1
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Lawal I, de Castro Araujo Valente D, Khusnatdinov E, Elliott B, Carruth B, Penttila C, Marston J. Effect of orientation angle for needle-free jet injection. Int J Pharm 2024; 664:124612. [PMID: 39179006 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we report on the delivery efficiency of needle-free jet injections using injectors with typical jet speed vj≈140m/s, orifice diameter do=157μm, and volume V=0.1 mL. The target substrates were either hydrogel tissue phantoms or porcine tissues combined with excised human skin. The novelty of this study is two-fold: First, we investigate the influence of injection angle relative to the skin surface, and second, we also study the influence of the jet path relative to the orientation of muscle fibers. While most commercial jet injectors employ a fitting that would render the device normal to the skin surface, recent studies have proposed oblique injections, which may be beneficial for intradermal or subcutaneous tissue injection. Furthermore, for deeper intramuscular injections, we propose that an angled jet path taking the muscle fiber orientation into account may result in a bolus or dispersion zone that is conducive to increased cellular uptake of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idera Lawal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | | | - Emil Khusnatdinov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Brian Elliott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Breanna Carruth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Clayton Penttila
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Marston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America.
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2
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Zhang W, Jiao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Yu J, Gu Z. Transdermal gene delivery. J Control Release 2024; 371:516-529. [PMID: 38849095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gene delivery has revolutionized conventional medical approaches to vaccination, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. However, current gene delivery methods are limited to either intravenous administration or direct local injections, failing to achieve well biosafety, tissue targeting, drug retention, and transfection efficiency for desired therapeutic outcomes. Transdermal drug delivery based on various delivery strategies can offer improved therapeutic potential and superior patient experiences. Recently, there has been increased foundational and clinical research focusing on the role of the transdermal route in gene delivery and exploring its impact on the efficiency of gene delivery. This review introduces the recent advances in transdermal gene delivery approaches facilitated by drug formulations and medical devices, as well as discusses their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ziru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Burns and Wound Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jicheng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China.
| | - Zhen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Key Laboratory for Advanced Drug Delivery Systems of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China; Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310016, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321299, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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3
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Balakrishnan P, Gopi S. Revolutionizing transdermal drug delivery: unveiling the potential of cubosomes and ethosomes. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4335-4360. [PMID: 38619889 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02927a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The area of drug delivery systems has witnessed significant advancements in recent years, with a particular focus on improving efficacy, stability, and patient compliance. Transdermal drug delivery offers numerous benefits compared to conventional methods of drug administration through the skin. It helps in avoiding gastric irritation, hepatic first-pass metabolism, and gastric degradation of the drug. It bypasses the gastrointestinal tract, eliminating the risk of first-pass metabolism and allowing drugs to be administered without being affected by pH, enzymes, or intestinal bacteria. Additionally, it allows for sustained release of the drug, is noninvasive, and enhances patient adherence to the treatment regimen. The transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) can serve as an alternative route for drug administration in individuals who cannot tolerate oral medications, experience nausea, or are unconscious. When compared to intravenous, hypodermic, and other parenteral routes, TDDS stands out due to its ability to eliminate pain, reduce the risk of infection, and prevent disease transmission associated with needle reuse. Consequently, the overall patient compliance is significantly improved with the utilization of TDDS. Among the noteworthy developments are cubosomes and ethosomes, two distinct yet promising carriers that have garnered attention for their unique properties. In conclusion, this review synthesizes the current knowledge on cubosomes and ethosomes, shedding light on their individual strengths and potential synergies. The exploration of their application in various therapeutic areas underscores their versatility and establishes them as key players in the evolving landscape of drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetha Balakrishnan
- Molecules Biolabs Private Limited, First Floor, 3/634, Commercial Building Kinfra Konoor Road, Muringur, Vadakkummuri, Thrissur, Kerala Kinfra Park Koratti Mukundapuram, Thrissur, KL 680309, India.
| | - Sreerag Gopi
- Molecules Biolabs Private Limited, First Floor, 3/634, Commercial Building Kinfra Konoor Road, Muringur, Vadakkummuri, Thrissur, Kerala Kinfra Park Koratti Mukundapuram, Thrissur, KL 680309, India.
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4
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S K, Saquib M, Poojary H, Illanad G, Valavan D, M S, Nayak R, Mazumder N, Ghosh C. Skin emitted volatiles analysis for noninvasive diagnosis: the current advances in sample preparation techniques for biomedical application. RSC Adv 2024; 14:12009-12020. [PMID: 38623290 PMCID: PMC11017966 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01579g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Human skin emits a series of volatile compounds from the skin due to various metabolic processes, microbial activity, and several external factors. Changes in the concentration of skin volatile metabolites indicate many diseases, including diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases. Researchers focused on skin-emitted compounds to gain insight into the pathophysiology of various diseases. In the case of skin volatolomics research, it is noteworthy that sample preparation, sampling protocol, analytical techniques, and comprehensive validation are important for the successful integration of skin metabolic profiles into regular clinical settings. Solid-phase microextraction techniques and polymer-based active sorbent traps were developed to capture the skin-emitted volatile compounds. The primary advantage of these sample preparation techniques is the ability to efficiently and targetedly capture skin metabolites, thus improving the detection of the biomarkers associated with various diseases. In further research, polydimethyl-based patches were utilized for skin research due to their biocompatibility and thermal stability properties. The microextraction sampling tools coupled with high sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer provided a potential platform for skin volatolomes, thus emerging as a state-of-the-art analytical technique. Later, technological advancements, including the design of wearable sensors, have enriched skin-based research as it can integrate the information from skin-emitted volatile profiles into a portable platform. However, individual-specific hydration, temperature, and skin conditions can influence variations in skin volatile concentration. Considering the subject-specific skin depth, sampling time standardization, and suitable techniques may improve the skin sampling techniques for the potential discovery of various skin-based marker compounds associated with diseases. Here, we have summarised the current research progress, limitations, and technological advances in skin-based sample preparation techniques for disease diagnosis, monitoring, and personalized healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana S
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Mohammad Saquib
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Harshika Poojary
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Gouri Illanad
- Department of Biotechnology, KLE Technological University Hubballi Karnataka 580021 India
| | - Divyadarshini Valavan
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Selvakumar M
- Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Ramakrishna Nayak
- Department of Humanities and Management, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Nirmal Mazumder
- Department of Biophysics, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
| | - Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal Karnataka 576104 India
- Harvard Medical School 25 Shattuck Street Boston 02115 MA USA
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Kougkolos G, Laudebat L, Dinculescu S, Simon J, Golzio M, Valdez-Nava Z, Flahaut E. Skin electroporation for transdermal drug delivery: Electrical measurements, numerical model and molecule delivery. J Control Release 2024; 367:235-247. [PMID: 38244842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Skin electroporation for drug delivery involves the application of Pulsed Electric Fields (PEFs) on the skin to disrupt its barrier function in a temporary and non-invasive manner, increasing the uptake of drugs. It represents a potential alternative to delivery methods that are invasive (e.g. injections) or limited. We have developed a drug delivery system comprising nanocomposite hydrogels which act as a reservoir for the drug and an electrode for applying electric pulses on the skin. In this study, we employed a multi-scale approach to investigate the drug delivery system on a mouse skin model, through electrical measurements, numerical modeling and fluorescence microscopy. The Electrical properties indicated a highly non-linear skin conductivity behavior and were used to fine-tune the simulations and study skin recovery after electroporation. Simulation of electric field distribution in the skin showed amplitudes in the range of reversible tissue electroporation (400-1200 V/cm), for 300 V PEF. Fluorescence microscopy revealed increased uptake of fluorescent molecules compared to the non-pulsed control. We reported two reversible electroporation domains for our configuration: (1) at 100 V PEF the first local transport regions appear in the extracellular lipids of the stratum corneum, demonstrated by a rapid increase in the skin's conductivity and an increased uptake of lucifer yellow, a small hydrophilic fluorophore and (2) at 300 V PEF, the first permeabilization of nucleated cells occurred, evidenced by the increased fluorescence of propidium iodide, a membrane-impermeable, DNA intercalating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Kougkolos
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Lionel Laudebat
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; INU Champollion, Université de Toulouse, Albi 81012, France
| | - Sorin Dinculescu
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France
| | - Juliette Simon
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France; IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 4 31077, France
| | - Muriel Golzio
- IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 4 31077, France.
| | - Zarel Valdez-Nava
- LAPLACE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France.
| | - Emmanuel Flahaut
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INPT, UPS, Toulouse CEDEX 9 31062, France.
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Chakraborty S, Gupta NV, Sastri KT, M S, Chand P, Kumar H, M. Osmani RA, Gowda DV, Jaind V. Current progressions in transdermal drug delivery systems for management of rheumatoid and osteoarthritis: A comprehensive review. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Kriplani P, Guarve K. Transdermal Drug delivery: A step towards treatment of cancer. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2021; 17:253-267. [PMID: 34856914 DOI: 10.2174/1574892816666211202154000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transdermal drug delivery is an emerging and tempting system over oral and hypodermic drug delivery system. With the new developments in skin penetration techniques, anticancer drugs ranging from hydrophilic macromolecules to lipophilic drugs can be administered via transdermal route to treat cancer. OBJECTIVE In the present review, various approaches to enhance the transdermal delivery of drugs is discussed including the micro and nanotechnology based transdermal formulations like chemotherapy, gene therapy, immunotherapy, phototherapy, vaccines and medical devices. Limitations and advantages of various transdermal technologies is also elaborated. METHOD In this review, patent applications and recent literature of transdermal drug delivery systems employed to cure mainly cancer are covered. RESULTS Transdermal drug delivery systems have proved their potential to cure cancer. They increase the bioavailability of drug by site specific drug delivery and can reduce the side effects/toxicity associated with anticancer drugs. CONCLUSION The potential of transdermal drug delivery systems to carry the drug may unclutter novel ways for therapeutic intercessions in various tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kriplani
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar 135001, Haryana. India
| | - Kumar Guarve
- Guru Gobind Singh College of Pharmacy, Yamuna Nagar 135001, Haryana. India
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8
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Chen G, Ullah A, Xu G, Xu Z, Wang F, Liu T, Su Y, Zhang T, Wang K. Topically applied liposome-in-hydrogels for systematically targeted tumor photothermal therapy. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:1923-1931. [PMID: 34550040 PMCID: PMC8462874 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1974607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery for local or systemic therapy provides a potential anticancer modality with a high patient compliance. However, the drug delivery efficiency across the skin is highly challenging due to the physiological barriers, which limit the desired therapeutic effects. In this study, we prepared liposome-in-hydrogels containing a tumor targeting photosensitizer IR780 (IR780/lipo/gels) for tumor photothermal therapy (PTT). The formulation effectively delivered IR780 to subcutaneous tumor and deep metastatic sites, while the hydrogels were applied on the skin overlying the tumor or on an area of distant normal skin. The photothermal antitumor activity of topically administered IR780/lipo/gels was evaluated following laser irradiation. We observed significant inhibition of the rate of the tumor growth without any toxicity associated with the topical administration of hydrogels. Collectively, the topical administration of IR780/lipo/gels represents a new noninvasive and safe strategy for targeted tumor PTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aftab Ullah
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Gang Xu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhou Xu
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Yi Su
- Department of Medical, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Yi Su Department of Medical, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210002, China
| | - Tangjie Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Tangjie Zhang Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou225009, China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- CONTACT Kaikai Wang School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong226001, China
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An ultra-low-cost electroporator with microneedle electrodes (ePatch) for SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110817118. [PMID: 34670842 PMCID: PMC8609327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110817118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-cost and rapidly distributable vaccines are urgently needed to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics, especially for developing countries and other low-resource settings. DNA vaccines are inexpensive, rapidly developed, and safe, but require bulky and expensive electroporation devices for effective vaccination, which presents challenges to affordable and mass vaccination. We developed an ultra-low-cost (<1 USD), handheld (<50 g), battery-free electroporation system combining a thumb-actuated piezoelectric pulser and a microneedle electrode array skin interface for DNA vaccination against COVID-19, which was shown to be immunogenic and well-tolerated in animal studies. This study provides a proof-of-concept that DNA vaccination against epidemics can be achieved using an ultra-low-cost electroporator that is inexpensive enough for single use and robust enough for repeated use if desired. Vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and other pathogens with pandemic potential requires safe, protective, inexpensive, and easily accessible vaccines that can be developed and manufactured rapidly at a large scale. DNA vaccines can achieve these criteria, but induction of strong immune responses has often required bulky, expensive electroporation devices. Here, we report an ultra-low-cost (<1 USD), handheld (<50 g) electroporation system utilizing a microneedle electrode array (“ePatch”) for DNA vaccination against SARS-CoV-2. The low cost and small size are achieved by combining a thumb-operated piezoelectric pulser derived from a common household stove lighter that emits microsecond, bipolar, oscillatory electric pulses and a microneedle electrode array that targets delivery of high electric field strength pulses to the skin’s epidermis. Antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 induced by this electroporation system in mice were strong and enabled at least 10-fold dose sparing compared to conventional intramuscular or intradermal injection of the DNA vaccine. Vaccination was well tolerated with mild, transient effects on the skin. This ePatch system is easily portable, without any battery or other power source supply, offering an attractive, inexpensive approach for rapid and accessible DNA vaccination to combat COVID-19, as well as other epidemics.
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10
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Lee JS, Oh H, Kim S, Lee JH, Shin YC, Choi WI. A Novel Chitosan Nanosponge as a Vehicle for Transepidermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13091329. [PMID: 34575405 PMCID: PMC8468160 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transepidermal drug delivery achieves high drug concentrations at the action site and ensures continuous drug delivery and better patient compliance with fewer adverse effects. However, drug delivery through topical application is still limited in terms of drug penetration. Chitosan is a promising enhancer to overcome this constraint, as it can enhance drug diffusion by opening the tight junctions of the stratum corneum. Therefore, here, we developed a novel chitosan nanosponge (CNS) with an optimal ratio and molecular weight of chitosan to improve drug penetration through skin. To prepare the CNS, two types of chitosan (3 and 10 kDa) were each conjugated with poloxamer 407 using para-nitrophenyl chloroformate, and the products were mixed with poloxamer 407 at ratios of 5:5, 8:2, and 10:0. The resulting mixtures were molded to produce flexible soft nanosponges by simple nanoprecipitation. The CNSs were highly stable in biological buffer for four weeks and showed no toxicity in human dermal fibroblasts. The CNSs increased drug permeability through human cadaver skin in a Franz-type diffusion cell, with substantially higher permeability with 3 kDa chitosan at a ratio of 8:2. This suggests the applicability of the novel CNS as a promising carrier for efficient transepidermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Sil Lee
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.O.); (S.K.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdan-gwagiro 123, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Hyeryeon Oh
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.O.); (S.K.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Cheomdan-gwagiro 123, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - Sunghyun Kim
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.O.); (S.K.)
| | - Jeung-Hoon Lee
- SKINMED Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34028, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.C.S.)
| | - Yong Chul Shin
- SKINMED Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34028, Korea; (J.-H.L.); (Y.C.S.)
- Amicogen Inc., 64 Dongburo 1259, Jinsung, Jinju 52621, Korea
| | - Won Il Choi
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 202, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (J.S.L.); (H.O.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-913-1513
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11
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Machado N, Callegaro C, Christoffolete MA, Martinho H. Tuning the transdermal transport by application of external continuous electric field: a coarse-grained molecular dynamics study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8273-8281. [PMID: 33656026 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00354b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of skin permeability to specific substances (e.g., medications, vitamins, and nutrients) through stratum corneum is a challenge. Iontophoresis is an option in spite of the lack of a detailed understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism. In the present work, the simulations concerning application of an external continuous electric field to stratum corneum, in a range of low intensity (0-24 mV nm-1), were carried out using the coarse-grained molecular dynamics approach. Using a set of random seed replicas of the starting configuration, we observed that in the range of electric field intensity of 22-23 mV nm-1, water-rich lipid vesicles were formed in 20% of cases. Pores appeared in the remaining 80%. We argue that lipids undergo fast re-orientations under electric field inducing mechanical instability, which originates the pores. We presented a simple electrostatic model to interpret the results where the mismatch between electrical permittivities of the membrane and external media and the gradient of the local electric field in the membrane surface, govern the time scales and electric fields for vesicle formation. Our results indicate that just 10% difference between electrical permittivities of the membrane and external media decreases 1/6 the minimal time required for vesicle formation. The minimal electric field required decreases 10 times. The control and tunning of formation of biologically compatible vesicles, capable of transporting substances under low-intensity electric fields, has a promising application in fields such as drug therapy and dermo-cosmetics allowing the use of hydrophilic substances in dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neila Machado
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos Estados 5001, Santo André, SP 09210-580, Brazil.
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12
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Chen K, Puri V, Michniak-Kohn B. Iontophoresis to Overcome the Challenge of Nail Permeation: Considerations and Optimizations for Successful Ungual Drug Delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2021; 23:25. [PMID: 33439400 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Iontophoresis is a widely used drug delivery technique that has been used clinically to improve permeation through the skin for drugs and other actives in topical formulations. It is however not commonly used for the treatment of nail diseases despite its potential to improve transungual nail delivery. Instead, treatments for nail diseases are limited to relatively ineffective topical passive permeation techniques, which often result in relapses of nail diseases due to the thickness and hardness of the nail barrier resulting in lower permeation of the actives. Oral systemic antifungal agents that are also used are often associated with various undesirable side effects resulting in low patient compliance. This review article discusses what is currently known about the field of transungual iontophoresis, providing evidence of its efficacy and practicality in delivering drug to the entire surface of the nail for extended treatment periods. It also includes relevant details about the nail structure, the mechanisms of iontophoresis, and the associated in vitro and in vivo studies which have been used to investigate the optimal characteristics for a transungual iontophoretic drug delivery system. Iontophoresis is undoubtedly a promising option to treat nail diseases, and the use of this technique for clinical use will likely improve patient outcomes.Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chen
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vinam Puri
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA.,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Center for Dermal Research, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA. .,Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 145, Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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13
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Peña-Juárez MC, Guadarrama-Escobar OR, Escobar-Chávez JJ. Transdermal Delivery Systems for Biomolecules. J Pharm Innov 2021; 17:319-332. [PMID: 33425065 PMCID: PMC7786146 DOI: 10.1007/s12247-020-09525-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The present review article focuses on highlighting the main technologies used as tools that improve the delivery of transdermal biomolecules, addressing them from the point of view of research in the development of transdermal systems that use physical and chemical permeation enhancers and nanocarrier systems or a combination of them. Results Transdermal drug delivery systems have increased in importance since the late 1970s when their use was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). They appeared to be an alternative resource for the administration of many potent drugs. The first transdermal drug delivery system used for biomolecules was for the treatment of hormonal disorders. Biomolecules have been used primarily in many treatments for cancer and diabetes, vaccines, hormonal disorders, and contraception. Conclusions The latest technologies that have used such transdermal biomolecule transporters include electrical methods (physical penetration enhancers), some chemical penetration enhancers and nanocarriers. All of them allow the maintenance of the physical and chemical properties of the main proteins and peptides through these clinical treatments, allowing their efficient storage, transport, and release and ensuring the achievement of their target and better results in the treatment of many diseases. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma. Concepción Peña-Juárez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, km 2.5 San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, México, Estado de México Mexico
| | - Omar Rodrigo Guadarrama-Escobar
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación de la Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas. Programa de Posgrado: Doctorado en Ciencias Químico Biológicas-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n. Col. Santo Tomás C. P. 11340, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - José Juan Escobar-Chávez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria, Carretera Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, km 2.5 San Sebastián Xhala, C.P. 54714 Cuautitlán Izcalli, México, Estado de México Mexico
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14
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Ingrole RSJ, Azizoglu E, Dul M, Birchall JC, Gill HS, Prausnitz MR. Trends of microneedle technology in the scientific literature, patents, clinical trials and internet activity. Biomaterials 2020; 267:120491. [PMID: 33217629 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The powerful and intriguing idea that drives the emerging technology of microneedles-shrinking the standard needle to a micron scale-has fostered an entire field of microneedle study and subsequent exponential growth in research and product development. Originally enabled by microfabrication tools derived from the microelectronic industry, microneedles are now produced through a number of methods in a variety of forms including solid, coated, dissolvable, and hollow microneedles. They are used to deliver a broad spectrum of molecules, including small molecules, biomolecules, and vaccines, as well as various forms of energy into the skin, eye, and other tissues. Microneedles are also being exploited for use in diagnostics, as well as additional medical, cosmetic, and other applications. This review elucidates the relative roles of different aspects of microneedle technology development, as shown through scientific papers, patents, clinical studies, and internet/social media activity. Considering >1000 papers, 750 patents, and almost 80 clinical trials, we analyze different attributes of microneedles such as usage of microneedles, types of microneedles, testing environment, types of patent claims, and phases of clinical trials, as well as which institutions and people in academia and industry from different locations and in different journals are publishing, patenting, and otherwise studying the potential of microneedles. We conclude that there is robust and growing activity in the field of microneedles; the technology is rapidly developing and being used for novel applications to benefit human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan S J Ingrole
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Erkan Azizoglu
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, Izmir, 35100, Turkey
| | - Maria Dul
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Harvinder S Gill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Mark R Prausnitz
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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15
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Qiao Z, Tran L, Parks J, Zhao Y, Hai N, Zhong Y, Ji H. Highly stretchable gelatin‐polyacrylamide hydrogel for potential transdermal drug release. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiao
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Long Tran
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Jesse Parks
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Yao Zhao
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Nan Hai
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Yinghui Zhong
- School of Biomedical Engineering Science and Health Systems Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
| | - Hai‐Feng Ji
- Department of Chemistry Drexel University Philadelphia Pennsylvania 19104 USA
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16
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Rapidly Separable Micropillar Integrated Dissolving Microneedles. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060581. [PMID: 32585966 PMCID: PMC7356013 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissolving microneedle (DMN) patches were developed as efficient and patient-friendly transdermal delivery systems for biopharmaceuticals. However, recent studies have confirmed that the efficiency of DMNs to deliver biopharmaceuticals is highly reduced because of incomplete insertion caused by the stiffness and elastic properties of the skin. Therefore, micropillar integrated DMNs were developed to overcome the insertion limitations of DMN patches. Although micropillars were designed as integrated applicators to implant DMNs across the skin, they can also become inserted into the skin, leading to skin injury and inflammation. Herein, we have developed a separable micropillar integrated DMN (SPDMN) capable of inserting DMNs across the skin with high efficiency while minimizing skin injury risk through the introduction of a safety ring feature. Unlike previously developed systems, the SPDMN does not require continuous skin attachment and can be detached immediately post-application, leaving DMNs implanted inside the skin. Altogether, the findings of this study lead to the development of a quick, safe, and efficient DMN-based drug delivery platform.
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17
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Kryukov AI, Kunelskaya NL, Shershunova EA, Rebrov IE, Yamshchikov VA, Garov EV, Tsarapkin GY, Mishchenko VV. [Topical drug administration to the inner ear. Modern state of the problem and development perspectives]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2019; 84:6-14. [PMID: 31793520 DOI: 10.17116/otorino2019840516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The work assessed modern methods of drug delivery through biological barriers to the lesion, in particular, through the most studied - skin. The main advantages and disadvantages of the existing methods for the topical administration of drugs into the inner ear - intra-imperial and intra-labyrinth delivery are analyzed. A brief review of medicinal substances for topical administration to the inner ear, both widely used (for example, aminoglycosides, steroid drugs) and undergoing clinical trials, is given. An assessment is made of the prospects for the use of transmembrane drug delivery to the inner ear using an electric field, which has a combined electro-creative and iontophoretic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kryukov
- The Sverzhevskiy's Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - N L Kunelskaya
- The Sverzhevskiy's Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - E A Shershunova
- The Institute for Electrophysics and Electric Power of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sanct-Petersburg, Russia, 191186
| | - I E Rebrov
- The Institute for Electrophysics and Electric Power of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sanct-Petersburg, Russia, 191186
| | - V A Yamshchikov
- The Institute for Electrophysics and Electric Power of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sanct-Petersburg, Russia, 191186
| | - E V Garov
- The Sverzhevskiy's Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - G Yu Tsarapkin
- The Sverzhevskiy's Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 117152
| | - V V Mishchenko
- The Sverzhevskiy's Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute, Moscow, Russia, 117152
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18
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del Río-Sancho S, Castro-López V, Alonso MJ. Enhancing cutaneous delivery with laser technology: Almost there, but not yet. J Control Release 2019; 315:150-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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19
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Benson HAE, Grice JE, Mohammed Y, Namjoshi S, Roberts MS. Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery: From Simple Potions to Smart Technologies. Curr Drug Deliv 2019; 16:444-460. [PMID: 30714524 PMCID: PMC6637104 DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666190201143457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This overview on skin delivery considers the evolution of the principles of percutaneous ab-sorption and skin products from ancient times to today. Over the ages, it has been recognised that products may be applied to the skin for either local or systemic effects. As our understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the skin has improved, this has facilitated the development of technologies to effectively and quantitatively deliver solutes across this barrier to specific target sites in the skin and beyond. We focus on these technologies and their role in skin delivery today and in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A E Benson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia
| | - Jeffrey E Grice
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Sarika Namjoshi
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, QLD, 4102, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Simmons JA, Davis J, Thomas J, Lopez J, Le Blanc A, Allison H, Slook H, Lewis P, Holtz J, Fisher P, Broderick KE, Marston JO. Characterization of skin blebs from intradermal jet injection: Ex-vivo studies. J Control Release 2019; 307:200-210. [PMID: 31252035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents results from an ex-vivo study of intradermal jet injections, which is an attractive method to achieve both needle-free and fractional dose delivery of vaccines. Due to the fact that fluid properties of many novel therapeutics and vaccines can vary significantly, a key parameter for our study is the fluid viscosity, whilst the main focus is on determining the best correlation between the delivered volume and geometrical dimensions of the fluid deposit. For this we use a combination of top-view (skin wheal), underside (below the dermis), and cross-section (true skin bleb) perspectives and find that the top-view alone, as done in clinical practice, is insufficient to estimate the volume deposited in the dermis. Overall, the best correlation is found between the injection volume and cross-sectional diameter, however there is significant variation amongst the different fluids. For mean injection volumes of 60 μL the mean bleb diameter is ≈8 mm, with mean aspect ratio h¯/d=0.38, indicating the blebs are mostly oblate. However, the shape varies with viscosity and the higher viscosity does not spread laterally to the same degree as lower viscosity fluids. In addition, our high-speed video observations of the injection process, reveal some interesting dynamics of the jet injection method, and we modeled the bleb growth with an exponential saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Simmons
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Justin Davis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - James Thomas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Juan Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Andrew Le Blanc
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Haley Allison
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Haley Slook
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Paul Lewis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Joshua Holtz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
| | - Paul Fisher
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
| | - Kate E Broderick
- Inovio Pharmaceuticals, 10480 Wateridge Circle, San Diego, CA 92121, United States of America
| | - Jeremy O Marston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America.
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21
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Marston JO, Lacerda CMR. Characterization of jet injection efficiency with mouse cadavers. J Control Release 2019; 305:101-109. [PMID: 31112720 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Needle-free drug delivery is highly sought after for reduction in sharps waste, prevention of needle-stick injuries, and potential for improved drug dispersion and uptake. Whilst there is a wealth of literature on the array of different delivery methods, jet injection is proposed as the sole candidate for delivery of viscous fluids, which is especially relevant with the advent of DNA-based vaccines. The focus of this study was therefore to assess the role of viscosity and jet configuration (i.e. stand-off relative to the skin) upon injection efficiency for a fixed spring-loaded system (Bioject ID Pen). We performed this assessment in the context of mouse cadavers and found that the dominant factor in determining success rates was the time from euthanasia, which was taken as a proxy for the stiffness of the underlying tissue. For overall injection efficiency, ANOVA tests indicated that stiffness was highly significant (P < < 0.001), stand-off was moderately significant (P < 0.1), and viscosity was insignificant. In contrast, both viscosity and standoff were found to be significant (P < 0.01) when evaluating the percentage delivered intradermally. Using high-resolution micro-computed tomography (μ-CT), we also determined the depth and overall dispersion pattern immediately after injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy O Marston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America.
| | - Carla M R Lacerda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States of America
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Abstract
Biologics now constitute a significant element of available medical treatments. Owing to their clinical and commercial success, biologics are a rapidly growing class and have become a dominant therapeutic modality. Although most of the successful biologics to date are drugs that bear a peptidic backbone, ranging from small peptides to monoclonal antibodies (~500 residues; 150 kDa), new biologic modalities, such as nucleotide-based therapeutics and viral gene therapies, are rapidly maturing towards widespread clinical use. Given the rise of peptides and proteins in the pharmaceutical landscape, tremendous research and development interest exists in developing less-invasive or non-invasive routes for the systemic delivery of biologics, including subcutaneous, transdermal, oral, inhalation, nasal and buccal routes. This Review summarizes the current status, latest updates and future prospects for such delivery of peptides, proteins and other biologics.
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23
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Jiang T, Wang T, Li T, Ma Y, Shen S, He B, Mo R. Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery by Transfersome-Embedded Oligopeptide Hydrogel for Topical Chemotherapy of Melanoma. ACS NANO 2018; 12:9693-9701. [PMID: 30183253 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Topical administration of anticancer drugs provides a potential chemotherapeutic modality with high patient compliance for cutaneous melanoma. However, the drug delivery efficiency is highly limited by physiological barriers from the skin to the tumor, which cannot acquire desired therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we propose a paintable oligopeptide hydrogel containing paclitaxel (PTX)-encapsulated cell-penetrating-peptide (CPP)-modified transfersomes (PTX-CTs) to enhance transdermal PTX delivery for topical melanoma treatment. After being plastered on the skin above the melanoma tumor, the PTX-CTs-embedded hydrogel (PTX-CTs/Gel) as a patch provided prolonged retention capacity of the PTX-CTs on the skin. The PTX-CTs with superior deformability could efficiently squeeze through the channels in the stratum coreum, and the surfactant components improved the fluidity of the lipid molecules in the stratum corneum to further enhance the skin permeation. Moreover, the CPP modification rendered the PTX-CT-enhanced penetration in the skin and tumor stroma as well as efficient transportation in the tumor cells. The PTX-CTs were shown to effectively slow the tumor growth in combination with the systemic chemotherapy using Taxol, the commercial PTX formulation on the xenograft B10F16 melanoma mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyue Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Teng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Yudi Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Shiyang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Ran Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing 210009 , China
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Stewart MP, Langer R, Jensen KF. Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:7409-7531. [PMID: 30052023 PMCID: PMC6763210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Stewart
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Klavs F. Jensen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, USA
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25
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Niamlang S, Paradee N, Sirivat A. Hybrid transdermal drug delivery patch made from poly(p
-phenylene vinylene)/natural rubber latex and controlled by an electric field. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumonman Niamlang
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering; Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi; Thailand
| | - Nophawan Paradee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, Petroleum and Petrochemical College; Chulalongkorn University; Bangkok Thailand
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28
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Choi JH, Shin EJ, Jeong KH, Shin MK. Comparative analysis of the effects of CO2 fractional laser and sonophoresis on human skin penetration with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:1895-1900. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2305-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Sintov AC, Hofmann MA. A novel thermo-mechanical system enhanced transdermal delivery of hydrophilic active agents by fractional ablation. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:821-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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30
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Barbosa RM, Severino P, Preté PSC, Santana MHA. Influence of different surfactants on the physicochemical properties of elastic liposomes. Pharm Dev Technol 2016; 22:360-369. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2016.1163387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. M. Barbosa
- Biotechnological Process Department, College of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - P. Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotecnology and Nanomedicine (LNMed, Tiradentes University (Unit) and, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - P. S. C. Preté
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - M. H. A. Santana
- Biotechnological Process Department, College of Chemical Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Majhi AK, Kanchi S, Venkataraman V, Ayappa KG, Maiti PK. Estimation of activation energy for electroporation and pore growth rate in liquid crystalline and gel phases of lipid bilayers using molecular dynamics simulations. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:8632-8640. [PMID: 26372335 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02029h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations of electroporation in POPC and DPPC lipid bilayers have been carried out at different temperatures ranging from 230 K to 350 K for varying electric fields. The dynamics of pore formation, including threshold field, pore initiation time, pore growth rate, and pore closure rate after the field is switched off, was studied in both the gel and liquid crystalline (Lα) phases of the bilayers. Using an Arrhenius model of pore initiation kinetics, the activation energy for pore opening was estimated to be 25.6 kJ mol(-1) and 32.6 kJ mol(-1) in the Lα phase of POPC and DPPC lipids respectively at a field strength of 0.32 V nm(-1). The activation energy decreases to 24.2 kJ mol(-1) and 23.7 kJ mol(-1) respectively at a higher field strength of 1.1 V nm(-1). At temperatures below the melting point, the activation energy in the gel phase of POPC and DPPC increases to 28.8 kJ mol(-1) and 34.4 kJ mol(-1) respectively at the same field of 1.1 V nm(-1). The pore closing time was found to be higher in the gel than in the Lα phase. The pore growth rate increases linearly with temperature and quadratically with field, consistent with viscosity limited growth models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Majhi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Subbarao Kanchi
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - V Venkataraman
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - K G Ayappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Bangalore, India.
| | - Prabal K Maiti
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
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Alomrani AH, Al-Agamy MH, Badran MM. In vitro skin penetration and antimycotic activity of itraconazole loaded niosomes: Various non-ionic surfactants. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mali B, Zulj S, Magjarevic R, Miklavcic D, Jarm T. Matlab-based tool for ECG and HRV analysis. Biomed Signal Process Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Jain S, Patel N, Madan P, Lin S. Quality by design approach for formulation, evaluation and statistical optimization of diclofenac-loaded ethosomes via transdermal route. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:473-89. [PMID: 24490793 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.882939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to fabricate and understand ethosomal formulations of diclofenac (DF) for enhanced anti-inflammatory activity using quality by design approach. DF-loaded ethosomal formulations were prepared using 4 × 5 full-factorial design with phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol (PC:CH) ratios ranging between 50:50 and 90:10, and ethanol concentration ranging between 0% and 30% as formulation variables. These formulations were characterized in terms of physicochemical properties and skin permeation kinetics. The interaction of formulation variables had a significant effect on both physicochemical properties and permeation kinetics. The results of multivariate regression analysis illustrated that vesicle size and elasticity of ethosomes were the dominating physicochemical properties affecting skin permeation, and could be suitably controlled by manipulation of formulation variables to optimize the formulation and enhance the skin permeation of DF-loaded ethosomes. The optimized formulation had ethanol concentration of 22.9% and PC:CH ratio of 88.4:11.6, with vesicle size of 144 ± 5 nm, zeta potential of -23.0 ± 3.76 mV, elasticity of 2.48 ± 0.75 and entrapment efficiency of 71 ± 4%. Permeation flux for the optimized formulation was 12.9 ± 1.0 µg/h cm(2), which was significantly higher than the drug-loaded conventional liposome, ethanolic or aqueous solution. The in vivo study indicated that optimized ethosomal hydrogel exhibited enhanced anti-inflammatory activity compared with liposomal and plain drug hydrogel formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Jain
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University , Queens, NY , USA
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Houck CS, Sethna NF. Transdermal analgesia with local anesthetics in children: review, update and future directions. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 5:625-34. [PMID: 16162086 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.5.5.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Topical local anesthetics in one form or another have been used for the past 20 years to alleviate the skin pain associated with needle puncture and venous cannulation in children. Although the application of topical anesthetic creams is painless compared with traditional local anesthetic infiltration of the skin and subcutaneous tissues prior to venipuncture and minor skin procedures, they remain underutilized, primarily due to their slow analgesic onset and inconsistent effectiveness. For a topical local anesthetic to be of practical use in busy clinical settings, it must be easy to apply, have minimal side effects, not require cumbersome equipment and be reasonably cost effective. Until recently, limitations in one or all of these areas have dissuaded pediatric practitioners from their routine use. However, recent advances in transdermal delivery technologies, have led to the emergence of a number of new delivery approaches that accelerate the onset time to 20 min or less and provide more consistent and deeper sensory skin analgesia. Although still in the early stages of investigation, technologies that promote the flux of drugs of all sizes through the skin by creating transient microchannels show great promise in circumventing the skin barrier and promoting the transdermal delivery of not only local anesthetics but also other drugs. Ultimately, the rationale to change clinical practice and use a new transdermal delivery system will depend upon the cost, ease of use, frequency of adverse events and the benefits to the patient relative to an alternative method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance S Houck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
The skin is a highly accessible organ and due to the presence of powerful antigen-presenting cells in the epidermis, it functions as an immune barrier. This makes the skin an attractive route for potential delivery of vaccines by painless and user-friendly methods without the requirement of needles and syringes. This article reviews current attempts to administer vaccines into the skin and discusses some of the scientific issues related to the emerging delivery technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalambos D Partidos
- UPR 9021, CNRS, Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg, France.
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Systemic delivery of β-blockers via transdermal route for hypertension. Saudi Pharm J 2014; 23:587-602. [PMID: 26702253 PMCID: PMC4669430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2013.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide. Moreover, management of hypertension requires long-term treatment that may result in poor patient compliance with conventional dosage forms due to greater frequency of drug administration. Although there is availability of a plethora of therapeutically effective antihypertensive molecules, inadequate patient welfare is observed; this arguably presents an opportunity to deliver antihypertensive agents through a different route. Ever since the transdermal drug delivery came into existence, it has offered great advantages including non-invasiveness, prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. Attempts were made to develop the transdermal therapeutic system for various antihypertensive agents, including β-blockers, an important antihypertensive class. β-blockers are potent, highly effective in the management of hypertension and other heart ailments by blocking the effects of normal amounts of adrenaline in the heart and blood vessels. The shortcomings associated with β-blockers such as more frequent dose administration, extensive first pass metabolism and variable bioavailability, make them an ideal candidate for transdermal therapeutic systems. The present article gives a brief view of different β-blockers formulated as transdermal therapeutic system in detail to enhance the bioavailability as well as to improve patient compliance. Constant improvement in this field holds promise for the long-term success in technologically advanced transdermal dosage forms being commercialized sooner rather than later.
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Park D, Park H, Seo J, Lee S. Sonophoresis in transdermal drug deliverys. ULTRASONICS 2014; 54:56-65. [PMID: 23899825 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery (TDD) has several significant advantages compared to oral drug delivery, including elimination of pain and sustained drug release. However, the use of TDD is limited by low skin permeability due to the stratum corneum (SC), the outermost layer of the skin. Sonophoresis is a technique that temporarily increases skin permeability such that various medications can be delivered noninvasively. For the past several decades, various studies of sonophoresis in TDD have been performed focusing on parameter optimization, delivery mechanism, transport pathway, or delivery of several drug categories including hydrophilic and high molecular weight compounds. Based on these various studies, several possible mechanisms of sonophoresis have been suggested. For example, cavitation is believed to be the predominant mechanism responsible for drug delivery in sonophoresis. This review presents details of various studies on sonophoresis including the latest trends, delivery of various therapeutic drugs, sonophoresis pathways and mechanisms, and outlook of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 220-710, Republic of Korea
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Tibaldi R, ten Berge W, Drolet D. Dermal absorption of chemicals: estimation by IH SkinPerm. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2014; 11:19-31. [PMID: 24283333 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2013.831983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the IH SkinPerm mathematical tool for estimating dermal absorption. The first part provides the scientific background of the IH SkinPerm model, including the QSARs and the developed differential equations. Then the practical value of the tool is demonstrated through example dermal absorption assessments for substances with skin notations. IH SkinPerm simulates three types of dermal absorption scenarios relevant to occupational environments. The first is dermal absorption from instantaneous splash type exposures onto bare skin for pure liquids. The second estimates dermal absorption from the deposition of pure liquids over time. The third enables estimation of dermal uptake from an airborne vapor concentration. A simulation with IH SkinPerm was made using vapor absorption data published from volunteer exposure studies. Comparison of measured and estimated dermal absorbed dose showed IH SkinPerm estimated dermal absorbed dose was within a factor of 3 compared to the reported study values. IH SkinPerm accounts for substance volatility and evaporated mass and provides real-time description of dermal absorption with graphical displays and numerical outputs. To assess absorption resulting from dermal exposure scenarios, the mass of the substance loaded onto the skin, substance physical chemical properties, exposure duration, and the skin surface area affected are the only required input parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie Tibaldi
- a ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. , Annandale , New Jersey
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Blagus T, Markelc B, Cemazar M, Kosjek T, Preat V, Miklavcic D, Sersa G. In vivo real-time monitoring system of electroporation mediated control of transdermal and topical drug delivery. J Control Release 2013; 172:862-71. [PMID: 24113487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation (EP) is a physical method for the delivery of molecules into cells and tissues, including the skin. In this study, in order to control the degree of transdermal and topical drug delivery, EP at different amplitudes of electric pulses was evaluated. A new in vivo real-time monitoring system based on fluorescently labeled molecules was developed, for the quantification of transdermal and topical drug delivery. EP of the mouse skin was performed with new non-invasive multi-array electrodes, delivering different amplitudes of electric pulses ranging from 70 to 570 V, between the electrode pin pairs. Patches, soaked with 4 kDa fluorescein-isothiocyanate labeled dextran (FD), doxorubicin (DOX) or fentanyl (FEN), were applied to the skin before and after EP. The new monitoring system was developed based on the delivery of FD to and through the skin. FD relative quantity was determined with fluorescence microscopy imaging, in the treated region of the skin for topical delivery and in a segment of the mouse tail for transdermal delivery. The application of electric pulses for FD delivery resulted in enhanced transdermal delivery. Depending on the amplitude of electric pulses, it increased up to the amplitude of 360 V, and decreased at higher amplitudes (460 and 570 V). Topical delivery steadily enhanced with increasing the amplitude of the delivered electric pulses, being even higher than after tape stripping used as a positive control. The non-invasive monitoring of the delivery of DOX, a fluorescent chemotherapeutic drug, qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed the effects of EP at 360 and 570 V pulse amplitudes on topical and transdermal drug delivery. Delivery of FEN at 360 and 570 V pulse amplitudes verified the observed effects as obtained with FD and DOX, by the measured physiological responses of the mice as well as FEN plasma concentration. This study demonstrates that with the newly developed non-invasive multi-array electrodes and with the varying electric pulse amplitude, the amount of topical and transdermal drug delivery to the skin can be controlled. Furthermore, the newly developed monitoring system provides a tool for rapid real-time determination of both, transdermal and topical delivery, when the delivered molecule is fluorescent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Blagus
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloska 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Mitragotri S. Engineering approaches to transdermal drug delivery: a tribute to contributions of prof. Robert Langer. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:263-76. [PMID: 23921113 DOI: 10.1159/000351947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery continues to provide an advantageous route of drug administration over injections. While the number of drugs delivered by passive transdermal patches has increased over the years, no macromolecule is currently delivered by the transdermal route. Substantial research efforts have been dedicated by a large number of researchers representing varied disciplines including biology, chemistry, pharmaceutics and engineering to understand, model and overcome the skin's barrier properties. This article focuses on engineering contributions to the field of transdermal drug delivery. The article pays tribute to Prof. Robert Langer, who pioneered the engineering approach towards transdermal drug delivery. Over a period spanning nearly 25 years since his first publication in the field of transdermal drug delivery, Bob Langer has deeply impacted the field by quantitative analysis and innovative engineering. At the same time, he has inspired several generations of engineers by collaborations and mentorship. His scientific insights, innovative technologies, translational efforts and dedicated mentorship have transformed the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mitragotri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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Polak A, Mulej B, Kramar P. System for measuring planar lipid bilayer properties. J Membr Biol 2012; 245:625-32. [PMID: 22811282 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-012-9476-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a system for measuring planar lipid bilayer properties. The system is composed of a control unit, an output stage, an LCR meter, pumps for filling reservoirs, a bath with temperature regulation and a measurement chamber with four electrodes. The planar lipid bilayer is automatically formed using a folding method on apertures of different sizes. The automatization is assured by two syringes, which are clamped in actuators. Actuators are driven and controlled by a control unit via RS-232 communication. The temperature of the planar lipid bilayer can be regulated between 15 and 55 °C. The regulation is assured by insertion of the measurement chamber into the temperature-regulated bath. Different shapes of voltage- or current-clamp signals can be applied to the planar lipid bilayer. By measuring the response of the planar lipid bilayer to the applied signal, the capacitance and breakdown voltage of the planar lipid bilayer can be determined. The cutoff frequencies of the system output stage for voltage- and current-clamp methods are 11 and 17 kHz, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andraž Polak
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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44
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Pegoraro C, MacNeil S, Battaglia G. Transdermal drug delivery: from micro to nano. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:1881-1894. [PMID: 22334401 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr11606e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Delivery across skin offers many advantages compared to oral or intravenous routes of drug administration. Skin however is highly impermeable to most molecules on the basis of size, hydrophilicity, lipophilicity and charge. For this reason it is often necessary to temporarily alter the barrier properties of skin for effective administration. This can be done by applying chemical enhancers, which alter the lipid structure of the top layer of skin (the stratum corneum, SC), by applying external forces such as electric currents and ultrasounds, by bypassing the stratum corneum via minimally invasive microneedles or by using nano-delivery vehicles that can cross and deliver their payload to the deeper layers of skin. Here we present a critical summary of the latest technologies used to increase transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Pegoraro
- The Krebs Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, S10 2TN Sheffield, UK.
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Abstract
Methotrexate has been reported as an immunosuppressant and an antimetabolite widely used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. However, it causes various toxicities and has low bioavailability when taken orally, thus, it is desirable that the drug be delivered transdermally. The water solubility and charged structure of methotrexate, however, limits its use via the transdermal route mainly due to the highly organized microstructure of the stratum corneum. Hence, various technologies, such as chemical enhancers, iontophoresis, electroporation, ultrasound and microneedles, either alone or in combination, are being explored to enhance its permeability by disrupting the barrier property of the skin. The present article discusses the past, present and future of transdermal delivery of methotrexate.
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46
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Buccal iontophoresis: an opportunity for drug delivery and metabolite monitoring. Drug Discov Today 2011; 16:361-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Jampilek J, Brychtova K. Azone analogues: classification, design, and transdermal penetration principles. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:907-47. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
- Zentiva k.s., U kabelovny 130; 102 37 Prague 10 Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Brychtova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno; Palackeho 1-3 612 42 Brno Czech Republic
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Paudel KS, Milewski M, Swadley CL, Brogden NK, Ghosh P, Stinchcomb AL. Challenges and opportunities in dermal/transdermal delivery. Ther Deliv 2010; 1:109-31. [PMID: 21132122 PMCID: PMC2995530 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is an exciting and challenging area. There are numerous transdermal delivery systems currently available on the market. However, the transdermal market still remains limited to a narrow range of drugs. Further advances in transdermal delivery depend on the ability to overcome the challenges faced regarding the permeation and skin irritation of the drug molecules. Emergence of novel techniques for skin permeation enhancement and development of methods to lessen skin irritation would widen the transdermal market for hydrophilic compounds, macromolecules and conventional drugs for new therapeutic indications. As evident from the ongoing clinical trials of a wide variety of drugs for various clinical conditions, there is a great future for transdermal delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana S Paudel
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Mikolaj Milewski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Courtney L Swadley
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Nicole K Brogden
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Priyanka Ghosh
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
| | - Audra L Stinchcomb
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0200, USA
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Zhou Y, Wei YH, Zhang GQ, Wu XA. Synergistic penetration of ethosomes and lipophilic prodrug on the transdermal delivery of acyclovir. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:567-74. [PMID: 20422366 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the lipophilic prodrug as a means of promoting acyclovir (ACV) that exhibited biphasic insolubility into the ethosomes for optimum skin delivery. Acyclovir Palmitate (ACV-C(16)) was synthesized as the lipophilic prodrug of ACV. The ethosomal system and the liposomal system bearing ACV or ACV-C(16) were prepared, respectively. The systems were characterized for shape, zeta potential value, particle size, and entrapment efficiency. Franz diffusion cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used for the percutaneous absorption studies. The results showed that the entrapment efficiency of ACV-C(16) ethosomes (87.75%) were much higher than that of ACV ethosomes (39.13%). The quantity of drug in the skin from ACV-C(16) ethosomes at the end of the 24 h transdermal experiment (622.89 microg/cm(2)) was 5.30 and 3.43 times higher than that from ACV-C(16) hydroalcoholic solution and ACV ethosomes, respectively. This study indicated that the binary combination of the lipophilic prodrug ACV-C(16) and the ethosomes synergistically enhanced ACV absorption into the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, 1st Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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50
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Park D, Yoon J, Park J, Jung B, Park H, Seo J. Transdermal drug delivery aided by an ultrasound contrast agent: an in vitro experimental study. Open Biomed Eng J 2010; 4:56-62. [PMID: 20448793 PMCID: PMC2847207 DOI: 10.2174/1874120701004010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonophoresis temporarily increases skin permeability such that medicine can be delivered transdermally. Cavitation is believed to be the predominant mechanism in sonophoresis. In this study, an ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) strategy was adopted instead of low frequency ultrasound to assure that cavitation occurred, and the efficacy of sonophoresis with UCA was quantitatively analyzed by optical measurements. The target drug used in this study was 0.1 % Definity® in 70% glycerol, which was delivered into porcine skin samples. Glycerol was used because it is an optical clearing agent, and the efficiency of glycerol delivery could be analyzed with optical measurements. The applied acoustic pressure was approximately 600 kPa at 1 MHz ultrasound with a 10% duty cycle for 60 minutes. Experimental results indicated that the measured relative contrast (RC) after sonophoresis with UCA was approximately 80% higher than RC after sonophoresis without UCA. In addition, the variance of RC was also reduced by more than 50% with the addition of a UCA. The use of a UCA appeared to increase cavitation, demonstrating that the use of a UCA can be effective in transdermal drug delivery (TDD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghee Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, 234 Maeji, Heungup, Wonju, Kangwon, 220-710, S. Korea
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