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Hernández‐Carralero E, Cabrera E, Rodríguez-Torres G, Hernández-Reyes Y, Singh A, Santa-María C, Fernández-Justel J, Janssens R, Marteijn J, Evert B, Mailand N, Gómez M, Ramadan K, Smits VJ, Freire R. ATXN3 controls DNA replication and transcription by regulating chromatin structure. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:5396-5413. [PMID: 36971114 PMCID: PMC10287915 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitinating enzyme Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) contains a polyglutamine (PolyQ) region, the expansion of which causes spinocerebellar ataxia type-3 (SCA3). ATXN3 has multiple functions, such as regulating transcription or controlling genomic stability after DNA damage. Here we report the role of ATXN3 in chromatin organization during unperturbed conditions, in a catalytic-independent manner. The lack of ATXN3 leads to abnormalities in nuclear and nucleolar morphology, alters DNA replication timing and increases transcription. Additionally, indicators of more open chromatin, such as increased mobility of histone H1, changes in epigenetic marks and higher sensitivity to micrococcal nuclease digestion were detected in the absence of ATXN3. Interestingly, the effects observed in cells lacking ATXN3 are epistatic to the inhibition or lack of the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3), an interaction partner of ATXN3. The absence of ATXN3 decreases the recruitment of endogenous HDAC3 to the chromatin, as well as the HDAC3 nuclear/cytoplasm ratio after HDAC3 overexpression, suggesting that ATXN3 controls the subcellular localization of HDAC3. Importantly, the overexpression of a PolyQ-expanded version of ATXN3 behaves as a null mutant, altering DNA replication parameters, epigenetic marks and the subcellular distribution of HDAC3, giving new insights into the molecular basis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Hernández‐Carralero
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Elisa Cabrera
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Gara Rodríguez-Torres
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Yeray Hernández-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Escuela de Doctorado y Estudios de Posgrado, Universidad de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Abhay N Singh
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Cristina Santa-María
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Miguel Fernández-Justel
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roel C Janssens
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurgen A Marteijn
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd O Evert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels Mailand
- Protein Signaling Program, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Chromosome Stability, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - María Gómez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kristijan Ramadan
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Veronique A J Smits
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Raimundo Freire
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Canarias, Facultad de Medicina, Campus Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
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Wang Y, Abrol R, Mak JYW, Das Gupta K, Ramnath D, Karunakaran D, Fairlie DP, Sweet MJ. Histone deacetylase 7: a signalling hub controlling development, inflammation, metabolism and disease. FEBS J 2023; 290:2805-2832. [PMID: 35303381 PMCID: PMC10952174 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyse removal of acetyl groups from lysine residues on both histone and non-histone proteins to control numerous cellular processes. Of the 11 zinc-dependent classical HDACs, HDAC4, 5, 7 and 9 are class IIa HDAC enzymes that regulate cellular and developmental processes through both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Over the last two decades, HDAC7 has been associated with key roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Molecular, cellular, in vivo and disease association studies have revealed that HDAC7 acts through multiple mechanisms to control biological processes in immune cells, osteoclasts, muscle, the endothelium and epithelium. This HDAC protein regulates gene expression, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell survival and consequently controls development, angiogenesis, immune functions, inflammation and metabolism. This review focuses on the cell biology of HDAC7, including the regulation of its cellular localisation and molecular mechanisms of action, as well as its associative and causal links with cancer and inflammatory, metabolic and fibrotic diseases. We also review the development status of small molecule inhibitors targeting HDAC7 and their potential for intervention in different disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Rishika Abrol
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Kaustav Das Gupta
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Divya Ramnath
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Denuja Karunakaran
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB)The University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease ResearchThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research CentreThe University of QueenslandSt. LuciaAustralia
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3
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Nothof SA, Magdinier F, Van-Gils J. Chromatin Structure and Dynamics: Focus on Neuronal Differentiation and Pathological Implication. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040639. [PMID: 35456445 PMCID: PMC9029427 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromatin structure is an essential regulator of gene expression. Its state of compaction contributes to the regulation of genetic programs, in particular during differentiation. Epigenetic processes, which include post-translational modifications of histones, DNA methylation and implication of non-coding RNA, are powerful regulators of gene expression. Neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation are spatio-temporally regulated events that allow the formation of the central nervous system components. Here, we review the chromatin structure and post-translational histone modifications associated with neuronal differentiation. Studying the impact of histone modifications on neuronal differentiation improves our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of chromatinopathies and opens up new therapeutic avenues. In addition, we will discuss techniques for the analysis of histone modifications on a genome-wide scale and the pathologies associated with the dysregulation of the epigenetic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Nothof
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (S.A.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Frédérique Magdinier
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (S.A.N.); (F.M.)
| | - Julien Van-Gils
- Marseille Medical Genetics, Aix Marseille University, Inserm, CEDEX 05, 13385 Marseille, France; (S.A.N.); (F.M.)
- Reference Center AD SOOR, AnDDI-RARE, Inserm U 1211, Medical Genetics Department, Bordeaux University, Center Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
- Correspondence:
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4
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Nawar N, Bukhari S, Adile AA, Suk Y, Manaswiyoungkul P, Toutah K, Olaoye OO, Raouf YS, Sedighi A, Garcha HK, Hassan MM, Gwynne W, Israelian J, Radu TB, Geletu M, Abdeldayem A, Gawel JM, Cabral AD, Venugopal C, de Araujo ED, Singh SK, Gunning PT. Discovery of HDAC6-Selective Inhibitor NN-390 with in Vitro Efficacy in Group 3 Medulloblastoma. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3193-3217. [PMID: 35119267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has been targeted in clinical studies for anticancer effects due to its role in oncogenic transformation and metastasis. Through a second-generation structure-activity relationship (SAR) study, the design, and biological evaluation of the selective HDAC6 inhibitor NN-390 is reported. With nanomolar HDAC6 potency, >200-550-fold selectivity for HDAC6 in analogous HDAC isoform functional assays, potent intracellular target engagement, and robust cellular efficacy in cancer cell lines, NN-390 is the first HDAC6-selective inhibitor to show therapeutic potential in metastatic Group 3 medulloblastoma (MB), an aggressive pediatric brain tumor often associated with leptomeningeal metastases and therapy resistance. MB stem cells contribute to these patients' poor clinical outcomes. NN-390 selectively targets this cell population with a 44.3-fold therapeutic margin between patient-derived Group 3 MB cells in comparison to healthy neural stem cells. NN-390 demonstrated a 45-fold increased potency over HDAC6-selective clinical candidate citarinostat. In summary, HDAC6-selective molecules demonstrated in vitro therapeutic potential against Group 3 MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabanita Nawar
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Shazreh Bukhari
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ashley A Adile
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Yujin Suk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Pimyupa Manaswiyoungkul
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Krimo Toutah
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Olasunkanmi O Olaoye
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yasir S Raouf
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Abootaleb Sedighi
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Harsimran Kaur Garcha
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Muhammad Murtaza Hassan
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - William Gwynne
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Johan Israelian
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tudor B Radu
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mulu Geletu
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ayah Abdeldayem
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Justyna M Gawel
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Aaron D Cabral
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Elvin D de Araujo
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Sheila K Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Patrick T Gunning
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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5
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Demyanenko S, Sharifulina S. The Role of Post-Translational Acetylation and Deacetylation of Signaling Proteins and Transcription Factors after Cerebral Ischemia: Facts and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157947. [PMID: 34360712 PMCID: PMC8348732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) regulate transcription and the most important functions of cells by acetylating/deacetylating histones and non-histone proteins. These proteins are involved in cell survival and death, replication, DNA repair, the cell cycle, and cell responses to stress and aging. HDAC/HAT balance in cells affects gene expression and cell signaling. There are very few studies on the effects of stroke on non-histone protein acetylation/deacetylation in brain cells. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to be effective in protecting the brain from ischemic damage. However, the role of different HDAC isoforms in the survival and death of brain cells after stroke is still controversial. HAT/HDAC activity depends on the acetylation site and the acetylation/deacetylation of the main proteins (c-Myc, E2F1, p53, ERK1/2, Akt) considered in this review, that are involved in the regulation of cell fate decisions. Our review aims to analyze the possible role of the acetylation/deacetylation of transcription factors and signaling proteins involved in the regulation of survival and death in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Demyanenko
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, pr. Stachki 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
| | - Svetlana Sharifulina
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, pr. Stachki 194/1, 344090 Rostov-on-Don, Russia
- Neuroscience Center HiLife, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Sharma VK, Mehta V, Singh TG. Alzheimer's Disorder: Epigenetic Connection and Associated Risk Factors. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 18:740-753. [PMID: 31989902 PMCID: PMC7536832 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200128125641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene based therapeutics and drug targets have shown incredible and appreciable advances in alleviating human sufferings and complexities. Epigenetics simply means above genetics or which controls the organism beyond genetics. At present it is very clear that all characteristics of an individual are not determined by DNA alone, rather the environment, stress, life style and nutrition play a vital part in determining the response of an organism. Thus, nature (genetic makeup) and nurture (exposure) play equally important roles in the responses observed, both at the cellular and organism levels. Epigenetics influence plethora of complications at cellular and molecular levels that includes cancer, metabolic and cardiovascular complications including neurological (psychosis) and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease etc.). The epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification and non coding RNA which have substantial impact on progression and pathways linked to Alzheimer’s disease. The epigenetic mechanism gets deregulated in Alzheimer’s disease and is characterized by DNA hyper methylation, deacetylation of histones and general repressed chromatin state which alter gene expression at the transcription level by upregulation, downregulation or silencing of genes. Thus, the processes or modulators of these epigenetic processes have shown vast potential as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh-171207, India
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7
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Pharmacological intervention of histone deacetylase enzymes in the neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2020; 243:117278. [PMID: 31926248 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of aging symptoms and related disorders are the challenging task where epigenetic is a crucial player that includes DNA methylation, histone modification; chromatin remodeling and regulation that are linked to the progression of various neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs). Overexpression of various histone deacetylase (HDACs) can activate Glycogen synthase kinase 3 which promotes the hyperphosphorylation of tau and inhibits its degradation. While HDAC is important for maintaining the neuronal morphology and brain homeostasis, at the same time, these enzymes are promoting neurodegeneration, if it is deregulated. Different experimental models have also confirmed the neuroprotective effects caused by HDAC enzymes through the regulation of neuronal apoptosis, inflammatory response, DNA damage, cell cycle regulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Apart from transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interaction, histone post-translational modifications, deacetylation mechanism of non-histone protein and direct association with disease proteins have been linked to neuronal imbalance. Histone deacetylases inhibitors (HDACi) can be able to alter gene expression and shown its efficacy on experimental models, and in clinical trials for NDD's and found to be a very promising therapeutic agent with certain limitation, for instance, non-specific target effect, isoform-selectivity, specificity, and limited number of predicted biomarkers. Herein, we discussed (i) the catalytic mechanism of the deacetylation process of various HDAC's in in vivo and in vitro experimental models, (ii) how HDACs are participating in neuroprotection as well as in neurodegeneration, (iii) a comprehensive role of HDACi in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and (iv) therapeutic role of biomolecules to modulate HDACs.
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8
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miR-665 targets c-MYC and HDAC8 to inhibit murine neuroblastoma cell growth. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33186-33201. [PMID: 30237861 PMCID: PMC6145696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common tumor of the peripheral nervous system in children. Highly aggressive MYC-driven neuroblastoma is defined by increased c-MYC and/or MYCN expression. This study employed a mouse neuroblastoma cell model to assess the role of miR-665 in tumorigenesis. We found that miR-665 suppresses mRNAs, targeting c-MYC and HDAC8, which are involved in neuroblastoma tumorigenesis. N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3':5'cyclic monophosphate (Bt2cAMP) inhibited neuroblastoma cell growth by inhibiting c-MYC and HDAC8 expression and activating caspase 3. Bt2cAMP also upregulated miR-665, and miR665 transfection mimicked the effects of Bt2cAMP, including reduced c-MYC and HDAC8 expression, increased caspase 3 activation, and reduced neuroblastoma cell growth. As compared to untreated cells, Bt2cAMP increased the number of cells in G1 phase by 50% and the number in G2-M phase by 5%, while the number of cells in S phase was reduced 2.8-fold. Similarly, miR-665 transfection increased the number of cells in G1 phase by 16% and the number in G2M phase by 2%, and decreased the cells in S-phase by 18%. These findings indicate miR-665 suppresses neuroblastoma tumorigenesis by inhibiting c-MYC and HDAC8 expression and suggest miR-665 has potential as an anti-neuroblastoma therapeutic.
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9
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Epigenetics in Alzheimer's Disease: Perspective of DNA Methylation. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1026-1044. [PMID: 28092081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0357-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research over the years has shown that causes of Alzheimer's disease are not well understood, but over the past years, the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the developing memory formation either under pathological or physiological conditions has become clear. The term epigenetics represents the heredity of changes in phenotype that are independent of altered DNA sequences. Different studies validated that cytosine methylation of genomic DNA decreases with age in different tissues of mammals, and therefore, the role of epigenetic factors in developing neurological disorders in aging has been under focus. In this review, we summarized and reviewed the involvement of different epigenetic mechanisms especially the DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD), late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD), familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), and autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD). Down to the minutest of details, we tried to discuss the methylation patterns like mitochondrial DNA methylation and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) methylation. Additionally, we mentioned some therapeutic approaches related to epigenetics, which could provide a potential cure for AD. Moreover, we reviewed some recent studies that validate DNA methylation as a potential biomarker and its role in AD. We hope that this review will provide new insights into the understanding of AD pathogenesis from the epigenetic perspective especially from the perspective of DNA methylation.
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10
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Histone deacetylase inhibition is cytotoxic to oligodendrocyte precursor cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 54:53-61. [PMID: 27587342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition mediated by small molecule HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) has demonstrated divergent effects including toxicity towards transformed cell lines, neuroprotection in neurological disease models, and inhibition of oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation to mature oligodendrocytes (OL). However, it remains unknown if transient HDAC inhibition may promote OPC survival. Using mouse cortical OPC primary cultures, we investigated the effects of the FDA approved pan-HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) on OPC survival. Initial studies showed differences in the HDAC expression pattern of multiple HDAC isoforms in OPCs relative to their terminally differentiated progeny cells, OLs and astrocytes. Treatment of OPCs with SAHA for up to 72h using a maximum concentration either at or lower than those necessary for cytotoxicity in most transformed cell lines resulted in over 67% reduction in viability relative to vehicle-treated OPCs. This was at least partly due to increased apoptosis as SAHA-treated cells displayed activated caspase 3 and were protected by the general caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH. Additionally, SAHA treatment of whole mice at postnatal day 5 induced apoptosis of cortical OPCs. These results suggest that SAHA negatively impacts OPC survival and may be detrimental to the myelinating brain and spinal cord. Such toxicity may be relevant in a clinical context as SAHA is currently involved in numerous clinical trials and is in consideration for use in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative conditions.
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11
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Lardenoije R, Iatrou A, Kenis G, Kompotis K, Steinbusch HWM, Mastroeni D, Coleman P, Lemere CA, Hof PR, van den Hove DLA, Rutten BPF. The epigenetics of aging and neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 131:21-64. [PMID: 26072273 PMCID: PMC6477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is a quickly growing field encompassing mechanisms regulating gene expression that do not involve changes in the genotype. Epigenetics is of increasing relevance to neuroscience, with epigenetic mechanisms being implicated in brain development and neuronal differentiation, as well as in more dynamic processes related to cognition. Epigenetic regulation covers multiple levels of gene expression; from direct modifications of the DNA and histone tails, regulating the level of transcription, to interactions with messenger RNAs, regulating the level of translation. Importantly, epigenetic dysregulation currently garners much attention as a pivotal player in aging and age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease, where it may mediate interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors, or directly interact with disease-specific pathological factors. We review current knowledge about the major epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and DNA demethylation, chromatin remodeling and non-coding RNAs, as well as the involvement of these mechanisms in normal aging and in the pathophysiology of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, we examine the current state of epigenetics-based therapeutic strategies for these diseases, which either aim to restore the epigenetic homeostasis or skew it to a favorable direction to counter disease pathology. Finally, methodological challenges of epigenetic investigations and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lardenoije
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Artemis Iatrou
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Gunter Kenis
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Konstantinos Kompotis
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Genopode Building, 1015 Lausanne-Dorigny, Switzerland
| | - Harry W M Steinbusch
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Diego Mastroeni
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- L.J. Roberts Alzheimer's Disease Center, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, 10515 W. Santa Fe Drive, Sun City, AZ 85351, USA
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel L A van den Hove
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Fuechsleinstrasse 15, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bart P F Rutten
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Kukucka J, Wyllie T, Read J, Mahoney L, Suphioglu C. Human neuronal cells: epigenetic aspects. Biomol Concepts 2015; 4:319-33. [PMID: 25436583 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2012-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) promote histone posttranslational modifications, which lead to an epigenetic alteration in gene expression. Aberrant regulation of HATs and HDACs in neuronal cells results in pathological consequences such as neurodegeneration. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease of the brain, which has devastating effects on patients and loved ones. The use of pan-HDAC inhibitors has shown great therapeutic promise in ameliorating neurodegenerative ailments. Recent evidence has emerged suggesting that certain deacetylases mediate neurotoxicity, whereas others provide neuroprotection. Therefore, the inhibition of certain isoforms to alleviate neurodegenerative manifestations has now become the focus of studies. In this review, we aimed to discuss and summarize some of the most recent and promising findings of HAT and HDAC functions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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HDAC inhibitors as cognitive enhancers in fear, anxiety and trauma therapy: where do we stand? Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:569-81. [PMID: 24646280 PMCID: PMC3961057 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel strategy to treat anxiety and fear-related disorders such as phobias, panic and PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) is combining CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy), including extinction-based exposure therapy, with cognitive enhancers. By targeting and boosting mechanisms underlying learning, drug development in this field aims at designing CBT-augmenting compounds that help to overcome extinction learning deficits, promote long-term fear inhibition and thus support relapse prevention. Progress in revealing the role of epigenetic regulation of specific genes associated with extinction memory generation has opened new avenues in this direction. The present review examines recent evidence from pre-clinical studies showing that increasing histone acetylation, either via genetic or pharmacological inhibition of HDACs (histone deacetylases) by e.g. vorinostat/SAHA (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid), entinostat/MS-275, sodium butyrate, TSA (trichostatin A) or VPA (valproic acid), or by targeting HATs (histone acetyltransferases), augments fear extinction and, importantly, generates a long-term extinction memory that can protect from return of fear phenomena. The molecular mechanisms and pathways involved including BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor) and NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor signalling are just beginning to be revealed. First studies in healthy humans are in support of extinction-facilitating effects of HDAC inhibitors. Very recent evidence that HDAC inhibitors can rescue deficits in extinction-memory-impaired rodents indicates a potential clinical utility of this approach also for exposure therapy-resistant patients. Important future work includes investigation of the long-term safety aspects of HDAC inhibitor treatment, as well as design of isotype(s)-specific inhibitors. Taken together, HDAC inhibitors display promising potential as pharmacological adjuncts to augment the efficacy of exposure-based approaches in anxiety and trauma therapy.
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Boone DR, Micci MA, Taglialatela IG, Hellmich JL, Weisz HA, Bi M, Prough DS, DeWitt DS, Hellmich HL. Pathway-focused PCR array profiling of enriched populations of laser capture microdissected hippocampal cells after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127287. [PMID: 26016641 PMCID: PMC4446038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits in survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI) are associated with irreversible neurodegeneration in brain regions such as the hippocampus. Comparative gene expression analysis of dying and surviving neurons could provide insight into potential therapeutic targets. We used two pathway-specific PCR arrays (RT2 Profiler Apoptosis and Neurotrophins & Receptors PCR arrays) to identify and validate TBI-induced gene expression in dying (Fluoro-Jade-positive) or surviving (Fluoro-Jade- negative) pyramidal neurons obtained by laser capture microdissection (LCM). In the Apoptosis PCR array, dying neurons showed significant increases in expression of genes associated with cell death, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress compared with adjacent, surviving neurons. Pro-survival genes with pleiotropic functions were also significantly increased in dying neurons compared to surviving neurons, suggesting that even irreversibly injured neurons are able to mount a protective response. In the Neurotrophins & Receptors PCR array, which consists of genes that are normally expected to be expressed in both groups of hippocampal neurons, only a few genes were expressed at significantly different levels between dying and surviving neurons. Immunohistochemical analysis of selected, differentially expressed proteins supported the gene expression data. This is the first demonstration of pathway-focused PCR array profiling of identified populations of dying and surviving neurons in the brain after TBI. Combining precise laser microdissection of identifiable cells with pathway-focused PCR array analysis is a practical, low-cost alternative to microarrays that provided insight into neuroprotective signals that could be therapeutically targeted to ameliorate TBI-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R. Boone
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Isabella G. Taglialatela
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Harris A. Weisz
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Min Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555–0830, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Cacabelos R. Epigenomic networking in drug development: from pathogenic mechanisms to pharmacogenomics. Drug Dev Res 2015; 75:348-65. [PMID: 25195579 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Different epigenetic alterations (DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, noncoding RNA dysregulation) are associated with the phenotypic expression of complex disorders in which genomic, epigenomic, proteomic, and metabolomic changes, in conjunction with environmental factors, are involved. As epigenetic modifications are reversible and can be potentially targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions, a series of epigenetic drugs have been developed, including DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (nucleoside analogs, small molecules, bioproducts, antisense oligonucleotides, miRNAs), histone deacetylase inhibitors (short-chain fatty acids, hydroxamic acids, cyclic peptides, benzamides, ketones, sirtuin inhibitors, sirtuin activators), histone acetyltransferase modulators, histone methyltransferase inhibitors, histone demethylase inhibitors, and noncoding RNAs (miRNAs), with potential effects against myelodysplastic syndromes, different types of cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies are required for the proper evaluation of efficacy and safety issues in clinical trials with epigenetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, 28692, Spain; EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, Corunna, 15165, Spain
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16
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Varela RB, Valvassori SS, Lopes-Borges J, Mariot E, Dal-Pont GC, Amboni RT, Bianchini G, Quevedo J. Sodium butyrate and mood stabilizers block ouabain-induced hyperlocomotion and increase BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels in brain of Wistar rats. J Psychiatr Res 2015; 61:114-21. [PMID: 25467060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar Disorder (BD) is one of the most severe psychiatric disorders. Despite adequate treatment, patients continue to have recurrent mood episodes, residual symptoms, and functional impairment. Some preclinical studies have shown that histone deacetylase inhibitors may act on manic-like behaviors. Neurotrophins have been considered important mediators in the pathophysiology of BD. The present study aims to investigate the effects of lithium (Li), valproate (VPA), and sodium butyrate (SB), an HDAC inhibitor, on BDNF, NGF and GDNF in the brain of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by ouabain. Wistar rats received a single ICV injection of ouabain or artificial cerebrospinal fluid. From the day following ICV injection, the rats were treated for 6 days with intraperitoneal injections of saline, Li, VPA or SB twice a day. In the 7th day after ouabain injection, locomotor activity was measured using the open-field test. The BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels were measured in the hippocampus and frontal cortex by sandwich-ELISA. Li, VPA or SB treatments reversed ouabain-related manic-like behavior. Ouabain decreased BDNF, NGF and GDNF levels in hippocampus and frontal cortex of rats. The treatment with Li, VPA or SB reversed these impairment induced by ouabain. In addition, Li, VPA and SB per se increased NGF and GDNF levels in hippocampus of rats. Our data support the notion that neurotrophic factors play a role in BD and in the mechanisms of the action of Li, VPA and SB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger B Varela
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Lopes-Borges
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Edemilson Mariot
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Dal-Pont
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Rafaela T Amboni
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Bianchini
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratório de Neurociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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17
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Kyzar EJ, Pandey SC. Molecular mechanisms of synaptic remodeling in alcoholism. Neurosci Lett 2015; 601:11-9. [PMID: 25623036 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol use and alcohol addiction represent dysfunctional brain circuits resulting from neuroadaptive changes during protracted alcohol exposure and its withdrawal. Alcohol exerts a potent effect on synaptic plasticity and dendritic spine formation in specific brain regions, providing a neuroanatomical substrate for the pathophysiology of alcoholism. Epigenetics has recently emerged as a critical regulator of gene expression and synaptic plasticity-related events in the brain. Alcohol exposure and withdrawal induce changes in crucial epigenetic processes in the emotional brain circuitry (amygdala) that may be relevant to the negative affective state defined as the "dark side" of addiction. Here, we review the literature concerning synaptic plasticity and epigenetics, with a particular focus on molecular events related to dendritic remodeling during alcohol abuse and alcoholism. Targeting epigenetic processes that modulate synaptic plasticity may yield novel treatments for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Subhash C Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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18
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Lopes-Borges J, Valvassori SS, Varela RB, Tonin PT, Vieira JS, Gonçalves CL, Streck EL, Quevedo J. Histone deacetylase inhibitors reverse manic-like behaviors and protect the rat brain from energetic metabolic alterations induced by ouabain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 128:89-95. [PMID: 25433326 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies have revealed alterations in mitochondrial complexes in the brains of bipolar patients. However, few studies have examined changes in the enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Several preclinical studies have suggested that histone deacetylase inhibitors may have antimanic effects. The present study aims to investigate the effects of lithium, valproate and sodium butyrate, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on the activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the brains of rats subjected to an animal model of mania induced by ouabain. Wistar rats received a single intracerebroventricular injection of ouabain or cerebrospinal fluid. Starting on the day following the intracerebroventricular injection, the rats were treated for 7days with intraperitoneal injections of saline, lithium, valproate or sodium butyrate. Risk-taking behavior, locomotor and exploratory activities were measured using the open-field test. Citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase, and malate dehydrogenase were examined in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. All treatments reversed ouabain-related risk-taking behavior and hyperactivity in the open-field test. Ouabain inhibited tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes in the brain, and valproate and sodium butyrate but not lithium reversed this ouabain-induced dysfunction. Thus, protecting the tricarboxylic acid cycle may contribute to the therapeutic effects of histone deacetylase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Lopes-Borges
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Samira S Valvassori
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil.
| | - Roger B Varela
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Paula T Tonin
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Julia S Vieira
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Cinara L Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratory of Bioenergetics, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil
| | - João Quevedo
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Center of Excellence in Applied Neurosciences of Santa Catarina (NENASC), Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, SC 88806-000, Brazil; Center for Experimental Models in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Mather KA, Kwok JB, Armstrong N, Sachdev PS. The role of epigenetics in cognitive ageing. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:1162-71. [PMID: 25098266 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE As the population is ageing, a better understanding of the underlying causes of age-related cognitive decline (cognitive ageing) is required. Epigenetic dysregulation is proposed as one of the underlying mechanisms for cognitive ageing. We review the current knowledge on epigenetics and cognitive ageing and appraise the potential of epigenetic preventative and therapeutic interventions. DESIGN Articles on cognitive ageing and epigenetics in English were identified. RESULTS Epigenetic dysregulation occurs with cognitive ageing, with changes in histone post-translational modifications, DNA methylation and non-coding RNA reported. However, human studies are lacking, with most being cross-sectional using peripheral blood samples. Pharmacological and lifestyle factors have the potential to change aberrant epigenetic profiles; but few studies have examined this in relation to cognitive ageing. CONCLUSIONS The relationship between epigenetic modifications and cognitive ageing is only beginning to be investigated. Epigenetic dysregulation appears to be an important feature in cognitive ageing, but whether it is an epiphenomenon or a causal factor remains to be elucidated. Clarification of the relationship between epigenetic profiles of different cell types is essential and would determine whether epigenetic marks of peripheral tissues can be used as a proxy for changes occurring in the brain. The use of lifestyle and pharmacological interventions to improve cognitive performance and quality of life of older adults needs more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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20
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Jin H, Kanthasamy A, Harischandra DS, Kondru N, Ghosh A, Panicker N, Anantharam V, Rana A, Kanthasamy AG. Histone hyperacetylation up-regulates protein kinase Cδ in dopaminergic neurons to induce cell death: relevance to epigenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Parkinson disease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34743-67. [PMID: 25342743 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.576702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative stress-sensitive protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) has been implicated in dopaminergic neuronal cell death. However, little is known about the epigenetic mechanisms regulating PKCδ expression in neurons. Here, we report a novel mechanism by which the PKCδ gene can be regulated by histone acetylation. Treatment with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaBu) induced PKCδ expression in cultured neurons, brain slices, and animal models. Several other HDAC inhibitors also mimicked NaBu. The chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that hyperacetylation of histone H4 by NaBu is associated with the PKCδ promoter. Deletion analysis of the PKCδ promoter mapped the NaBu-responsive element to an 81-bp minimal promoter region. Detailed mutagenesis studies within this region revealed that four GC boxes conferred hyperacetylation-induced PKCδ promoter activation. Cotransfection experiments and Sp inhibitor studies demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 regulated NaBu-induced PKCδ up-regulation. However, NaBu did not alter the DNA binding activities of Sp proteins or their expression. Interestingly, a one-hybrid analysis revealed that NaBu enhanced transcriptional activity of Sp1/Sp3. Overexpression of the p300/cAMP-response element-binding protein-binding protein (CBP) potentiated the NaBu-mediated transactivation potential of Sp1/Sp3, but expressing several HDACs attenuated this effect, suggesting that p300/CBP and HDACs act as coactivators or corepressors in histone acetylation-induced PKCδ up-regulation. Finally, using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we showed that NaBu up-regulation of PKCδ sensitizes neurons to cell death in a human dopaminergic cell model and brain slice cultures. Together, these results indicate that histone acetylation regulates PKCδ expression to augment nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell death, which could contribute to the progressive neuropathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jin
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Arthi Kanthasamy
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Dilshan S Harischandra
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Naveen Kondru
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Nikhil Panicker
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Vellareddy Anantharam
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Ajay Rana
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois 60153, and the Hines Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Hines, Illinois 60141
| | - Anumantha G Kanthasamy
- From the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011,
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Castelo-Branco G, Lilja T, Wallenborg K, Falcão AM, Marques SC, Gracias A, Solum D, Paap R, Walfridsson J, Teixeira AI, Rosenfeld MG, Jepsen K, Hermanson O. Neural stem cell differentiation is dictated by distinct actions of nuclear receptor corepressors and histone deacetylases. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:502-15. [PMID: 25241747 PMCID: PMC4266002 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling factors including retinoic acid (RA) and thyroid hormone (T3) promote neuronal, oligodendrocyte, and astrocyte differentiation of cortical neural stem cells (NSCs). However, the functional specificity of transcriptional repressor checkpoints controlling these differentiation programs remains unclear. Here, we show by genome-wide analysis that histone deacetylase (HDAC)2 and HDAC3 show overlapping and distinct promoter occupancy at neuronal and oligodendrocyte-related genes in NSCs. The absence of HDAC3, but not HDAC2, initiated a neuronal differentiation pathway in NSCs. The ablation of the corepressor NCOR or HDAC2, in conjunction with T3 treatment, resulted in increased expression of oligodendrocyte genes, revealing a direct HDAC2-mediated repression of Sox8 and Sox10 expression. Interestingly, Sox10 was required also for maintaining the more differentiated state by repression of stem cell programming factors such as Sox2 and Sox9. Distinct and nonredundant actions of NCORs and HDACs are thus critical for control of lineage progression and differentiation programs in neural progenitors. ChIP-seq reveals distinct and overlapping occupancy of HDAC2 and HDAC3 in NSCs Absence of NCOR promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation of NSCs HDAC2 controls Sox10 expression in OL differentiation via a SOX2-occupied enhancer Sox10 is required for maintaining the differentiated state in late OL precursors
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tobias Lilja
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Wallenborg
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana M Falcão
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sueli C Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aileen Gracias
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Derek Solum
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0648, USA
| | - Ricardo Paap
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian Walfridsson
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana I Teixeira
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael G Rosenfeld
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0648, USA
| | - Kristen Jepsen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0648, USA
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Linnaeus Center in Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine (DBRM), Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Class-IIa Histone Deacetylase Inhibition Promotes the Growth of Neural Processes and Protects Them Against Neurotoxic Insult. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:1432-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vashishta A, Hetman M. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases enhance neurotoxicity of DNA damage. Neuromolecular Med 2014; 16:727-41. [PMID: 25063076 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-014-8322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nonselective inhibitors of class I/II histone deacetylases (HDACs) including trichostatin A and the clinically used suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat) are neuroprotective in several models of neuronal injury. Here, we report that in cultured cortical neurons from newborn rats and in the cerebral cortex of whole neonate rats, these HDAC inhibitors exacerbated cytotoxicity of the DNA double-strand break (DSB)-inducing anticancer drug etoposide by enhancing apoptosis. Similar neurotoxic interactions were also observed in neurons that were treated with other DNA damaging drugs including cisplatin and camptothecin. In addition, in rat neonates, SAHA increased cortical neuron apoptosis that was induced by a single injection of the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK801). In etoposide-treated neurons, the nonselective HDAC inhibition resulted in more DSBs. It also potentiated etoposide-induced accumulation and phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor p53. Moreover, nonselective HDAC inhibition exacerbated neuronal apoptosis that was induced by the overexpressed p53. Importantly, such effects cannot be fully explained by inhibition of HDAC1, which is known to play a role in DSB repair and regulation of p53. The specific HDAC1 inhibitor MS275 only moderately enhanced etoposide-induced neuronal death. Although in etoposide-treated neurons MS275 increased DSBs, it did not affect activation of p53. Our findings suggest that besides HDAC1, there are other class I/II HDACs that participate in neuronal DNA damage response attenuating neurotoxic consequences of genotoxic insults to the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vashishta
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, 511 S. Floyd St., MDR616, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is assumed that epigenetic modifications are reversible and could potentially be targeted by pharmacological and dietary interventions. Epigenetic drugs are gaining particular interest as potential candidates for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AREAS COVERED This article covers relevant information from over 50 different epigenetic drugs including: DNA methyltransferase inhibitors; histone deacetylase inhibitors; histone acetyltransferase modulators; histone methyltransferase inhibitors; histone demethylase inhibitors; non-coding RNAs (microRNAs) and dietary regimes. The authors also review the pharmacoepigenomics and the pharmacogenomics of epigenetic drugs. The readers will gain insight into i) the classification of epigenetic drugs; ii) the mechanisms by which these drugs might be useful in AD; iii) the pharmacological properties of selected epigenetic drugs; iv) pharmacoepigenomics and the influence of epigenetic drugs on genes encoding CYP enzymes, transporters and nuclear receptors; and v) the genes associated with the pharmacogenomics of anti-dementia drugs. EXPERT OPINION Epigenetic drugs reverse epigenetic changes in gene expression and might open future avenues in AD therapeutics. Unfortunately, clinical trials with this category of drugs are lacking in AD. The authors highlight the need for pharmacogenetic and pharmacoepigenetic studies to properly evaluate any efficacy and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- Professor,Camilo José Cela University, Chair of Genomic Medicine , Madrid , Spain
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Valor LM, Viosca J, Lopez-Atalaya JP, Barco A. Lysine acetyltransferases CBP and p300 as therapeutic targets in cognitive and neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2014; 19:5051-64. [PMID: 23448461 PMCID: PMC3722569 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases and neurodevelopmental syndromes, are frequently associated with dysregulation of various essential cellular mechanisms, such as transcription, mitochondrial respiration and protein degradation. In these complex scenarios, it is difficult to pinpoint the specific molecular dysfunction that initiated the pathology or that led to the fatal cascade of events that ends with the death of the neuron. Among the possible original factors, epigenetic dysregulation has attracted special attention. This review focuses on two highly related epigenetic factors that are directly involved in a number of neurological disorders, the lysine acetyltransferases CREB-binding protein (CBP) and E1A-associated protein p300 (p300). We first comment on the role of chromatin acetylation and the enzymes that control it, particularly CBP and p300, in neuronal plasticity and cognition. Next, we describe the involvement of these proteins in intellectual disability and in different neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of ameliorative strategies targeting CBP/p300 for the treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Valor
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Av. Santiago Ramon y Cajal s/n. Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Alicante, Spain
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Morris MJ, Monteggia LM. Unique functional roles for class I and class II histone deacetylases in central nervous system development and function. Int J Dev Neurosci 2013; 31:370-81. [PMID: 23466417 PMCID: PMC3726026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-specific pharmacological inhibition of the histone deacetylase (HDAC) family of enzymes has largely beneficial effects in a variety of diverse contexts including cancer, cognitive function, and neurodegeneration. This review will discuss the role of individual HDAC isoforms in brain function during development and in the adult. Importantly class I and class II HDACs exhibit distinct cellular and subcellular expression patterns and utilize different signaling pathways to influence their substrates. Moreover, dissociable phenotypic outcomes emerge following manipulation of individual HDACs in the brain. To date, pharmacological inhibitors capable of targeting individual HDACs have proven difficult to develop, an obstacle that must be overcome to unlock the substantial clinical promise of manipulating endogenous HDAC isoforms in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Morris
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9070, USA
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Wang J, Yu JT, Tan MS, Jiang T, Tan L. Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1024-41. [PMID: 23688931 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are late-onset forms (LOAD) likely due to the interplay of environmental influences and individual genetic susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, constitute dynamic intracellular processes for translating environmental stimuli into modifications in gene expression. Over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in aging the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we provide a review of the major mechanisms for epigenetic modification and how they are reportedly altered in aging and AD. Moreover, we also consider how aberrant epigenetic modifications may lead to AD pathogenesis, and we review the therapeutic potential of epigenetic treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
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Abstract
Histone acetylation is a prominent epigenetic modification of the central nervous system that is unequivocally associated with an increase in the rate of gene transcription. Because gene transcription, in turn, plays an important role in long-lasting forms of memory, histone acetylation generally favors long-term memory, whereas histone deacetylation impinges on it. Histone acetylation is also amenable to pharmacological interventions-predominantly by the use of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors-and has therefore spurred considerable interest as a putative target of cognitive enhancement. Because of the ubiquitous presence of histone acetylation, HDAC inhibitors have great potential not only to treat cognitive impairment resulting from neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders but also to serve as cognitive enhancers for the cognitively healthy. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of HDAC inhibitors as cognitive treatments or cognitive enhancers; describe a new model of their mode of action, epigenetic priming; and caution against their unsupervised usage, despite their overall great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gräff
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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A proapoptotic effect of valproic acid on progenitors of embryonic stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e677. [PMID: 23788034 PMCID: PMC3702299 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is a branched-chain saturated fatty acid with a long history of clinical use as an antiepileptic drug (AED). VPA is also known to inhibit histone deacetylases (HDACs) and to cause diverse effects on neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and neurons. Although the neuroprotective or neurodestructive effects of VPA have been investigated in heterogeneous cell populations, in this study, we used homogeneous populations of NPCs and glutamatergic cortical pyramidal neurons, which were differentiated from embryonic stem (ES) cells. At therapeutic concentrations, VPA had a proapoptotic effect on ES cell-derived NPCs of glutamatergic neurons, but not on their progeny. This effect of VPA most likely occurred through the inhibition of HDACs, because similar phenotypes were observed following treatment with other HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) such as trichostatin A and sodium butyrate. The proapoptotic phenotype was not observed when cells were exposed to a structural analog of VPA, valpromide (VPM), which has the same antiepileptic effect as VPA, but does not inhibit HDACs. Western blotting confirmed that treatment with HDACis, but not VPM, significantly increased the levels of histone H3 acetylation in NPCs. HDACi treatments did not affect the survival of neurons, although the acetylation levels were increased to a limited extent. These results, which are based on a homogeneous culture system, suggest that VPA inhibits HDAC activity and induces the apoptosis of NPCs that are fated to differentiate into glutamatergic neurons. The dose-dependent effects of VPA both on apoptosis and hyperacetylation of histone H3 in NPCs supported this notion. These cell type- and differentiation stage-specific effects of VPA imply that dysfunction of HDACs during pregnancy significantly increase the risk of congenital malformations associated with VPA administration.
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Harrison IF, Dexter DT. Epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylase: therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:34-52. [PMID: 23711791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting more than 4million people worldwide. The primary motor symptoms of the disease are due to degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Dopamine replacement therapies have therefore revolutionised disease management by partially controlling these symptoms. However these drugs can produce debilitating side effects when used long term and do not protect degenerating neurons against death. Recent evidence has highlighted a pathological imbalance in PD between the acetylation and deacetylation of the histone proteins around which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is coiled, in favour of excessive histone deacetylation. This mechanism of adding/removing acetyl groups to histone lysine residues is one of many epigenetic regulatory processes which control the expression of genes, many of which will be essential for neuronal survival. Hence, such epigenetic modifications may have a pathogenic role in PD. It has therefore been hypothesised that if this pathological imbalance can be corrected with the use of histone deacetylase inhibiting agents then neurodegeneration observed in PD can be ameliorated. This article will review the current literature with regard to epigenetic changes in PD and the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) in PD: examining the evidence of the neuroprotective effects of numerous HDACIs in cellular and animal models of Parkinsonian cell death. Ultimately answering the question: does epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylases hold therapeutic potential in PD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Harrison
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01, Semisynthesized from Osthole, Is a Novel Inhibitor of Histone Deacetylase and Enhances Learning and Memory in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:514908. [PMID: 23606881 PMCID: PMC3625590 DOI: 10.1155/2013/514908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NBM-T-L-BMX-OS01 (BMX) was derived from the semisynthesis of osthole, isolated from Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cuss., and was identified to be a potent inhibitor of HDAC8. This study shows that HDAC8 is highly expressed in the pancreas and the brain. The function of HDAC8 in the brain has not been adequately studied. Because BMX enhances neurite outgrowth and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation, the effect of BMX on neural plasticity such as learning and memory is examined. To examine declarative and nondeclarative memory, a water maze, a passive one-way avoidance task, and a novel object recognition task were performed. Results from the water maze revealed that BMX and suberoylanilide-hydroxamic-acid-(SAHA-) treated rats showed shorter escape latency in finding the hidden platform. The BMX-treated animals spent more time in the target quadrant in the probe trial performance. An analysis of the passive one-way avoidance results showed that the BMX-treated animals stayed longer in the illuminated chamber by 1 day and 7 days after footshock. The novel object recognition task revealed that the BMX-treated animals showed a marked increase in the time spent exploring novel objects. Furthermore, BMX ameliorates scopolamine-(Sco-) induced learning and memory impairment in animals, indicating a novel role of BMX in learning and memory.
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Gräff J, Tsai LH. Histone acetylation: molecular mnemonics on the chromatin. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:97-111. [PMID: 23324667 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-lasting memories require specific gene expression programmes that are, in part, orchestrated by epigenetic mechanisms. Of the epigenetic modifications identified in cognitive processes, histone acetylation has spurred considerable interest. Whereas increments in histone acetylation have consistently been shown to favour learning and memory, a lack thereof has been causally implicated in cognitive impairments in neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegeneration and ageing. As histone acetylation and cognitive functions can be pharmacologically restored by histone deacetylase inhibitors, this epigenetic modification might constitute a molecular memory aid on the chromatin and, by extension, a new template for therapeutic interventions against cognitive frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gräff
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Lilja T, Heldring N, Hermanson O. Like a rolling histone: Epigenetic regulation of neural stem cells and brain development by factors controlling histone acetylation and methylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:2354-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Simões-Pires C, Zwick V, Nurisso A, Schenker E, Carrupt PA, Cuendet M. HDAC6 as a target for neurodegenerative diseases: what makes it different from the other HDACs? Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:7. [PMID: 23356410 PMCID: PMC3615964 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been demonstrated to be beneficial in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Such results were mainly associated with the epigenetic modulation caused by HDACs, especially those from class I, via chromatin deacetylation. However, other mechanisms may contribute to the neuroprotective effect of HDAC inhibitors, since each HDAC may present distinct specific functions within the neurodegenerative cascades. Such an example is HDAC6 for which the role in neurodegeneration has been partially elucidated so far. The strategy to be adopted in promising therapeutics targeting HDAC6 is still controversial. Specific inhibitors exert neuroprotection by increasing the acetylation levels of α-tubulin with subsequent improvement of the axonal transport, which is usually impaired in neurodegenerative disorders. On the other hand, an induction of HDAC6 would theoretically contribute to the degradation of protein aggregates which characterize various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Hutington’s diseases. This review describes the specific role of HDAC6 compared to the other HDACs in the context of neurodegeneration, by collecting in silico, in vitro and in vivo results regarding the inhibition and/or knockdown of HDAC6 and other HDACs. Moreover, structure, function, subcellular localization, as well as the level of HDAC6 expression within brain regions are reviewed and compared to the other HDAC isoforms. In various neurodegenerative diseases, the mechanisms underlying HDAC6 interaction with other proteins seem to be a promising approach in understanding the modulation of HDAC6 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Simões-Pires
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Pirooznia SK, Sarthi J, Johnson AA, Toth MS, Chiu K, Koduri S, Elefant F. Tip60 HAT activity mediates APP induced lethality and apoptotic cell death in the CNS of a Drosophila Alzheimer's disease model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41776. [PMID: 22848598 PMCID: PMC3406101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone acetylation of chromatin promotes dynamic transcriptional responses in neurons that influence neuroplasticity critical for cognitive ability. It has been demonstrated that Tip60 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) activity is involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes enriched for neuronal function as well as the control of synaptic plasticity. Accordingly, Tip60 has been implicated in the neurodegenerative disorder Alzheimer's disease (AD) via transcriptional regulatory complex formation with the AD linked amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain (AICD). As such, inappropriate complex formation may contribute to AD-linked neurodegeneration by misregulation of target genes involved in neurogenesis; however, a direct and causative epigenetic based role for Tip60 HAT activity in this process during neuronal development in vivo remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that nervous system specific loss of Tip60 HAT activity enhances APP mediated lethality and neuronal apoptotic cell death in the central nervous system (CNS) of a transgenic AD fly model while remarkably, overexpression of Tip60 diminishes these defects. Notably, all of these effects are dependent upon the C-terminus of APP that is required for transcriptional regulatory complex formation with Tip60. Importantly, we show that the expression of certain AD linked Tip60 gene targets critical for regulating apoptotic pathways are modified in the presence of APP. Our results are the first to demonstrate a functional interaction between Tip60 and APP in mediating nervous system development and apoptotic neuronal cell death in the CNS of an AD fly model in vivo, and support a novel neuroprotective role for Tip60 HAT activity in AD neurodegenerative pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Felice Elefant
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lagali PS, Picketts DJ. Matters of life and death: the role of chromatin remodeling proteins in retinal neuron survival. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2012; 4:111-20. [PMID: 23289056 PMCID: PMC3382293 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-012-9080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal neurons are highly vulnerable to a diverse array of neurotoxic stimuli that leads to their degeneration, which is a major contributor to blindness. This review summarizes the role of epigenetic factors in mediating neuronal homeostasis and survival to protect against cell death and neurodegenerative conditions. Studies in human patients and mouse models implicate numerous chromatin modifications in neuroprotective processes including histone protein acetylation and methylation, DNA methylation, and ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling. Recent research has begun to uncover specific epigenetic mechanisms invoked by neurotoxic stimuli. Continued investigation in this area will be the key to the generation of therapeutic strategies for the intervention of retinal neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Lagali
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON Canada K1H 8L6 ; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON Canada K1H 8M5
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Patel RS, Rachamalla M, Chary NR, Shera FY, Tikoo K, Jena G. Cytarabine induced cerebellar neuronal damage in juvenile rat: Correlating neurobehavioral performance with cellular and genetic alterations. Toxicology 2012; 293:41-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Karagiannis TC, Ververis K. Potential of chromatin modifying compounds for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. PATHOBIOLOGY OF AGING & AGE RELATED DISEASES 2012; 2:PBA-2-14980. [PMID: 22953035 PMCID: PMC3417541 DOI: 10.3402/pba.v2i0.14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a very common progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting the learning and memory centers in the brain. The hallmarks of disease are the accumulation of β-amyloid neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles formed by abnormally phosphorylated tau protein. Alzheimer's disease is currently incurable and there is an intense interest in the development of new potential therapies. Chromatin modifying compounds such as sirtuin modulators and histone deacetylase inhibitors have been evaluated in models of Alzheimer's disease with some promising results. For example, the natural antioxidant and sirtuin 1 activator resveratrol has been shown to have beneficial effects in animal models of disease. Similarly, numerous histone deacetylase inhibitors including Trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, valproic acid and phenylbutyrate reduction have shown promising results in models of Alzheimer's disease. These beneficial effects include a reduction of β-amyloid production and stabilization of tau protein. In this review we provide an overview of the histone deacetylase enzymes, with a focus on enzymes that have been identified to have an important role in the pathobiology of Alzheimer's disease. Further, we discuss the potential for pharmacological intervention with chromatin modifying compounds that modulate histone deacetylase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Karagiannis
- Epigenomic Medicine, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, The Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Song C, Kanthasamy A, Jin H, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG. Paraquat induces epigenetic changes by promoting histone acetylation in cell culture models of dopaminergic degeneration. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:586-95. [PMID: 21777615 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Environmental neurotoxic exposure to agrochemicals has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). The widely used herbicide paraquat is among the few environmental chemicals potentially linked with PD. Since epigenetic changes are beginning to emerge as key mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases, herein we examined the effects of paraquat on histone acetylation, a major epigenetic change in chromatin that can regulate gene expression, chromatin remodeling, cell survival and cell death. Exposure of N27 dopaminergic cells to paraquat induced histone H3 acetylation in a time-dependent manner. However, paraquat did not alter acetylation of another core histone H4. Paraquat-induced histone acetylation was associated with decreased total histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity and HDAC4 and 7 protein expression levels. To determine if histone acetylation plays a role in paraquat-induced apoptosis, the novel HAT inhibitor anacardic acid was used. Anacardic acid treatment significantly attenuated paraquat-induced caspase-3 enzyme activity, suppressed proteolytic activation and kinase activity of protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) and also blocked paraquat-induced cytotoxicity. Together, these results demonstrate that the neurotoxic agent paraquat induced acetylation of core histones in cell culture models of PD and that the inhibition of HAT activity by anacardic acid protects against apoptotic cell death, indicating that histone acetylation may represent key epigenetic changes in dopaminergic neuronal cells during neurotoxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Gräff J, Kim D, Dobbin MM, Tsai LH. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression in physiological and pathological brain processes. Physiol Rev 2011; 91:603-49. [PMID: 21527733 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00012.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, it has become increasingly obvious that epigenetic mechanisms are an integral part of a multitude of brain functions that range from the development of the nervous system over basic neuronal functions to higher order cognitive processes. At the same time, a substantial body of evidence has surfaced indicating that several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuropsychiatric disorders are in part caused by aberrant epigenetic modifications. Because of their inherent plasticity, such pathological epigenetic modifications are readily amenable to pharmacological interventions and have thus raised justified hopes that the epigenetic machinery provides a powerful new platform for therapeutic approaches against these diseases. In this review, we give a detailed overview of the implication of epigenetic mechanisms in both physiological and pathological brain processes and summarize the state-of-the-art of "epigenetic medicine" where applicable. Despite, or because of, these new and exciting findings, it is becoming apparent that the epigenetic machinery in the brain is highly complex and intertwined, which underscores the need for more refined studies to disentangle brain-region and cell-type specific epigenetic codes in a given environmental condition. Clearly, the brain contains an epigenetic "hotspot" with a unique potential to not only better understand its most complex functions, but also to treat its most vicious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Gräff
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Zhou Q, Dalgard CL, Wynder C, Doughty ML. Histone deacetylase inhibitors SAHA and sodium butyrate block G1-to-S cell cycle progression in neurosphere formation by adult subventricular cells. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:50. [PMID: 21615950 PMCID: PMC3123242 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are enzymes that modulate gene expression and cellular processes by deacetylating histones and non-histone proteins. While small molecule inhibitors of HDAC activity (HDACi) are used clinically in the treatment of cancer, pre-clinical treatment models suggest they also exert neuroprotective effects and stimulate neurogenesis in neuropathological conditions. However, the direct effects of HDACi on cell cycle progression and proliferation, two properties required for continued neurogenesis, have not been fully characterized in adult neural stem cells (NSCs). In this study, we examined the effects of two broad class I and class II HDACi on adult mouse NSCs, the hydroxamate-based HDACi suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat, SAHA) and the short chain fatty acid HDACi sodium butyrate. Results We show that both HDACi suppress the formation of neurospheres by adult mouse NSCs grown in proliferation culture conditions in vitro. DNA synthesis is significantly inhibited in adult mouse NSCs exposed to either SAHA or sodium butyrate and inhibition is associated with an arrest in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. HDACi exposure also resulted in transcriptional changes in adult mouse NSCs. Cdk inhibitor genes p21 and p27 transcript levels are increased and associated with elevated H3K9 acetylation levels at proximal promoter regions of p21 and p27. mRNA levels for notch effector Hes genes and Spry-box stem cell transcription factors are downregulated, whereas pro-neural transcription factors Neurog1 and Neurod1 are upregulated. Lastly, we show HDAC inhibition under proliferation culture conditions leads to long-term changes in cell fate in adult mouse NSCs induced to differentiate in vitro. Conclusion SAHA and sodium butyrate directly regulate cdk inhibitor transcription to control cell cycle progression in adult mouse NSCs. HDAC inhibition results in G1 arrest in adult mouse NSCs and transcriptional changes associated with activation of neuronal lineage commitment programs and a reduction of stem/progenitor state. Changes in differentiated cell state in adult mouse NSCs treated with HDACi under proliferation culture conditions suggests an intrinsic relationship between multipotency, cell cycle progression and HDAC activity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Lee SJ, Krauthauser C, Maduskuie V, Fawcett PT, Olson JM, Rajasekaran SA. Curcumin-induced HDAC inhibition and attenuation of medulloblastoma growth in vitro and in vivo. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:144. [PMID: 21501498 PMCID: PMC3090367 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Medulloblastoma is the most common brain tumor in children, and its prognosis is worse than for many other common pediatric cancers. Survivors undergoing treatment suffer from serious therapy-related side effects. Thus, it is imperative to identify safer, effective treatments for medulloblastoma. In this study we evaluated the anti-cancer potential of curcumin in medulloblastoma by testing its ability to induce apoptosis and inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo using established medulloblastoma models. Methods Using cultured medulloblastoma cells, tumor xenografts, and the Smo/Smo transgenic medulloblastoma mouse model, the antitumor effects of curcumin were tested in vitro and in vivo. Results Curcumin induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in medulloblastoma cells. These effects were accompanied by reduced histone deacetylase (HDAC) 4 expression and activity and increased tubulin acetylation, ultimately leading to mitotic catastrophe. In in vivo medulloblastoma xenografts, curcumin reduced tumor growth and significantly increased survival in the Smo/Smo transgenic medulloblastoma mouse model. Conclusions The in vitro and in vivo data suggest that curcumin has the potential to be developed as a therapeutic agent for medulloblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joon Lee
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I, duPont Hospital for Children, 1701 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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Abstract
The transcription factor FoxG1 regulates neurogenesis in the embryonic telencephalon as well as a number of other neurodevelopmental processes. While FoxG1 continues to be expressed in neurons postnatally and through adulthood, its role in fully differentiated neurons is not known. The current study demonstrates that FoxG1 promotes the survival of postmitotic neurons. In cerebellar granule neurons primed to undergo apoptosis, FoxG1 expression is reduced. Ectopic expression of FoxG1 blocks neuronal death, whereas suppression of its expression induces death in otherwise healthy neurons. The first 36 residues of FoxG1 are necessary for its survival-promoting effect, while the C-terminal half of the protein is dispensable. Mutation of Asp219, a residue necessary for DNA binding, abrogates survival promotion by FoxG1. Survival promotion is also eliminated by mutation of Thr271, a residue phosphorylated by Akt. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt blocks the survival effects of wild-type FoxG1 but not forms in which Thr271 is replaced with phosphomimetic residues. Treatment of neurons with IGF-1, a neurotrophic factor that promotes neuronal survival by activating Akt, prevents the apoptosis-associated downregulation of FoxG1 expression. Moreover, the overexpression of dominant-negative forms of FoxG1 blocks the ability of IGF-1 to maintain neuronal survival suggesting that FoxG1 is a downstream mediator of IGF-1/Akt signaling. Our study identifies a new and important function for FoxG1 in differentiated neurons.
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Ma C, D'Mello SR. Neuroprotection by histone deacetylase-7 (HDAC7) occurs by inhibition of c-jun expression through a deacetylase-independent mechanism. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:4819-28. [PMID: 21118817 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.146860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) 7 is a member of the HDAC family of deacetylases. Although some of the HDAC proteins have been shown to regulate neuronal survival and death, whether HDAC7 has a similar role is not known. In this study, we show that HDAC7 protects neurons from apoptosis. In cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) primed to undergo apoptosis by low potassium treatment, expression of HDAC7 protein is reduced. Reduced expression is also observed in CGNs induced to die by pharmacological inhibition of the proteasome, in cortical neurons treated with homocysteic acid, and in the striatum of R6/2 transgenic mice, a commonly used genetic model of Huntington disease. Forced expression of HDAC7 in cultured CGNs blocks low potassium-induced death, and shRNA-mediated suppression of its expression induces death in otherwise healthy neurons. HDAC7-mediated neuroprotection does not require its catalytic domain and cannot be inhibited by chemical inhibitors of HDACs. Moreover, pharmacological inhibitors of the PI3K-Akt or Raf-MEK-ERK signaling pathways or that of PKA, PKC, and Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase fail to reduce neuroprotection by HDAC7. We show that stimulation of c-jun expression, an essential feature of neuronal death, is prevented by HDAC7. shRNA-mediated suppression of HDAC7 expression leads to an increase in c-jun expression. Inhibition of c-jun expression by HDAC7 is mediated at the transcriptional level by its direct association with the c-jun gene promoter. Taken together, our results indicate that HDAC7 is a neuroprotective protein acting by a mechanism that is independent of its deacetylase activity but involving the inhibition of c-jun expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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Abstract
Butyrate is a natural substance present in biological liquids and tissues. The present paper aims to give an update on the biological role of butyrate in mammals, when it is naturally produced by the gastrointestinal microbiota or orally ingested as a feed additive. Recent data concerning butyrate production delivery as well as absorption by the colonocytes are reported. Butyrate cannot be detected in the peripheral blood, which indicates fast metabolism in the gut wall and/or in the liver. In physiological conditions, the increase in performance in animals could be explained by the increased nutrient digestibility, the stimulation of the digestive enzyme secretions, a modification of intestinal luminal microbiota and an improvement of the epithelial integrity and defence systems. In the digestive tract, butyrate can act directly (upper gastrointestinal tract or hindgut) or indirectly (small intestine) on tissue development and repair. Direct trophic effects have been demonstrated mainly by cell proliferation studies, indicating a faster renewal of necrotic areas. Indirect actions of butyrate are believed to involve the hormono-neuro-immuno system. Butyrate has also been implicated in down-regulation of bacteria virulence, both by direct effects on virulence gene expression and by acting on cell proliferation of the host cells. In animal production, butyrate is a helpful feed additive, especially when ingested soon after birth, as it enhances performance and controls gut health disorders caused by bacterial pathogens. Such effects could be considered for new applications in human nutrition.
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Selvi BR, Cassel JC, Kundu TK, Boutillier AL. Tuning acetylation levels with HAT activators: Therapeutic strategy in neurodegenerative diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:840-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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MacDonald JL, Verster A, Berndt A, Roskams AJ. MBD2 and MeCP2 regulate distinct transitions in the stage-specific differentiation of olfactory receptor neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 44:55-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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Abstract
Gene expression changes during cell differentiation are thought to be coordinated by histone modifications, but still little is known about the role of specific histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cell fate decisions in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the catalytic function of HDAC2 is required in adult, but not embryonic neurogenesis. While brain development and adult stem cell fate were normal upon conditional deletion of HDAC2 or in mice lacking the catalytic activity of HDAC2, neurons derived from both zones of adult neurogenesis die at a specific maturation stage. This phenotype is correlated with an increase in proliferation and the aberrant maintenance of proteins normally expressed only in progenitors, such as Sox2, also into some differentiating neurons, suggesting that HDAC2 is critically required to silence progenitor transcripts during neuronal differentiation of adult generated neurons. This cell-autonomous function of HDAC2 exclusively in adult neurogenesis reveals clear differences in the molecular mechanisms regulating neurogenesis during development and in adulthood.
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CXCL12 inhibits expression of the NMDA receptor's NR2B subunit through a histone deacetylase-dependent pathway contributing to neuronal survival. Cell Death Dis 2010; 1:e33. [PMID: 21364640 PMCID: PMC3032300 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2010.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Homeostatic chemokines, such as CXCL12, can affect neuronal activity by the regulation of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmission, but the mechanisms involved are still undefined. Our previous studies have shown that CXCL12 protects cortical neurons from excitotoxicity by promoting the function of the gene-repressor protein Rb, which is involved in the recruitment of chromatin modifiers (such as histone deacetylases (HDACs)) to gene promoters. In neurons, Rb controls activity-dependent genes essential to neuronal plasticity and survival, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor's subunit NR2B, the expression of which in the tetrameric ion channel largely affects calcium signaling by glutamate. In this study, we report that CXCL12 differentially modulates intracellular responses after stimulation of synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDA receptors, by a specific regulation of the NR2B gene that involves HDACs. Our results show that CXCL12 selectively inhibits NR2B expression in vitro and in vivo altering NMDA-induced calcium responses associated with neuronal death, while promoting prosurvival pathways that depend on stimulation of synaptic receptors. Along with previous studies, these findings underline the role of CXCL12/CXCR4 in the regulation of crucial components of glutamatergic transmission. These novel effects of CXCL12 may be involved in the physiological function of the chemokine in both developing and mature brains.
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