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Han X, Lin C, Liu H, Li S, Hu B, Zhang L. Allocholic acid protects against α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in mice by ameliorating disordered bile acid homeostasis. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:582-594. [PMID: 37968239 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Cholestasis is a pathological condition characterized by disruptions in bile flow, leading to the accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in hepatocytes. Allocholic acid (ACA), a unique fetal BA known for its potent choleretic effects, reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis. In this research, we investigated the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of ACA against mice with cholestasis brought on by α-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT). To achieve this, we combined network pharmacology, targeted BA metabolomics, and molecular biology approaches. The results demonstrated that ACA treatment effectively reduced levels of serum AST, ALP, and DBIL, and ameliorated the pathological injury caused by cholestasis. Network pharmacology analysis suggested that ACA primarily regulated BA and salt transport, along with the signaling pathway associated with bile secretion, to improve cholestasis. Subsequently, we examined changes in BA metabolism using UPLC-MS/MS. The findings indicated that ACA pretreatment induced alterations in the size, distribution, and composition of the liver BA pool. Specifically, it reduced the excessive accumulation of BAs, especially cholic acid (CA), taurocholic acid (TCA), and β-muricholic acid (β-MCA), facilitating the restoration of BA homeostasis. Furthermore, ACA pretreatment significantly downregulated the expression of hepatic BA synthase Cyp8b1, while enhancing the expression of hepatic efflux transporter Mrp4, as well as the renal efflux transporters Mdr1 and Mrp2. These changes collectively contributed to improved BA efflux from the liver and enhanced renal elimination of BAs. In conclusion, ACA demonstrated its potential to ameliorate ANIT-induced liver damage by inhibiting BA synthesis and promoting both BA efflux and renal elimination pathways, thus, restoring BA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Han
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyi Lin
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijie Liu
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Li
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- MOE International Joint Research Laboratory on Synthetic Biology and Medicines, School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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2
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Bekheit M, Grundy L, Salih AK, Bucur P, Vibert E, Ghazanfar M. Post-hepatectomy liver failure: A timeline centered review. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023; 22:554-569. [PMID: 36973111 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-hepatectomy liver failure (PHLF) is a leading cause of postoperative mortality after liver surgery. Due to its significant impact, it is imperative to understand the risk stratification and preventative strategies for PHLF. The main objective of this review is to highlight the role of these strategies in a timeline centered way around curative resection. DATA SOURCES This review includes studies on both humans and animals, where they addressed PHLF. A literature search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Web of Knowledge electronic databases for English language studies published between July 1997 and June 2020. Studies presented in other languages were equally considered. The quality of included publications was assessed using Downs and Black's checklist. The results were presented in qualitative summaries owing to the lack of studies qualifying for quantitative analysis. RESULTS This systematic review with 245 studies, provides insight into the current prediction, prevention, diagnosis, and management options for PHLF. This review highlighted that liver volume manipulation is the most frequently studied preventive measure against PHLF in clinical practice, with modest improvement in the treatment strategies over the past decade. CONCLUSIONS Remnant liver volume manipulation is the most consistent preventive measure against PHLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bekheit
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Hépatica, Integrated Center of HPB Care, Elite Hospital, Agriculture Road, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Lisa Grundy
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ahmed Ka Salih
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK; Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical School, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
| | - Petru Bucur
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Tours, Val de la Loire 37000, France
| | - Eric Vibert
- Centre Hépatobiliaire, Paul Brousse Hospital, 12 Paul Valliant Couturier, 94804 Villejuif, France
| | - Mudassar Ghazanfar
- Department of Surgery, NHS Grampian, Foresterhill Health Campus, Ashgrove Road, AB252ZN Aberdeen, UK
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Semi-Targeted Profiling of Bile Acids by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in a Rat Model of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032489. [PMID: 36768813 PMCID: PMC9917070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a semi-targeted approach, we have investigated the effect of acetaminophen on circulating bile acid profiles in rats, including many known bile acids and potential isomeric structures, as well as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates. The chromatographic separation was based on an optimized reverse-phase method exhibiting excellent resolution for a complex mix of bile acids using a solid-core C18 column, coupled to a high-resolution quadrupole time-of-flight system. The semi-targeted workflow consisted of first assigning all peaks detectable in samples from 46 known bile acids contained in a standard mix, as well as additional peaks for other bile acid isomers. The presence of glucuronide and sulfate conjugates was also examined based on their elemental formulae and detectable peaks with matching exact masses were added to the list of features for statistical analysis. In this study, rats were administered acetaminophen at four different doses, from 75 to 600 mg/kg, with the highest dose being a good model of drug-induced liver injury. Statistically significant changes were found by comparing bile acid profiles between dosing levels. Some tentatively assigned conjugates were further elucidated using in vitro metabolism incubations with rat liver fractions and standard bile acids. Overall, 13 identified bile acids, 23 tentatively assigned bile acid isomers, and 9 sulfate conjugates were found to increase significantly at the highest acetaminophen dose, and thus could be linked to drug-induced liver injury.
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The Role of Farnesoid X Receptor in Accelerated Liver Regeneration in Rats Subjected to ALPPS. Curr Oncol 2021; 28:5240-5254. [PMID: 34940077 PMCID: PMC8700148 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol28060438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: the role of bile acid (BA)-induced farnesoid X receptor (Fxr) signaling in liver regeneration following associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) was investigated in a rat model. Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent portal vein ligation (PVL) (n = 30) or ALPPS (n = 30). Animals were sacrificed pre-operatively and at 24, 48, 72, or 168 h after intervention. Regeneration rate, Ki67 index, hemodynamic changes in the hepatic circulation, and BA levels were assessed. Transcriptome analysis of molecular regulators involved in the Fxr signaling pathway, BA transport, and BA production was performed. Results: ALLPS induced more extensive liver regeneration (p < 0.001) and elevation of systemic and portal BA levels (p < 0.05) than PVL. The mRNA levels of proteins participating in hepatic Fxr signaling were comparable between the intervention groups. More profound activation of the intestinal Fxr pathway was observed 24 h after ALPPS compared to PVL. Conclusion: Our study elaborates on a possible linkage between BA-induced Fxr signaling and accelerated liver regeneration induced by ALPPS in rats. ALPPS could trigger liver regeneration via intestinal Fxr signaling cascades instead of hepatic Fxr signaling, thereby deviating from the mechanism of BA-mediated regeneration following one-stage hepatectomy.
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Bottiglieri T, Wang X, Arning E, Fernandez H, Wall A, McKenna G, Ruiz R, Onaca N, Trotter J, Lawrence M, Naziruddin B, Asrani SK, Testa G. Longitudinal profiling of plasma and urine metabolites during liver regeneration in living liver donors. Clin Transplant 2021; 36:e14490. [PMID: 34545967 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.14490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of metabolic processes affected by major hepatectomy (MHx), and the metabolic pathways involved in liver regeneration and recovery of function, is limited and mainly derived from animal models. Assessment of restoration of hepatic function is essential in human living liver donors (LD). METHODS We used a targeted metabolomic approach to longitudinally quantify changes in plasma and urine biomarkers from healthy LD. The biomarkers were analyzed before MHx and at scheduled intervals up to 12 months thereafter. RESULTS Marked changes were found in the concentration of 15 primary and secondary plasma bile acids. Most significant changes occurred 2 days after MHx and persisted for up to 3 months. In addition, there were significant changes in acylcarnitine, phospholipid, and amino acid metabolism. The sum of aromatic amino acids and the Fischer ratio, both metabolic markers of liver damage, and the symmetrically demethylated arginine to arginine ratio, a marker of kidney function, were affected. CONCLUSIONS This is the first comprehensive longitudinal study investigating metabolic processes during recovery of liver function after MHx in LD. It provides further evidence of full restoration of metabolic processes 3 months after MHx and supports future investigation to understand how metabolic changes affect donors' hepatic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Bottiglieri
- Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Statistics and Bioinformatics, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Erland Arning
- Center of Metabolomics, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Hoylan Fernandez
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anji Wall
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Greg McKenna
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Richard Ruiz
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Nicholas Onaca
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - James Trotter
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Lawrence
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bashoo Naziruddin
- Islet Cell Laboratory, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Sumeet K Asrani
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Giuliano Testa
- Annette C. and Harold C. Simmons Transplant Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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6
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Lumbreras S, Ricobaraza A, Baila-Rueda L, Gonzalez-Aparicio M, Mora-Jimenez L, Uriarte I, Bunuales M, Avila MA, Monte MJ, Marin JJG, Cenarro A, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. Gene supplementation of CYP27A1 in the liver restores bile acid metabolism in a mouse model of cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2021; 22:210-221. [PMID: 34485606 PMCID: PMC8399082 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CYP27A1 gene, encoding the sterol 27-hydroxylase. Disruption of the bile acid biosynthesis pathway and accumulation of toxic precursors such as cholestanol cause chronic diarrhea, bilateral juvenile cataracts, tissue deposition of cholestanol and cholesterol (xanthomas), and progressive motor/neuropsychiatric alterations. We have evaluated the therapeutic potential of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing CYP27A1 in a CTX mouse model. We found that a vector equipped with a strong liver-specific promoter (albumin enhancer fused with the α1 anti-trypsin promoter) is well tolerated and shows therapeutic effect at relatively low doses (1.5 × 1012 viral genomes [vg]/kg), when less than 20% of hepatocytes overexpress the transgene. This vector restored bile acid metabolism and normalized the concentration of most bile acids in plasma. By contrast, standard treatment (oral chenodeoxycholic acid [CDCA]), while reducing cholestanol, did not normalize bile acid composition in plasma and resulted in supra-physiological levels of CDCA and its derivatives. At the transcriptional level, only the vector was able to avoid the induction of xenobiotic-induced pathways in mouse liver. In conclusion, the overexpression of CYP27A1 in a fraction of hepatocytes using AAV vectors is well tolerated and provides full metabolic restoration in Cyp27a1−/− mice. These features make gene therapy a feasible option for the etiological treatment of CTX patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lumbreras
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Ricobaraza
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucia Baila-Rueda
- Unidad Clinica y de Investigacion en Lipidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Manuela Gonzalez-Aparicio
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucia Mora-Jimenez
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, CIMA, Hepatology Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Bunuales
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Matias A Avila
- IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,University of Navarra, CIMA, Hepatology Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J G Marin
- CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Unidad Clinica y de Investigacion en Lipidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Aragon (IIS Aragón), CIBERCV, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,Vivet Therapeutics SAS, 75008 Paris, France
| | - Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- University of Navarra, CIMA, Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression Program, FIMA, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNa, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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7
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Paspala A, Papakonstantinou D, Prodromidou A, Danias N, Machairas A, Agrogiannis G, Machairas N, Zavras NJ, Patapis P, Pikoulis E. The Effects of Ursodeoxycholic Acid Pretreatment in an Experimental Setting of Extended Hepatectomy: A Feasibility Study. Cureus 2020; 12:e12120. [PMID: 33489534 PMCID: PMC7810173 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.12120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Liver regeneration is an exceptionally complex process, orchestrated by a multitude of growth factors and cytokines. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (Il-6) have a pivotal role in the initiation of the regenerative response. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) exhibits a liver protective effect that enhances liver growth after injury. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the effect of UDCA in the circulating levels of TNF-a and Il-6 in rats undergoing extended 80% hepatectomy. Materials and methods Twenty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned in an experimental (UDCA group) and a control group. Mice in the UDCA-group received oral pretreatment of UDCA for two weeks preoperatively at a dosage of 25 mg/kg/day. An 80% hepatic resection was performed in both groups by resecting the middle, inferior right, and left lateral liver lobes. The experiment ended 48 hours postoperatively. Results UDCA pretreatment significantly depressed circulating levels of both TNF-a and Il-6 after the conclusion of the experiment as compared to the control group (p=0.001 and p=0.01, respectively). Furthermore, TNF-a levels were significantly reduced before the institution of liver injury (p=0.02). Mice in the UDCA-group exhibited better liver growth as demonstrated by significantly increased Ki-67 and mitotic rate (p=0.04 and p=0.02, respectively). Finally, the liver regeneration rate (LRR) was significantly elevated in the experimental group (UDCA group, 54.5% vs control group, 35.8%; p=0.002) signifying enhanced liver growth kinetics. Conclusion UDCA reduces the expression of TNF-a and Il-6 during the priming phase of liver regeneration. An 80% hepatectomy model of acute liver failure exhibited enhanced liver regeneration in the experimental group, plausibly due to the immunomodulatory effects of UDCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Paspala
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Dimitrios Papakonstantinou
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Anastasia Prodromidou
- Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Nick Danias
- Fourth Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Anastasios Machairas
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Georgios Agrogiannis
- First Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Medicine, Athens, GRC
| | - Nikolaos Machairas
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Nikolaos J Zavras
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Paulos Patapis
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
| | - Emmanouil Pikoulis
- Third Department of Surgery, Attikon University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, GRC
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8
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Shiffka SJ, Jones JW, Li L, Farese AM, MacVittie TJ, Wang H, Swaan PW, Kane MA. Quantification of common and planar bile acids in tissues and cultured cells. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1524-1535. [PMID: 32718973 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d120000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) have been established as ubiquitous regulatory molecules implicated in a large variety of healthy and pathological processes. However, the scope of BA heterogeneity is often underrepresented in current literature. This is due in part to inadequate detection methods, which fail to distinguish the individual constituents of the BA pool. Thus, the primary aim of this study was to develop a method that would allow the simultaneous analysis of specific C24 BA species, and to apply that method to biological systems of interest. Herein, we describe the generation and validation of an LC-MS/MS assay for quantification of numerous BAs in a variety of cell systems and relevant biofluids and tissue. These studies included the first baseline level assessment for planar BAs, including allocholic acid, in cell lines, biofluids, and tissue in a nonhuman primate (NHP) laboratory animal, Macaca mulatta, in healthy conditions. These results indicate that immortalized cell lines make poor models for the study of BA synthesis and metabolism, whereas human primary hepatocytes represent a promising alternative model system. We also characterized the BA pool of M. mulatta in detail. Our results support the use of NHP models for the study of BA metabolism and pathology in lieu of murine models. Moreover, the method developed here can be applied to the study of common and planar C24 BA species in other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Shiffka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jace W Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Linhao Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ann M Farese
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Translational Radiation Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J MacVittie
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Translational Radiation Science, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Urman JM, Herranz JM, Uriarte I, Rullán M, Oyón D, González B, Fernandez-Urién I, Carrascosa J, Bolado F, Zabalza L, Arechederra M, Alvarez-Sola G, Colyn L, Latasa MU, Puchades-Carrasco L, Pineda-Lucena A, Iraburu MJ, Iruarrizaga-Lejarreta M, Alonso C, Sangro B, Purroy A, Gil I, Carmona L, Cubero FJ, Martínez-Chantar ML, Banales JM, Romero MR, Macias RI, Monte MJ, Marín JJG, Vila JJ, Corrales FJ, Berasain C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Avila MA. Pilot Multi-Omic Analysis of Human Bile from Benign and Malignant Biliary Strictures: A Machine-Learning Approach. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061644. [PMID: 32575903 PMCID: PMC7352944 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) may lead to the development of extrahepatic obstructive cholestasis. However, biliary stenoses can also be caused by benign conditions, and the identification of their etiology still remains a clinical challenge. We performed metabolomic and proteomic analyses of bile from patients with benign (n = 36) and malignant conditions, CCA (n = 36) or PDAC (n = 57), undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with the aim of characterizing bile composition in biliopancreatic disease and identifying biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of biliary strictures. Comprehensive analyses of lipids, bile acids and small molecules were carried out using mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) in all patients. MS analysis of bile proteome was performed in five patients per group. We implemented artificial intelligence tools for the selection of biomarkers and algorithms with predictive capacity. Our machine-learning pipeline included the generation of synthetic data with properties of real data, the selection of potential biomarkers (metabolites or proteins) and their analysis with neural networks (NN). Selected biomarkers were then validated with real data. We identified panels of lipids (n = 10) and proteins (n = 5) that when analyzed with NN algorithms discriminated between patients with and without cancer with an unprecedented accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M. Urman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - José M. Herranz
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Iker Uriarte
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - María Rullán
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Daniel Oyón
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Belén González
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Ignacio Fernandez-Urién
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - Juan Carrascosa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - Federico Bolado
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
| | - Lucía Zabalza
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
| | - María Arechederra
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Sola
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Leticia Colyn
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - María U. Latasa
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Leonor Puchades-Carrasco
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Antonio Pineda-Lucena
- Drug Discovery Unit, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
- Program of Molecular Therapeutics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - María J. Iraburu
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences; University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain;
| | | | - Cristina Alonso
- OWL Metabolomics, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain; (M.I.-L.); (C.A.)
| | - Bruno Sangro
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Hepatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Navarra Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Purroy
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- Navarrabiomed Biobank Unit, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isabel Gil
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- Navarrabiomed Biobank Unit, IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lorena Carmona
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophtalmology & Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT), Complutense University School of Medicine and 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (Imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María L. Martínez-Chantar
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Liver Disease Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Banales
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marta R. Romero
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) Group, University of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rocio I.R. Macias
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) Group, University of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J. Monte
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) Group, University of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose J. G. Marín
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM) Group, University of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan J. Vila
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Navarra University Hospital Complex, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.M.U.); (M.R.); (D.O.); (B.G.); (I.F.-U.); (J.C.); (F.B.); (L.Z.); (J.J.V.)
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
| | - Fernando J. Corrales
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB) Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Carmen Berasain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
| | - Matías A. Avila
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.A.); (B.S.); (A.P.); (I.G.); (C.B.); (M.G.F.-B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, CIBERehd, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.H.); (I.U.); (G.A.-S.); (M.L.M.-C.); (J.M.B.); (M.R.R.); (R.I.R.M.); (M.J.M.); (J.J.G.M.); (F.J.C.)
- Program of Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (L.C.); (M.U.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-948-194700 (ext. 4003)
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10
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Merlen G, Bidault-Jourdainne V, Kahale N, Glenisson M, Ursic-Bedoya J, Doignon I, Garcin I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. Hepatoprotective impact of the bile acid receptor TGR5. Liver Int 2020; 40:1005-1015. [PMID: 32145703 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
During liver repair after injury, bile secretion has to be tightly modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile acid (BA)-induced injury. The mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides their historical role in lipid digestion, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute a signalling network with multiple impacts on liver repair, both stimulating regeneration and protecting the liver from BA overload. BA signal through nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors to elicit a wide array of biological responses. While a great number of studies have been dedicated to the hepato-protective impact of FXR signalling, TGR5 is by far less explored in this context. Because the liver has to face massive and potentially harmful BA overload after partial ablation or destruction, BA-induced protective responses crucially contribute to spare liver repair capacities. Based on the available literature, the TGR5 BA receptor protects the remnant liver and maintains biliary homeostasis, mainly through the control of inflammation, biliary epithelial barrier permeability, BA pool hydrophobicity and sinusoidal blood flow. Mouse experimental models of liver injury reveal that in the lack of TGR5, excessive inflammation, leaky biliary epithelium and hydrophobic BA overload result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass. Translational perspectives are thus opened to target TGR5 with the aim of protecting the liver in the context of injury and BA overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Merlen
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | | | - Nicolas Kahale
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Mathilde Glenisson
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - José Ursic-Bedoya
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Doignon
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Garcin
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, CRSA, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Tordjmann
- INSERM U1193, Faculté des Sciences d'Orsay, Université Paris Saclay, Orsay, France
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11
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Al-Aqil FA, Monte MJ, Peleteiro-Vigil A, Briz O, Rosales R, González R, Aranda CJ, Ocón B, Uriarte I, de Medina FS, Martinez-Augustín O, Avila MA, Marín JJG, Romero MR. Interaction of glucocorticoids with FXR/FGF19/FGF21-mediated ileum-liver crosstalk. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2927-2937. [PMID: 29883717 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
At high doses, glucocorticoids (GC) have been associated with enhanced serum bile acids and liver injury. We have evaluated the effect of GC, in the absence of hepatotoxicity, on FXR/FGF91(Fgf15)/FGF21-mediated ileum-liver crosstalk. Rats and mice (wild type and Fxr-/-, Fgf15-/- and int-Gr-/- strains; the latter with GC receptor (Gr) knockout selective for intestinal epithelial cells), were treated (i.p.) with dexamethasone, prednisolone or budesonide. In both species, high doses of GC caused hepatotoxicity. At a non-hepatotoxic dose, GC induced ileal Fgf15 down-regulation and liver Fgf21 up-regulation, without affecting Fxr expression. Fgf21 mRNA levels correlated with those of several genes involved in glucose and bile acid metabolism. Surprisingly, liver Cyp7a1 was not up-regulated. The expression of factors involved in transcriptional modulation by Fxr and Gr (p300, Drip205, CBP and Smrt) was not affected. Pxr target genes Cyp3a11 and Mrp2 were not up-regulated in liver or intestine. In contrast, the expression of some Pparα target genes in liver (Fgf21, Cyp4a14 and Vanin-1) and intestine (Vanin-1 and Cyp3a11) was altered. In mice with experimental colitis, liver Fgf21 was up-regulated (4.4-fold). HepG2 cells transfection with FGF21 inhibited CYP7A1 promoter (prCYP7A1-Luc2). This was mimicked by pure human FGF21 protein or culture in medium previously conditioned by cells over-expressing FGF21. This response was not abolished by deletion of a putative response element for phosphorylated FGF21 effectors present in prCYP7A1. In conclusion, GC interfere with FXR/FGF19-mediated intestinal control of CYP7A1 expression by the liver and stimulate hepatic secretion of FGF21, which inhibits CYP7A1 promoter through an autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A Al-Aqil
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J Monte
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peleteiro-Vigil
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Briz
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruben Rosales
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raquel González
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos J Aranda
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Ocón
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Iker Uriarte
- Hepatology Programme, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fermín Sánchez de Medina
- Dept. Pharmacology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Martinez-Augustín
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A Avila
- Hepatology Programme, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), IDISNA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - José J G Marín
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta R Romero
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
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12
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Bile acids and their receptors during liver regeneration: "Dangerous protectors". Mol Aspects Med 2017; 56:25-33. [PMID: 28302491 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue repair is orchestrated by a finely tuned interplay between processes of regeneration, inflammation and cell protection, allowing organisms to restore their integrity after partial loss of cells or organs. An important, although largely unexplored feature is that after injury and during liver repair, liver functions have to be maintained to fulfill the peripheral demand. This is particularly critical for bile secretion, which has to be finely modulated in order to preserve liver parenchyma from bile-induced injury. However, mechanisms allowing the liver to maintain biliary homeostasis during repair after injury are not completely understood. Besides cytokines and growth factors, bile acids (BA) and their receptors constitute an insufficiently explored signaling network during liver regeneration and repair. BA signal through both nuclear (mainly Farnesoid X Receptor, FXR) and membrane (mainly G Protein-coupled BA Receptor 1, GPBAR-1 or TGR5) receptors which distributions are large in the organism, and which activation elicits a wide array of biological responses. While a number of studies have been dedicated to FXR signaling in liver repair processes, TGR5 remains poorly explored in this context. Because of the massive and potentially harmful BA overload that faces the remnant liver after partial ablation or destruction, both BA-induced adaptive and proliferative responses may stand in a central position to contribute to the regenerative response. Based on the available literature, both BA receptors may act in synergy during the regeneration process, in order to protect the remnant liver and maintain biliary homeostasis, otherwise potentially toxic BA overload would result in parenchymal insult and compromise optimal restoration of a functional liver mass.
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13
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Munoz-Garrido P, Marin JJG, Perugorria MJ, Urribarri AD, Erice O, Sáez E, Uriz M, Sarvide S, Portu A, Concepcion AR, Romero MR, Monte MJ, Santos-Laso A, Hijona E, Jimenez-Agüero R, Marzioni M, Beuers U, Masyuk TV, LaRusso NF, Prieto J, Bujanda L, Drenth JP, Banales JM. Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits hepatic cystogenesis in experimental models of polycystic liver disease. J Hepatol 2015; 63:952-61. [PMID: 26044126 PMCID: PMC4575914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) are genetic disorders characterized by progressive biliary cystogenesis. Current therapies show short-term and/or modest beneficial effects. Cystic cholangiocytes hyperproliferate as a consequence of diminished intracellular calcium levels ([Ca(2+)]i). Here, the therapeutic value of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was investigated. METHODS Effect of UDCA was examined in vitro and in polycystic (PCK) rats. Hepatic cystogenesis and fibrosis, and the bile acid (BA) content were evaluated from the liver, bile, serum, and kidneys by HPLC-MS/MS. RESULTS Chronic treatment of PCK rats with UDCA inhibits hepatic cystogenesis and fibrosis, and improves their motor behaviour. As compared to wild-type animals, PCK rats show increased BA concentration ([BA]) in liver, similar hepatic Cyp7a1 mRNA levels, and diminished [BA] in bile. Likewise, [BA] is increased in cystic fluid of PLD patients compared to their matched serum levels. In PCK rats, UDCA decreases the intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic BA, normalizes their diminished [BA] in bile, increases the BA secretion in bile and diminishes the increased [BA] in kidneys. In vitro, UDCA inhibits the hyperproliferation of polycystic human cholangiocytes via a PI3K/AKT/MEK/ERK1/2-dependent mechanism without affecting apoptosis. Finally, the presence of glycodeoxycholic acid promotes the proliferation of polycystic human cholangiocytes, which is inhibited by both UDCA and tauro-UDCA. CONCLUSIONS UDCA was able to halt the liver disease of a rat model of PLD through inhibiting cystic cholangiocyte hyperproliferation and decreasing the levels of cytotoxic BA species in the liver, which suggests the use of UDCA as a potential therapeutic tool for PLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Munoz-Garrido
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Jose J. G. Marin
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J. Perugorria
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science
| | - Aura D. Urribarri
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane Erice
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elena Sáez
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Uriz
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sarai Sarvide
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Portu
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Axel R. Concepcion
- Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marta R. Romero
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Maria J. Monte
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alvaro Santos-Laso
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Hijona
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Raul Jimenez-Agüero
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marco Marzioni
- Department of Gastroenterology, “Università Politecnica delle Marche”, Ancona, Italy
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tatyana V. Masyuk
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nicholas F. LaRusso
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jesús Prieto
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Bujanda
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain
| | - Joost P.H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute – Donostia University Hospital –, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), San Sebastián, Spain,National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, Instituto de Salud Carlos III), Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science,Division of Gene Therapy and Hepatology, CIMA of the University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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14
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Jourdainne V, Péan N, Doignon I, Humbert L, Rainteau D, Tordjmann T. The Bile Acid Receptor TGR5 and Liver Regeneration. Dig Dis 2015; 33:319-26. [PMID: 26045264 DOI: 10.1159/000371668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the literature on the bile acid (BA) membrane receptor TGR5 is dedicated to its potential role in the metabolic syndrome, through its regulatory impact on energy expenditure, insulin and GLP-1 secretion, and inflammatory processes. While the receptor was cloned in 2002, very little data are available on TGR5 functions in the normal and diseased liver. However, TGR5 is highly expressed in Kupffer cells and liver endothelial cells, and is particularly enriched in the biliary tract [cholangiocytes and gallbladder (GB) smooth muscle cells]. We recently demonstrated that TGR5 has a crucial protective impact on the liver in case of BA overload, including after partial hepatectomy. KEY MESSAGES TGR5-KO mice after PH exhibited periportal bile infarcts, excessive hepatic inflammation and defective adaptation of biliary composition (bicarbonate and chloride). Most importantly, TGR5-KO mice had a more hydrophobic BA pool, with more secondary BA than WT animals, suggesting that TGR5-KO bile may be harmful for the liver, mainly in situations of BA overload. As GB is both the tissue displaying the highest level of TGR5 expression and a crucial physiological site for the regulation of BA pool hydrophobicity by reducing secondary BA, we investigated whether TGR5 may control BA pool composition through an impact on GB. Preliminary data suggest that in the absence of TGR5, reduced GB filling dampens the cholecystohepatic shunt, resulting in more secondary BA, more hydrophobic BA pool and extensive liver injury in case of BA overload. CONCLUSIONS In the setting of BA overload, TGR5 is protective of the liver through the regulation of not only secretory and inflammatory processes, but also through the control of BA pool composition, at least in part by targeting the GB. Thereby, TGR5 appears to be crucial for protecting the regenerating liver from BA overload.
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15
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Han J, Liu Y, Wang R, Yang J, Ling V, Borchers CH. Metabolic profiling of bile acids in human and mouse blood by LC-MS/MS in combination with phospholipid-depletion solid-phase extraction. Anal Chem 2015; 87:1127-36. [PMID: 25496250 DOI: 10.1021/ac503816u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a more comprehensive profile of bile acids (BAs) in blood, we developed an ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography/multiple-reaction monitoring-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MRM-MS) method for the separation and detection of 50 known BAs. This method utilizes phospholipid-depletion solid-phase extraction as a new high-efficiency sample preparation procedure for BA assay. UPLC/scheduled MRM-MS with negative ion electrospray ionization enabled targeted quantitation of 43 and 44 BAs, respectively, in serum samples from seven individuals with and without fasting, as well as in plasma samples from six cholestatic gene knockout mice and six age- and gender-matched wild-type (FVB/NJ) animals. Many minor BAs were identified and quantitated in the blood for the first time. Method validation indicated good quantitation precision with intraday and interday relative standard deviations of ≤9.3% and ≤10.8%, respectively. Using a pooled human serum sample and a pooled mouse plasma sample as the two representative test samples, the quantitation accuracy was measured to be 80% to 120% for most of the BAs, using two standard-substance spiking approaches. To profile other potential BAs not included in the 50 known targets from the knockout versus wild-type mouse plasma, class-specific precursor/fragment ion transitions were used to perform UPLC-MRM-MS for untargeted detection of the structural isomers of glycine- and taurine-conjugated BAs and unconjugated tetra-hydroxy BAs. As a result, as many as 36 such compounds were detected. In summary, this UPLC-MRM-MS method has enabled the quantitation of the largest number of BAs in the blood thus far, and the results presented have revealed an unexpectedly complex BA profile in mouse plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- University of Victoria-Genome BC Proteomics Centre, University of Victoria , Vancouver Island Technology Park, 3101-4464 Markham Street, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 7X8, Canada
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16
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Lee CH, Kim SH, Kim IH, Kim SW, Lee ST, Kim DG, Yang JD, Yu HC, Cho BH, Lee SO. Endoscopic stenting in bile duct cancer increases liver volume. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80:447-55. [PMID: 24679659 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective evaluation tools for assessing the effectiveness of stenting in palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction are not satisfactory. Effects of biliary stenting on liver volume change have never been studied. OBJECTIVE We aimed to use volumetry to analyze liver volume changes after endoscopic stenting in bile duct cancer according to the location and number of stents. DESIGN Retrospective review. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS Patients with a diagnosis of hilar or distal bile duct cancer and who underwent biliary metal stenting. INTERVENTIONS ERCP with self-expandable metal stent placement. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Liver volume change after biliary stenting and its comparison according to the location (hilar vs distal common bile duct) and number (hilar bilateral vs hilar unilateral). RESULTS There were 60 patients; 31 were treated for hilar bile duct cancer (13 for bilateral stent and 18 for unilateral stent) and 29 for distal bile duct cancer. Overall mean follow-up duration was 11.7 ± 4.9 weeks. Liver volume increased 17.4 ± 24.1%. The rate of liver growth was rapid during the early period from 4 to 8 weeks. Stenting in hilar bile duct cancer tended to increase liver volume more than distal biliary stents (22.5% vs 11.9%, P = .091). In hilar bile duct cancer, unilateral and bilateral stents showed similar liver volume increases (20.1% and 25.8%, respectively; P = .512). LIMITATIONS Single center, retrospective. CONCLUSIONS Biliary stenting markedly increased liver volume in both hilar and distal bile duct cancer. Our data suggest that liver volume assessment could be a useful tool for evaluating stent efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hun Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seong Hun Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - In Hee Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Sang Wook Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Soo Teik Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Dae Ghon Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Jae Do Yang
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hee Chul Yu
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Baik Hwan Cho
- Department of Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Seung Ok Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea; Biomedical Research Institute, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, South Korea
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17
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FXR-dependent and -independent interaction of glucocorticoids with the regulatory pathways involved in the control of bile acid handling by the liver. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:829-38. [PMID: 23313557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with glucocorticoids (GCs) may cause adverse effects, including cholestasis. The ability of dexamethasone, prednisolone and budesonide to affect the liver handling of bile acids (BAs) has been investigated. In rats treated with GCs for 4 days, altered serum and bile BA levels, changed conjugation pattern, and delayed and decreased ability to conjugate/secrete exogenously administered deoxycholate, were found using HPLC-MS/MS. RT-QPCR analyses revealed that GC treatment also induced a down-regulation of liver nuclear receptors (Fxr, Gr and Shp), transporters (Ntcp, Mrp4 and Bcrp) and enzymes (Cyp7a1 and Baat), whereas Bsep, Mrp2 and Cyp27a1 were up-regulated. Human HepG2 and Alexander cell lines were used as in vitro models of liver cells with and without constitutive FXR expression, respectively. In HepG2 cells, GCs induced a decreased expression of FXR and SHP, and inhibited the regulatory effect of GW4064 on FXR-target genes. In Alexander cells, only when they were transfected with FXR+RXR, GW4064 caused up-regulation of SHP and OSTβ, and a down-regulation of CYP27A1. GCs had the opposite effect on these genes, both in the absence and in the presence of FXR expression. Co-transfection of Alexander cells with IR-1-Luc and FXR+RXR revealed that GCs did not inhibit but moderately enhanced FXR activity. Moreover, GCs have a synergistic effect on GW4064-induced FXR activation, whereas chenodeoxycholate and GW4064 have an additive effect. In conclusion, GCs are able to directly or indirectly activate FXR but they also antagonize, through FXR-independent mechanisms, the expression of FXR and FXR target genes involved in the hepatic handling of BAs.
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18
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ABCC2 is involved in the hepatocyte perinuclear barrier for small organic compounds. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1651-9. [PMID: 23041646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small organic molecules are believed to freely diffuse across nuclear pores but this may not be so if this route is blocked during protein and nucleic acid transfer. Here we have investigated the existence of transport mechanisms across the nuclear envelope (NE) of hepatocytes. Using nuclei isolated from rat liver cells, evidence for the existence of ATP-dependent transporters of organic compounds was found. In rat hepatocyte NE, with negligible contamination by other membranes, the presence of mature and glycosylated ABCC2, but not other ABC export pumps, was detected. ABCC2 was localized in the same membranes as the conjugating enzyme UGT1A1. Human ABCC2 ORF was tagged with V5 and transfected to human hepatoma cells. ABCC2-V5 protein was detected at perinuclear ER vesicles and at the NE. Both compartments expressing ABCC2-V5 were able to exclude calcein. ABCC2 abundance at the NE of rat hepatocytes was modified by treatments able to increase or reduce the expression of canalicular ABCC2. The sensitivity to mitoxantrone was higher for hepatocytes obtained from TR- rats whose NE lacked ABCC2. Incubation with mitoxantrone after depletion of ATP resulted in a marked accumulation of mitoxantrone in the nucleus of wild-type, but not TR-, hepatocytes. In sum, ABCC2 is present at the NE and perinuclear ER where, in combination with the activity of conjugating enzymes, this pump may be involved in the perinuclear barrier for small organic molecules, playing a role in protecting DNA from genotoxic compounds and in the control of intranuclear concentrations of ligands for nuclear receptors.
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García-Cañaveras JC, Donato MT, Castell JV, Lahoz A. Targeted profiling of circulating and hepatic bile acids in human, mouse, and rat using a UPLC-MRM-MS-validated method. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2231-2241. [PMID: 22822028 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d028803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are a group of chemically related steroids recognized as regulatory molecules whose profiles can change in different physio-pathological situations. We have developed a sensitive, fast, and reproducible ultraperformance liquid chromatography/multiple reaction monitoring/mass spectrometry method to determine the tissue and sera BA profiles in different species (human, rat, and mouse) by quantifying 31 major and minor BA species in a single 21-min run. The method has been validated according to FDA guidelines, and it generally provides good results in terms of intra- and interday precision (less than 8.6% and 16.0%, respectively), accuracy (relative error measurement between -11.9% and 8.6%), and linearity (R(2) > 0.996 and dynamic ranges between two and four orders of magnitude), with limits of quantification between 2.5 and 20 nM. The new analytical approach was applied to determine BA concentrations in human, rat, and mouse serum and in liver tissue. Our comparative study confirmed and extended previous reports, showing marked interspecies differences in circulating and hepatic BA composition. The targeted analysis revealed the presence of unexpected minoritary BAs, such as tauro-alpha-Muricholic acid in human serum, thus allowing us to obtain a thorough profiling of human samples. Its great sensitivity, low sample requirements (25 µl of serum, 5 mg of tissue), and comprehensive capacity to profile a considerable number of BAs make the present method a good choice to study BA metabolism in physiological and pathological situations, particularly in toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C García-Cañaveras
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd
| | - M Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José V Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Spain; and CIBERehd; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas, FIS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Lahoz
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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20
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Fernández-Barrena MG, Monte MJ, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Vicente E, Chang HCY, Rodriguez-Ortigosa CM, Elferink RO, Berasain C, Marin JJG, Prieto J, Ávila MA. Lack of Abcc3 expression impairs bile-acid induced liver growth and delays hepatic regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. J Hepatol 2012; 56:367-73. [PMID: 21756856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Bile acids (BA) are increasingly recognized as important modulators of liver regeneration. Increased enterohepatic BA flux has been proposed to generate specific signals that activate hepatocyte proliferation after partial hepatectomy (PH). We have investigated the role of the BA membrane transporter Mrp3 (Abcc3), which is expressed in the liver and gut, in the hepatic growth response elicited by BA and in liver regeneration after PH. METHODS Liver growth and regeneration, and the expression of growth-related genes, were studied in Mrp3(+/+) and Mrp3(-/-) mice fed a cholic acid (CA) supplemented diet and after 2/3 PH. Activation of the BA receptor FXR was measured in mice after in vivo transduction of the liver with a FXR-Luciferase reporter plasmid. BA levels were measured in portal serum and liver tissue by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Liver growth elicited by CA feeding was significantly reduced in Mrp3(-/-) mice. These animals showed reduced FXR activation in the liver after CA administration and decreased portal serum levels of BA. Liver regeneration after PH was significantly delayed in Mrp3-deficient mice. Proliferation-related gene expression and peak DNA synthesis in Mrp3(-/-) mice occurred later than in wild types, coinciding with a retarded elevation in intra-hepatic BA levels. CONCLUSIONS Lack of Abcc3 expression markedly impairs liver growth in response to BA and after PH. Our data suggest that Mrp3 plays a non-redundant role in the regulation of BA flux during liver regeneration.
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21
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No evidence of direct binding between ursodeoxycholic acid and the p53 DNA-binding domain. Biosci Rep 2010; 30:359-64. [DOI: 10.1042/bsr20090107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid) is used increasingly for the treatment of cholestatic liver diseases. Among other cytoprotective effects, this endogenous bile acid is a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, interfering with both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that the transforming growth factor β1-induced E2F-1/Mdm2 (murine double minute 2)/p53 apoptotic pathway was an upstream molecular target of UDCA. In agreement with this, we have recently established p53 as a key molecular target in UDCA prevention of cell death. The tumour suppressor p53 is a well-described transcription factor that induces the expression of multiple different pro-apoptotic gene products. Its regulation involves a variety of signalling proteins and small molecules, and occurs at multiple levels, including transcription, translation and post-translation levels. In the present study, by using different biophysical techniques, we have investigated the possibility of a direct interaction between the p53 core domain, also referred to as the DNA-binding domain, and UDCA. Our in vitro analysis did not provide any evidence for direct binding between the bile acid UDCA and the p53 core domain.
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22
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Amaral JD, Viana RJS, Ramalho RM, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. Bile acids: regulation of apoptosis by ursodeoxycholic acid. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:1721-34. [PMID: 19417220 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r900011-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are a group of molecular species of acidic steroids with peculiar physical-chemical and biological characteristics. At high concentrations they become toxic to mammalian cells, and their presence is pertinent in the pathogenesis of several liver diseases and colon cancer. Bile acid cytoxicity has been related to membrane damage, but also to nondetergent effects, such as oxidative stress and apoptosis. Strikingly, hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and its taurine-conjugated form (TUDCA), show profound cytoprotective properties. Indeed, these molecules have been described as potent inhibitors of classic pathways of apoptosis, although their precise mode of action remains to be clarified. UDCA, originally used for cholesterol gallstone dissolution, is currently considered the first choice therapy for several forms of cholestatic syndromes. However, the beneficial effects of both UDCA and TUDCA have been tested in other experimental pathological conditions with deregulated levels of apoptosis, including neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. Here, we review the role of bile acids in modulating the apoptosis process, emphasizing the anti-apoptotic effects of UDCA and TUDCA, as well as their potential use as novel and alternate therapeutic agents for the treatment of apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D Amaral
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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23
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Alnouti Y. Bile Acid sulfation: a pathway of bile acid elimination and detoxification. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:225-46. [PMID: 19131563 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfotransferase-2A1 catalyzes the formation of bile acid-sulfates (BA-sulfates). Sulfation of BAs increases their solubility, decreases their intestinal absorption, and enhances their fecal and urinary excretion. BA-sulfates are also less toxic than their unsulfated counterparts. Therefore, sulfation is an important detoxification pathway of BAs. Major species differences in BA sulfation exist. In humans, only a small proportion of BAs in bile and serum are sulfated, whereas more than 70% of BAs in urine are sulfated, indicating their efficient elimination in urine. The formation of BA-sulfates increases during cholestatic diseases. Therefore, sulfation may play an important role in maintaining BA homeostasis under pathologic conditions. Farnesoid X receptor, pregnane X receptor, constitutive androstane receptor, and vitamin D receptor are potential nuclear receptors that may be involved in the regulation of BA sulfation. This review highlights current knowledge about the enzymes and transporters involved in the formation and elimination of BA-sulfates, the effect of sulfation on the pharmacologic and toxicologic properties of BAs, the role of BA sulfation in cholestatic diseases, and the regulation of BA sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazen Alnouti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Stärkel P, Shindano T, Horsmans Y, Gigot JF, Fernandez-Tagarro M, Marin JJG, Monte MJ. Foetal 'flat' bile acids reappear during human liver regeneration after surgery. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:58-64. [PMID: 19087130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02059.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in bile acid (BA) pool, such as the reappearance of typically foetal-type molecular species with a 'flat' structure at the steroid ring, occur during hepatocarcinogenesis, both in humans and rodents. Moreover flat-BAs also appear during rat liver regeneration. These changes can be detected in urine. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether flat-BAs also reappear during human liver regeneration, and whether this change correlates with the magnitude of liver resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients undergoing partial hepatectomy were divided in two groups: major hepatectomy group (> 50% of hepatic tissue resection, n = 17) and minor hepatectomy group (< 50%, n = 13). BAs were extracted from serum and urine (collected over 24 h) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Samples were obtained before surgery (day 0) and on the third and seventh days after hepatectomy. RESULTS In serum, total BAs significantly increased on day seven after hepatectomy, but only a moderate increase in flat-BA concentrations was observed. By contrast, urinary excretion of total as well as flat-BAs significantly increased at day three and day seven after hepatectomy. Moreover, the amount of flat-BAs excreted in urine during the first week after partial hepatectomy correlated with the magnitude of the resection. CONCLUSIONS Urinary BA output increases and flat-BAs reappear in urine during human liver regeneration. These results suggest that determination of BAs in urine may be an interesting parameter obtained by non-invasive techniques whose actual clinical value during human liver regeneration warrants further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Stärkel
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
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Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the trimethylsilyl (oxime) ether/ester derivatives of cholic acids: Their presence in the aquatic environment. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1211:104-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Monte MJ, Rosales R, Macias RIR, Iannota V, Martinez-Fernandez A, Romero MR, Hofmann AF, Marin JJG. Cytosol-nucleus traffic and colocalization with FXR of conjugated bile acids in rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 295:G54-G62. [PMID: 18467501 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00592.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are natural ligands of nuclear receptors, in particular farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Whether, in addition to protein-mediated cytosolic-nuclear BA translocation, other mechanisms are involved in the access of BAs to nuclear FXR was investigated. When rat hepatocytes were incubated with radiolabeled taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, and tauroursodeoxycholic acid, their nuclear accumulation was proportional to their intracellular levels. With the use of flow cytometry analysis, the accumulation by nuclei isolated from rat liver cells was found to differ for several fluorescent compounds of similar molecular weight and different charge, including fluorescein-tagged BAs [cholylglycyl amidofluorescein (CGamF), ursodeoxycholylglycyl amidofluorescein, or chenodeoxycholylglycyl amidofluorescein]. When we varied nuclear volume by incubation with different sucrose concentrations, a similar relationship between nuclear volume and content of FITC and 4-kDa FITC-dextran was found. In contrast, this relationship was markedly lower for CGamF. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that fluorescein-tagged BAs, but also FITC or 10-kDa FITC-dextran were found in the nuclear envelope and concentrated in regions where DNA was less densely packed. In contrast to the cytosolic subcellular localization of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha, FXR and nucleolin (a marker of transcriptional active chromatin) were also localized by immunoreactivity in these intranuclear regions. In conclusion, although intranuclear levels of small organic molecules including conjugated BAs depend on their concentrations in the extranuclear space, the existence of certain molecular selectivity (not strictly dependent on molecular weight or charge) suggests that, in addition to simple diffusional exchange, other mechanisms may be also involved in determining their overall nuclear content in regions where these compounds coincide and may interact with nuclear receptors such as FXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Monte
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Amaral JD, Castro RE, Solá S, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. p53 is a key molecular target of ursodeoxycholic acid in regulating apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:34250-9. [PMID: 17881359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704075200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 plays an important role in regulating expression of genes that mediate cell cycle progression and/or apoptosis. In addition, we have previously shown that the hydrophilic bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) prevents transforming growth factor beta1-induced p53 stabilization and apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that p53 may represent an important target in bile acid-induced modulation of apoptosis and cell survival. In this study we demonstrated that UDCA reduces p53 transcriptional activity, thereby preventing its ability to induce Bax expression, mitochondrial translocation, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. More importantly, bile acid inhibition of p53-induced apoptosis was associated with decreased p53 DNA binding activity. Subcellular localization of p53 was also altered by UDCA. Both events appear to be related with increased association between p53 and its direct repressor, Mdm-2. In conclusion, these results further clarify the antiapoptotic mechanism of UDCA and suggest that modulation of Mdm-2/p53 interaction is a prime target for this bile acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D Amaral
- iMed.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Avenida Prof. Gama Pinto, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Amaral JD, Solá S, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CP. Function of nuclear steroid receptors in apoptosis: role of ursodeoxycholic acid. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2007; 2:487-501. [PMID: 30290423 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2.4.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear steroid receptors such as the glucocorticoid and the mineralocorticoid receptors modulate apoptosis in different cell types through transactivation-dependent and -independent mechanisms. They are involved in both the induction and prevention of apoptosis depending on cell type. However, it is unclear how nuclear steroid receptors can affect expression of the same gene in opposing ways for different cells. In addition to their function as modulators of gene expression, nuclear steroid receptors often act as nuclear transporters of other regulatory molecules, thus indirectly regulating several apoptosis-related genes. Curiously, nuclear steroid receptors are thought to cooperate with the antiapoptotic endogenous bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid, to prevent programmed cell death. The next decade will almost certainly unveil the remarkable role of nuclear steroid receptors in modulating the life and death struggle of cells and organ systems in human development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana D Amaral
- a Research Institute for Medicines & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Susana Solá
- b Research Institute for Medicines & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Clifford J Steer
- c Departments of Medicine, & Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Cecília P Rodrigues
- d Research Institute for Medicines & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal.
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29
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Cuesta de Juan S, Monte MJ, Macias RIR, Wauthier V, Calderon PB, Marin JJG. Ontogenic development-associated changes in the expression of genes involved in rat bile acid homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2007; 48:1362-70. [PMID: 17332599 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m700034-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ontogenic changes in the rat bile acid (BA) pool, measured enzymatically and by GC-MS, and expression of enzymes (5alpha-reductase, 5beta-reductase, and cytochrome P450 enzymes Cyp7a1, Cyp8b1, Cyp27 and Cyp3a11), transporters [bile salt export pump, sodium taurocholate-cotransporting polypeptide, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter, and organic solute transporter alpha/beta (Ostalpha/Ostbeta)], and nuclear receptors [fetoprotein transcription factor (Ftf), farnesoid X receptor (Fxr), small heterodimer partner (Shp), and hepatic nuclear factor 4alpha (HNF-4alpha)], determined by quantitative PCR, were investigated. The absolute size of the BA pool increased progressively up to adulthood, whereas the complexity of its composition was high in fetuses, decreased after birth, increased again progressively up to adulthood, and decreased in aged animals. Allo-cholic acid only appeared early in development, in spite of low 5alpha-reductase expression. The relative size of the BA pool, corrected by liver weight, was maintained from 1 week after birth, except at weaning, when a transient peak accompanied by Shp downregulation and Cyp7a1 upregulation was observed. An imposed weaning delay of 1 week had no effect on the time course of the BA pool size but decreased the proportion of chenodeoxycholic and alpha-muricholic acids, whereas the proportion of cholic acid was increased, probably as a result of Cyp8b1 upregulation. In conclusion, changes in the expression of genes involved in BA homeostasis may play a role in physiological adaptations to digestive functions during the rat life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cuesta de Juan
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red for Hepatology and Gastroenterology Research (CIBERehd), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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30
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Tanaka SI, Chijiiwa K, Maeda Y. Biliary lipid output in the early stage of acute liver failure induced by 90% hepatectomy in the rat. J Surg Res 2006; 134:81-6. [PMID: 16464471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 11/25/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differences in biliary lipid output were compared in rats after 70% or 90% hepatectomy (Hx) to evaluate a possible index of the early stage of acute liver failure. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats weighing 300 to 350 g were randomly divided into two groups for 70% Hx or 90% Hx, and animals were sacrificed at 0, 6, 24, and 48 h after Hx. Before sacrifice, a polyethylene tube was cannulated into the bile duct and bile was collected for 1 h. Outputs of total bile acids, phospholipid, and total cholesterol in serum and bile were determined. Biliary total cholesterol, bile acid concentrations, and bile acid component levels were determined using gas liquid chromatography. Hepatic microsomal cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase activities were also determined using high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS The 3-day survival rate after 90% Hx was 50%. In the 90% Hx group, the serum total bile acid concentration at each point was significantly higher than it was in the 70% Hx group. The bile flow rate and biliary outputs of cholesterol, phospholipid, and bile acids were significantly lower at 6 h after 90% Hx than after 70% Hx. Among bile acid species, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acid outputs into bile were significantly less at 6 h after 90% Hx. The activities of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 12alpha-hydroxylase were decreased after 90% Hx. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that determinations of the bile flow rate and biliary lipid outputs are supposed to be useful for early detection of hepatic failure after extensive hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-ichi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery I, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, Miyazaki, Japan
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31
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Solá S, Amaral JD, Castro RE, Ramalho RM, Borralho PM, Kren BT, Tanaka H, Steer CJ, Rodrigues CMP. Nuclear translocation of UDCA by the glucocorticoid receptor is required to reduce TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis in rat hepatocytes. Hepatology 2005; 42:925-34. [PMID: 16175607 DOI: 10.1002/hep.20870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) inhibits classical mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis by either directly stabilizing mitochondrial membranes or modulating specific upstream targets. Furthermore, UDCA regulates apoptosis-related genes from transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by a nuclear steroid receptor (NSR)-dependent mechanism. In this study, we further investigated the potential role of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the anti-apoptotic function of UDCA. Our results with short interference RNA (siRNA) technology confirmed that UDCA significantly reduces TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis of primary rat hepatocytes through a GR-dependent effect. Immunoprecipitation assays and confocal microscopy showed that UDCA enhanced free GR levels with subsequent GR nuclear translocation. Interestingly, when a carboxy-terminus deleted form of GR was used, UDCA no longer increased free GR and/or GR translocation, nor did it protect against TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. In co-transfection experiments with GR response element reporter and overexpression constructs, UDCA did not enhance the transactivation of GR with TGF-beta1. Finally, using a fluorescently labeled UDCA molecule, the bile acid appeared diffuse in the cytosol but was aggregated in the nucleus of hepatocytes. Both siRNA assays and transfection experiments with either wild-type or mutant forms of GR showed that nuclear trafficking occurs through a GR-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, these results further clarify the anti-apoptotic mechanism(s) of UDCA and suggest that GR is crucial for the nuclear translocation of this bile acid for reducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Solá
- Centro de Patogénese Molecular, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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32
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Monte MJ, Fernandez-Tagarro M, Macias RIR, Jimenez F, Gonzalez-San Martin F, Marin JJG. Changes in the expression of genes related to bile acid synthesis and transport by the rat liver during hepatocarcinogenesis. Clin Sci (Lond) 2005; 109:199-207. [PMID: 15853769 DOI: 10.1042/cs20050035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between BA (bile acid) secretion (measured by GC–MS) and the expression of genes (measured by reverse transcription real-time PCR) involved in liver BA transport and metabolism was investigated at 20 and 32 weeks during rat hepatocarcinogenesis. A progressive loss of mRNA for transporters (more marked for Ntcp, Bsep and Mrp2 than for Oatp1/Oatp1a1, Oatp2/Oatp1a4 and Oatp4/Oatp1b2) was found. The mRNA levels of Cyp7a1 and the nuclear receptors FXR (farnesoid X receptor), SHP (small heterodimer partner) and FTF (α-fetoprotein transcription factor) were not modified, whereas those of Cyp8b1 were enhanced and those of Cyp27 were reduced. Biliary secretion of CA (cholic acid) remained unchanged, whereas that of CDCA (chenodeoxycholic acid) and other non-C12-hydroxylated BAs was diminished. The re-appearance of ‘flat-BAs’ (mainly allo-BAs at 20 weeks and Δ4-unsaturated-BAs at 32 weeks) probably reflects the progressive decrease observed in the expression of 3-oxo-Δ4-steroid 5β-reductase, together with the maintenance of steroid 5α-reductase type I. A significant correlation between the 5α-reductase/5β-reductase ratio and bile output of ‘flat-BAs’ was found. In conclusion, during rat hepatocarcinogenesis, the expression of transporters/enzymes responsible for BA homoeostasis is changed due to mechanisms other than those controlled by FXR/SHP/FTF. These modifications result in the re-appearance of ‘flat-BAs’, together with an increased CA/CDCA ratio in bile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Monte
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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33
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Monte MJ, Fernandez-Tagarro M, Marin JJG. Transient changes in the expression pattern of key enzymes for bile acid synthesis during rat liver regeneration. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1734:127-35. [PMID: 15904869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the expression patterns of genes involved in bile acid (BA) synthesis were investigated during rat liver regeneration that follows two-thirds partial hepatectomy. BAs in bile were measured by GC-MS and the absolute and relative abundance of specific mRNAs in the liver by RT-real-time quantitative PCR. Cyclin E mRNA, used as an indicator of liver cell proliferation, peaked at day 1. The levels of mRNA of alpha-fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF) and small heterodimer partner (SHP) were first reduced (day 1) and then (days 2-3) increased, when those of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) were also transiently enhanced. The early (day 1) up-regulation of Cyp7a1, and Cyp8b1, together with the down-regulation of Cyp27, was consistent with an increased proportion of cholic acid versus chenodeoxycholic acid and a progressive recovery in total BAs secretion. The transient appearance of flat BAs (allo-BAs plus Delta4-unsaturated-BAs) during rat liver regeneration was probably due to the changes in the expression ratio of steroid 5alpha- versus 5beta-reductase. Both were first (day 1) down-regulated and then up-regulated (5alpha-reductase more than 5beta-reductase). In conclusion, changes in the expression patterns of nuclear receptors and enzymes involved in BA synthesis are consistent with the transient modifications that occur in BA pool during rat liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Monte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Campus Miguel de Unamuno E.I.D. S-09, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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34
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Mendoza ME, Monte MJ, Serrano MA, Pastor-Anglada M, Stieger B, Meier PJ, Medarde M, Marin JJG. Physiological characteristics of allo-cholic acid. J Lipid Res 2003; 44:84-92. [PMID: 12518026 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m200220-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological characterstics of allo-cholic acid (ACA), a typically fetal bile acid that reappears during liver regeneration and carcinogenesis were investigated. [(14)C] Tauro-ACA (TACA) uptake by Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing rat organic anion transporter polypeptide (Oatp)1 or sodium-taurocholate cotransporter polypeptide (Ntcp) was lower than that of [(14)C]taurocholic acid (TCA). Although TACA inhibited ATP-dependent TCA transport across plasma membrane vesicles from Sf9 cells expressing rat or mouse bile salt export pump (Bsep), no ATP-dependent TACA transport was found. In rats, TACA was secreted into bile with no major biotransformation and it had lower clearance and longer half-life than TCA. In mice, TACA bile output was lower (-50%) than that of TCA, whereas TACA induced 9-fold higher bile flow than TCA. Even though the intracellular levels were lower for TACA, translocation into the hepatocyte nucleus was higher for TACA than for TCA; however, rate of DNA synthesis, expression levels of alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, Ntcp, and Bsep, cell viability, and apoptosis in rat hepatocytes were similarly affected by both isomers. In conclusion, TACA partly shares hepatocellular uptake system(s) for TCA. Furthermore, in contrast to other "flat" bile acids, TACA is efficiently secreted into bile via transport system(s) other than Bsep and is highly choleretic, hence its appearance during certain situations may prevent accumulation of cholestatic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Mendoza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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35
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Romero MR, Martinez-Diez MC, Larena MG, Macias RIR, Dominguez M, Garcia-Monzon C, Serrano MA, Marin JJG. Evidence for dual effects of DNA-reactive bile acid derivatives (Bamets) on hepatitis B virus life cycle in an in vitro replicative system. Antivir Chem Chemother 2002; 13:371-80. [PMID: 12718409 DOI: 10.1177/095632020201300605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A liver targeting strategy to direct antiviral drugs toward hepatitis B virus (HBV) was investigated. As model drugs we used cisplatin-bile acid derivatives (Bamets) to determine the production of virions by HBV-transfected hepatoblastoma cells (HepG2 2.2.15). Drug uptake was determined using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry to measure platinum cell contents. Cytotoxic effect was determined by formazan formation and neutral red uptake tests. The release of viral surface protein was evaluated by ELISA. The abundance of HBV-DNA in the medium was determined by quantitative real-time PCR and its structure by Southern blot analysis. The uptake of Bamets by HepG2 2.2.15 cells was higher than that of cisplatin. At concentrations lower than 10 microM, distinct Bamets have no toxic effect on host cells, whereas cisplatin dramatically reduced cell viability at concentrations higher than 1 microM. All the drugs tested inhibited the release of viral proteins to the medium, but induced a marked and progressive dose-dependent increase in the amount of viral DNA in the medium. This was mainly due to the release of short fragments of HBV-DNA in the case of cisplatin. On the contrary, Bamets induced an enhanced release of circular forms of HBV-DNA. These findings suggest the existence of a dual effect of Bamets on HBV life-cycle by enhancing the production of DNA replicative intermediates but reducing the secretion of complete virions. Altogether these characteristics recommend consideration of these compounds as a useful experimental tool in the investigation of novel liver targeted therapeutic agents based on bile acid derivatives for the treatment of HBV infections, or to carry out further studies on the HBV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta R Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Salamanca, Spain
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