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Chitta S, Nehete BP, Delise AB, Simmons JH, Nehete PN. Reactivity of HLADR antibody manifests expression of surface MHC II molecules on peripheral blood T lymphocytes in new world monkeys. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1318. [PMID: 38923761 PMCID: PMC11194976 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules expressed on B cells, monocytes and dendritic cells present processed peptides to CD4+ T cells as one of the mechanisms to combat infection and inflammation. AIM To study MHC II expression in a variety of nonhuman primate species, including New World (NWM) squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis), owl monkeys (Aotus nancymae), common marmosets (Callithrix spp.), and Old World (OWM) rhesus (Macaca mulatta), baboons (Papio anubis). METHODS Two clones of cross-reactive mouse anti-human HLADR monoclonal antibodies (mAb) binding were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate MHC II expression on NHP immune cells, including T lymphocytes in whole blood (WB) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). RESULTS MHC class II antibody reactivity is seen with CD20+ B cells, CD14+ monocytes and CD3+ T lymphocytes. Specific reactivity with both clones was demonstrated in T lymphocytes: this reactivity was not inhibited by purified CD16 antibody but was completely inhibited when pre-blocked with purified unconjugated MHC II antibody. Freshly prepared PBMC also showed reactivity with T lymphocytes without any stimulation. Interestingly, peripheral blood from rhesus macaques and olive baboons (OWM) showed no such T lymphocyte associated MHCII antibody reactivity. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Our results from antibody (MHC II) reactivity clearly show the potential existence of constitutively expressed (with no stimulation) MHC II molecules on T lymphocytes in new world monkeys. These results suggest that additional study is warranted to evaluate the functional and evolutionary significance of these finding and to better understand MHC II expression on T lymphocytes in new world monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Chitta
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUT‐MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | - Bharti P. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUT‐MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | - Ashley B. Delise
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUT‐MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | - Joe H. Simmons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUT‐MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and ResearchUT‐MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastropTexasUSA
- Department of Comparative MedicineThe University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesHoustonTexasUSA
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Hammer SE, Ho CS, Ando A, Rogel-Gaillard C, Charles M, Tector M, Tector AJ, Lunney JK. Importance of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (Swine Leukocyte Antigen) in Swine Health and Biomedical Research. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 8:171-198. [PMID: 31846353 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex, maps to Sus scrofa chromosome 7. It consists of three regions, the class I and class III regions mapping to 7p1.1 and the class II region mapping to 7q1.1. The swine MHC is divided by the centromere, which is unique among mammals studied to date. The SLA complexspans between 2.4 and 2.7 Mb, depending on haplotype, and encodes approximately 150 loci, with at least 120 genes predicted to be functional. Here we update the whole SLA complex based on the Sscrofa11.1 build and annotate the organization for all recognized SLA genes and their allelic sequences. We present SLA nomenclature and typing methods and discuss the expression of SLA proteins, as well as their role in antigen presentation and immune, disease, and vaccine responses. Finally, we explore the role of SLA genes in transplantation and xenotransplantation and their importance in swine biomedical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine E Hammer
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chak-Sum Ho
- Gift of Hope Organ & Tissue Donor Network, Itasca, Illinois 60143, USA
| | - Asako Ando
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara 259-1193, Japan
| | | | - Mathieu Charles
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Matthew Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Makana Therapeutics, Wilmington, Delaware 19801, USA
| | - A Joseph Tector
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.,Current address: Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
| | - Joan K Lunney
- Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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Lorenzen E, Follmann F, Jungersen G, Agerholm JS. A review of the human vs. porcine female genital tract and associated immune system in the perspective of using minipigs as a model of human genital Chlamydia infection. Vet Res 2015; 46:116. [PMID: 26411309 PMCID: PMC4586017 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases constitute major health issues and their prevention and treatment continue to challenge the health care systems worldwide. Animal models are essential for a deeper understanding of the diseases and the development of safe and protective vaccines. Currently a good predictive non-rodent model is needed for the study of genital chlamydia in women. The pig has become an increasingly popular model for human diseases due to its close similarities to humans. The aim of this review is to compare the porcine and human female genital tract and associated immune system in the perspective of genital Chlamydia infection. The comparison of women and sows has shown that despite some gross anatomical differences, the structures and proportion of layers undergoing cyclic alterations are very similar. Reproductive hormonal cycles are closely related, only showing a slight difference in cycle length and source of luteolysing hormone. The epithelium and functional layers of the endometrium show similar cyclic changes. The immune system in pigs is very similar to that of humans, even though pigs have a higher percentage of CD4(+)/CD8(+) double positive T cells. The genital immune system is also very similar in terms of the cyclic fluctuations in the mucosal antibody levels, but differs slightly regarding immune cell infiltration in the genital mucosa - predominantly due to the influx of neutrophils in the porcine endometrium during estrus. The vaginal flora in Göttingen Minipigs is not dominated by lactobacilli as in humans. The vaginal pH is around 7 in Göttingen Minipigs, compared to the more acidic vaginal pH around 3.5-5 in women. This review reveals important similarities between the human and porcine female reproductive tracts and proposes the pig as an advantageous supplementary model of human genital Chlamydia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lorenzen
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Frank Follmann
- Chlamydia Vaccine Research, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jørgen S Agerholm
- Section for Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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4
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Hlavova K, Stepanova H, Faldyna M. The phenotype and activation status of T and NK cells in porcine colostrum suggest these are central/effector memory cells. Vet J 2014; 202:477-82. [PMID: 25438731 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In pigs, the epitheliochorial placenta does not allow transfer of maternally derived antibodies or immune cells to the fetus. Thus, piglets are dependent on intake of colostrum for acquisition of passive immunity during the neonatal period. As well as immunoglobulin G (IgG), cellular components of colostrum, mainly lymphocytes, can enter the systemic circulation and secondary lymphoid organs of the neonate. In order to understand the function and immunological role of these cells, a flow cytometric study was undertaken to characterise the cellular profile and phenotype of T cells and NK cells present in porcine colostrum. The results indicated that the greatest numbers of lymphocytes were found on the first day of lactation. The predominant cell types in colostrum were CD8(+) single positive T cells (53.6%), followed by CD4(+)CD8(+) double positive T cells (21.1%), CD2(+)CD8(+) γδ T cells (15.0%) and NK cells (13.5%). CD4(+) single positive T cells (4.4%) and other γδ T cell subpopulations (1.8% CD2(-)CD8(-) and 0.4% CD2(+)CD8(-)) were present in colostrum at low levels. Although the profile of the T cell subpopulations during the first 3 days of lactation remained constant, the absolute numbers of T and NK cells decreased significantly in the first few hours of lactation. Expression of CCR7, CD11b, CD25, CD45RA and MHC class II was used to assess the activation status of T and NK cells in colostrum. T cell subpopulations expressed markers consistent with an effector memory phenotype, indicating that these were antigen-experienced cells. The phenotype of colostral T and NK cells suggests a role in mucosal immunity and potentially in transfer of passive immunity from sow to piglet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Hlavova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Stepanova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Talker SC, Käser T, Reutner K, Sedlak C, Mair KH, Koinig H, Graage R, Viehmann M, Klingler E, Ladinig A, Ritzmann M, Saalmüller A, Gerner W. Phenotypic maturation of porcine NK- and T-cell subsets. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 40:51-68. [PMID: 23352625 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Detailed information concerning the development of the immune system in young pigs is still rudimental. In the present study, we analyzed changes in phenotype and absolute numbers of natural killer cells, γδ T cells, T helper cells, regulatory T cells and cytolytic T cells in the blood of pigs from birth to six months of age. For each lymphocyte subpopulation, a combination of lineage and differentiation markers was investigated by six-color flow cytometry. Major findings were: (i) absolute numbers of γδ T cells strongly increased from birth until 19-25 weeks of age, indicating an important role for these cells during adolescence; (ii) phenotype of T helper cells changed over time from CD8α(-)SLA-DR(-)CD27(+) towards CD8α(+)SLA-DR(+)CD27(-) but CD45RC(-) T helper cells were found immediately after birth, therefore questioning the role of this marker for the identification of T-helper memory cells; (iii) for cytolytic T cells, putative phenotypes for early effector (CD3(+)CD8αβ(+)perforin(+)CD27(dim)) and late effector or memory cells (CD3(+)CD8αβ(+)perforin(+)CD27(-)) could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Talker
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
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Lunney JK, Ho CS, Wysocki M, Smith DM. Molecular genetics of the swine major histocompatibility complex, the SLA complex. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:362-374. [PMID: 18760302 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 07/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The swine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) complex is one of the most gene-dense regions in the swine genome. It consists of three major gene clusters, the SLA class I, class III and class II regions, that span approximately 1.1, 0.7 and 0.5Mb, respectively, making the swine MHC the smallest among mammalian MHC so far examined and the only one known to span the centromere. This review summarizes recent updates to the Immuno Polymorphism Database-MHC (IPD-MHC) website (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ipd/mhc/sla/) which serves as the repository for maintaining a list of all SLA recognized genes and their allelic sequences. It reviews the expression of SLA proteins on cell subsets and their role in antigen presentation and regulating immune responses. It concludes by discussing the role of SLA genes in swine models of transplantation, xenotransplantation, cancer and allergy and in swine production traits and responses to infectious disease and vaccines.
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Gerner W, Käser T, Saalmüller A. Porcine T lymphocytes and NK cells--an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:310-320. [PMID: 18601948 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells represent an important cell population of the innate immune system with the ability to attack spontaneously pathogen-infected and malignant body cells as well as to produce immune-regulatory cytokines. T lymphocytes belong to the adaptive immune system and perform a wide array of functions in immune regulation, inflammation and protective immune responses. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about the phenotype and functional characteristics of these two cell populations in swine. Porcine NK cells can be distinguished from T cells by the complex phenotype perforin+ CD3(-)CD4(-)CD5(-)CD6(-)CD8alpha+CD8beta(-)CD11b+CD16+. Investigations so far show that these cells have the capacity to lyse virus-infected target cells and respond to various regulatory cytokines. Such cytokines can induce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production in porcine NK cells, as well as the up-regulation of effector/activation molecules like perforin and CD25. Porcine T cells can be divided into a number of subpopulations, including a prominent fraction of T cells expressing T-cell receptors (TCR) with gammadelta-chains. Like TCR-alphabeta T cells, these TCR-gammadelta T cells can express CD8alpha and MHC class II, two molecules which in swine seem to be correlated with an activation status of T cells. Functional properties of these cells seem to include cytolytic activity as well as antigen presentation; however, both aspects require further investigation. Like in other species, TCR-alphabeta T cells in swine comprise MHC class-I restricted cytolytic T cells, T-helper cells and recently identified regulatory T cells. We summarize data on the phenotype and function of these cells including memory cell formation. Current knowledge suggests that MHC class-I restricted cytolytic T cells can be identified by the expression of CD8alphabeta heterodimers. T-helper cells express CD4 as well as other activation-related markers, including CD8alpha, MHC class II and CD45RC. Porcine regulatory T cells have a phenotype similar to that of mouse and humans: CD4+CD25+Foxp3+. First results indicate that these cells can suppress proliferation of other T cells and produce IL-10. Finally, the abundant expression of swine-specific activation markers CD8alpha and MHC class II on T cells and NK cells is discussed in more detail.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/immunology
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Genes, MHC Class II/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Natural Killer T-Cells/cytology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Swine/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelm Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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8
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Piriou-Guzylack L, Salmon H. Membrane markers of the immune cells in swine: an update. Vet Res 2008; 39:54. [PMID: 18638439 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides their breeding value, swine are increasingly used as biomedical models. As reported in three international swine clusters of differentiation (CD) workshops and in the animal homologue section of the last workshop for the determination of human leukocyte differentiation antigens (HLDA 8), characterisation of leukocyte surface antigens by monoclonal antibodies and other molecular studies have determined the cell lineages and blood leukocyte subsets implicated in the immune response, including cell adhesion molecules involved in cell trafficking. This review focusses on the current state of knowledge of porcine leukocyte differentiation and major histocompatibility complex (SLA) molecules. Examples of porcine particularities such as the double-positive T lymphocytes with the phenotype CD(4+)CD8(low) and CD(4-)CD8(low) alphabeta T cell subsets and the persistence of SLA class II after T-lymphocyte activation are illustrated, as well as the shared characteristics of the Artiodactyla group, such as the high proportion of gammadelta TcR (T cell receptor) T cells in blood and other lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, discrepancies between swine and humans, such as CD16 expression on dendritic cells and CD11b (wCD11R1) tissue distribution are outlined. The rapidly growing information should facilitate manipulation of the swine immune system towards improving disease control, and open new avenues for biomedical research using the pig as a model.
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Sinkora M, Butler JE, Holtmeier W, Sinkorova J. Lymphocyte development in fetal piglets: Facts and surprises. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 108:177-84. [PMID: 16144714 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The developing porcine fetus offers an excellent opportunity for the study of lymphocyte development. Studies on B cell, alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells in the last decade have expanded our knowledge of lymphocyte development in pigs. These studies have revealed several interesting differences between swine, mice and humans. For example, porcine peripheral lymphocytes include CD4+CD8+ alphabeta T cells and an abundance of gammadelta T cells that may even prevail over the alphabeta population. There are numerous CD2- gammadelta T cells in the blood and a large number of CD8alphaalpha-bearing cells that include NK cells, conventional gammadelta and alphabeta T cells. All porcine B lymphocytes are CD25(lo) and sIgM+ B cells may differ in the expression of CD2 antigen. Unlike mice, porcine B cells appear approximately 2 weeks before T cells and progenitors undergo VDJH rearrangement at 20th day of gestation (DG20) in the yolk sac and DG30 in the fetal liver before consummating high level lymphogenesis in the bone marrow after DG45. Early B cells show an unexpectedly high proportion of in-frame rearrangements, undergo switch recombination in thymus on DG60 and use N-region insertion from the time of the earliest VDJ rearrangement. The genomic repertoire of VH, DH and JH genes is small compared to mice and humans and swine appear to depend on junctional diversity for the majority of their repertoire. The limited VH repertoire of swine contrasts sharply with the porcine TCRbeta repertoire, which is extensive, extraordinarily conserved and nearly identical to that in humans. Therefore, swine present an example of two highly related receptor systems that have diverged in the same species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Doly 183, 549 22 Nový Hrádek, Czech Republic.
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Fachinger V, Schlapp T, Strube W, Schmeer N, Saalmüller A. Poxvirus-induced immunostimulating effects on porcine leukocytes. J Virol 2000; 74:7943-51. [PMID: 10933702 PMCID: PMC112325 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.17.7943-7951.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The prophylactic application of inactivated parapox ovis viruses (Baypamun; Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany) has been shown to reduce efficiently the outbreak of stress-mediated diseases in different species. However, little is known about the basic mechanism behind this observed stimulatory property. We therefore tested eight inactivated poxvirus strains belonging to three different genera (Orthopoxvirus, Avipoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus) for their capacity to activate cells of the porcine innate and specific immune systems in vitro. The results indicated that poxviruses failed to induce increased phagocytosis, oxidative burst, or natural killer cell activity in swine. In contrast, enhanced release of interleukin-2, alpha interferon, and gamma interferon, as well as strong proliferation, could be measured. Flow cytometric analyses and cell sorting experiments identified T-helper cells as the main target responding to inactivated poxviruses: the activated cells had a CD4(high) CD25(+) major histocompatibility complex type II-positive phenotype and were the major source of secreted cytokines. Together, the results demonstrated that all tested poxviruses possessed immunostimulating capacity. These in vitro poxvirus-induced effects may be responsible at least in part for the in vivo immunostimulating capacity of inactivated poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fachinger
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Ober BT, Summerfield A, Mattlinger C, Wiesmüller KH, Jung G, Pfaff E, Saalmüller A, Rziha HJ. Vaccine-induced, pseudorabies virus-specific, extrathymic CD4+CD8+ memory T-helper cells in swine. J Virol 1998; 72:4866-73. [PMID: 9573253 PMCID: PMC110037 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.6.4866-4873.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/1997] [Accepted: 02/17/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PRV; suid herpesvirus 1) infection causes heavy economic losses in the pig industry. Therefore, vaccination with live attenuated viruses is practiced in many countries. This vaccination was demonstrated to induce extrathymic virus-specific memory CD4+CD8+ T lymphocytes. Due to their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted proliferation, it is generally believed that these T lymphocytes function as memory T-helper cells. To directly prove this hypothesis, 15-amino-acid, overlapping peptides of the viral glycoprotein gC were used for screening in proliferation assays with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vaccinated d/d haplotype inbred pigs. In these experiments, two naturally processed T-cell epitopes (T1 and T2) which are MHC class II restricted were identified. It was shown that extrathymic CD4+CD8+ T cells are the T-lymphocyte subpopulation that responds to epitope T2. In addition, we were able to show that cytokine secretion can be induced in these T cells through recall with inactivated PRV and demonstrated that activated PRV-primed CD4+CD8+ T cells are able to induce PRV-specific immunoglobulin synthesis by PRV-primed, resting B cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the glycoprotein gC takes part in the priming of humoral anti-PRV memory responses. The experiments identified the first T-cell epitopes so far known to induce the generation of virus-specific CD4+CD8+ memory T lymphocytes and showed that CD4+CD8+ T cells are memory T-helper cells. Therefore, this study describes the generation of virus-specific CD4+CD8+ T cells, which is observed during vaccination, as a part of the potent humoral anti-PRV memory response induced by the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Ober
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- A Saalmüller
- Federal Research Center for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany.
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13
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Pauly T, Weiland E, Hirt W, Dreyer-Bux C, Maurer S, Summerfield A, Saalmüller A. Differentiation between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted porcine cytolytic T lymphocytes. Immunology 1996; 88:238-46. [PMID: 8690456 PMCID: PMC1456435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.1996.tb00010.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system of swine is unique in that the expression of CD4 and CD8 antigens defines four subpopulations of resting extrathymic T lymphocytes. Beyond phenotypic differences to other species, porcine T lymphocytes, particularly when derived from infected animals, are known to show high non-specific cytolytic in vitro activity. Here we describe the putative porcine CD6 antigen (workshop CD6; wCD6) which enables a phenotypic separation of T lymphocytes responsible for major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity. The putative porcine CD6 analogue, wCD6, a protein with a molecular mass of 110,000, shows high specificity for T lymphocytes and is neither expressed on B lymphocytes nor on cells of the myeloid lineage. In the extrathymic T-lymphocyte compartment wCD6 characterizes two T-lymphocyte fractions: wCD6+ T lymphocytes including both CD4+ T-helper cell subpopulations (CD4+CD8- and CD4+CD8+) and within the CD4-CD8+ fraction cells with high CD8 antigen density. In contrast the CD4-CD8- gamma/delta T-cell receptor (TCR) subset and CD4-CD8+ cells with low CD8 antigen density are included in the wCD6- T-lymphocyte fraction. Functional studies with separated wCD6 fractions revealed that the wCD6- cells can be characterized by spontaneous and non-MHC restricted cytolytic activity, whereas the wCD6+ T lymphocytes are responsible for MHC-restricted T-cell functions. Thus, the porcine wCD6 is an important antigen to discriminate between MHC-restricted and non-MHC-restricted cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pauly
- Federal Research Centre for Virus Diseases of Animals, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Hobbs MM, San Mateo LR, Orndorff PE, Almond G, Kawula TH. Swine model of Haemophilus ducreyi infection. Infect Immun 1995; 63:3094-100. [PMID: 7622236 PMCID: PMC173422 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.8.3094-3100.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus ducreyi is a strict human pathogen that causes sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease. We infected domestic swine with H. ducreyi 35000, resulting in the development of cutaneous ulcers histologically resembling human chancroid lesions. Intraepidermal lesions progressed from pustules to ulcers containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes and were accompanied by a dermal inflammatory infiltrate containing T cells and macrophages. H. ducreyi was recovered from lesions up to 17 days after inoculation, and pigs did not develop immunity to reinfection with the challenge strain. Features of the model include inoculation through abrasions in the epidermis, ambient housing temperatures for infected pigs, the ability to deliver multiple different inocula to a single host, and the availability of monoclonal antibodies against porcine immune cells permitting immunohistochemical characterization of the host immune response to H. ducreyi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Hobbs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599, USA
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