvement. Crypthecodinium cohnii is known to accumulate lipids with a high fraction of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In order to improve DHA production under high substrate concentration, a glucose-tolerant C. cohnii strain was firstly obtained by ALE after 260 cycles for 650days with gradually increased glucose concentration. The results of lipids content showed that DHA-rich lipids accumulation in the evolved strain could increase by 15.49% at 45g/L glucose concentrations. To reveal mechanisms related to glucose tolerance of C. cohnii through ALE, metabolic profiles were then compared and the results showed that hub metabolites including glycerol, glutamic acid, malonic acid and succinic acid were positively regulated during ALE. The study demonstrated that metabolomic analysis complemented with ALE could be an effective and valuable strategy for basic mechanisms of molecular evolution and adaptive changes in C. cohnii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Li
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Liangsen Liu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Weiwen Zhang
- Laboratory of Synthetic Microbiology, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, PR China; Center for Biosafety Research and Strategy, Tianjin University, Tianjin, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sun D, Zhang Z, Mao X, Wu T, Jiang Y, Liu J, Chen F. Light enhanced the accumulation of total fatty acids (TFA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in a newly isolated heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium sp. SUN. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 228:227-234. [PMID: 28064135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, light illumination was found to be efficient in elevating the total fatty acid content in a newly isolated heterotrophic microalga, Crypthecodinium sp. SUN. Under light illumination, the highest total fatty acid and DHA contents were achieved at 96h as 24.9% of dry weight and 82.8mgg-1 dry weight, respectively, which were equivalent to 1.46-fold and 1.68-fold of those under the dark conditions. The elevation of total fatty acid content was mainly contributed by an increase of neutral lipids at the expense of starches. Moreover, light was found to alter the cell metabolism and led to a higher specific growth rate, higher glucose consumption rate and lower non-motile cell percentage. This is the first report that light can promote the total fatty acids accumulation in Crypthecodinium without growth inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Runke Bioengineering Co. Ltd., Zhangzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hu G, Ji S, Yu Y, Wang S, Zhou G, Li F. Organisms for biofuel production: natural bioresources and methodologies for improving their biosynthetic potentials. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 147:185-224. [PMID: 24085385 DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to relieve the pressure of energy supply and environment contamination that humans are facing, there are now intensive worldwide efforts to explore natural bioresources for production of energy storage compounds, such as lipids, alcohols, hydrocarbons, and polysaccharides. Around the world, many plants have been evaluated and developed as feedstock for bioenergy production, among which several crops have successfully achieved industrialization. Microalgae are another group of photosynthetic autotroph of interest due to their superior growth rates, relatively high photosynthetic conversion efficiencies, and vast metabolic capabilities. Heterotrophic microorganisms, such as yeast and bacteria, can utilize carbohydrates from lignocellulosic biomass directly or after pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis to produce liquid biofuels such as ethanol and butanol. Although finding a suitable organism for biofuel production is not easy, many naturally occurring organisms with good traits have recently been obtained. This review mainly focuses on the new organism resources discovered in the last 5 years for production of transport fuels (biodiesel, gasoline, jet fuel, and alkanes) and hydrogen, and available methods to improve natural organisms as platforms for the production of biofuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ras RT, Demonty I, Zebregs YEMP, Quadt JFA, Olsson J, Trautwein EA. Low doses of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from fish oil dose-dependently decrease serum triglyceride concentrations in the presence of plant sterols in hypercholesterolemic men and women. J Nutr 2014; 144:1564-70. [PMID: 25122648 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols (PSs) lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, whereas the n-3 (ω-3) fish fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Incorporating both PSs and EPA+DHA from fish oil (FO) in a single food format was expected to beneficially affect 2 blood lipid risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the dose-response relation between low doses (<2 g/d) of EPA+DHA from FO, incorporated in a low-fat PS-enriched spread, and TG concentrations. In addition, effects on LDL-C were investigated. The study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study. After a 4-wk run-in period, subjects were randomly assigned to consume either a control (C) spread (no PSs, no FO) or 1 of 4 intervention spreads containing a fixed amount of PSs (2.5 g/d) and varying amounts of FO (0.0, 0.9, 1.3, and 1.8 g/d of EPA+DHA) for 4 wk. Before and after the intervention, fasting blood samples were drawn for measuring serum lipids and EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes. In total, 85 hypercholesterolemic men and 247 women with a mean age of 57.9 y (range: 25-74 y) were included. Eighteen subjects dropped out during the study. At baseline, mean TG and LDL-C concentrations were 1.09 and 4.00 mmol/L, respectively. After the intervention, a significant dose-response relation for the TG-lowering effect of EPA+DHA [βln (TG) = -0.07 mmol/L per gram of EPA+DHA; P < 0.01] was found. Compared with the C group, TG concentrations were 9.3-16.2% lower in the different FO groups (P < 0.05 for all groups). LDL-C concentrations were 11.5-14.7% lower in the different PS groups than in the C group (P < 0.01 for all groups). EPA and DHA in erythrocyte membranes were dose-dependently higher after FO intake than after the C spread, indicating good compliance. Consumption of a low-fat spread enriched with PSs and different low doses of n-3 fatty acids from FO decreased TG concentrations in a dose-dependent manner and decreased LDL-C concentrations. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01313988.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Demonty
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Johan Olsson
- Food Files (formerly known as Good Food Practice), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research and Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ayub F, Strauch O, Seychelles L, Ehlers RU. Influence of cell density of Escherichia coli and the dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii on life history traits of the nematode Panagrolaimus sp. strain NFS 24-5, a potential larval food for marine aquaculture. NEMATOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The nematode Panagrolaimus sp. NFS 24-5 has potential for use as living food for larval shrimps and fish in marine aquaculture. The nematodes are usually produced on bacterial or yeast cells. Nematodes cannot synthesise the long chain fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is essential for feeding marine aquaculture organisms. The eukaryotic, heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii consists of approximately 20% DHA. To culture the nematodes and simultaneously enrich them with DHA, single adult male and female individuals were cultured in hanging drops with variable cell density of C. cohnii. Life history traits, such as net reproductive rate (), population doubling time (PDT) and intrinsic rate of natural increase (), were assessed and compared with data obtained from cultures on Escherichia coli. A maximum was recorded at a cell density of 4 × 106 C. cohnii cells ml−1, corresponding to 2478.82 μg dry mass ml−1. The same was achieved with 7× lower biomass of E. coli at a cell density of 3 × 109 cells ml−1, corresponding to 335.63 μg dry mass ml−1. The results exclude the use of the dinoflagellate culture from application in mass production of the nematode for aquaculture food and limit the use to post-harvest enrichment of the nematodes with essential fatty acids. At a density of 3 × 109 E. coli cells ml−1 the PDT was lowest and the was highest, indicating that this cell density might be closest to optimum conditions for nematode reproduction. Exceeding this cell density yielded fewer offspring within a longer time period. Implications for mass production in monoxenic liquid cultures are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Ayub
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauch
- e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Strasse 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| | - Laurent Seychelles
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Science, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 4, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf-Udo Ehlers
- e-nema GmbH, Klausdorfer Strasse 28-36, 24223 Schwentinental, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Isolation and Characterization of a Docosahexaenoic Acid-Phospholipids Producing Microorganism Crypthecodinium sp. D31. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-013-2337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
28
|
Plastids of marine phytoplankton produce bioactive pigments and lipids. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3425-71. [PMID: 24022731 PMCID: PMC3806458 DOI: 10.3390/md11093425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton is acknowledged to be a very diverse source of bioactive molecules. These compounds play physiological roles that allow cells to deal with changes of the environmental constrains. For example, the diversity of light harvesting pigments allows efficient photosynthesis at different depths in the seawater column. Identically, lipid composition of cell membranes can vary according to environmental factors. This, together with the heterogenous evolutionary origin of taxa, makes the chemical diversity of phytoplankton compounds much larger than in terrestrial plants. This contribution is dedicated to pigments and lipids synthesized within or from plastids/photosynthetic membranes. It starts with a short review of cyanobacteria and microalgae phylogeny. Then the bioactivity of pigments and lipids (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-allergic activities, and cardio- neuro-, hepato- and photoprotective effects), alone or in combination, is detailed. To increase the cellular production of bioactive compounds, specific culture conditions may be applied (e.g., high light intensity, nitrogen starvation). Regardless of the progress made in blue biotechnologies, the production of bioactive compounds is still limited. However, some examples of large scale production are given, and perspectives are suggested in the final section.
Collapse
|
29
|
Li T, Zheng Y, Yu L, Chen S. High productivity cultivation of a heat-resistant microalga Chlorella sorokiniana for biofuel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 131:60-67. [PMID: 23340103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To augment biomass and lipid productivities of heterotrophic cultured microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana, the influence of environmental temperature and medium factors, such as carbon source, nitrogen source, and their initial concentrations was investigated in this study. The microalga C. sorokiniana could tolerate up to 42°C and showed the highest growth rate of 1.60d(-1) at 37°C. The maximum dry cell weight (DCW) and corresponding lipid concentration was obtained with 80gL(-1) of initial glucose and 4gL(-1) of initial KNO3 at 37°C. In 5-L batch fermentation, the DCW increased dramatically from 0.9gL(-1) to 37.6gL(-1) in the first 72h cultivation, with the DCW productivity of 12.2gL(-1)d(-1). The maximum lipid content of 31.5% was achieved in 96h and the lipid productivity was 2.9gL(-1)d(-1). The results showed C. sorokiniana could be a promising strain for biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioprocessing and Bioproduct Engineering Laboratory (BBEL), Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hillig F, Pilarek M, Junne S, Neubauer P. Cultivation of Marine Microorganisms in Single-Use Systems. DISPOSABLE BIOREACTORS II 2013; 138:179-206. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
31
|
Hillig F, Annemüller S, Chmielewska M, Pilarek M, Junne S, Neubauer P. Bioprocess Development in Single-Use Systems for Heterotrophic Marine Microalgae. CHEM-ING-TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
32
|
Cagliari A, Margis R, Dos Santos Maraschin F, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Loss G, Margis-Pinheiro M. Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols (TAGs) in plants and algae. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4081/pb.2011.e10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs), which consist of three fatty acids bound to a glycerol backbone, are major storage lipids that accumulate in developing seeds, flower petals, pollen grains, and fruits of innumerous plant species. These storage lipids are of great nutritional and nutraceutical value and, thus, are a common source of edible oils for human consumption and industrial purposes. Two metabolic pathways for the production of TAGs have been clarified: an acyl¬ CoA-dependent pathway and an acyl-CoA-independent pathway. Lipid metabolism, specially the pathways to fatty acids and TAG biosynthesis, is relatively well understood in plants, but poorly known in algae. It is generally accepted that the basic pathways of fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis in algae are analogous to those of higher plants. However, unlike higher plants where individual classes of lipids may be synthesized and localized in a specific cell, tissue or organ, the complete pathway, from carbon dioxide fixation to TAG synthesis and sequestration, takes place within a single algal cell. Another distinguishing feature of some algae is the large amounts of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC- PUFAs) as major fatty acid components. Nowadays, the focus of attention in biotechnology is the isolation of novel fatty acid metabolizing genes, especially elongases and desaturases that are responsible for PUFAs synthesis, from different species of algae, and its transfer to plants. The aim is to boost the seed oil content and to generate desirable fatty acids in oilseed crops through genetic engineering approaches. This paper presents the current knowledge of the neutral storage lipids in plants and algae from fatty acid biosynthesis to TAG accumulation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Gong Y, Jiang M. Biodiesel production with microalgae as feedstock: from strains to biodiesel. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:1269-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
34
|
Santos CA, Ferreira ME, Lopes da Silva T, Gouveia L, Novais JM, Reis A. A symbiotic gas exchange between bioreactors enhances microalgal biomass and lipid productivities: taking advantage of complementary nutritional modes. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:909-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0860-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Lian M, Huang H, Ren L, Ji X, Zhu J, Jin L. Increase of docosahexaenoic acid production by Schizochytrium sp. through mutagenesis and enzyme assay. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 162:935-41. [PMID: 19967469 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study focused on improving docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by Schizochytrium sp. through N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrisiguanidine treatment coupled with ultraviolet radiation based on the metabolic pathway analysis. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of the mutant was higher than the parent strain, which indicated that the hexose monophosphate pathway of the mutant was strengthened, and more NADPH was thus produced. Also, the activities of malic enzyme and ATP-citrate lyase in the cell extract of the mutant were higher than the parent strain, which indicated that the screening method increased NADPH and acetyl-CoA supply in vivo effectively. Finally, in the batch culturing of the mutant, 34.84% higher lipid was accumulated with the cell dry weight at the same level compared with the parent strain. Moreover, the DHA percentage of the total fatty acids up to 56.22% was achieved using the mutant, which was 38.88% higher than the parent strain. When the cultures were maintained under appropriate conditions, the final DHA yield was 0.20 and 0.11 g/g dry biomass, for the mutant and parent, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, No. 5 Xinmofan Road, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Ren LJ, Huang H, Xiao AH, Lian M, Jin LJ, Ji XJ. Enhanced docosahexaenoic acid production by reinforcing acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2009; 32:837-43. [PMID: 19280224 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-009-0310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production in Schizochytrium sp. HX-308 was evaluated by detecting enzymatic activities of ATP:citrate lyase (EC 4.1.3.8), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49) at different fermentation stages. According to the analysis, a regulation strategy was proposed which reinforced acetyl-CoA and NADPH supply at a specific fermentation stage. DHA content of total fatty acids was increased from 35 to 60% by the addition of 4 g/L malic acid at the rapid lipid accumulation stage. Total lipid content also showed an apparent increase of 35% and reached 19 g/L when 40 mL ethanol/L was added at the late lipid accumulation stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Jing Ren
- College of Life Science and Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Technology, Gulou District, 210009 Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Moellering ER, Miller R, Benning C. Molecular Genetics of Lipid Metabolism in the Model Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2863-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
|
38
|
Hu W, Gladue R, Hansen J, Wojnar C, Chalmers JJ. Growth inhibition of dinoflagellate algae in shake flasks: Not due to shear this time! Biotechnol Prog 2009; 26:79-87. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
39
|
Hu Q, Sommerfeld M, Jarvis E, Ghirardi M, Posewitz M, Seibert M, Darzins A. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 54:621-39. [PMID: 18476868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03492.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1724] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Hu
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Arizona State University Polytechnic Campus, Mesa, AZ 85212, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Loayza-Muro R, Elías-Letts R. Responses of the mussel Anodontites trapesialis (Unionidae) to environmental stressors: effect of pH, temperature and metals on filtration rate. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 149:209-15. [PMID: 17321653 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Revised: 12/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the suitability of the tropical freshwater mussel Anodontites trapesialis for ecotoxicity assays, we tested the effects of temperature, pH, and Cd, Cu and Zn on its filtration rate. This is a relevant, sensible sublethal endpoint given the ecological role that this mussel plays in Amazonian environments. Filtration rate was calculated from the clearance of algae, fed to mussels at different temperature, pH and metal concentrations. Filtration rate was highest at 20 degrees C and pH 8, and decreased at low temperatures and pH. For all metals clear dose-response relationships were found. Cd exerted the most toxic effects (EC(50filtration) 64microg/L) followed by Cu (605microg/L) and Zn (4064microg/L). Metal mixtures representing present pollution levels clearly affected filtration rates. The results suggest that A. trapesialis is a suitable ecotoxicological test organism for the Amazonian region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loayza-Muro
- Department of Biological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Philosophy, Laboratories for Research and Development, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Av. Honorio Delgado 430, P.O. Box 4314, Lima 100, Peru.
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mendes A, Guerra P, Madeira V, Ruano F, Lopes da Silva T, Reis A. Study of docosahexaenoic acid production by the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii CCMP 316 using carob pulp as a promising carbon source. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-007-9349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
42
|
Cai S, Hu C, Du S. Comparisons of Growth and Biochemical Composition between Mixed Culture of Alga and Yeast and Monocultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2007; 104:391-7. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.104.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
43
|
Chin HJ, Ko YH, Shen TF, Ding ST. The effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid on the expression of lipogenic genes in broilers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1071/ar05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this work were to determine the effects of dietary fungal docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on tissue DHA concentration and lipogenic gene expression in broilers. A fungal (SR-21) meal product containing 31.5% total fat and 32.7% DHA (% of total fatty acids) was fed to chicken broilers at 0, 1, or 3% for 3 weeks. A diet with 1% DHA oil (containing 40% DHA) was also fed to chicken broilers as a positive control. Dietary fungal meal supplementation (3%) improved daily weight gain, food intake, and feed conversion ratio. The fungal meal supplementation increased dietary DHA content and consequently increased the DHA content in plasma, breast muscle (Pectoralis major), and livers in the broilers. The plasma triacylglycerol concentration was decreased by the supplementation of dietary DHA. The data indicate that the dietary DHA treatment modified certain aspects of the lipid metabolism, especially pathways related to triacylglycerol synthesis. Indeed, both the 1% DHA oil and 3% fungal meal treatments decreased the hepatic lipogenic transcription factor sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) mRNA relative abundance, suggesting that dietary DHA supplementation decreases SREBP1 gene functions. The relative mRNA abundance of the de novo fatty acid synthesis genes, fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase, was reduced by 1% DHA oil and 3% fungal meal treatments, suggesting that dietary DHA supplementation decreases lipogenesis in the livers of the broilers. Taken together, the fungal meal is a suitable dietary supplement to increase tissue DHA content and reduce the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in broilers.
Collapse
|
44
|
A comparative study on the effect of algal and fish oil on viability and cell proliferation of Caco-2 cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 45:716-24. [PMID: 17141934 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2005] [Revised: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) rich micro-algal oil was tested in vitro and compared with fish oil for antiproliferative properties on cancer cells in vitro. Oils derived from Crypthecodinium cohnii, Schizochytrium sp. and Nitzschia laevis, three commercial algal oil capsules, and menhaden fish oil were used in cell viability and proliferation tests with human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells. With these tests no difference was found between algal oil and fish oil. The nonhydrolysed algal oils and fish oil showed a much lower toxic effect on cell viability, and cell proliferation in Caco-2 cells than the hydrolysed oils and the free fatty acids (FFAs). Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n-3) were used as samples for comparison with the tested hydrolysed and nonhydrolysed oils. The hydrolysed samples showed comparative toxicity as the free fatty acids and no difference between algal and fish oil. Oxidative stress was shown to play a role in the antiproliferative properties of EPA and DHA, as alpha-tocopherol could partially reverse the EPA/DHA-induced effects. The results of the present study support a similar mode of action of algal oil and fish oil on cancer cells in vitro, in spite of their different PUFA content.
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen GQ, Chen F. Growing Phototrophic Cells without Light. Biotechnol Lett 2006; 28:607-16. [PMID: 16642296 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-0025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Many phototrophic microorganisms contain large quantities of high-value products such as n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids but phototrophic growth is often slow due to light limitation. Some phototrophic microorganisms can also grow on cheap organic substrate heterotrophically. Heterotrophic cultivation can be well controlled and provides the possibility to achieve fast growth and high yield of valuable products on a large scale. Several strategies have been investigated for cultivation of phototrophic microorganisms without light. These include trophic conversion of obligate photoautotrophic microorganisms by genetic engineering, development of efficient cultivation systems and optimization of culture conditions. This paper reviews recent advances in heterotrophic cultivation of phototrophic cells with an emphasis on microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Qun Chen
- Department of Botany, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
da Silva TL, Mendes A, Mendes RL, Calado V, Alves SS, Vasconcelos JMT, Reis A. Effect of n-dodecane on Crypthecodinium cohnii fermentations and DHA production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 33:408-16. [PMID: 16501933 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-006-0081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential use of n-dodecane as an oxygen vector for enhancement of Crypthecodinium cohnii growth and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production was studied. The volumetric fraction of oxygen vector influenced the gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient k (L) a positively. The k (L) a increased almost linearly with the increase of volumetric fraction of n-dodecane up to 1%. The stirring rate showed a higher influence on the k (L) a than the aeration rate. The effects of this hydrocarbon on C. cohnii growth and DHA production were then investigated. A control batch fermentation without n-dodecane addition (CF) and a batch fermentation where n-dodecane 1% (v/v) was added (DF) were carried out simultaneously under the same experimental conditions. It was found that, before 86.7 h of fermentation, the biomass concentration, the specific growth rate, the DHA, and total fatty acids (TFA) production were higher in the CF. After this fermentation time, the biomass concentration, the DHA and TFA production were higher in the DF. The highest DHA content of biomass (6.14%), DHA percentage of TFA (51%), and DHA production volumetric rate r (DHA) (9.75 mg l(-1 )h(-1)) were obtained at the end of the fermentation with n-dodecane (135.2 h). The dissolved oxygen tension (DOT) was always higher in the DF, indicating a better oxygen transfer due to the oxygen vector presence. However, since the other C. cohnii unsaturated fatty acids percentages did not increase with the oxygen availability increase due to the n-dodecane presence, a desaturase oxygen-dependent mechanism involved in the C. cohnii DHA biosynthesis was not considered to explain the DHA production increase. A selective extraction through the n-dodecane was suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Lopes da Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação, Departamento de Biotecnologia, Unidade de Bioengenharia e Bioprocessos, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Guschina IA, Harwood JL. Lipids and lipid metabolism in eukaryotic algae. Prog Lipid Res 2006; 45:160-86. [PMID: 16492482 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic algae are a very diverse group of organisms which inhabit a huge range of ecosystems from the Antarctic to deserts. They account for over half the primary productivity at the base of the food chain. In recent years studies on the lipid biochemistry of algae has shifted from experiments with a few model organisms to encompass a much larger number of, often unusual, algae. This has led to the discovery of new compounds, including major membrane components, as well as the elucidation of lipid signalling pathways. A major drive in recent research have been attempts to discover genes that code for expression of the various proteins involved in the production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. Such work is described here together with information about how environmental factors, such as light, temperature or minerals, can change algal lipid metabolism and how adaptation may take place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Guschina
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, P.O. Box 911, Cardiff CF10 3US, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Chin HJ, Shen TF, Su HP, Ding ST. Schizochytrium limacinum SR-21 as a source of docosahexaenoic acid: optimal growth and use as a dietary supplement for laying hens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ar05099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Culture conditions for the marine fungus Schizochytrium limacinum SR-21 (SR-21) to produce microbial docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were evaluated, and the practicality of using this fungus product as a dietary supplement for laying Leghorn hens was investigated. The data showed that the cultured fungus produced high biomass and DHA. It generated 584 mg DHA/L of culture at the end of a 6-day culture. The fungus grew better at 25ºC than at 20ºC or 30ºC. With an increase in glucose concentration from 1% to 5% in the culture medium, biomass and DHA production were enhanced. A 6% glucose treatment reduced the biomass production compared with 5% glucose. A bioreactor was used to mass-produce SR-21. The biomass was increased from 1.12 g/L at Day 0 to 12 g/L at Day 4. We established optimal culture conditions of 5% glucose, 2% sea salt, and 1% yeast extract for SR-21. Three concentrations of dried fungal meal (0, 1, or 3% in the diet) were fed to birds over a 3-week period. There were no negative effects of 1 and 3% dietary SR-21 on egg production, egg weight, and egg yolk weight. The DHA content of yolk was increased by the dietary supplementation with the fungal meal both in the 1 and 3% treatments. Dietary fungal meal treatments increased the DHA concentrations of liver and plasma. However, dietary DHA enrichment had no effect on the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes in laying hens.
Collapse
|
49
|
Kwok ACM, Wong JTY. Lipid Biosynthesis and its Coordination with Cell Cycle Progression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:1973-86. [PMID: 16239308 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The activation of cell cycle regulators at the G1/S boundary has been linked to the cellular protein synthesis rate. It is conceivable that regulatory mechanisms are required to allow cells to coordinate the synthesis of other macromolecules with cell cycle progression. The availability of highly synchronized cells and flow cytometric methods facilitates investigation of the dynamics of lipid synthesis in the entire cell cycle of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Flow cytograms of Nile red-stained cells revealed a stepwise increase in the polar lipid content and a continuous increase in neutral lipid content in the dinoflagellate cell cycle. A cell cycle delay at early G1, but not G2/M, was observed upon inhibition of lipid synthesis. However, lipid synthesis continued during cell cycle arrest at the G1/S transition. A cell cycle delay was not observed when inhibitors of cellulose synthesis and fatty acid synthesis were added after the late G1 phase of the cell cycle. This implicates a commitment point that monitors the synthesis of fatty acids at the late G1 phase of the dinoflagellate cell cycle. Reduction of the glucose concentration in the medium down-regulated the G1 cell size with a concomitant forward shift of the commitment point. Inhibition of lipid synthesis up-regulated cellulose synthesis and resulted in an increase in cellulosic contents, while an inhibition of cellulose synthesis had no effects on lipid synthesis. Fatty acid synthesis and cellulose synthesis are apparently coupled to the cell cycle via independent pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvin C M Kwok
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
|