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Thimmiraju SR, Kimata JT, Pollet J. Pseudoviruses, a safer toolbox for vaccine development against enveloped viruses. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:174-185. [PMID: 38164690 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2023.2299380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pseudoviruses are recombinant, replication-incompetent, viral particles designed to mimic the surface characteristics of native enveloped viruses. They are a safer, and cost-effective research alternative to live viruses. With the potential emergence of the next major infectious disease, more vaccine scientists must become familiar with the pseudovirus platform as a vaccine development tool to mitigate future outbreaks. AREAS COVERED This review aims at vaccine developers to provide a basic understanding of pseudoviruses, list their production methods, and discuss their utility to assess vaccine efficacy against enveloped viral pathogens. We further illustrate their usefulness as wet-lab simulators for emerging mutant variants, and new viruses to help prepare for current and future viral outbreaks, minimizing the need for gain-of-function experiments with highly infectious or lethal enveloped viruses. EXPERT OPINION With this platform, researchers can better understand the role of virus-receptor interactions and entry in infections, prepare for dangerous mutations, and develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syamala R Thimmiraju
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeroen Pollet
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Ning T, Huang W, Min L, Yang Y, Liu S, Xu J, Zhang N, Xie SA, Zhu S, Wang Y. Pseudotyped Viruses for Orthohantavirus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1407:229-252. [PMID: 36920700 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-0113-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses, members of the Orthohantavirus genus of Hantaviridae family of the Bunyavirales order, are enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded, tripartite RNA viruses. They are emerging zoonotic pathogens carried by small mammals including rodents, moles, shrews, and bats and are the etiologic agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) among humans. With the characteristics of low biological risk but strong operability, a variety of pseudotyped viruses have been constructed as alternatives to authentic orthohantaviruses to help delineate the roles of host factors in viral entry and other virus-host interactions, to assist in deciphering mechanisms of immune response and correlates of protection, to enhance our understanding of viral antigenic property, to characterize viral entry inhibitors, and to be developed as vaccines. In this chapter, we will discuss the general property of orthohantavirus, construction of pseudotyped orthohantaviruses based on different packaging systems, and their current applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Li Min
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Junxuan Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Si-An Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China
| | - Shengtao Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing Key Laboratory for Precancerous Lesion of Digestive Disease, Beijing, China.
| | - Youchun Wang
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. .,Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medicine Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.
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Mittler E, Dieterle ME, Kleinfelter LM, Slough MM, Chandran K, Jangra RK. Hantavirus entry: Perspectives and recent advances. Adv Virus Res 2019; 104:185-224. [PMID: 31439149 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are important zoonotic pathogens of public health importance that are found on all continents except Antarctica and are associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in the Old World and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the New World. Despite the significant disease burden they cause, no FDA-approved specific therapeutics or vaccines exist against these lethal viruses. The lack of available interventions is largely due to an incomplete understanding of hantavirus pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms of virus replication, including cellular entry. Hantavirus Gn/Gc glycoproteins are the only viral proteins exposed on the surface of virions and are necessary and sufficient to orchestrate virus attachment and entry. In vitro studies have implicated integrins (β1-3), DAF/CD55, and gC1qR as candidate receptors that mediate viral attachment for both Old World and New World hantaviruses. Recently, protocadherin-1 (PCDH1) was demonstrated as a requirement for cellular attachment and entry of New World hantaviruses in vitro and lethal HPS in vivo, making it the first clade-specific host factor to be identified. Attachment of hantavirus particles to cellular receptors induces their internalization by clathrin-mediated, dynamin-independent, or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms, followed by particle trafficking to an endosomal compartment where the fusion of viral and endosomal membranes can occur. Following membrane fusion, which requires cholesterol and acid pH, viral nucleocapsids escape into the cytoplasm and launch genome replication. In this review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of hantavirus entry, highlight gaps in our existing knowledge, and suggest areas for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mittler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Maria Eugenia Dieterle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Megan M Slough
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
| | - Rohit K Jangra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.
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Millet JK, Tang T, Nathan L, Jaimes JA, Hsu HL, Daniel S, Whittaker GR. Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30882796 DOI: 10.3791/59010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocol aims to generate coronavirus (CoV) spike (S) fusion protein pseudotyped particles with a murine leukemia virus (MLV) core and luciferase reporter, using a simple transfection procedure of the widely available HEK-293T cell line. Once formed and released from producer cells, these pseudovirions incorporate a luciferase reporter gene. Since they only contain the heterologous coronavirus spike protein on their surface, the particles behave like their native coronavirus counterparts for entry steps. As such, they are the excellent surrogates of native virions for studying viral entry into host cells. Upon successful entry and infection into target cells, the luciferase reporter gets integrated into the host cell genome and is expressed. Using a simple luciferase assay, transduced cells can be easily quantified. An important advantage of the procedure is that it can be performed in biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) facilities instead of BSL-3 facilities required for work with highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Another benefit comes from its versatility as it can be applied to envelope proteins belonging to all three classes of viral fusion proteins, such as the class I influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP), the class II Semliki forest virus E1 protein, or the class III vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein. A limitation of the methodology is that it can only recapitulate virus entry steps mediated by the envelope protein being investigated. For studying other viral life cycle steps, other methods are required. Examples of the many applications these pseudotype particles can be used in include investigation of host cell susceptibility and tropism and testing the effects of virus entry inhibitors to dissect viral entry pathways used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean K Millet
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Lakshmi Nathan
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Javier A Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Cornell University
| | - Hung-Lun Hsu
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University; Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University;
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Two Point Mutations in Old World Hantavirus Glycoproteins Afford the Generation of Highly Infectious Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02372-18. [PMID: 30622188 PMCID: PMC6325249 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02372-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hantavirus infections cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in the Americas and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia. No FDA-approved vaccines and therapeutics exist for these deadly viruses, and their development is limited by the requirement for high biocontainment. In this study, we identified and characterized key amino acid changes in the surface glycoproteins of HFRS-causing Hantaan virus that enhance their incorporation into recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) particles. The replication-competent rVSVs encoding Hantaan virus and Dobrava-Belgrade virus glycoproteins described in this work provide a powerful and facile system to study hantavirus entry under lower biocontainment and may have utility as hantavirus vaccines. Rodent-to-human transmission of hantaviruses is associated with severe disease. Currently, no FDA-approved, specific antivirals or vaccines are available, and the requirement for high biocontainment (biosafety level 3 [BSL-3]) laboratories limits hantavirus research. To study hantavirus entry in a BSL-2 laboratory, we set out to generate replication-competent, recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (rVSVs) bearing the Gn and Gc (Gn/Gc) entry glycoproteins. As previously reported, rVSVs bearing New World hantavirus Gn/Gc were readily rescued from cDNAs, but their counterparts bearing Gn/Gc from the Old World hantaviruses, Hantaan virus (HTNV) or Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV), were refractory to rescue. However, serial passage of the rescued rVSV-HTNV Gn/Gc virus markedly increased its infectivity and capacity for cell-to-cell spread. This gain in viral fitness was associated with the acquisition of two point mutations: I532K in the cytoplasmic tail of Gn and S1094L in the membrane-proximal stem of Gc. Follow-up experiments with rVSVs and single-cycle VSV pseudotypes confirmed these results. Mechanistic studies revealed that both mutations were determinative and contributed to viral infectivity in a synergistic manner. Our findings indicate that the primary mode of action of these mutations is to relocalize HTNV Gn/Gc from the Golgi complex to the cell surface, thereby affording significantly enhanced Gn/Gc incorporation into budding VSV particles. Finally, I532K/S1094L mutations in DOBV Gn/Gc permitted the rescue of rVSV-DOBV Gn/Gc, demonstrating that incorporation of cognate mutations into other hantaviral Gn/Gc proteins could afford the generation of rVSVs that are otherwise challenging to rescue. The robust replication-competent rVSVs, bearing HTNV and DOBV Gn/Gc, reported herein may also have utility as vaccines.
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Retrovirus-Based Surrogate Systems for BSL-2 High-Throughput Screening of Antivirals Targeting BSL-3/4 Hemorrhagic Fever-Causing Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1604:393-403. [PMID: 28986850 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6981-4_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The majority of viruses causing hemorrhagic fever in humans are Risk Group 3 or 4 pathogens and, therefore, can only be handled in biosafety level 3 or 4 (BSL-3/4) containment laboratories. The restricted number of such laboratories, the substantial financial requirements to maintain them, and safety concerns for the laboratory workers pose formidable challenges for rapid medical countermeasure discovery and evaluation. BSL-2 surrogate systems are a less challenging, cheap, and fast alternative to the use of live high-consequence viruses for dissecting and targeting individual steps of viral lifecycles with a diminished threat to the laboratory worker. Typical surrogate systems are virion-like particles (VLPs), transcriptionally active ("infectious") VLPs, minigenome systems, recombinant heterotypic viruses encoding proteins of target viruses, and vesiculoviral or retroviral pseudotype systems. Here, we outline the use of retroviral pseudotypes for identification of antivirals against BSL-4 pathogens.
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Li Q, Liu Q, Huang W, Li X, Wang Y. Current status on the development of pseudoviruses for enveloped viruses. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29218769 PMCID: PMC7169153 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases have a strong negative impact on public health. However, because many of these pathogens must be handled in biosafety level, 3 or 4 containment laboratories, research and development of antivirals or vaccines against these diseases are often impeded. Alternative approaches to address this issue have been vigorously pursued, particularly the use of pseudoviruses in place of wild‐type viruses. As pseudoviruses have been deprived of certain gene sequences of the virulent virus, they can be handled in biosafety level 2 laboratories. Importantly, the envelopes of these viral particles may have similar conformational structures to those of the wild‐type viruses, making it feasible to conduct mechanistic investigation on viral entry and to evaluate potential neutralizing antibodies. However, a variety of challenging issues remain, including the production of a sufficient pseudovirus yield and the inability to produce an appropriate pseudotype of certain viruses. This review discusses current progress in the development of pseudoviruses and dissects the factors that contribute to low viral yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Li
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Division of Regulatory Research, Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-Transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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Li W, Cao S, Zhang Q, Li J, Zhang S, Wu W, Qu J, Li C, Liang M, Li D. Comparison of serological assays to titrate Hantaan and Seoul hantavirus-specific antibodies. Virol J 2017; 14:133. [PMID: 28720142 PMCID: PMC5516384 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0799-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hantaan and Seoul viruses, in the Hantavirus genus, are known to cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). The plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), as conventional neutralization test for hantaviruses, is laborious and time-consuming. Alternatives to PRNT for hantaviruses are required. METHODS In this study, the methods for Hantaan and Seoul viruses serological typing including microneutralization test (MNT), pseudoparticle neutralization test (PPNT) and immunofluorescence assay based on viral glycoproteins (IFA-GP) were developed and compared with PRNT using a panel of 74 sera including 44 convalescent sera of laboratory confirmed HFRS patients and 30 patients sera of non-hantavirus infection. Antibody titres and serotyping obtained with different methods above were analyzed by paired-t, linear correlation, McNemar χ2 and Kappa agreement tests. RESULTS Antibody titres obtained with MNT50, PPNT50 and IFA-GP were significantly correlated with that obtained with PRNT50 (p < 0.001). GMT determined by PPNT50 was statistically higher than that determined by PRNT50 (p < 0.001), while GMT determined by MNT50 and IFA-GP were equal with (p > 0.05) and less than (p < 0.001) that obtained with PRNT50 respectively. Serotyping obtained with MNT50 and PRNT50, PPNT50 and PRNT50 were highly consistent (p < 0.001), whereas that obtained with IFA-GP and PRNT50 were moderately consistent (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences for serotyping between PRNT50 and MNT50, as well as PRNT50 and PPNT50 (p > 0.05). IFA-GP was less sensitive than PRNT50 and MNT50 for serotyping of hantaviruses infection (p < 0.05). However, for 79.5% (35/44) samples, serotyping determined by IFA-GP and PRNT50 were consistent. CONCLUSIONS MNT50 and PPNT50 both can be used as simple and rapid alternatives to PRNT50, and MNT50 is more specific while PPNT50 is more sensitive than other assays for neutralizing antibody determination. So far, this work has been the most comprehensive comparison of alternatives to PRNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.,Institute for Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing CDC, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouchun Cao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Qu
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Mifang Liang
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dexin Li
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China; Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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Mather S, Scott S, Temperton N, Wright E, King B, Daly J. Current progress with serological assays for exotic emerging/re-emerging viruses. Future Virol 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.13.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed an unprecedented rise in the outbreak occurrence of infectious and primarily zoonotic viruses. Contributing factors to this phenomenon include heightened global connectivity via air travel and international trade links, as well as man-made environmental alterations, such as deforestation and climate change, which all serve to bring humans into closer contact with animal reservoirs and alter the habitat of vectors, thus facilitating the transmission of viruses between species. Serological assays are integral to tracking the epidemiological spread of a virus and evaluating mass vaccination programs by quantifying neutralizing antibody responses raised against antigenic epitopes on the viral surface. However, conventional serological tests are somewhat marred by equipment and reagent costs, the necessity for high-containment laboratories for studying many emerging viruses, and interlaboratory variability, among other issues. This review details ‘next-generation’ assays aimed at addressing some of the persistent problems with viral serology, focusing on how manipulating the genomes of RNA viruses can produce attenuated or chimeric viruses that can be exploited as surrogate viruses in neutralization assays. Despite the undoubted promise of such novel serological platforms, it must be remembered that these assays have to withstand rigorous validation and standardization measures before they can play an integral role in curtailing the severity of future emerging virus outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart Mather
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Simon Scott
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Medway), School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Edward Wright
- Viral Pseudotype Unit (Fitzrovia), School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, W1W 6UW, UK
| | - Barnabas King
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Janet Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
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Soldan SS, Hollidge BS, Wagner V, Weber F, González-Scarano F. La Crosse virus (LACV) Gc fusion peptide mutants have impaired growth and fusion phenotypes, but remain neurotoxic. Virology 2010; 404:139-47. [PMID: 20553924 PMCID: PMC2919166 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
La Crosse virus is a leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the Midwestern United States and an emerging pathogen in the American South. The LACV glycoprotein Gc plays a critical role in entry as the virus attachment protein. A 22 amino acid hydrophobic region within Gc (1066-1087) was recently identified as the LACV fusion peptide. To further define the role of Gc (1066-1087) in virus entry, fusion, and neuropathogenesis, a panel of recombinant LACV (rLACV) fusion peptide mutant viruses was generated. Replication of mutant rLACVs was significantly reduced. In addition, the fusion peptide mutants demonstrated decreased fusion phenotypes relative to LACV-WT. Interestingly, these viruses maintained their ability to cause neuronal loss in culture, suggesting that the fusion peptide of LACV Gc is a determinant of properties associated with neuroinvasion (growth to high titer in muscle cells and a robust fusion phenotype), but not necessarily of neurovirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha S Soldan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
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Development of a lentiviral vector system to study the role of the Andes virus glycoproteins. Virus Res 2010; 153:29-35. [PMID: 20619306 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To infect target cells, enveloped viruses use their virion surface proteins to direct cell attachment and subsequent entry via virus-cell membrane fusion. How hantaviruses enter cells has been largely unexplored. To study early steps of Andes virus (ANDV) cell infection, a lentiviral vector system was developed based on a Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vector pseudotyped with the ANDV-Gn/Gc envelope glycoproteins. The incorporation of Gn and Gc onto SIV-derived vector particles was assessed using newly generated monoclonal antibodies against ANDV glycoproteins. In addition, sera of ANDV infected humans were able to block cell entry of the SIV vector pseudotyped with ANDV glycoproteins, suggesting that their antigenic conformation is similar to that in the native virus. The use of such SIV vector pseudotyped with ANDV-Gn/Gc glycoproteins should facilitate studies on ANDV cell entry. Along this line, it was found that depletion of cholesterol from target cells strongly diminished cell infection, indicating a possible role of lipid rafts in ANDV cell entry. The Gn/Gc pseudotyped SIV vector has several advantages, notably high titer vector production and easy quantification of cell infection by monitoring GFP reporter gene expression by flow cytometry. Such pseudotyped SIV vectors can be used to identify functional domains in the Gn/Gc glycoproteins and to screen for potential hantavirus cell entry inhibitors.
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Salvador B, Zhou Y, Michault A, Muench MO, Simmons G. Characterization of Chikungunya pseudotyped viruses: Identification of refractory cell lines and demonstration of cellular tropism differences mediated by mutations in E1 glycoprotein. Virology 2009; 393:33-41. [PMID: 19692105 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an alphavirus responsible for a number of large outbreaks. Here we describe the efficient incorporation of CHIKV envelope glycoproteins into lentiviral and rhabdoviral particles. Vectors pseudotyped with CHIKV envelope proteins efficiently transduced many cell types from different species. However, hematopoietic cell types were either partially or completely refractory. A mutation in E1 (A226V) has been linked with expansion of tropism for mosquito species, although differences in in vitro infection of mosquito cell lines have not been noted. However, pseudovirion infectivity assays detected subtle differences in infection of mosquito cells, suggesting an explanation for the changes in mosquito tropism. The presence of C-type lectins increased CHIKV pseudotyped vector infectivity, but not infection of refractory cells, suggesting that they act as attachment factors rather than primary receptors. CHIKV pseudotypes will serve as an important tool for the study of neutralizing antibodies and the analysis of envelope glycoprotein functions.
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Abstract
The glycoprotein (GP) of Ebola is the sole structural protein that forms the spikes on the viral envelope. The GP contains two subunits, GP1 and GP2, linked by a disulfide bond, which are responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion, respectively. In this study, the full length of GP gene of Ebola Zaire species, 2028 base pairs in length, was synthesized using 38 overlapping oligonucleotides by multiple rounds of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The synthesized GP gene was shown to be efficiently expressed in mammalian cells. Furthermore, an efficient HIV-based pseudotyping system was developed using the synthetic GP gene, providing a safe approach to dissecting the entry mechanism of Ebola viruses. Using this pseudotyping system and mutational analysis, the role of the charged residues in the GP2 helical regions was examined. It was found that substitutions of the most charged residues in the regions did not adversely affect GP expression, processing, or viral incorporation, however, most of the mutations greatly impaired the ability of GP to mediate efficient viral infection. These results demonstrate that these charged residues of GP2 play an important role in GP-mediated Ebola entry into its host cells. We propose that these charged residues are involved in forming the intermediate conformation(s) of GP in membrane fusion and Ebola entry.
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Garcia JM, Gao A, He PL, Choi J, Tang W, Bruzzone R, Schwartz O, Naya H, Nan FJ, Li J, Altmeyer R, Zuo JP. High-throughput screening using pseudotyped lentiviral particles: a strategy for the identification of HIV-1 inhibitors in a cell-based assay. Antiviral Res 2008; 81:239-47. [PMID: 19118579 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Two decades after its discovery the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still spreading worldwide and killing millions. There are 25 drugs formally approved for HIV currently on the market, but side effects as well as the emergence of HIV strains showing single or multiple resistances to current drug-therapy are causes for concern. Furthermore, these drugs target only 4 steps of the viral cycle, hence the urgent need for new drugs and also new targets. In order to tackle this problem, we have devised a cell-based assay using lentiviral particles to look for post-entry inhibitors of HIV-1. We report here the assay development, validation as well as confirmation of the hits using both wild-type and drug-resistant HIV-1 viruses. The screening was performed on an original library, rich in natural compounds and pure molecules from Traditional Chinese Medicine pharmacopoeia, which had never been screened for anti-HIV activity. The identified hits belong to four chemical sub-families that appear to be all non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Secondary tests with live viruses showed that there was good agreement with pseudotyped particles, confirming the validity of this approach for high-throughput drug screens. This assay will be a useful tool that can be easily adapted to screen for inhibitors of viral entry.
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15
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Hu HP, Hsieh SC, King CC, Wang WK. Characterization of retrovirus-based reporter viruses pseudotyped with the precursor membrane and envelope glycoproteins of four serotypes of dengue viruses. Virology 2007; 368:376-87. [PMID: 17662331 PMCID: PMC7126519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we successfully established retrovirus-based reporter viruses pseudotyped with the precursor membrane and envelope (PrM/E) proteins of each of the four serotypes of dengue viruses, which caused the most important arboviral diseases in this century. Co-sedimentation of the dengue E protein and HIV-1 core proteins by sucrose gradient analysis of the pseudotype reporter virus of dengue virus type 2, D2(HIVluc), and detection of HIV-1 core proteins by immunoprecipitation with anti-E monoclonal antibody suggested that dengue viral proteins were incorporated into the pseudotype viral particles. The infectivity in target cells, as assessed by the luciferase activity, can be inhibited by the lysosomotropic agents, suggesting a pH-dependent mechanism of entry. Amino acid substitutions of the leucine at position 107, a critical residue at the fusion loop of E protein, with lysine resulted in severe impairment in infectivity, suggesting that entry of the pseudotype reporter virus is mediated through the fusogenic properties of E protein. With more and more dengue viral sequences available from different outbreaks worldwide, this sensitive and convenient tool has the potential to facilitate molecular characterization of the PrM/E proteins of dengue field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsien-Ping Hu
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec1 Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Chia Hsieh
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec1 Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec1 Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kung Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec1 Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, No 7 Chung-Shan S Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Corresponding author. Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University, No 1 Sec1 Jen-Ai Rd, Taipei 100, Taiwan. Fax: +886 2 2391 5293.
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16
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Claus C, Hofmann J, Überla K, Liebert UG. Rubella virus pseudotypes and a cell-cell fusion assay as tools for functional analysis of the rubella virus E2 and E1 envelope glycoproteins. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3029-3037. [PMID: 16963762 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The rubivirus Rubella virus contains the two envelope glycoproteins E2 and E1 as a heterodimeric spike complex embedded in its lipid envelope. The functions of both proteins, especially of E2, in the process of viral entry are still not entirely understood. In order to dissect E2 and E1 entry functions from post-entry steps, pseudotypes of lentiviral vectors based on Simian immunodeficiency virus were used. C-terminally modified E2 and E1 variants successfully pseudotyped lentiviral vector particles. This is the first report to show that not only E1, but also E2, is able to mediate infectious viral entry. Furthermore, a cell-cell fusion assay was used to further clarify membrane-fusion activities of E2 and E1 as one of the early steps of infection. It was demonstrated that the capsid protein, when coexpressed in cis, enhances the degree of E2- and E1-mediated cell-cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Claus
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - U G Liebert
- Institute of Virology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Plassmeyer ML, Soldan SS, Stachelek KM, Roth SM, Martín-García J, González-Scarano F. Mutagenesis of the La Crosse Virus glycoprotein supports a role for Gc (1066-1087) as the fusion peptide. Virology 2006; 358:273-82. [PMID: 17027056 PMCID: PMC1820767 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The La Crosse Virus (LACV) M segment encodes two glycoproteins (Gn and Gc), and plays a critical role in the neuropathogenesis of LACV infection as the primary determinant of neuroinvasion. A recent study from our group demonstrated that the region comprising the membrane proximal two-thirds of Gc, amino acids 860-1442, is critical in mediating LACV fusion and entry. Furthermore, computational analysis identified structural similarities between a portion of this region, amino acids 970-1350, and the E1 fusion protein of two alphaviruses: Sindbis virus and Semliki Forrest virus (SFV). Within the region 970-1350, a 22-amino-acid hydrophobic segment (1066-1087) is predicted to correlate structurally with the fusion peptides of class II fusion proteins. We performed site-directed mutagenesis of key amino acids in this 22-amino acid segment and determined the functional consequences of these mutations on fusion and entry. Several mutations within this hydrophobic domain affected glycoprotein expression to some extent, but all mutations either shifted the pH threshold of fusion below that of the wild-type protein, reduced fusion efficiency, or abrogated cell-to-cell fusion and pseudotype entry altogether. These results, coupled with the aforementioned computational modeling, suggest that the LACV Gc functions as a class II fusion protein and support a role for the region Gc 1066-1087 as a fusion peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Plassmeyer
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
- Graduate Group Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Samantha S. Soldan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Karen M. Stachelek
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Susan M. Roth
- Graduate Group Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Julio Martín-García
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
| | - Francisco González-Scarano
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA
- *Corresponding author. Department of Neurology, 3 West Gates, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. Fax: (215) 662-3362. Email address:
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18
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Plassmeyer ML, Soldan SS, Stachelek KM, Martín-García J, González-Scarano F. California serogroup Gc (G1) glycoprotein is the principal determinant of pH-dependent cell fusion and entry. Virology 2005; 338:121-32. [PMID: 15923017 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Members of the California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses, particularly La Crosse (LAC) and Tahyna (TAH) viruses, are significant human pathogens in areas where their mosquito vectors are endemic. Previous studies using wild-type LAC and TAH181/57, a highly neurovirulent strain with low neuroinvasiveness (Janssen, R., Gonzalez-Scarano, F., Nathanson, N., 1984. Mechanisms of bunyavirus virulence. Comparative pathogenesis of a virulent strain of La Crosse and an avirulent strain of Tahyna virus. Lab. Invest. 50 (4), 447-455), have demonstrated that the neuroinvasive phenotype maps to the M segment, the segment that encodes the two viral glycoproteins Gn (G2) and Gc (G1), as well as a non-structural protein NSm. To further define the role of Gn and Gc in fusion and entry, we prepared a panel of recombinant M segment constructs using LAC, TAH181/57, and V22F, a monoclonal-resistant variant of LAC with deficient fusion function. These M segment constructs were then tested in two surrogate assays for virus entry: a cell-to-cell fusion assay based on T7-luciferase expression, and a pseudotype transduction assay based on the incorporation of the bunyavirus glycoproteins on an MLV backbone. Both assays demonstrated that Gc is the principal determinant of virus fusion and cell entry, and furthermore that the region delineated by amino acids 860-1442, corresponding to the membrane proximal two-thirds of Gc, is key to these processes. These results, coupled with structural modeling suggesting homologies between the carboxy region of Gc and Sindbis virus E1, suggest that the LAC Gc functions as a type II fusion protein.
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Yi L, Li Z, Yuan K, Qu X, Chen J, Wang G, Zhang H, Luo H, Zhu L, Jiang P, Chen L, Shen Y, Luo M, Zuo G, Hu J, Duan D, Nie Y, Shi X, Wang W, Han Y, Li T, Liu Y, Ding M, Deng H, Xu X. Small molecules blocking the entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus into host cells. J Virol 2004; 78:11334-9. [PMID: 15452254 PMCID: PMC521800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.20.11334-11339.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is the pathogen of SARS, which caused a global panic in 2003. We describe here the screening of Chinese herbal medicine-based, novel small molecules that bind avidly with the surface spike protein of SARS-CoV and thus can interfere with the entry of the virus to its host cells. We achieved this by using a two-step screening method consisting of frontal affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with a viral infection assay based on a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-luc/SARS pseudotyped virus. Two small molecules, tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (TGG) and luteolin, were identified, whose anti-SARS-CoV activities were confirmed by using a wild-type SARS-CoV infection system. TGG exhibits prominent anti-SARS-CoV activity with a 50% effective concentration of 4.5 microM and a selective index of 240.0. The two-step screening method described here yielded several small molecules that can be used for developing new classes of anti-SARS-CoV drugs and is potentially useful for the high-throughput screening of drugs inhibiting the entry of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and other insidious viruses into their host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yi
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, Peoples Republic of China
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20
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Simmons G, Reeves JD, Rennekamp AJ, Amberg SM, Piefer AJ, Bates P. Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4240-5. [PMID: 15010527 PMCID: PMC384725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306446101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) is a rapidly emerging pathogen with potentially serious consequences for public health. Here we describe conditions that result not only in the efficient expression of the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein on the surface of cells, but in its incorporation into lentiviral particles that can be used to transduce cells in an S glycoprotein-dependent manner. We found that although some primate cell lines, including Vero E6, 293T and Huh-7 cells, could be efficiently transduced by SARS-CoV S glycoprotein pseudoviruses, other cells lines were either resistant or very poorly permissive to virus entry. Infection by pseudovirions could be inhibited by several lysosomotropic agents, suggesting a requirement for acidification of endosomes for efficient S-mediated viral entry. In addition, we were able to develop a cell-cell fusion assay that could be used to monitor S glycoprotein-dependent membrane fusion. Although proteolysis did not enhance the infectivity of cell-free pseudovirions, trypsin activation is required for cell-cell fusion. Additionally, there was no apparent pH requirement for S glycoprotein-mediated cell-cell fusion. Together, these studies describe important tools that can be used to study SARS-CoV S glycoprotein structure and function, including approaches that can be used to identify inhibitors of the entry of SARS-CoV into target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Simmons
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 225 Johnson Pavilion, 3610 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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21
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Ogino M, Ebihara H, Lee BH, Araki K, Lundkvist A, Kawaoka Y, Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Use of vesicular stomatitis virus pseudotypes bearing hantaan or seoul virus envelope proteins in a rapid and safe neutralization test. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:154-60. [PMID: 12522053 PMCID: PMC145270 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.1.154-160.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2002] [Revised: 08/13/2002] [Accepted: 10/12/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype bearing hantavirus envelope glycoproteins was produced and used in a neutralization test as a substitute for native hantavirus. The recombinant VSV, in which the enveloped protein gene (G) was replaced by the green fluorescent protein gene and complemented with G protein expressed in trans (VSVDeltaG*G), was kindly provided by M. A. Whitt. 293T cells were transfected with plasmids for the expression of envelope glycoproteins (G1 and G2) of HTNV or SEOV and were then infected with VSVDeltaG*G. Pseudotype VSV with the Hantaan (VSVDeltaG*-HTN) or Seoul (VSVDeltaG*-SEO) envelope glycoproteins were harvested from the culture supernatant. The number of infectious units (IU) of the pseudotype VSVs ranged from 10(5) to 10(6)/ml. The infectivity of VSVDeltaG*-HTN and VSVDeltaG*-SEO was neutralized with monoclonal antibodies, immune rabbit sera, and sera from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, and the neutralizing titers were similar to those obtained with native hantaviruses. These results show that VSVDeltaG*-HTN and -SEO can be used as a rapid, specific, and safe neutralization test for detecting hantavirus-neutralizing antibodies as an effective substitute for the use of native hantaviruses. Furthermore, the IU of VSVDeltaG*-HTN and -SEO did not decrease by more than 10-fold when stored at 4 degrees C for up to 30 days. The stability of the pseudotype viruses allows distribution of the material to remote areas by using conventional cooling boxes for use as a diagnostic reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Ogino
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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22
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Bruett L, Clements JE. Functional murine leukemia virus vectors pseudotyped with the visna virus envelope show expanded visna virus cell tropism. J Virol 2001; 75:11464-73. [PMID: 11689628 PMCID: PMC114733 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11464-11473.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudotype virus vectors serve as a powerful tool for the study of virus receptor usage and entry. We describe the development of murine leukemia virus (MuLV) particles pseudotyped with the visna virus envelope glycoprotein and encoding a green fluorescent protein reporter as a tool to study the expression of the visna virus receptor. Functional MuLV/visna virus pseudotypes were obtained when the cytoplasmic tail of the visna virus envelope TM protein was truncated to 3, 7, or 11 amino acids in length. MuLV/visna virus particles were used to transduce a panel of cell types from various organisms, including sheep, goat, human, hamster, mouse, monkey, and quail. The majority of the cells examined were susceptible to MuLV/visna pseudotype viruses, supporting the notion that the visna virus cellular receptor is a widely expressed protein found in many species. Of 16 different cell types tested, only mouse embryo fibroblast NIH 3T3 cells, hamster ovary CHO cells, and the human promonocyte cell line U937 cells were not susceptible to transduction by the pseudotyped virus. The production of functional MuLV/visna virus pseudotypes has provided a sensitive, biologically relevant system to study visna virus cell entry and envelope-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bruett
- Division of Comparative Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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23
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Albright AV, Martín J, O'Connor M, González-Scarano F. Interactions between HIV-1 gp120, chemokines, and cultured adult microglial cells. J Neurovirol 2001; 7:196-207. [PMID: 11517394 DOI: 10.1080/13550280152403245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HIV dementia (HIVD), a disease that is apparently mediated by neurotoxins and viral proteins secreted by HIV infected microglia, is characterized neuropathologically by an increased number of activated microglia in the brains of affected individuals. Consequently, the rational design of potential therapeutic strategies should take into account the mechanisms that lead to microglial activation and to their increased prominence in the adult brain. In this regard, one leading hypothesis proposes that microglia are recruited to specific sites in the central nervous system (CNS) as a result of interactions between microglial chemokine receptors and chemokines, or even the viral glycoprotein gp120, which binds chemokine receptors in the process of cellular entry. Adult microglia express the functional chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 molecules that mediate chemotaxis in these and other cell types. We determined that purified adult microglial cultures contain a heterogeneous population with respect to their ability to respond to the alpha- and beta-chemokines, SDF1alpha, and MIP-1beta. A mean of 14.6% of the microglia assayed responded to both alpha- and beta-chemokines (CCR5(+)CXCR4(+) phenotype); 45.4% of microglia were phenotyped as CCR5(+)CXCR4(-); 12.9% of the microglia were CXCR4(+)CCR5(-); and 27.0% of microglia did not respond to either chemokine. No increase in intracellular calcium levels was seen in the vast majority of microglia exposed to the soluble HIV envelope protein, gp120, or to HIV envelope (gp120/gp41) expressed on MLV virus pseudotypes. However, exposure of microglia to soluble fractalkine or to other chemokines resulted in an intracellular calcium flux. Our results raise the possibility of microglial heterogeneity with respect to their response to chemokines, and indicate that any effects due to gp120 are likely to be considerably less robust than the response of microglia to the natural ligands of their chemokine receptors, for example SDF1alpha and MIP-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Albright
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6146, USA.
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