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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Chen J, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen X, Robertson ID, Guo A. The Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Bovine Leukemia Virus among Dairy Cattle in Henan Province, China. Viruses 2024; 16:1399. [PMID: 39339874 PMCID: PMC11437460 DOI: 10.3390/v16091399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzootic bovine leukosis, a neoplastic disease caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), was the primary cancer affecting cattle in China before 1985. Although its prevalence decreased significantly between 1986 and 2000, enzootic bovine leukosis has been re-emerging since 2000. This re-emergence has been largely overlooked, possibly due to the latent nature of BLV infection or the perceived lack of sufficient evidence. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology of BLV infections in dairy cattle in Henan province, Central China. Blood samples from 668 dairy cattle across nine farms were tested using nested polymerase chain reaction assays targeting the partial envelope (env) gene (gp51 fragment). Twenty-three samples tested positive (animal-level prevalence of 3.4%; 95% confidence interval: 2.2, 5.1). The full-length env gene sequences from these positive samples were obtained and phylogenetically analyzed, along with previously reported sequences from the GenBank database. The sequences from positive samples were clustered into four genotypes (1, 4, 6, and 7). The geographical annotation of the maximum clade credibility trees suggested that the two genotype 1 strains in Henan might have originated from Japan, while the genotype 7 strain is likely to have originated from Moldova. Subsequent Bayesian stochastic search variable selection analysis further indicated a strong geographical association between the Henan strains and Japan, as well as Moldova. The estimated substitution rate for the env gene ranged from 4.39 × 10-4 to 2.38 × 10-3 substitutions per site per year. Additionally, codons 291, 326, 385, and 480 were identified as positively selected sites, potentially associated with membrane fusion, epitope peptide vaccine design, and transmembrane signal transduction. These findings contribute to the broader understanding of BLV epidemiology in Chinese dairy cattle and highlight the need for measures to mitigate further BLV transmission within and between cattle herds in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xiaojie Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Henan Province Seed Industry Development Center, Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450045, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ian D. Robertson
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (X.C.)
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Sahashi Y, Oshima M, Yamagishi J, Muramatsu C, Shimizu K, Inoshima Y. Bovine leukemia virus genotype surveillance in cattle at a slaughterhouse in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, in 2019 using polymerase chain reaction combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1730-1734. [PMID: 34544937 PMCID: PMC8636894 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is commonly used for genotyping bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in slaughterhouses. However,
unclassified BLV genotypes have been sporadically reported. To assess the current status of BLV genetic characterization in cattle, PCR-RFLP was performed on blood samples of 170 cattle (84
Japanese Black, 60 Japanese Black x Holstein, and 26 Holstein) from 17 farms (5 prefectures) at a slaughterhouse in Aichi Prefecture in 2019. A total of 65 samples (38.2%) were BLV positive,
and genotype 1 was the most predominant (56/65 samples), followed by genotypes 3 (6 samples) and 5 (1 sample), and two unclassified samples. No relationship between the genotypes and breeds
was observed. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that unclassified BLV genotypes clustered with genotype 1 sequences were, therefore, not new genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Sahashi
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami, Minato, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan.,Present address: Nagoya City Agricultural Center dela Farm, 2872-3 Aza Kuroishi, Oaza Hirabari, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Aichi 468-0021, Japan
| | - Masaaki Oshima
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami, Minato, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Junjiro Yamagishi
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami, Minato, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Chieko Muramatsu
- Nagoya City Meat Hygiene Inspection Laboratory, 1-39 Funami, Minato, Nagoya, Aichi 455-0027, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yasuo Inoshima
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University (GeFAH), 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Joint Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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3
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Nishikaku K, Ishikura R, Ohnuki N, Polat M, Aida Y, Murakami S, Kobayashi T. Broadly applicable PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism method for genotyping bovine leukemia virus. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:1157-1161. [PMID: 31189764 PMCID: PMC6715913 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a causative agent of enzootic bovine lymphoma (EBL). BLV
is prevalent worldwide, and ten genotypes have been classified based on the sequence of
the envelope glycoprotein (gp51) gene. In this study, we present a simple and generally
applicable PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method to identify BLV
genotypes. While the genotyping results obtained by previously described PCR-RFLP methods
matched only 78.96% to the results of phylogenetic analysis, we demonstrated that our
PCR-RFLP method can identify 90.4% of the sequences available in the database in
silico. The method was validated with 20 BLV sequences from EBL tumor tissues
and 3 BLV sequences from blood of BLV infected cattle, and was found to show high
specificity. We utilized this method to determine genotypes of blood samples from 18 BLV
seropositive cattle in Kanagawa and Niigata, as well as 12 EBL cattle in Chiba, Japan. Our
analysis with the modified PCR-RFLP detected two genotypes, Genotypes 1 and 3. Genotype 1
was detected as the main genotype, while Genotype 3 was sporadically observed. This
technique can be used as a reliable system for screening a large number of epidemiological
samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Nishikaku
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Rina Ishikura
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Nagaki Ohnuki
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Meripet Polat
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Nakamura Laboratory, Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, 2-1 Hirowasa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Satoshi Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Health, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan.,Viral Infectious Disease Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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4
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Molecular characterization of Italian bovine leukemia virus isolates reveals the presence of distinct phylogenetic clusters. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1697-1703. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04255-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Donnik I, Donnik I, Vafin R, Vafin R, Galstyan A, Galstyan A, Krivonogova A, Krivonogova A, Shaeva A, Shaeva A, Gilmanov K, Gilmanov K, Karimova R, Karimova R, Tyulkin S, Tyulkin S, Kuźmak J, Kuźmak J. Genetic identification of bovine leukaemia virus. FOODS AND RAW MATERIALS 2018. [DOI: 10.21603/2308-4057-2018-2-314-324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular genetic research methods make it possible to evaluate the genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and are the most informative approaches to its genetic identification. Molecular genetic research methods work well for the phylogenetic analysis of sequenced nucleotide DNA sequences of the provirus, as well as for the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (PCR-RFLP) according to the phylogenetic classification of the pathogen. The purpose of the research was to study the scientific and methodological approaches to the genetic identification of bovine leukemia virus, integrated into the molecular monitoring of infection of cattle with BLV genotypes. The authors used PCR-RFLP-genotyping and comparative phylogenetic analysis of aligned nucleotide sequences of the env gene fragment of the BLV provirus isolates to detect the genotypic affiliation of the cattle from twenty-one livestock farms of the Republic of Tatarstan. As a result, isolates of four out of ten BLV genotypes were found in the Tatarstani cattle, namely genotypes 1, 4, 7, and 8. The research involved a comparative analysis of 505 nucleotide sequences of a fragment of the BLV env gene, including those deposited in GenBank NCBI. The analysis confirms the inconsistency of several earlier PCR-RFLP typing strategies with the current approach in assessing the genotypic diversity by phylogenetic analysis. The improved strategy of PCR-RFLP genotyping of BLV corresponds with its modern phylogenetic classification. The strategy makes it possible to identify all the known genotypes of the viral pathogen. Its validity has been proved by in silico modelling of restrictogrammes and a phylogenetic analysis of the env gene fragment of 57 reference isolates of ten BLV genotypes that generate 57 genotype-associated combinations of diagnostically significant PCR-RFLP profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramil Vafin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Ramil Vafin
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Aram Galstyan
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Aram Galstyan
- All-Russian Research Institute of Brewing, Non-Alcoholic and Wine Industry
| | - Anna Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Science
| | - Anna Krivonogova
- Ural Federal Agrarian Research Centre of the Ural branch of the Russian Academy of Science
| | - Aigul Shaeva
- N.E.Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Aigul Shaeva
- N.E.Bauman Kazan State Academy of Veterinary Medicine
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6
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Rodakiewicz SM, Fernandez ML, Munhoz ML, Yamakawa FHS, Urio M, Forell F, Ferraz S, Portes VM, Costa UMD. Heterogeneity determination of bovine leukemia virus genome in Santa Catarina state, Brazil. ARQUIVOS DO INSTITUTO BIOLÓGICO 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1808-1657000742016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a member of Retroviridae family, genus Deltaretrovirus, and the main viral agent responsible for economic loses in dairy herds. Some studies have been carried out about BLV genotypes, and at least seven genotypes were found out in samples of different regions of the world. The objective of this study was to identify BLV samples from seropositive dairy cattle in Santa Catarina state, Brazil, using molecular techniques. Blood samples were collected (454) from dairy cattle from 31 different farms, and serology using agar gel immunodiffusion test (AGID) was performed. After that, 191 seropositive samples were submitted to DNA extraction, and in 77 samples the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplification of a 440 bp fragment of the env gene was performed. Nineteen DNA samples were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis by digestion of the PCR fragment by five restriction endonucleases - BamHI, HaeIII, Tru9I, TaqI, and MwoI. It was found 42% seropositive animals (191/454) and 68% positives of the farms (21/31). The PCR showed 80.5% (62/77) of animals positive. The RFLP analysis identified five different genotypes dispersed by Santa Catarina state, with the highest prevalence for genotype X (47.4%). Overall, our results identified the viral genotypes present in dairy cattle and the prevalence of new variants in representative farms from Santa Catarina state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monica Urio
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil
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7
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Molecular epidemiology and characterization of bovine leukemia virus in domestic yaks (Bos grunniens) on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Arch Virol 2017; 163:659-670. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Polat M, Takeshima SN, Aida Y. Epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine leukemia virus. Virol J 2017; 14:209. [PMID: 29096657 PMCID: PMC5669023 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0876-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV), an oncogenic member of the Deltaretrovirus genus, is closely related to human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV-I and II). BLV infects cattle worldwide and causes important economic losses. In this review, we provide a summary of available information about commonly used diagnostic approaches for the detection of BLV infection, including both serological and viral genome-based methods. We also outline genotyping methods used for the phylogenetic analysis of BLV, including PCR restriction length polymorphism and modern DNA sequencing-based methods. In addition, detailed epidemiological information on the prevalence of BLV in cattle worldwide is presented. Finally, we summarize the various BLV genotypes identified by the phylogenetic analyses of the whole genome and env gp51 sequences of BLV strains in different countries and discuss the distribution of BLV genotypes worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Shin-nosuke Takeshima
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoko Aida
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
- Bovine Leukemia Virus Vaccine Laboratory RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
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9
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Pluta A, Rola-Łuszczak M, Kubiś P, Balov S, Moskalik R, Choudhury B, Kuźmak J. Molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus from Moldovan dairy cattle. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1563-1576. [PMID: 28213870 PMCID: PMC5425504 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3241-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), a disease that has worldwide distribution. Whilst it has been eradicated in most of Western Europe and Scandinavia, it remains a problem in other regions, particularly Eastern Europe and South America. For this study, in 2013, 24 cattle from three farms in three regions of Moldova were screened by ELISA and nested PCR. Of these cattle, 14 which were PCR positive, and these were molecularly characterized based on the nucleotide sequence of the env gene and the deduced amino acid sequence of the encoded gp51 protein. Our results demonstrated a low level of genetic variability (0-2.9%) among BLV field strains from Moldova, in contrast to that observed for other retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (20-38%) Mason IL (Trudy vologod moloch Inst 146–164, 1970) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) (~40%) Willems L et al (AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses
16(16):1787–1795, 2000), where the envelope gene exhibits high levels of variation Polat M et al (Retrovirology
13(1):4, 2016). Sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis revealed that BLV genotype 7 (G7) is predominant in Moldova and that the BLV population in Moldovan cattle is a mixture of at least three new sub-genotypes: G7D, G7E and G4C. Neutrality tests revealed that negative selection was the major force operating upon the 51-kDa BLV envelope surface glycoprotein subunit gp51, although one positively selected site within conformational epitope G was detected in the N-terminal part of gp51. Furthermore, two functional domains, linear epitope B and the zinc-binding domain, were found to have an elevated ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous codon differences. Together, these data suggest that the evolutionary constraints on epitopes G and B and the zinc-binding domains of gp51 differ from those on the other domains, with a tendency towards formation of homogenous genetic groups, which is a common concept of global BLV diversification during virus transmission that may be associated with genetic drift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Pluta
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Marzena Rola-Łuszczak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Piotr Kubiś
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Svetlana Balov
- Republican Center for Veterinary Diagnostic, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Roman Moskalik
- Scientific Practical Institute for Biotechnologies and Zootechny and Veterinary Medicine, Chisinau, Moldova
| | - Bhudipa Choudhury
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Jacek Kuźmak
- OIE Reference Laboratory for EBL, Department of Biochemistry, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Polat M, Ohno A, Takeshima SN, Kim J, Kikuya M, Matsumoto Y, Mingala CN, Onuma M, Aida Y. Detection and molecular characterization of bovine leukemia virus in Philippine cattle. Arch Virol 2014; 160:285-96. [PMID: 25399399 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the etiological agent of enzootic bovine leukosis, which is the most common neoplastic disease of cattle. BLV infects cattle worldwide, imposing a severe economic impact on the dairy cattle industry. However, there are no comprehensive studies on the distribution of BLV in the Philippines, and the genetic characteristics of Philippine BLV strains are unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to detect BLV infections in the Philippines and determined their genetic variability. Blood samples were obtained from 1116 cattle from different farms on five Philippine islands, and BLV provirus was detected by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 and nested PCR targeting BLV long terminal repeats. Out of 1116 samples, 108 (9.7 %) and 54 (4.8 %) were positive for BLV provirus, as determined by BLV-CoCoMo-qPCR-2 and nested PCR, respectively. Of the five islands, Luzon Island showed the highest prevalence of BLV infection (23.1 %). Partial env gp51 genes from 43 samples, which were positive for BLV provirus by both methods, were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis based on a 423-bp fragment of the env gene revealed that Philippine BLV strains clustered into either genotype 1 or genotype 6. Substitutions were mainly found in antigenic determinants, such as the CD4(+) T-cell epitope, the CD8(+) T-cell epitope, the second neutralizing domain, B and E epitopes, and these substitutions varied according to genotype. This study provides comprehensive information regarding BLV infection levels in the Philippines and documents the presence of two BLV genotypes, genotypes 1 and 6, in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meripet Polat
- Viral Infectious Diseases Unit, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
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11
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Ooshiro M, Konnai S, Katagiri Y, Afuso M, Arakaki N, Tsuha O, Murata S, Ohashi K. Horizontal transmission of bovine leukemia virus from lymphocytotic cattle, and beneficial effects of insect vector control. Vet Rec 2013; 173:527. [PMID: 24158325 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Ooshiro
- Okinawa Prefectural Institute of Animal Health, Naha, Okinawa 900-0024, Japan
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12
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Rola-Łuszczak M, Pluta A, Olech M, Donnik I, Petropavlovskiy M, Gerilovych A, Vinogradova I, Choudhury B, Kuźmak J. The molecular characterization of bovine leukaemia virus isolates from Eastern Europe and Siberia and its impact on phylogeny. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58705. [PMID: 23527009 PMCID: PMC3602460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that bovine leukemia virus (BLV) sequences can be classified into seven distinct genotypes based on full gp51 sequence. This classification was based on available sequence data that mainly represented the BLV population that is circulating in cattle from the US and South America. In order to aid with a global perspective inclusion of data from Eastern Europe is required. In this study we examined 44 BLV isolates from different geographical regions of Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Phylogenetic analysis based on a 444bp fragment of env gene revealed that most of isolates belonged to genotypes 4 and 7. Furthermore, we confirmed the existence of a new genotype, genotype 8, which was highly supported by phylogenetic computations. A significant number of amino acid substitutions were found in the sequences of the studied Eastern European isolates, of which 71% have not been described previously. The substitutions encompassed mainly the C-part of the CD4+ epitope, zinc binding peptide region, CD8+ T cell epitope, and overlapping linear epitope E. These observations highlight the use of sequence data to both elucidate phylogenetic relationships and the potential effect on serological detection of geographically diverse isolates.
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13
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Juliarena MA, Lendez PA, Gutierrez SE, Forletti A, Rensetti DE, Ceriani MC. Partial molecular characterization of different proviral strains of bovine leukemia virus. Arch Virol 2012; 158:63-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Identification of a new genotype of bovine leukemia virus. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1281-90. [PMID: 22488472 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the degree of genetic variability of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) strains circulating in Croatia, 29 isolates from the six largest dairy farms were examined by PCR for a segment of the gp51 env gene, followed by DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The nucleotide sequences were compared with other previously characterized BLV strains from different geographical areas, comprising all seven known BLV genotypes. The Croatian sequences showed six to eight nucleotide substitutions: six silent substitutions and two amino acid changes. Four of those substitutions were within epitopes. In comparison to the sequences of other BLV genotypes, our isolates showed the closest relationship to genotype 1 isolates PL-3252 (FJ808585) and AL-148 (FJ808573) from Argentina. The degree of variation between our sequences and those of genotype 1 was 0.2- 4.6 %. In phylogenetic trees based on 400-nt and 519-nt sequences, all of the Croatian sequences clustered separately from the other sequences, revealing a new genotype.
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15
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Moratorio G, Obal G, Dubra A, Correa A, Bianchi S, Buschiazzo A, Cristina J, Pritsch O. Phylogenetic analysis of bovine leukemia viruses isolated in South America reveals diversification in seven distinct genotypes. Arch Virol 2010; 155:481-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0606-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Rodriguez SM, Golemba MD, Campos RH, Trono K, Jones LR. Bovine leukemia virus can be classified into seven genotypes: evidence for the existence of two novel clades. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2788-2797. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.011791-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have classified the env sequences of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) provirus from different locations worldwide into between two and four genetic groupings. These different studies gave unique names to the identified groups and no study has yet integrated all the available sequences. Thus, we hypothesized that many of the different groups previously identified actually correspond to a limited group of genotypes that are unevenly distributed worldwide. To examine this hypothesis, we sequenced the env gene from 28 BLV field strains and compared these sequences to 46 env sequences that represent all the genetic groupings already identified. By using phylogenetic analyses, we recovered six clades, or genotypes, that we have called genotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Genotypes 1–5 have counterparts among the sequence groupings identified previously. One env sequence did not cluster with any of the others and was highly divergent when compared with the six genotypes identified here. Thus, an extra genotype, which we named 7, may exist. Similarity comparisons were highly congruent with phylogenetic analyses. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the existence of geographical clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rodolfo H. Campos
- Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA, Argentina
| | - Karina Trono
- Instituto de Virología, CNIA, INTA-Castelar, Argentina
| | - Leandro R. Jones
- Division of Molecular Biology, Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión, CC 15, Rawson, Chubut 9103, Argentina
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17
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Zhao X, Buehring GC. Natural genetic variations in bovine leukemia virus envelope gene: Possible effects of selection and escape. Virology 2007; 366:150-65. [PMID: 17498765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic virus widespread in cattle. It belongs to the genus Deltaretrovirus of the family Retroviridae along with human and simian T-lymphotropic viruses. Here we report the addition of 28 new sequences to the current literature of 16 full-length BLV envelope gene sequences. The phylogenetic clustering, genotyping, and geographic distribution of BLV env variations corresponded in most cases. Most natural variations are mapped to the surface of the proposed conformational models of BLV gp51 N-terminus and gp30 external domain, overlapping with or adjacent to immunogenic epitopes. Analyses for evidence of possible selection pressures suggest the BLV env is under stringent negative selection overall, while strong positive selection is indicated for immunogenic epitope G. Natural env deletions bounded by similar flanking sequences were observed in multiple isolates and would result in truncated signal peptides, missing gp51, and aberrant coding frames for other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Zhao
- Graduate Program in Endocrinology, 3060 Valley Life Science Building, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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18
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Camargos MF, Pereda A, Stancek D, Rocha MA, dos Reis JKP, Greiser-Wilke I, Leite RC. Molecular characterization of the env gene from Brazilian field isolates of Bovine Leukemia Virus. Virus Genes 2007; 34:343-50. [PMID: 16917740 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) isolates from Brazil using the env gene sequences revealed a high conservation of this gene. In most cases the substitutions corresponded to silent transitions. In addition, cystein residues, potential glycosylation sites, neutralization domains and other critical residues involved with the envelope structural domains and viral infectivity were conserved. Most of the substitutions found in the aminoacid sequences of the gp51 protein were localized in the G and H epitopes. Using the SIFT software, it was predicted that they should not alter the protein functions. Phylogenetic analyses showed that partial or complete env gene sequences grouped in three or four phylogenetic clusters, respectively. The sequences from the Brazilian isolates had similar mutation rates as compared to samples from other countries, and belonged to at least two phylogenetic clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Fernandes Camargos
- Setor de Virologia do Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário de Minas Gerais, Av. Rômulo Joviano s/n Caixa Postal 50, Pedro Leopoldo, MG, Brasil CEP. 33.600-000.
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19
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Felmer R, Muñoz G, Zúñiga J, Recabal M. Molecular analysis of a 444 bp fragment of the bovine leukaemia virus gp51 env gene reveals a high frequency of non-silent point mutations and suggests the presence of two subgroups of BLV in Chile. Vet Microbiol 2005; 108:39-47. [PMID: 15885933 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2005] [Revised: 04/06/2005] [Accepted: 04/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of achieve a better understanding of the epidemiology and distribution of bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection in Chile, we assessed the suitability of using DNA isolated from the leukocyte fraction of bulk milk samples to carry out PCR-RFLP and DNA sequence analysis. The env fragment of BLV was successfully amplified from 33 serologically positive bulk milk samples collected from different geographical areas in the south of Chile. Restriction analysis allowed to classify 17 isolates within the Australian subgroup and 16 within the Belgium subgroup. DNA sequence and multiple alignment analysis of eight Chilean isolates showed a significantly higher frequency of single and double nucleotide substitutions. Most of these mutations were non-silent, resulting in changes at the protein level in several important epitopes of gp51. The Chilean sequences and 59 BLV env sequences available at GenBank, were subjected to a phylogenetic analysis, resulting in four different clusters. The groups identified were not related to those previously defined by restriction analysis. Chilean isolates were included in two different clusters and were genetically not related to isolates collected from neighbouring countries. Considering our results we can conclude: (i) bulk milk samples are suitable to identify the presence of BLV allowing epidemiological and genetic studies to be conducted on large geographical areas; (ii) at least four different genetic groups of BLV were identified by phylogenetic analysis, with Chilean isolates included in two different sub clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Felmer
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, INIA-Carillanca, Casilla 58-D, Temuco, Chile.
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Beier D, Riebe R, Blankenstein P, Starick E, Bondzio A, Marquardt O. Establishment of a new bovine leukosis virus producing cell line. J Virol Methods 2005; 121:239-46. [PMID: 15381362 PMCID: PMC7112874 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2003] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the prevalence of different bovine leukosis virus (BLV) species in the cattle population in Europe, problems may arise in the serological diagnosis of BLV infections. In addition, earlier investigations demonstrated that contamination of the BLV antigen-producing cell culture systems by bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) may give rise to misinterpretation of serological test results after BVDV vaccination of cattle. By co-cultivation of peripheral leukocytes of a BLV-infected cow with a permanent sheep kidney cell line, a new BLV-producing cell line named PO714 was established. This line carries a BLV provirus of the Belgian species and has been tested to be free of a variety of possibly contaminating viruses and mycoplasms. Investigations of a panel of well-characterised sera by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and capture ELISA (cELISA) tests using antigen prepared from this new cell line in comparison with antigen of the well-known cell line FLK/BLV yielded comparable results. False positive results caused by BVDV cross-reactions could be eliminated when tests were carried out with antigen derived from the new cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Beier
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Seestrabetasse 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany.
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Licursi M, Inoshima Y, Wu D, Yokoyama T, González ET, Sentsui H. Provirus variants of bovine leukemia virus in naturally infected cattle from Argentina and Japan. Vet Microbiol 2004; 96:17-23. [PMID: 14516704 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(03)00202-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A serologic subgroup of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) has not been identified, whereas genetic diversity among BLVs has been reported by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). To investigate the distribution of BLV provirus variants, 42 isolates from Argentina and Japan were examined by nested PCR for a segment of the env gene, followed by DNA sequencing. The nucleotide sequences were compared with other previously characterized BLV variants from different geographical areas (Belgium, France, Italy, North America, Australia, Japan and Argentina). The majority of analyzed segments had a tendency for nucleotide substitution without changing the amino acid. The constructed phylogenetic tree showed the relations and differences between proviruses and within each one. Most of the samples in Argentina formed one cluster. The samples in Japan, except one, also formed one cluster and some of them showed high homology with the isolates from Australia and the USA. Considering the sequence analysis of env PCR products of all Japanese and Argentine samples and comparing them with the other previously isolated sequences, the variation was up to 3.5% and was characterized geographically in each area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Licursi
- National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
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