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Abdi F, Buzhor MG, Zellweger N, Zhi-Luo, Leroux JC. pH-dependent pressure-sensitive colonic capsules for the delivery of aqueous bacterial suspensions. J Control Release 2024; 365:688-702. [PMID: 38040343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbiome-based therapies hold great promise for treating various diseases, but the efficient delivery of live bacteria to the colon remains a challenge. Furthermore, current oral formulations, such as lyophilized bacterial capsules or tablets, are produced using processes that can decrease bacterial viability. Consequently, high dosages are required to achieve efficacy. Herein, we report the design of pressure-sensitive colonic capsules for the encapsulation and delivery of aqueous suspensions of live bacteria. The capsules consisted of 2 functional thin-films (hydrophobic and enteric) of ethyl cellulose and Eudragit S100 dip-coated onto hydroxypropyl methylcellulose molds. The capsules could be loaded with aqueous media and provide protection against acidic fluids and, to some extent, oxygen diffusion, suggesting their potential suitability for delivering anaerobic bacterial strains. Disintegration and mechanical studies indicated that the capsules could withstand transit through the stomach and upper/proximal small intestinal segments and rupture in the ileum/colon. In vitro studies showed that bacterial cells (anaerobic and aerobic commensals) remained highly viable (74-98%) after encapsulation and exposure to the simulated GI tract conditions. In vivo studies with a beagle dog model revealed that 67% of the capsules opened after 3.5 h, indicating content release in the distal gastrointestinal tract. These data demonstrate that live aqueous bacterial suspensions comprised of both aerobic and anaerobic commensals can be encapsulated and in the future might be efficiently delivered to the distal gastrointestinal tract, suggesting the practical applications of these capsules in microbiome-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Abdi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marina Green Buzhor
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Zellweger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zhi-Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jean-Christophe Leroux
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Jain SN, Patil SB. Perspectives of colon-specific drug delivery in the management of morning symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:253-264. [PMID: 36544060 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01120-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic condition that is characterized by joint pain and inflammation. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the body tissues are erroneously attacked by the immune system of the host itself. It has been evident that rheumatoid arthritis symptoms follow a 24 h circadian rhythm and exhibit high thresholds of pain, functional disability, and stiffness predominantly early in the morning. Colon-specific drug delivery systems can be utilized in the formulations to be used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. The colon-specific drug delivery system has shown promising results in the treatment of different diseases at the colonic site like Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, colon cancer, etc. The colon-specific drug delivery is capable of delivering the formulation at the predetermined location and predetermined time. The early morning symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis like pain and inflammation can be treated using the various approaches of the colon-specific drug delivery system because it will lead to patient compliance as the patient will not require administering the formulation immediately after waking up in the morning. This review also explains the immunological factors which may trigger rheumatoid arthritis in human beings. It further explores conventional approaches like pH-dependant, microorganisms-driven, pressure-controlled, and time-dependant formulations. By employing two or more conventional approaches given above the various novel approaches have been designed to eliminate the drawbacks of individual techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil N Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, 423101, India
| | - Sanjay B Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SNJB's Shriman Sureshdada Jain College of Pharmacy, Neminagar, Chandwad, Nashik, Maharashtra, 423101, India.
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Singh P, Waghambare P, Khan T, Omri A. Colorectal cancer management: Strategies in drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:653-670. [PMID: 35656670 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2084531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer leading to death worldwide following breast and lung cancer with the incidence rate of 10%. The treatment comprises of surgery, radiation, and ablation therapy depending upon the stage of cancer. AREAS COVERED The review focuses on various drug delivery strategies explored to circumvent the major constraints associated with the conventional drug delivery systems- poor bioavailability, intra- and inter individual variability, exposure of normal cells to antineoplastic agents, and presence of efflux pump. All these attributes impact the effective delivery of chemotherapeutic agents at the tumor site. The various target specific drug delivery systems developed for colorectal cancer include pH dependent, microbiologically triggered, time dependent, magnetically driven, pressure dependent, prodrug/polysaccharide based, osmotic and ligand mediated systems. This review enumerates novel target specific approaches developed and investigated for potential utility in CRC therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION The limitations of conventional delivery systems can be overcome by development of colon-specific targeted drug delivery systems that overcome the obstacles of nonspecific biodistribution, drug resistance and unwanted adverse effects of conventional drug delivery systems. In addition, nanotechnology approaches help to increase drug solubility, bioavailability, reduce side effects and provide superior drug response in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramita Waghambare
- Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tabassum Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abdelwahab Omri
- The Novel Drug & Vaccine Delivery Systems Facility, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Sulaiman S, Gershkovich P, Hoad CL, Calladine M, Spiller RC, Stolnik S, Marciani L. Application of In Vivo MRI Imaging to Track a Coated Capsule and Its Disintegration in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Human Volunteers. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020270. [PMID: 35214003 PMCID: PMC8879863 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral specially coated formulations have the potential to improve treatment outcomes of a range of diseases in distal intestinal tract whilst limiting systemic drug absorption and adverse effects. Their development is challenging, partly because of limited knowledge of the physiological and pathological distal gastrointestinal factors, including colonic chyme fluid distribution and motor function. Recently, non-invasive techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have started to provide novel important insights. In this feasibility study, we formulated a coated capsule consisting of a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) shell, coated with a synthetic polymer based on polymethacrylate-based copolymer (Eudragit®) that can withstand the upper gastrointestinal tract conditions. The capsule was filled with olive oil as MRI-visible marker fluid. This allowed us to test the ability of MRI to track such a coated capsule in the gastrointestinal tract and to assess whether it is possible to image its loss of integrity by exploiting the ability of MRI to image fat and water separately and in combination. Ten healthy participants were administered capsules with varying amounts of coating and underwent MRI imaging of the gastrointestinal tract at 45 min intervals. The results indicate that it is feasible to track the capsules present in the gastrointestinal tract at different locations, as they were detected in all 10 participants. By the 360 min endpoint of the study, in nine participants the capsules were imaged in the small bowel, in eight participants in the terminal ileum, and in four in the colon. Loss of capsule integrity was observed in eight participants, occurring predominantly in distal intestinal regions. The data indicate that the described approach could be applied to assess performance of oral formulations in undisturbed distal gastrointestinal regions, without the need for ionizing radiation or contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Sulaiman
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
| | - Pavel Gershkovich
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Caroline L. Hoad
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QX, UK;
| | - Matthew Calladine
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Robin C. Spiller
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
| | - Snow Stolnik
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2QL, UK; (P.G.); (M.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Luca Marciani
- Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (S.S.); (R.C.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-11-5823-1248
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5
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Das S. Pectin based multi-particulate carriers for colon-specific delivery of therapeutic agents. Int J Pharm 2021; 605:120814. [PMID: 34147609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In case of colon-specific delivery of therapeutic agents through oral route, microbial/enzyme-triggered release approach has several advantages over other approaches due to unique microbial ecosystem in the colon. Multiple-unit carriers have an edge over single-unit carriers for this purpose. Among different materials/polymers explored, pectin appears as a promising biopolymer to construct microbial-triggered colon-specific carriers. Pectin is specifically degraded by colonic enzymes but insusceptible to upper gastro-intestinal enzymes. In this article, utilization of pectin solely or in combination with other polymers and/or colonic-delivery approaches is critically discussed in detail in the context of multi-particulate systems. Several studies showed that pectin-based carriers can prevent the release of payload in the stomach but start to release in the intestine. Hence, pectin alone may construct delayed release formulation but may not be sufficient for effective colon-targeting. On the other hand, combination of pectin with other materials/polymers (e.g., chitosan and Eudragit® S-100) has demonstrated huge promise for colon-specific release of payload. Hence, smartly designed pectin-based multi-particulate carriers, especially in combination with other polymers and/or colon-targeting approaches (e.g., microbial-triggered + pH-triggered or microbial-triggered + pH-triggered + time-release or microbial-triggered + pH-triggered + pressure-based), can be successful colon-specific delivery systems. However, more clinical trials are necessary to bring this idea from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surajit Das
- Takasago International Corporation, 5 Sunview Road, Singapore 627616, Singapore.
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Ashique S, Sandhu NK, Chawla V, Chawla PA. Targeted Drug Delivery: Trends and Perspectives. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 18:1435-1455. [PMID: 34151759 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210609161301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to various limitations in conventional drug delivery system, it is important to focus on the target-specific drug delivery system where we can deliver the drug without any degradation. Among various challenges faced by a formulation scientist, delivering the drug to its right site, in its right dose, is also an important aim. A focused drug transport aims to extend, localize, target and have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. OBJECTIVE The aim of targeted drug delivery is to make the required amount of the drug available at its desired site of action. Drug targeting can be accomplished in a number ways that include enzyme mediation, pH-dependent release, use of special vehicles, receptor targeting among other mechanisms. Intelligently designed targeted drug delivery systems also offer the advantages of a low dose of the drug along with reduced side effects which ultimately improves patient compliance. Incidences of dose dumping and dosage form failure are negligible. A focused drug transport aims to have a safe drug interaction with the diseased tissue. CONCLUSION This review focuses on the available targeting techniques for delivery to the colon, brain and other sites of interest. Overall, the article should make an excellent read for the researchers in this area. Newer drug targets may be identified and exploited for successful drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Navjot Kaur Sandhu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
| | - Viney Chawla
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001, Punjab, India
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7
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Krause J, Bogdahn M, Schneider F, Koziolek M, Weitschies W. Design and characterization of a novel 3D printed pressure-controlled drug delivery system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 140:105060. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nidhi, Rashid M, Kaur V, Hallan SS, Sharma S, Mishra N. Microparticles as controlled drug delivery carrier for the treatment of ulcerative colitis: A brief review. Saudi Pharm J 2016; 24:458-72. [PMID: 27330377 PMCID: PMC4908146 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis is the chronic relapsing multifactorial gastrointestinal inflammatory bowel disease, which is characterized by bloody or mucus diarrhea, tenesmus, bowel dystension, anemia. The annual incidence of ulcerative colitis in Asia, North America and Europe was found to be 6.3, 19.2 and 24.3 per 100,000 person-years. The major challenge in the treatment of ulcerative colitis is appropriate local targeting and drug related side-effects. To overcome these challenges, microparticulate systems seem to be a promising approach for controlled and sustained drug release after oral administration. The main goal of this article is to explore the role of microparticles in ulcerative colitis for the appropriate targeting of drugs to colon. There are different approaches which have been studied over the last decade, including prodrugs, polymeric approach, time released system, pH sensitive system, which show the site specific drug delivery to colon. Among these approaches, microparticulate drug delivery system has been gaining an immense importance for local targeting of drug to colon at a controlled and sustained rate. Combined approaches such as pH dependent and time dependent system provide the maximum release of drug into colon via oral route. This article embraces briefly about pathophysiology, challenges and polymeric approaches mainly multiparticulate systems for site specific drug delivery to colon in sustained and controlled manner so that drug related side-effects by reducing dosage frequency can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Muzamil Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Veerpal Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Supandeep Singh Hallan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur, G.T. Road, Moga 142001, Punjab, India
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9
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Abstract
Colon-specific delivery systems have attracted considerable attention from the scientific community. One of the distinctions of this site-specific delivery system is its effectiveness in carrying a variety of medicinal agents (required for both localized diseases and systemic therapy). It has been proposed that the biological rhythm of the body may affect the normal physiological as well as biological functions. Diseases such as nocturnal asthma, angina pectoris, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension or cardiac arrhythmia, has been found to follow biological rhythm of the body. For the treatment of these diseases, development of a chronotherapeutic drug delivery system (CrDDS), which delivers a defined dose, at a selected time and chosen rate, and to a targeted site is required. Several CrDDSs have been developed by using various strategies (pH-, time-, microflora-triggered and pressure-controlled systems) with the aim of achieving colon-specific drug delivery. This Editorial article aims to highlight some of the recent advancements that have emerged in the field of colon-targeted drug delivery systems pertaining to the chronotherapy of certain disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayur M Patel
- Nirma University, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics , SG Highway, Chharodi, Ahmedabad; 382481, Gujarat , India +91 79 3064 2727 ; +91 27 1724 1916 ;
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10
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Gadalla HH, Soliman GM, Mohammed FA, El-Sayed AM. Development and in vitro/in vivo evaluation of Zn-pectinate microparticles reinforced with chitosan for the colonic delivery of progesterone. Drug Deliv 2015; 23:2541-2554. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2015.1028602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hytham H. Gadalla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ghareb M. Soliman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Fergany A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. El-Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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11
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Film coatings for oral colon delivery. Int J Pharm 2013; 457:372-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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12
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Zhao X, Shan C, Zu Y, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang K, Sui X, Li R. Preparation, characterization, and evaluation in vivo of Ins-SiO2-HP55 (insulin-loaded silica coating HP55) for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:278-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Wang L, Wang M, Topham PD, Huang Y. Fabrication of magnetic drug-loaded polymeric composite nanofibres and their drug release characteristics. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra00484d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Laroui H, Sitaraman SV, Merlin D. Gastrointestinal Delivery of Anti-inflammatory Nanoparticles. Methods Enzymol 2012; 509:101-25. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391858-1.00006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Chaturvedi K, Kulkarni AR, Aminabhavi TM. Blend Microspheres of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and Cellulose Acetate Phthalate for Colon Delivery of 5-Fluorouracil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie2011005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Ahmed IS, Ayres JW. Comparison of in vitro and in vivo performance of a colonic delivery system. Int J Pharm 2011; 409:169-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.02.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Dahan A, Amidon GL, Zimmermann EM. Drug targeting strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: a mechanistic update. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 6:543-50. [PMID: 20594127 DOI: 10.1586/eci.10.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents the perfect scenario for drug targeting to the site(s) of action. While existing formulation-based targeting strategies include rectal dosage forms and oral systems that target the colon by pH-, time-, microflora- and pressure-triggered drug release, novel approaches for site-specific delivery in IBD therapy will target the inflamed intestine per se rather than intestinal region. The purpose of this article is to present a mechanistic update on the strategies employed to achieve minimal systemic exposure accompanied by maximal drug levels in the inflamed intestinal tissue. The introduction of biological agents, micro/nanoparticulate carriers including liposomes, transgenic bacteria, and gene therapy opportunities are discussed, as well as the challenges remaining to be achieved in the targeted treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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18
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Philip AK, Philip B. Colon targeted drug delivery systems: a review on primary and novel approaches. Oman Med J 2010; 25:79-87. [PMID: 22125706 PMCID: PMC3215502 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2010.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The colon is a site where both local and systemic delivery of drugs can take place. Local delivery allows topical treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. However, treatment can be made effective if the drugs can be targeted directly into the colon, thereby reducing the systemic side effects. This review, mainly compares the primary approaches for CDDS (Colon Specific Drug Delivery) namely prodrugs, pH and time dependent systems, and microbially triggered systems, which achieved limited success and had limitations as compared with newer CDDS namely pressure controlled colonic delivery capsules, CODESTM, and osmotic controlled drug delivery which are unique in terms of achieving in vivo site specificity, and feasibility of manufacturing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K. Philip
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa-616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Betty Philip
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al Mouz, Nizwa-616, Sultanate of Oman
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Udo K, Hokonohara K, Motoyama K, Arima H, Hirayama F, Uekama K. 5-Fluorouracil acetic acid/beta-cyclodextrin conjugates: drug release behavior in enzymatic and rat cecal media. Int J Pharm 2009; 388:95-100. [PMID: 20036722 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil-1-acetic acid (5-FUA) was prepared and covalently conjugated to beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) through ester or amide linkage, and the drug release behavior of the conjugates in enzymatic solutions and rat cecal contents were investigated. The 5-FUA/beta-CyD ester conjugate was slowly hydrolyzed to 5-FUA in aqueous solutions (half lives (t(1/2))=38 and 17h at pH 6.8 and 7.4, respectively, at 37 degrees C), whereas the amide conjugate was hardly hydrolyzed at these physiological conditions, but hydrolyzed only in strong alkaline solutions (>0.1M NaOH) at 60 degrees C. Both ester and amide conjugates were degraded in solutions of a sugar-degrading enzyme, alpha-amylase, to 5-FUA/maltose and triose conjugates, but the release of 5-FUA was only slight in alpha-amylase solutions. In solutions of an ester-hydrolyzing enzyme, carboxylic esterase, the ester conjugate was hydrolyzed to 5-FUA at the same rate as that in the absence of the enzyme, whereas the amide conjugate was not hydrolyzed by the enzyme. On the other hand, 5-FUA was rapidly released when the ester conjugate was firstly hydrolyzed by alpha-amylase, followed secondly by carboxylic esterase. The results indicated that the ester conjugate was hydrolyzed to 5-FUA in a consecutive manner, i.e. it was firstly hydrolyzed to the small saccharide conjugates, such as the maltose conjugate, by alpha-amylase, and the resulting small saccharide conjugates having less steric hindrance was susceptible to the action of carboxylic esterase, giving 5-FUA. The in vitro release behavior of the ester conjugate was clearly reflected in the hydrolysis in rat cecal contents and in the in vivo release after oral administration to rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Udo
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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20
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Ma L, Liu M, Liu H, Chen J, Gao C, Cui D. Dual crosslinked pH- and temperature-sensitive hydrogel beads for intestine-targeted controlled release. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Wang M, Wang L, Huang Y. Electrospun hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP)/erythromycin fibers for targeted release in intestine. J Appl Polym Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/app.25666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Bajpai SK, Dubey S, Saxena S. Flow Through Diffusion Cell Method: A Better Approach to Study Drug Release Behavior as Compared to Traditional Dissolution Test Method. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320600598795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Oral drug delivery to the colon has attracted significant attention during the past 20 years. Colon targeting is recognised to have several therapeutic advantages, such as the oral delivery of drugs that are destroyed by the stomach acid and/or metabolised by pancreatic enzymes. Sustained colonic release of drugs can be useful in the treatment of nocturnal asthma, angina and arthritis. Local treatment of colonic pathologies, such as ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer and Crohn's disease, is more effective with the delivery of drugs to the affected area. Likewise, colonic delivery of vermicides and colonic diagnostic agents requires smaller doses. This article aims to provide an insight into the design and manufacturing considerations, and an evaluation of colonic drug delivery systems in order to understand why there are still few delivery technologies that have reached the market, despite intensive research in this field. For this purpose, various approaches to colon-specific drug delivery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Van den Mooter
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium.
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Bajpai SK, Saxena S. Flow through diffusion cell method: A novel approach to studyin vitro enzymatic degradation of a starch-based ternary semi-interpenetrating network for gastrointestinal drug delivery. J Appl Polym Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/app.22897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Ito Y, Kusawake T, Ishida M, Tawa R, Shibata N, Takada K. Oral solid gentamicin preparation using emulsifier and adsorbent. J Control Release 2005; 105:23-31. [PMID: 15908031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral gentamicin (GM) therapy has been challenged by formulating GM in oral solid preparation. GM was dispersed with a surfactant used for the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol), and the mixture was solidified with several kinds of adsorbents. The used adsorbents were microporous calcium silicate (Florite RE), magnesium alminometa silicate (Neusilin US2), and silicon dioxide (Sylysia 320). In vitro release study showed that the percentage released of GM from each preparation per 2 h was 99.8+/-0.06% for Florite RE 10 mg, 96.7+/-1.16% for Florite RE 20 mg, 98.3+/-0.32% for Neusilin US2, and 94.4+/-0.23% for Sylysia 320. The T50% values were 0.35+/-0.05 h for Florite RE 10 mg, 0.34+/-0.03 h for Florite RE 20 mg, 0.26+/-0.03 h for Neusilin US2, and 0.15+/-0.01 h for Sylysia 320. The in vivo rat absorption study showed that Florite RE 10 mg preparation had the highest C(max) (2.14+/-0.67 microg/ml) and AUC (4.74+/-1.21 microg h/ml). Other preparations had C(max) and AUC of 0.69+/-0.10 microg/ml and 1.56+/-0.43 microg h/ml for Florite RE 20 mg, 1.07+/-0.31 microg/ml and 1.80+/-0.33 microg h/ml for Neusilin US2, and 0.99+/-0.21 microg/ml and 1.77+/-0.50 micorg h/ml for Sylysia 320, respectively. The bioavailability (BA) of GM from the microporous calcium silicate preparation, Florite RE 10 mg, was 14.1% in rats, derived by comparing the AUC obtained after intravenous injection of GM, 1.0 mg/kg, to another group of rats. The microporous calcium silicate preparation using Florite RE 10 mg was evaluated in dogs after oral administration in an enteric capsule, Eudragit S100 (50 mg/dog). High plasma GM levels were obtained (i.e., the C(max) was 1.26+/-0.20 microg/ml and the AUC was 2.59+/-0.33 microg h/ml). These results suggest that an adsorbent system is useful as an oral solid delivery system of poorly absorbable drugs such as GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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26
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Dodou D, Breedveld P, Wieringa PA. Mucoadhesives in the gastrointestinal tract: revisiting the literature for novel applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2005; 60:1-16. [PMID: 15848050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2005.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2004] [Revised: 12/23/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This article investigates applying mucoadhesives to manipulate friction and to achieve locomotion of an alternative colonoscopic device through the large intestine. Considering that such an application of mucoadhesives is new, the authors recognised the need to revisit the different aspects of mucoadhesion in the gastrointestinal tract on the basis of the literature and to re-evaluate them according to the requirements for intestinal locomotion. First, the material properties, which are critical for the locomotion mechanism and specific categories of mucoadhesives characterised by those critical properties were identified. The next step was to examine the structural characteristics of those categories to specify which of the already synthesised mucoadhesives are promising candidates for friction manipulation. Then, the response of those mucoadhesives to a number of environmental stimuli was examined. At the end, two in vitro experiments were carried out to study the potential of mucoadhesives for intestinal locomotion. A comparative analysis of the role of mucoadhesives in drug delivery and in intestinal locomotion leads to the conclusion that the two applications can be approached to one extent with common principles, but crucial differences are present as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Dodou
- Man-Machine Systems Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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27
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Imai T, Sakai M, Ohtake H, Azuma H, Otagiri M. Absorption-enhancing effect of glycyrrhizin induced in the presence of capric acid. Int J Pharm 2005; 294:11-21. [PMID: 15814227 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The absorption-enhancing effect of the simultaneous administration of sodium caprate (Cap-Na) and dipotassium glycyrrhizinate (Grz-K) was investigated to clarify an effect of Grz-K. A combination of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K had a rapid and long-lasting absorption-enhancing activity in Caco-2 cell monolayers under conditions where Cap-Na and Grz-K showed a weak and no activity, respectively. The simultaneous treatment of a Caco-2 cell monolayer with Cap-Na and Grz-K showed no change in intracellular calcium ion level, although a major mechanism of absorption-enhancing effect for Cap-Na was elevation of intracellular calcium ion level. On the other hand, the simultaneous enhancing effect of Cap-Na and Grz-K was inhibited by H7, a PKC inhibitor. Possibly, Grz-K showed an absorption-enhancing effect via PKC cellular signaling pathway after penetration into cell according to increasing membrane permeability by Cap-Na. The absorption of sCT by the rat colon was enhanced by a combination of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K, and its effect continued even 9h after the onset of the experiment. Furthermore, the simultaneous treatment of 0.1% (w/v) Cap-Na and 2% (w/v) Grz-K showed a negligible histological changes to the colon mucosal membrane and a negligible toxicity on Caco-2 cell monolayer. A combination of Cap-Na and Grz-K shows a synergistic absorption-enhancing effect with little mucosal injury, which is applicable to colon-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruko Imai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
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28
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Friend DR. New oral delivery systems for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2005; 57:247-65. [PMID: 15555741 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2004.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2004] [Accepted: 08/11/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is often localized to specific sites in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). As a result, this disease can be treated with oral site-specific (targeted) drug delivery systems. Targeted delivery systems for treatment of IBD are designed to increase local tissue concentrations of antiinflammatory drugs from lower doses compared with systemic administration. This review addresses the impact disease has or may have on oral targeted delivery for treatment of IBD as well as a number of delivery approaches currently used in marketed products or under investigation. Delivery systems reviewed rely on temporal control, changes in pH along the GIT, the action of local enzymes to trigger drug release, and changes in intraluminal pressure. Dissolution of enteric polymer coatings due to a change in local pH and reduction of azo-bonds to release an active agent are both used in commercially marketed products. Newer approaches showing promise in treating IBD are based on polysaccharides. These materials are most effective when used as compression coatings around core tablets, which contain the active agent. More complex polymeric prodrugs systems are also under investigation. If the dose of the drug is sufficiently low, this approach may also prove useful in improving treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Friend
- MicroDose Technologies, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA.
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Bajpai SK, Saxena S, Dubey S. The flow-through diffusion cell (FTDC) method: a novel approach toin vitro drug release studies. POLYM INT 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Ito Y, Arai H, Uchino K, Iwasaki K, Shibata N, Takada K. Effect of adsorbents on the absorption of lansoprazole with surfactant. Int J Pharm 2005; 289:69-77. [PMID: 15652200 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lansoprazole (LPZ) is a representative drug that shows a high inter-subject variation of bioavailability (BA). Solid preparation composed of surfactant, adsorbent and LPZ were prepared to improve the dissolution and absorption of LPZ, and the BA of LPZ was measured in rats and dogs. As surfactant, Tween 80, polyoxy 60 hydrogenated caster oil derivative (HCO-60) and PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides (Labrasol) were used. As adsorbant, porous silicon dioxide (Sylysia 550, 320), magnesium aluminometa silicate (Neusilin S2, NS2N, US2) and porous calcium silicate (Florite RE) were used. After small intestinal administration of LPZ, 5.0 mg/kg, solution with HCO-60 showed the highest plasma LPZ concentration versus time curve of which C(max) and AUC was 0.46+/-0.01 microg/mL and 0.73+/-0.03 microgh/mL. By comparing to that after i.v. injection of LPZ solution, 2.0 mg/kg, the BA of LPZ from HCO-60 solution was 39.0%, which was about seven times higher than that of LPZ powder. To solidify the LPZ solution with HCO-60, adsorbents were used and the obtained solid preparations were used for in vitro release experiment. Sylysia 320, Neusilin S2 and Neusilin NS2 showed the T50% of about 1h. To evaluate the BA of these solid preparations, absorption study was performed in rats. Sylysia 550 system showed the higher AUC than other systems, showing the BA of 28.1%. Sylysia 550 system was filled in an enteric capsule and was orally administered to dogs and BA was compared with enteric tablet. The AUC of Sylysia 550 system was 2.16+/-0.26 microgh/mL and was greater than enteric tablet and the BA of 71.7% was obtained. Solid system composed of LPZ, surfactant and adsorbent has suggested the possibility as a good tool to improve the BA of LPZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Ito
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5-Misasagi-Nakauchicho, Yamashina-Ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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31
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Abstract
Targeting drugs and delivery systems to the colonic region of the gastrointestinal tract has received considerable interest in recent years. Scientific endeavour in this area has been driven by the need to better treat local disorders of the colon such as inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), irritable bowel syndrome and carcinoma. The colon is also receiving significant attention as a portal for the entry of drugs into the systemic circulation. A variety of delivery strategies and systems have been proposed for colonic targeting. These generally rely on the exploitation of one or more of the following gastrointestinal features for their functionality: pH, transit time, pressure or microflora. Coated systems that utilise the pH differential in the gastrointestinal tract and prodrugs that rely on colonic bacteria for release have been commercialised. Both approaches have their own inherent limitations. Many systems in development have progressed no further than the bench, while others are expensive or complex to manufacture, or lack the desired site-specificity. The universal polysaccharide systems appear to be the most promising because of their practicality and exploitation of the most distinctive property of the colon, abundant microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul W Basit
- The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, England, UK.
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Escobar JL, García D, Valerino A, Zaldívar D, Hernáez E, Katime I. Cephazoline sodium release from poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) hydrogels. J Appl Polym Sci 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/app.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Sasai Y, Sakai Y, Nakagawa T, Kondo SI, Kuzuya M. Development of Patient-Tailored Drug Delivery System by Plasma Techniques. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2004. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.17.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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34
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Shimono N, Takatori T, Ueda M, Mori M, Higashi Y, Nakamura Y. Chitosan dispersed system for colon-specific drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2002; 245:45-54. [PMID: 12270241 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A chitosan dispersed system (CDS), which was composed of active ingredient reservoir and the outer drug release-regulating layer dispersing chitosan powder in hydrophobic polymer, was newly developed for colon-specific drug delivery. An aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer RS (Eudragit) RS) was selected as a hydrophobic polymer because it is hardly dissolved in acidic medium in which easily dissolves chitosan. In order to obtain the bi-functional releasing characteristics, i.e. time dependent and site specific, capsules containing the active ingredient (Drug Capsules) were coated by the chitosan dispersed hydrophobic polymer, resulting in CDS Capsules. The release rate could be controlled by changing the thickness of the layer. Furthermore, for colon-specific drug delivery, an additional outer enteric coating was necessary to prevent the drug release from CDS Capsules in the stomach, since chitosan dispersed in the layer dissolves easily under acidic conditions. Resultant enteric-coated CDS Capsules reached the large intestine within 1-3 h after oral administration and they were degraded at the colon in beagle dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Shimono
- Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 5-51, Ebie 1-Chome, Fukushima-ku, 553-0001, Osaka, Japan.
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Pang YN, Zhang Y, Zhang ZR. Synthesis of an enzyme-dependent prodrug and evaluation of its potential for colon targeting. World J Gastroenterol 2002; 8:913-7. [PMID: 12378641 PMCID: PMC4656586 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v8.i5.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To synthesize dexamethasone-succinate-dextran (DSD) conjugate and to evaluate the potentiality of DSD for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases.
METHODS: Dexamethasone was attached to dextran (average molecular weight = 70400 Dalton) using succinate anhydride in an anhydrous environment catalyzed by 4-dimethylaminopyridine and 1,1’-carbonyldiimidazole. The chemical structure of DSD was identified by UV, IR and NMR, and the in vivo drug release behavior of this prodrug was investigated after oral administration of DSD suspension.
RESULTS: The DSD conjugate was obtained in two steps and the content of dexamethasone in DSD was 11.28%. The dextran prodrug was stable in rat stomach and small intestine and negligibly absorbed from these tracts. Four to nine hours after the oral administration, most of the prodrug (> 95%) had moved to the cecum and colon, and was easily hydrolyzed by an endodextranase. Recover of dexamethasone from colon and cecum after administration of DSD conjugate was 6-12 folds higher than the recovery after administration of unmodified dexamethasone (t = 2.74, P < 0.05). The preferential release of free dexamethasone in cecum and colon over that in the small intestine was statistically significant (t = 2.27, P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that dextran conjugates may be useful in selectively delivering glucocorticoids to the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nuo Pang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Kamba M, Seta Y, Kusai A, Nishimura K. Comparison of the mechanical destructive force in the small intestine of dog and human. Int J Pharm 2002; 237:139-49. [PMID: 11955812 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the destructive force that oral solid dosage forms receive in the small intestine of dogs and humans. Information on the mechanical destructive forces of the gastrointestinal tract (GI) helps formulation design research in the following way: (1) to improve the predictability of the dissolution test since in vivo drug release is affected by not only agitation intensity but also mechanical stress; (2) to design safe and robust products by avoiding dose-dumping or unintended drug release at an inadequate site; (3) to better understand the species difference in bioavailability by comparing the destructive forces against dosage forms in the GI of dogs with those of humans. "Destructive force Dependent Release System" (DDRS) was developed to measure the mechanical destructive forces of the GI tract by using highly hydrophobic Teflon powder. In a DDRS, a marker drug contained in the core tablet is released only when the DDRS receives a force larger than its pre-determined crushing strength. DDRS-Small Intestine (DDRS-SI), a modified DDRS, was prepared for targeting the small intestine. DDRS-SI was encapsulated in starch capsules (Capill) and then the capsules were coated with an enteric film (DDRS-SI-Ecap). The capsules were administered to six dogs and nine human volunteers. Both dogs and human volunteers crushed a DDRS-SI having a crushing strength of 1.2 N. Therefore, these controlled-release formulations should withstand a destructive force of 1.2 N when they pass through the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Kamba
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery Research Laboratories, Sankyo Co., Ltd., 2-58, 1-chome, Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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