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Paul S, Bhuyan S, Balasoupramanien DD, Palaniappan A. Muco-Adhesive and Muco-Penetrative Formulations for the Oral Delivery of Insulin. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:24121-24141. [PMID: 38882129 PMCID: PMC11170654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c10305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Insulin, a pivotal anabolic hormone, regulates glucose homeostasis by facilitating the conversion of blood glucose to energy or storage. Dysfunction in insulin activity, often associated with pancreatic β cells impairment, leads to hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of β cells, while type 2 diabetes (T2D) stems from genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors causing β cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Currently, insulin therapy is used for most of the cases of T1D, while it is used only in a few persistent cases of T2D, often supplemented with dietary and lifestyle changes. The key challenge in oral insulin delivery lies in overcoming gastrointestinal (GI) barriers, including enzymatic degradation, low permeability, food interactions, low bioavailability, and long-term safety concerns. The muco-adhesive (MA) and muco-penetrative (MP) formulations aim to enhance oral insulin delivery by addressing these challenges. The mucus layer, a hydrogel matrix covering epithelial cells in the GI tract, poses significant barriers to oral insulin absorption. Its structure, composition, and turnover rate influence interactions with insulin and other drug carriers. Some of the few factors that influence mucoadhesion and mucopenetration are particle size, surface charge distribution, and surface modifications. This review discusses the challenges associated with oral insulin delivery, explores the properties of mucus, and evaluates the strategies for achieving excellent MA and MP formulations, focusing on nanotechnology-based approaches. The development of effective oral insulin formulations holds the potential to revolutionize diabetes management, providing patients with a more convenient and patient-friendly alternative to traditional insulin administration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Paul
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
- Advanced Academic Programs, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore Maryland21218, United States
| | - Snigdha Bhuyan
- School of Biosciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077
| | | | - Arunkumar Palaniappan
- Human Organ Manufacturing Engineering (HOME) Lab, Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics (CBCMT), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632014, India
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Synthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of Insulin-Loaded Whey Beads as an Oral Peptide Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050656. [PMID: 34064415 PMCID: PMC8147814 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
For many diabetics, daily, lifelong insulin injections are required to effectively manage blood glucose levels and the complications associated with the disease. This can be a burden and reduces patient quality of life. Our goal was to develop a more convenient oral delivery system that may be suitable for insulin and other peptides. Insulin was entrapped in 1.5-mm beads made from denatured whey protein isolate (dWPI) using gelation. Beads were then air-dried with fumed silica, Aerosil®. The encapsulation efficiency was ~61% and the insulin loading was ~25 µg/mg. Dissolution in simulated gastric-, and simulated intestinal fluids (SGF, SIF) showed that ~50% of the insulin was released from beads in SGF, followed by an additional ~10% release in SIF. The omission of Aerosil® allowed greater insulin release, suggesting that it formed a barrier on the bead surface. Circular dichroism analysis of bead-released insulin revealed an unaltered secondary structure, and insulin bioactivity was retained in HepG2 cells transfected to assess activation of the endogenous insulin receptors. Insulin-entrapped beads were found to provide partial protection against pancreatin for at least 60 min. A prototype bead construct was then synthesised using an encapsulator system and tested in vivo using a rat intestinal instillation bioassay. It was found that 50 IU/kg of entrapped insulin reduced plasma glucose levels by 55% in 60 min, similar to that induced by subcutaneously (s.c.)-administered insulin (1 IU/kg). The instilled insulin-entrapped beads produced a relative bioavailability of 2.2%. In conclusion, when optimised, dWPI-based beads may have potential as an oral peptide delivery system.
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Valuev LI, Valuev IL, Vanchugova LV, Obydennova IV. Modified Hydrogel as a Carrier of Oral Insulin. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Fonseca DF, Costa PC, Almeida IF, Dias-Pereira P, Correia-Sá I, Bastos V, Oliveira H, Duarte-Araújo M, Morato M, Vilela C, Silvestre AJ, Freire CS. Pullulan microneedle patches for the efficient transdermal administration of insulin envisioning diabetes treatment. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 241:116314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chatterjee S, Bhushan Sharma C, Lavie CJ, Adhikari A, Deedwania P, O'keefe JH. Oral insulin: an update. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2020; 45:49-60. [DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.19.03055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Valuev IL, Vanchugova LV, Valuev LI. Alternative Way of Increasing Stability of Polypeptides in Solution (in Memory of the Teacher). POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s156009041905018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Insulin Preparation for Blood Glucose-Level Regulation. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-01996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Valuev IL, Obydennova IV, Vanchugova LV, Valuev LI. Polymeric Carriers of Insulin. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19030192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Valuev IL, Vanchugova LV, Obydennova IV, Valuev LI. Polymer Insulin Derivatives: Application Peculiarities. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x18040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Insulin remains indispensable to the treatment of diabetes, but its availability in injectable form only has hampered its timely and broader use. The development of an oral insulin remains an ultimate goal to both enhance ease of use, and to provide therapeutic advantages rooted in its direct delivery to the portal vein and liver. By mimicking the physiological path taken by pancreatic insulin, oral insulin is expected to have a distinct effect on the hepatic aspect of carbohydrate metabolism, hepatic insulin resistance, and, at the same time, avoid hyperinsulinemia and minimize the risk of hypoglycemia. With oral insulin approaching late stages of development, the goal of this review is to examine oral insulin in a physiological context and report on recent progress in its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehud Arbit
- Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Jerusalem, Israel
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Valuev LI, Starosel'tseva LK, Valuev IL, Vanchugova LV, Khadzhiev SN. Alternative approach to the treatment of diabetes mellitus. DOKLADY BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE USSR, BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES SECTIONS 2017; 472:15-16. [PMID: 28429265 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of insulin preparations (Actrapid and Ransulin) on the glucose and insulin blood level has been studied in patients with diabetes mellitus. It has been shown that comparable changes in the measured parameters are achieved in most patients with oral doses of Ransulin that are two to three times higher than the doses of Actrapid.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Valuev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - L K Starosel'tseva
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I L Valuev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - L V Vanchugova
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - S N Khadzhiev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Mahkam M, Allahverdipoor M, Mohammadi R, Ranaei-Siadat SO, Rashidi MR, Davaran S, Barshan M, Ranaei-Siadat SE. An Oral Delivery System for Insulin. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911506063212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Crosslinked 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymer hydrogels were studied as drug delivery systems. Terephthalic acid was covalently linked with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), abbreviated as cross-linking agent (CA). Free radical copolymerization of HEMA and MAA with terephthetalic acid (CA) (2, 4, and 6%) as crosslinking agent were carried out at 70°C. The structure of the CA was confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. The composition of the crosslinked three-dimensional polymers were determined by FTIR spectroscopy. Glass transition temperature (Tg) of the network polymers was determined calorimetrically. The effect of copolymer composition on the swelling behavior and hydrolytic degradation was studied in simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH 1) and simulated intestinal fluid (SIF, pH 7.4). The swelling and hydrolytic behavior of the copolymers depended on the content of MAA which caused a decrease in gel swelling in SGF or an increase in gel swelling in SIF. It was observed that in acidic media hydrogen bonds formed due to the protonation of the carboxylic acid groups of the MAA while in more basic or neutral conditions electrostatic repulsion occurred between the ionized carboxylic acid groups. This complex behavior affected the macroscopic swelling properties of the resultant hydrogels. The amount of drug release depended on the degree of hydrogel swelling and crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran, ,
| | - M. Allahverdipoor
- Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran
| | - R. Mohammadi
- Chemistry Department, Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - M. R. Rashidi
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - S. Davaran
- Drug Applied Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M. Barshan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S. E. Ranaei-Siadat
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University, Meshhad, Iran
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Ansari M. Oral Delivery of Insulin for Treatment of Diabetes: Classical Challenges and Current Opportunities. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/jms.2015.209.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Farahani MD, Honarparvar B, Albericio F, Maguire GEM, Govender T, Arvidsson PI, Kruger HG. Proline N-oxides: modulators of the 3D conformation of linear peptides through “NO-turns”. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4479-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00433g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abou Taleb MF. Radiation synthesis of multifunctional polymeric hydrogels for oral delivery of insulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 62:341-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
This position paper discusses progress made and to be made with so-called advanced drug delivery systems, particularly but not exclusively those in the nanometre domain. The paper has resulted from discussions with a number of international experts in the field who shared their views on aspects of the subject, from the nomenclature used for such systems, the sometimes overwrought claims made in the era of nanotechnology, the complex nature of targeting delivery systems to specific destinations in vivo, the need for setting standards for the choice and characterisation of cell lines used in in vitro studies, to attention to the manufacturability, stability and analytical profiling of systems and more relevant studies on toxicology. The historical background to the development of many systems is emphasised. So too is the stochastic nature of many of the steps to successful access to and action in targets. A lacuna in the field is the lack of availability of data on a variety of carrier systems using the same models in vitro and in vivo using standard controls. The paper asserts that greater emphasis must also be paid to the effective levels of active attained in target organs, for without such crucial data it will be difficult for many experimental systems to enter the clinic. This means the use of diagnostic/imaging technologies to monitor targeted drug delivery and stratify patient groups, identifying patients with optimum chances for successful therapy. Last, but not least, the critical importance of the development of science bases for regulatory policies, scientific platforms overseeing the field and new paradigms of financing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan J A Crommelin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, 3511 ME Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Mahkam M, Pakravan A. Synthesis and Characterization of pH-Sensitive Positive-charge Silica Nanoparticles for Oral Anionic Drug Delivery. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Maroni A, Zema L, Del Curto MD, Foppoli A, Gazzaniga A. Oral colon delivery of insulin with the aid of functional adjuvants. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:540-56. [PMID: 22086142 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oral colon delivery is currently considered of importance not only for the treatment of local pathologies, such as primarily inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but also as a means of accomplishing systemic therapeutic goals. Although the large bowel fails to be ideally suited for absorption processes, it may indeed offer a number of advantages over the small intestine, including a long transit time, lower levels of peptidases and higher responsiveness to permeation enhancers. Accordingly, it has been under extensive investigation as a possible strategy to improve the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs. Because of a strong underlying rationale, most of these studies have focused on insulin. In the present review, the impact of key anatomical and physiological characteristics of the colon on its viability as a protein release site is discussed. Moreover, the main formulation approaches to oral colon targeting are outlined along with the design features and performance of insulin-based devices.
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Avadi MR, Sadeghi AMM, Mohamadpour Dounighi N, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Ex vivo evaluation of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and arabic gum. ISRN PHARMACEUTICS 2011; 2011:860109. [PMID: 22389865 PMCID: PMC3263712 DOI: 10.5402/2011/860109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric delivery systems based on nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for peroral insulin delivery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the release of insulin nanoparticulate systems and ex vivo studies. The nanoparticles were prepared by the ion gelation method. Particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index of the nanoparticles were determined. It was found that the nanoparticles carried positive charges and showed a size distribution in the range of 170–200 nm. The electrostatic interactions between the positively charged group of chitosan and negatively charged groups of Arabic gum play an important role in the association efficiency of insulin in nanoparticles.
In vitro insulin release studies showed an initial burst followed by a slow release of insulin. The mucoadhesion of the nanosystem was evaluated using excised rat jejunum. Ex vivo studies have shown a significant increase in absorption of insulin in the presence of chitosan nanoparticles in comparison with free insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Avadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Trotta M, Carlotti ME, Gallarate M, Zara GP, Muntoni E, Battaglia L. Insulin-Loaded SLN Prepared with the Emulsion Dilution Technique: In Vivo Tracking of Nanoparticles after Oral Administration to Rats. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.488497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarmento B, Mazzaglia D, Bonferoni MC, Neto AP, do Céu Monteiro M, Seabra V. Effect of chitosan coating in overcoming the phagocytosis of insulin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles by mononuclear phagocyte system. Carbohydr Polym 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
A chitosan, with citric acid cross-linked CMS grafted with methacrylic acid and poly(ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether methacrylate), was prepared for oral delivery of insulin. Increases in chitosan content increased the bioadhesivity. The equilibrium swelling and in vitro release profiles in enzyme-free simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF) by the insulin entrapped gels were established. Increasing the chitosan content in the copolymer enhanced the hydrolysis in the SIF. In all cases, the biological activity of insulin was retained. The antimicrobial activity of hydrogels was examined against a Staphylococcus aureus. Based on these results, new designs to improve insulin release behavior are being carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran,
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to utilize the pH sensitivity of modified carboxymethyl starch (CMS) for oral delivery of insulin. The chemical modification of natural polymers by grafting has received considerable attention in recent years because of the wide variety of monomers available. Methacrylic-type polymeric prodrugs were synthesized by free radical copolymerization of methacrylic acid, poly(ethyleneglycol monomethyl ether methacrylate) (PEGMA), and carboxymethyl starch (CMS) in the presence of bis-acrylamide as a cross-linking agent (CA) and persulfate as an initiator. The pH sensitive nature and ability to control gel permeability indicate that these materials have significant potential for drug delivery applications. Equilibrium swelling studies were carried out in enzyme-free simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF and SIF, respectively). Insulin was entrapped in these gels, and the in vitro release profiles were established separately in both (SGF, pH 1) and (SIF, pH 7.4). Drug release studies showed that the increasing content of MAA in the copolymer enhances hydrolysis in SIF. In these cases, the biological activity of insulin was retained. These results were used to design and improve protein release behavior from these carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, Iran.
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Thompson C, Tetley L, Cheng W. The influence of polymer architecture on the protective effect of novel comb shaped amphiphilic poly(allylamine) against in vitro enzymatic degradation of insulin—Towards oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 383:216-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Thompson C, Tetley L, Uchegbu I, Cheng W. The complexation between novel comb shaped amphiphilic polyallylamine and insulin—Towards oral insulin delivery. Int J Pharm 2009; 376:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Reis CP, Veiga FJ, Ribeiro AJ, Neufeld RJ, Damgé C. Nanoparticulate biopolymers deliver insulin orally eliciting pharmacological response. J Pharm Sci 2009; 97:5290-305. [PMID: 18384153 DOI: 10.1002/jps.21347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate a novel oral insulin nanoparticulate system based on alginate-dextran sulfate core, complexed with a chitosan-polyethylene glycol-albumin shell. Insulin-loaded nanospheres (25, 50, 100 IU/kg) administered orally to diabetic rats reduced glycemia in a dose dependent manner. This effect lasted over 24 h with a maximal effect after 14 h. Nanospheres increased insulin plasma level and improved glycemic response to an oral glucose overload. After 4 days oral administration (50 IU/kg/day), the metabolic status of diabetic rats improved with a reduction in water intake, urine excretion and proteinuria. FITC-insulin-loaded nanospheres administered to an isolated intestinal loop were taken up by the intestinal mucosa. They strongly adhered to villus apical enterocytes and markedly labeled Peyer's patches. It is concluded that nanospheres preserve insulin and exert an antidiabetic effect after oral administration. This is explained by a protective effect against proteolytic enzymes by the albumin coating, by the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan-polyethylene glycol, and by the possibility of chitosan reversibly altering tight junctions leading to an improved absorption of insulin. This formulation demonstrates beneficial effects on diabetic symptoms and will be of interest in the treatment of diabetes with oral insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina P Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-295 Coimbra, Portugal.
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KOKO V, GLISIC R, TODOROVIC V, DRNDAREVIC N, MITROVIC O. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-producing K cells in dexamethasone-treated rats. J Microsc 2008; 232:493-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bayat A, Dorkoosh FA, Dehpour AR, Moezi L, Larijani B, Junginger HE, Rafiee-Tehrani M. Nanoparticles of quaternized chitosan derivatives as a carrier for colon delivery of insulin: Ex vivo and in vivo studies. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:259-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Preparation and characterization of insulin nanoparticles using chitosan and its quaternized derivatives. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:115-20. [PMID: 18339584 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2007] [Revised: 01/20/2008] [Accepted: 01/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insulin (INS), like other peptides, has low therapeutic activity when administered orally due to degradation by proteolytic enzymes. Polymeric nanoparticles have been introduced as a useful carrier for peptide oral delivery, because they can protect these compounds from degradation. The objective of the present study is to develop an INS nanoparticulate system by using chitosan (CS), triethylchitosan (TEC), and dimethyl-ethylchitosan (DMEC, a new quaternized derivative of CS). INS-polymer nanoparticles were prepared by the polyelectrolyte complexation method. The physicochemical properties of the nanoparticles including particle size distribution, zeta potential, and polydispersity index were determined by using dynamic light scattering technique. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to observe the morphology of the nanoparticles. The amount of INS loaded into the nanoparticles was determined by measuring the association efficiency and also the content of INS in the nanoparticles. In vitro release studies showed a relatively small burst effect at the beginning and then a sustained release characteristic for 5 hours.
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Yin L, Ding J, Fei L, He M, Cui F, Tang C, Yin C. Beneficial properties for insulin absorption using superporous hydrogel containing interpenetrating polymer network as oral delivery vehicles. Int J Pharm 2008; 350:220-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 08/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kavimandan NJ, Peppas NA. Confocal microscopic analysis of transport mechanisms of insulin across the cell monolayer. Int J Pharm 2007; 354:143-8. [PMID: 18262739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Development of oral insulin formulations would significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from diabetes. Complexation hydrogels developed in our laboratory, are one of the most promising classes of materials for use in targeted oral delivery of proteins. Results from confocal microscopy analysis of insulin transport in Caco-2 cells indicated that the primary route of transport was the paracellular pathway and that the transcellular component of the transport was insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil J Kavimandan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Damgé C, Reis CP, Maincent P. Nanoparticle strategies for the oral delivery of insulin. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2007; 5:45-68. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.5.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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36
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Novel possibility for protein absorption in the blood through the digestive system. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1773-2247(07)50031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Couvreur P, Vauthier C. Nanotechnology: intelligent design to treat complex disease. Pharm Res 2006; 23:1417-50. [PMID: 16779701 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-0284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this expert review is to discuss the impact of nanotechnology in the treatment of the major health threats including cancer, infections, metabolic diseases, autoimmune diseases, and inflammations. Indeed, during the past 30 years, the explosive growth of nanotechnology has burst into challenging innovations in pharmacology, the main input being the ability to perform temporal and spatial site-specific delivery. This has led to some marketed compounds through the last decade. Although the introduction of nanotechnology obviously permitted to step over numerous milestones toward the development of the "magic bullet" proposed a century ago by the immunologist Paul Ehrlich, there are, however, unresolved delivery problems to be still addressed. These scientific and technological locks are discussed along this review together with an analysis of the current situation concerning the industrial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire de Physico-chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Université de Paris Sud, 5 Rue J.B. Clément, 92 296, Chatenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Venkatesan N, Yoshimitsu J, Ito Y, Shibata N, Takada K. Liquid filled nanoparticles as a drug delivery tool for protein therapeutics. Biomaterials 2005; 26:7154-63. [PMID: 15967493 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, an attempt was made to study the feasibility of nanoparticulate adsorbents in the presence of an absorption enhancer, as a drug delivery tool for the administration of erythropoietin (EPO) to the small intestine. Liquid filled nano- and micro-particles (LFNPS/LFMPS) were prepared using solid adsorbents such as porous silicon dioxide (Sylysia 550), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanohorns, fullerene, charcoal and bamboo charcoal. Surfactants such as a saturated polyglycolysed C8-C18 glyceride (Gelucire 44/14), PEG-8 capryl/caprylic acid glycerides (Labrasol) and polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil derivative (HCO-60) were used as an absorption enhancer at 50mg/kg along with casein/lactoferrin as enzyme inhibitors. The absorption of EPO was studied by measuring serum EPO levels by an ELISA method after small intestinal administration of EPO-LFNPS preparation to rats at the EPO dose level of 100 IU/kg. Among the adsorbents studied, CNTs showed the highest serum EPO level of 62.7 +/- 11.6 mIU/ml. In addition, with the use of casein, EPO absorption was improved, C(max) 143.1 +/- 15.2 mIU/ml. Labrasol showed the highest absorption enhancing effect after intra-jejunum administration than Gelucire 44/14 and HCO-60, 25.6 +/- 3.2 and 22.2 +/- 3.6 mIU/ml, respectively. Jejunum was found to be the best absorption site for the absorption of EPO from LFNPS. The use of CNTs as LFNPS, improved the bioavailability of EPO to 11.5% following intra-small intestinal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natarajan Venkatesan
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Japan.
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39
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Abstract
The development of carriers to deliver a variety of cancer therapeutics orally would represent a significant advance in the treatment of this disease. This system is based on hydrophilic polymer carriers to deliver therapeutic agents to the upper region of the small intestine in response to the pH increase when passing from the stomach. Methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol (EG) combined in a 1:1 molar ratio were reacted to form P(MAA-g-EG) nanospheres by UV-initiated free radical polymerization. Bleomycin was added prior to polymerization to allow in situ polymerization loading. Release studies were carried out in conditions to model the environment of the stomach and small intestine. Results showed that bleomycin is preferentially released at a higher pH due to the increased mesh size of the swollen hydrogel carrier. The potential cytotoxicity of bleomycin on the small intestine was investigated with the use of Caco-2 cells (human colon adenocarcinoma). Cytotoxicity studies showed maintenance of both viability and proliferation. The presence of the nanospheres decreases the transepithelial electrical resistance across Caco-2 cell monolayers. Complexation hydrogels are promising carriers to expand the number of chemotherapeutics capable of being administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blanchette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA
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Mahkam M. Using pH-sensitive hydrogels containing cubane as a crosslinking agent for oral delivery of insulin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 75:108-12. [PMID: 16025474 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of oral insulin delivery devices is to protect the sensitive drug from proteolytic degradation in the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. Copolymers of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA) based hydrogels containing 2, 4, and 6% of a crosslinking agent (CA) were studied as drug delivery systems. Cubane-1, 4-dicarboxylic acid (CDA) was linked to two HEMA groups as CA. Radical copolymerizations of HEMA and MAA with the various ratios of CA were performed at 70 degrees C. The compositions of the crosslinked three-dimensional polymers were determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Glass-transition temperature of the network polymers was determined calorimetrically. The effect of copolymer composition on the swelling behavior and hydrolytic degradation was studied in simulated gastric fluid (pH 1) and simulated intestinal fluid (pH 7.4). The swelling and hydrolytic behavior of the copolymers was dependent on the content of MAA groups and caused a decrease in gel swelling in simulated gastric fluid or an increase in gel swelling in simulated intestinal fluid. The drug-release profiles indicate that the amount of drug release depends on their degree of swelling and crosslinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Mahkam
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Azarbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem, Tabriz, East Azarbaijan 5375171379, Iran.
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41
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Blanchette J, Kavimandan N, Peppas NA. Principles of transmucosal delivery of therapeutic agents. Biomed Pharmacother 2004; 58:142-51. [PMID: 15082336 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in medicine have led to new treatment options for patients and physicians as a more developed understanding of the molecular basis of disease states is translated into new therapeutic agents. Many of these new agents are compounds that are not able to reach the bloodstream when administered by the oral route preventing the ability to enjoy the benefits this delivery route provides such as lower cost and increased quality of life. Our laboratory has focused on the use of hydrogel carriers to increase the bioavailability of orally administered therapeutic agents ranging from proteins such as insulin to chemotherapeutics like bleomycin. The foundations of this research as well as recent advances are reviewed along with a discussion of the challenges of oral administration and other emerging strategies for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Blanchette
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Lowman AM, Dziubla TD, Bures P, Peppas NA. STRUCTURAL AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF NEUTRAL AND INTELLIGENT NETWORKS IN BIOMEDICAL ENVIRONMENTS. ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING: MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR FOUNDATIONS OF BIOMATERIALS 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2377(03)29004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kim B, Peppas NA. In vitro release behavior and stability of insulin in complexation hydrogels as oral drug delivery carriers. Int J Pharm 2003; 266:29-37. [PMID: 14559391 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(03)00378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel pH-responsive complexation hydrogels containing pendent glucose (P(MAA-co-MEG)) or grafted PEG chains (P(MAA-g-EG)) were synthesized by photopolymerization. The feasibility of these hydrogels as oral protein delivery carriers was evaluated. The pH-responsive release behavior of insulin was analyzed from both P(MAA-co-MEG) and P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogels. In acidic media (pH 2.2), insulin release from the hydrogels was very slow. However, as the pH of the medium was changed to 6.5, a rapid release of insulin occurred. In both cases, the biological activity of insulin was retained. For P(MAA-co-MEG) hydrogels, the biological activity of insulin decreased when the pendent glucose content increased. In P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogels, when the grafted PEG molecular weight increased, the insulin biological activity decreased. Finally, hydrogels of P(MAA-co-MEG) prepared with an initial ratio of 1:4 MEG:MAA and P(MAA-g-EG) hydrogels containing PEG chains of molecular weights of 200 showed the greatest change in insulin release rate from acidic to basic pH solutions and the greatest protective effect for insulin in simulated GI tract conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumsang Kim
- Biomaterials, Drug Delivery and Molecular Recognition Laboratories, Department of Chemical Engineering, 1 University Station Code C 0400, The University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712-0231, USA
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Jain S, Hreczuk-Hirst DH, McCormack B, Mital M, Epenetos A, Laing P, Gregoriadis G. Polysialylated insulin: synthesis, characterization and biological activity in vivo. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1622:42-9. [PMID: 12829260 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(03)00116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Polysialic acids (PSA) (colominic acid; CA) of 22 and 39 kDa average molecular weight were oxidized with sodium periodate at carbon 7 of the nonreducing end to form an aldehyde group. The oxidized CAs (96-99% oxidation) were then reacted with the amino groups of recombinant human insulin at various CA/insulin molar ratios (25:1 to 150:1 range) for up to 48 h in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride (reductive amination). Polysialylated insulin conjugates were precipitated (together with intact nonreacted insulin, if any) at time intervals from the reaction mixtures with ammonium sulfate, further purified by size exclusion chromatography and/or ion exchange chromatography (IEC), and the final conjugates assayed for PSA and protein. Results showed an initial rapid conjugation rate peaking at about 12 h, to form a plateau over a period of 12-48 h. Moreover, the extent of polysialylation (CA/insulin molar ratios in the conjugate) was dependent on the PSA used, the initial CA/insulin molar ratios in the reaction mixture and the time of the coupling reaction. Thus at 48 h of incubation, CA/insulin molar ratios in the conjugates were 1.60-1.74 for the 22-kDa CA and 2.37-2.45 for the 39-kDa CA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of intact insulin and insulin reacted with non-oxidized CA for 48 h revealed well-resolved single bands which migrated similar distances in the gel. On the other hand, polysialylated (22-kDa CA) insulin yielded multiple diffused bands suggesting heterogenicity as a result of differential polysialylation. The pharmacological activity of polysialylated insulin was compared with that of intact insulin in normal female outbred T/O mice. After subcutaneous injection of intact insulin (0.3 units per mouse), blood glucose levels were reduced to nadir values at 1 h to return to normal at 3 h. In contrast, blood glucose levels in animals injected with polysialylated insulin (0.3 units or protein equivalence for polysialylated insulin), having attained nadir values also at 1 h, returned to normal levels after 6 h (39 kDa) and 9 h (22 kDa CA-insulin). It is concluded that polysialylation offers a promising strategy for the enhancement of the therapeutic value of insulin and other pharmacologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Jain
- Lipoxen Technologies Limited, and School of Pharmacy, University of London, UK
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Dorkoosh FA, Verhoef JC, Borchard G, Rafiee-Tehrani M, Verheijden JHM, Junginger HE. Intestinal absorption of human insulin in pigs using delivery systems based on superporous hydrogel polymers. Int J Pharm 2002; 247:47-55. [PMID: 12429484 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(02)00361-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this in vivo study, novel delivery systems based on superporous hydrogel (SPH) and SPH composite (SPHC) polymers were used to improve the intestinal absorption of insulin in healthy pigs. Six female pigs of approximately 35 kg body weight were used. A cannula was inserted into the jugular vein for blood sampling and a silicone fistula in the duodenum for administration of gelatin capsules containing the delivery systems or insulin solutions. The delivery systems consisted of two components, (1) conveyor system made of SPH and SPHC; (2) core containing insulin. The core was inserted either into the conveyor system (core inside, c.i.) or attached to the surface of conveyor system (core outside, c.o.). The following intestinal formulations were investigated: c.i., c.o. and intraduodenal (i.d.) administration of insulin solutions. Subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of insulin was also investigated for reasons of comparison. Blood samples were taken and analyzed for insulin and glucose concentrations. Relative bioavalibility values of 1.3+/-0.4 and 1.9+/-0.7% were achieved for c.o. and c.i. administrations, respectively. The bioavalibility for i.d. administration of insulin solution was 0.5+/-0.2%. These results indicate that the absorption of insulin was slightly increased using SPH/SPHC-based delivery systems. Furthermore, a large variability was observed, probably due to physiological and metabolic changes during the experiments. Blood glucose levels were slightly decreased after the c.o. and c.i administrations, whereas these levels did not decrease after i.d. administration of insulin solutions. In conclusion, SPH/SPHC-based delivery systems are able to enhance the intestinal absorption of insulin and are, therefore, considered as promising systems for peroral peptide drug delivery. However, insulin delivery from these delivery systems under in vivo have to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Dorkoosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Sood A, Panchagnula R. Peroral route: an opportunity for protein and peptide drug delivery. Chem Rev 2001; 101:3275-303. [PMID: 11840987 DOI: 10.1021/cr000700m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Sood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India
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47
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Abstract
The discovery of insulin is one of the greatest milestones in medical history. This discovery revolutionized the use of peptides and proteins as therapeutic agents. For more than six decades, insulin from different animal sources was used, until the breakthrough in biotechnology made it possible to produce human insulin in sufficient amounts. The evolution of the biotechnological era gave rise to modified insulins to solve some of the bottlenecks in insulin therapy. Efforts are currently focused towards developing non-invasive insulin delivery systems, and there are several competing technologies in different stages of development. The next few years will see several novel approaches to mimic the endogenous release and kinetics of insulin, and also many improved analogues designed to achieve better control and effective treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pillai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, Ph X, 160 062 Punjab, SAS Nagar, India
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48
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Agarwal V, Nazzal S, Reddy IK, Khan MA. Transport studies of insulin across rat jejunum in the presence of chicken and duck ovomucoids. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:1131-8. [PMID: 11518023 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011776522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to evaluate the transport of insulin across rat jejunum in the presence of ovomucoids and to assess the effect of ovomucoids on intestinal tissue by studying the permeation of a lipophilic and a hydrophilic marker. Rat jejunal segments were mounted in a side-by-side diffusion chamber filled with Krebs bicarbonate buffer, bubbled with 95% O2/5% CO2 at a fixed flow rate and maintained at 37 degrees C. The permeation of insulin, a lipophilic marker ([7- 3H] testosterone) and a hydrophilic marker (D-[1- 14C] mannitol) was evaluated in the presence of 0.5-1.5 microM duck ovomucoid (DkOVM) or chicken ovomucoid (CkOVM). For stability and permeation of insulin in the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin, an enzyme-to-inhibitor ratio of 1:1 and 1:2 was used. In the absence of alpha-chymotrypsin, the permeability coefficient (Papp) of insulin at pH 7.4 was 0.922+/- 0.168 x 10(-7) cm s(-1), which decreased with increasing concentrations of DkOVM or CkOVM. Conversely, the permeation of the hydrophilic and lipophilic marker increased with increasing concentrations of CkOVM and DkOVM. In stability studies, the percentage of drug remaining was found to be 2-fold higher at the 1:2 ratio than with the 1:1 ratio of enzyme to inhibitor. This was in agreement with the 2-fold increase in flux values of insulin in the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin and DkOVM at the 1:2 ratio of enzyme to inhibitor. The decrease in permeation of insulin in ovomucoids was unexpected. Marker transport studies indicated that ovomucoids have the potential to modulate transcellular and paracellular permeability. The flux enhancement of insulin in the presence of alpha-chymotrypsin and DkOVM is encouraging. The use of ovomucoids offers potential to enhance oral delivery of insulin and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University HSC, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo 79106, USA
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49
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Aboubakar M, Couvreur P, Pinto‐Alphandary H, Gouritin B, Lacour B, Farinotti R, Puisieux F, Vauthier C. Insulin‐loaded nanocapsules for oral administration: In vitro and in vivo investigation. Drug Dev Res 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2299(200002)49:2<109::aid-ddr4>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malam Aboubakar
- Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Huguette Pinto‐Alphandary
- Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Bruno Gouritin
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Bernard Lacour
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Robert Farinotti
- Laboratoire de Pharmacie Clinique, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Francis Puisieux
- Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
| | - Christine Vauthier
- Laboratoire Physico‐Chimie, Pharmacotechnie et Biopharmacie, UMR CNRS 8612, Faculté de Pharmacie‐Université Paris XI, Châtenay‐Malabry, France
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50
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Lowman AM, Morishita M, Kajita M, Nagai T, Peppas NA. Oral delivery of insulin using pH-responsive complexation gels. J Pharm Sci 1999; 88:933-7. [PMID: 10479357 DOI: 10.1021/js980337n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of oral insulin delivery devices is to protect the sensitive drug from proteolytic degradation in the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine. In this work, we investigate the use of pH-responsive, poly(methacrylic-g-ethylene glycol) hydrogels as oral delivery vehicles for insulin. Insulin was loaded into polymeric microspheres and administered orally to healthy and diabetic Wistar rats. In the acidic environment of the stomach, the gels were unswollen due to the formation of intermolecular polymer complexes. The insulin remained in the gel and was protected from proteolytic degradation. In the basic and neutral environments of the intestine, the complexes dissociated which resulted in rapid gel swelling and insulin release. Within 2 h of administration of the insulin-containing polymers, strong dose-dependent hypoglycemic effects were observed in both healthy and diabetic rats. These effects lasted for up to 8 h following administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lowman
- Biomaterials and Drug Delivery Laboratories, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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