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Williams ME, Steenkamp D, Wolpert H. Making sense of glucose sensors in end-stage kidney disease: A review. FRONTIERS IN CLINICAL DIABETES AND HEALTHCARE 2022; 3:1025328. [PMID: 36992784 PMCID: PMC10012164 DOI: 10.3389/fcdhc.2022.1025328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Inadequate glucose monitoring has been identified as one of the gaps in care for hemodialysis patients with diabetes, and lack of reliable methods to assess glycemia has contributed to uncertainty regarding the benefit of glycemic control in these individuals. Hemoglobin A1c, the standard metric to evaluate glycemic control, is inaccurate in patients with kidney failure, and does not capture the full range of glucose values for patients with diabetes. Recent advances in continuous glucose monitoring have established this technology as the new gold standard for glucose management in diabetes. Glucose fluctuations are uniquely challenging in patients dependent on intermittent hemodialysis, and lead to clinically significant glycemic variability. This review evaluates continuous glucose monitoring technology, its validity in the setting of kidney failure, and interpretation of glucose monitoring results for the nephrologist. Continuous glucose monitoring targets for patients on dialysis have yet to be established. While continuous glucose monitoring provides a more complete picture of the glycemic profile than hemoglobin A1c and can mitigate high-risk hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in the context of the hemodialysis procedure itself, whether the technology can improve clinical outcomes merits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E. Williams
- Renal Unit, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark E. Williams,
| | - Devin Steenkamp
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Howard Wolpert
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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WANG F, WANG D, LU XL, SUN XM, DUAN BH. Continuous glucose monitoring in diabetes patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis: a meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2022; 47:325-333. [DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03284-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection among diabetes patients. FRONTIERS OF NURSING 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/fon-2020-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
This review is aimed at explaining the psychological problems related to capillary blood glucose (CBG) testing and insulin injection, as well as recommending essential strategies to solve the fear thereof.
Methods
Databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched to extract the relevant articles. Initially, the terms used to retrieve related studies were “fear of blood glucose monitoring”, “anxiety capillary blood glucose testing and insulin injection”, “psychological problems on blood glucose monitoring and insulin injection”, “diabetes management”, and “diabetes mellitus”.
Results
Results showed that the psychological problems related to CBG testing and insulin injection were associated with the stress and depression experienced during diabetes self-monitoring of blood glucose. This psychological issue has its impacts such as nonadherence to medication as well as a lack of self-discipline in terms of CBG testing and insulin injection. Inadequate information, inappropriate perception, and pain/discomfort during pricking of fingers were the main reasons for the psychological issues in CBG testing and self-injection of insulin.
Conclusions
The expected benefits of this review include the explanation of the issues related to the psychological problems in CBG testing and insulin injection among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This review article also provides the recommendations on providing counseling and empowering the patients on CBG monitoring and insulin injection. Moreover, family members should provide psychological support to reduce fear, anxiety, and distress arising from CBG testing and insulin injection.
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Uchmanowicz I, Krzemińska S, Ausili D, Luciani M, Lisiak M. Polish Adaptation of the Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI). Patient Prefer Adherence 2020; 14:1341-1350. [PMID: 32801664 PMCID: PMC7402854 DOI: 10.2147/ppa.s253444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As the guidelines indicate, education and self-care in diabetic patients are essential elements in the treatment process. The efficient evaluation of the level of self-care will enable the patient's needs to be identified and education and care to be optimised. The Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) is a valid and reliable tool which can measure self-care behaviours among patients with diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of the Polish version of the SCODI. METHODS The World Health Organization (WHO) translation protocol was used for the translation and cultural adaptation of the English version of the SCODI into Polish. The study included 276 Polish patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 61.28±12.02 years). There were 145 men and 131 women in the study. The internal consistency of the SCODI was evaluated using Cronbach's Alpha. RESULTS The original four actor tool structure was confirmed. The mean overall levels of self-care in the four SCODI scales in the study group were self-care maintenance (67.66 pts; SD=18.55), self-care monitoring (61.81 pts; SD=24.94), self-care management (54.65 pts; SD=22.98) and self-care confidence (62.86 pts; SD=20.87). The item-total correlations were positive, so there is no need to change the scales of any of the questions. The overall consistencies for individual scales were assessed using Cronbach's Alpha: self-care maintenance (0.759), self-care monitoring (0.741), self-care management (0.695) and self-care confidence (0.932). Exploratory factor analysis and item factor loadings of the individual items ranged from 0.137 to 0.886 and, with two exceptions (questions number 23 and 32), were statistically significant (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The SCODI questionnaire has acceptable internal consistency and reliability in assessing self-care among diabetic patients in the Polish population. This reliable research tool can be managed in planned studies of Polish patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabella Uchmanowicz
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
- Correspondence: Izabella Uchmanowicz Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, PolandTel +48 71 784 18 05Fax +48 71 345 93 24 Email
| | - Sylwia Krzemińska
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Davide Ausili
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Michela Luciani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Magdalena Lisiak
- Department of Clinical Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Kumagai R, Muramatsu A, Fujii M, Katakura Y, Ito K, Fujie K, Nakata Y, Hashimoto K, Yagyu H. Comparison of glucose monitoring between Freestyle Libre Pro and iPro2 in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig 2019; 10:851-856. [PMID: 30390385 PMCID: PMC6497588 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Flash and continuous glucose monitoring systems are becoming prevalent in clinical practice. We directly compared a flash glucose monitoring system (FreeStyle Libre Pro [FSL-Pro]) with a continuous glucose monitoring system (iPro2) in patients with diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glucose concentrations were simultaneously measured using the FSL-Pro, iPro2 and self-monitoring blood glucose in 10 patients with diabetes mellitus, and agreement among them was assessed. RESULTS Parkes error grid analysis showed that the 92.9 and 7.1% of glucose values measured using the FSL-Pro fell into areas A and B, respectively, and that 96.3, 2.8 and 0.9% of those determined using iPro2 fell into areas A, B and C, respectively. The median absolute relative differences compared with self-monitoring blood glucose were 8.1% (3.9-12.7%) and 5.0% (2.6-9.1%) for the FSL-Pro and iPro2, respectively. Analysis of 5,555 paired values showed a close correlation between FSL-Pro and iPro2 glucose values (ρ = 0.96, P < 0.01). Notably, 65.3% of all glucose values were lower for the FSL-Pro than the iPro2. Median glucose values also decreased by 3.3% for the FSL-Pro compared with the iPro2 (177.0 [133.0-228.0] vs 183.0 [145.0-230.0] mg/dL, P < 0.01). The difference in glucose values between the two systems was more pronounced in hypoglycemia. The median absolute relative difference between FSL-Pro and iPro2 during hypoglycemia was much larger than that during euglycemia and hyperglycemia. CONCLUSIONS Both the FSL-Pro and iPro2 systems are clinically acceptable, but glucose values tended to be lower when measured using the FSL-Pro than the iPro2. Agreement was not close between these systems during hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kumagai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
| | - Aiko Muramatsu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
| | - Masanao Fujii
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
| | - Yukino Katakura
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
| | - Kei Ito
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
| | - Keiko Fujie
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | - Yoshio Nakata
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TsukubaTsukubaJapan
| | | | - Hiroaki Yagyu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismTsukuba University Hospital Mito Clinical Education and Training CenterMito Kyodo General HospitalMitoJapan
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Imoto Y, Nishiyama H, Nakamura Y, Ohira SI, Toda K. Electrodialytic extraction of anionic pharmaceutical compounds from a single drop of whole blood using a supported liquid membrane. Talanta 2018; 181:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Chen CM, Hung LC, Chen YL, Yeh MC. Perspectives of patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes on self-monitoring of blood glucose: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs 2018; 27:1673-1683. [PMID: 29266453 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore experiences of self-monitoring of blood glucose among patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. BACKGROUND Self-monitoring of blood glucose is essential to diabetes care and facilitates glycaemic control. Patients' perspectives of self-monitoring of blood glucose have seldom been discussed in the literature, and engagement in self-monitoring of blood glucose is consistently low. DESIGN The descriptive phenomenological method was used. METHODS Purposive sampling was conducted to recruit participants from the endocrinology departments of medical institutions in Taiwan based on the following criteria: (i) having a medical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, (ii) not being treated with insulin, (iii) having engaged in self-monitoring of blood glucose at least once within the preceding 6 months, (iv) being at least 20 years old and (v) not having any major mental or cognitive disorders. Data were collected in outpatient consultation rooms, the participants' homes and other settings where the participants felt secure and comfortable. In-depth interviews were conducted to collect data from 16 patients with diabetes. RESULTS The participants perceived that lifestyle affected blood glucose levels and did not know how to handle high or low blood glucose levels. Their willingness to continue self-monitoring of blood glucose depended on whether healthcare professionals checked or discussed their blood glucose levels with them. CONCLUSIONS The patients' knowledge regarding blood glucose variation and healthcare professionals' attitudes affected the patients' self-monitoring of blood glucose behaviours. The empirical findings illustrated self-monitoring of blood glucose experiences and recommended that healthcare professionals' closely attend to patients' requirements and responses to diabetes and incorporate the self-monitoring of blood glucose into therapy plans. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Healthcare professionals should reinforce patients' knowledge on appropriate responses to high and low blood glucose levels, intervene appropriately, discuss self-monitoring of blood glucose results with patients and track these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Mei Chen
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Hung
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Mei Chang Yeh
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen R, Ji L, Chen L, Chen L, Cai D, Feng B, Kuang H, Li H, Li Y, Liu J, Shan Z, Sun Z, Tian H, Xu Z, Xu Y, Yang Y, Yang L, Yu X, Zhu D, Zou D. Glycemic control rate of T2DM outpatients in China: a multi-center survey. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1440-6. [PMID: 25986070 PMCID: PMC4448594 DOI: 10.12659/msm.892246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-associated mortality and morbidity are strongly dependent on glycemic control. With T2DM prevalence increasing in China, we aimed to assess glycemic control rates in Chinese T2DM outpatients. Material/Methods A total of 9065 adult T2DM outpatients (5035 men) were assessed in 26 Chinese medical centers between August 2010 and April 2012. Patients were stratified according to BMI (kg/m2): <24, 24–28, and >28. Successful glycemic control was defined as glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≤7% or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) <7.0 mmol/L. Results Among the participants included in this study, 2939 had BMI <24, 3361 had BMI of 24–28, and 2764 had BMI >28. The glycemic control rate was only 32.6%, and the triple control rate for glycemia, blood pressure, and lipidemia was only 11.2%. Glycemic control rates by BMI group were 33.7% (<24), 33.8% (24–28), and 30.2% (>28) (p=0.005), and corresponding incidences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) were 12.2%, 15.7%, and 15.9% (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that older age (p<0.001), higher BMI (p=0.026), larger waist circumference (p<0.001), less education (p<0.001), and recent diagnosis (p<0.001) were independent risk factors for poor glycemic control. Conclusions The T2DM glycemic control rate in China is currently low, especially in older obese patients with poor education and recent diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Metabolic Disease, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Dehong Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhujiang Hospital of First Military Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Hongyu Kuang
- Department of Endocrinology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yiming Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongda Hospital Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Haoming Tian
- Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Zhangrong Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Yancheng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Yuzhi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China (mainland)
| | - Liyong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Dajin Zou
- Department of Endocrinology, Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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Arakawa M, Ebato C. Influence of fruit juice on fingertips and patient behavior on self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012; 96:e50-2. [PMID: 22349296 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2012.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the influence of fruit juice on fingertips on self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) results and patient behavior regarding SMBG. We found hand washing with tap water after touching the flesh of fruit, rather than using alcohol swabs, to be very important for accurate SMBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Arakawa
- Yashio Central General Hospital, 1-41-3 Midoricho, Yashio, Saitama 340-0808, Japan.
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Resnick HE. Diabetes Among Recipients of Home Health Services in the United States. HOME HEALTH CARE MANAGEMENT AND PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1084822311436342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The 2007 National Home and Hospice Care Survey was used to generate representative data on diabetic home health patients in the United States. Approximately 30% of home health patients have diabetes (11% have diabetes as the primary diagnosis), 28% were <65, 62% were women, and diabetic patients were more likely to be non-White. Nearly 75% received services immediately following a hospital or emergency room stay, 32% lived alone and nearly 20% did not have a primary caregiver. More than 40% of these patients needed assistance with ≥4 activities of daily living, 38% needed assistance with medication management and more than two thirds of families of diabetic patients received services from the agency that was serving the patient. The cost of services for home health patients with a primary diagnosis of diabetes is US$17.9 million/day.
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Sussman A, Taylor EJ, Patel M, Ward J, Alva S, Lawrence A, Ng R. Performance of a glucose meter with a built-in automated bolus calculator versus manual bolus calculation in insulin-using subjects. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:339-44. [PMID: 22538144 PMCID: PMC3380776 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients consider multiple parameters in adjusting prandial insulin doses for optimal glycemic control. Difficulties in calculations can lead to incorrect doses or induce patients to administer fixed doses, rely on empirical estimates, or skip boluses. METHOD A multicenter study was conducted with 205 diabetes subjects who were on multiple daily injections of rapid/ short-acting insulin. Using the formula provided, the subjects manually calculated two prandial insulin doses based on one high and one normal glucose test result, respectively. They also determined the two doses using the FreeStyle InsuLinx Blood Glucose Monitoring System, which has a built-in, automated bolus calculator. After dose determinations, the subjects completed opinion surveys. RESULTS Of the 409 insulin doses manually calculated by the subjects, 256 (63%) were incorrect. Only 23 (6%) of the same 409 dose determinations were incorrect using the meter, and these errors were due to either confirmed or potential deviations from the study instructions by the subjects when determining dose with meter. In the survey, 83% of the subjects expressed more confidence in the meter-calculated doses than the manually calculated doses. Furthermore, 87% of the subjects preferred to use the meter than manual calculation to determine prandial insulin doses. CONCLUSIONS Insulin-using patients made errors in more than half of the manually calculated insulin doses. Use of the automated bolus calculator in the FreeStyle InsuLinx meter minimized errors in dose determination. The patients also expressed confidence and preference for using the meter. This may increase adherence and help optimize the use of mealtime insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ronald Ng
- Abbott Diabetes CareAlameda, California
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Ramadas A, Quek KF, Chan CKY, Oldenburg B. Web-based interventions for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of recent evidence. Int J Med Inform 2011; 80:389-405. [PMID: 21481632 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Internet has emerged as a potentially effective medium for information exchange. The Internet's potential has been recognised and web-based education programmes have been steadily adopted in recent years in preventing and managing chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. This review provides a descriptive discussion of web-based behavioural interventions for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHOD Systematic literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE, PUBMED, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cochrane Library to retrieve articles published between 2000 and June 2010 which fulfilled all inclusion criteria. Methodological quality assessment and data synthesis were then performed. RESULTS Twenty articles representing 13 different studies were reviewed. None of the studies were ranked as low in the methodological quality. Goal-setting, personalised coaching, interactive feedback and online peer support groups were some of the successful approaches which were applied in e-interventions to manage type 2 diabetes mellitus. Strong theoretical background, use of other technologies and longer duration of intervention were proven to be successful strategies as well. CONCLUSION The web-based interventions have demonstrated some level of favourable outcomes, provided they are further enhanced with proper e-research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ramadas
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Sunway Campus, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia.
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