1
|
Eriksson M, Nylén S, Grönvik KO. T cell kinetics reveal expansion of distinct lung T cell subsets in acute versus in resolved influenza virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:949299. [PMID: 36275685 PMCID: PMC9582761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.949299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is restricted to airway-associated tissues and elicits both cellular and humoral responses ultimately resulting in generation of memory cells able to initiate a rapid immune response against re-infections. Resident memory T cells confer protection at the site of infection where lung-resident memory T cells are important for protecting the host against homologous and heterologous influenza virus infections. Mapping kinetics of local and systemic T cell memory formation is needed to better understand the role different T cells have in viral control and protection. After infecting BALB/c mice with influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 the main proportion of activated T cells and B cells expressing the early activation marker CD69 was detected in lungs and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes. Increased frequencies of activated cells were also observed in the peripheral lymphoid organs spleen, inguinal lymph nodes and mesenteric lymph nodes. Likewise, antigen-specific T cells were most abundant in lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes but present in all organs studied. CD8+CD103-CD49a+ lung-resident T cells expanded simultaneously with timing of viral clearance whereas CD8+CD103+CD49a+ lung-resident T cells was the most abundant subset after resolution of infection and antigen-specific, lung-resident T cells were detected up to seven months after infection. In conclusion, the results in this detailed kinetic study demonstrate that influenza virus infection elicits adaptive immune responses mainly in respiratory tract-associated tissues and that distinct subsets of lung-resident T cells expand at different time points during infection. These findings contribute to the understanding of the adaptive immune response locally and systemically following influenza virus infection and call for further studies on the roles of the lung-resident T cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malin Eriksson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Malin Eriksson,
| | - Susanne Nylén
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Glycans and Non-glycans on the Epithelium and in the Immune System in H1-H18 Influenza A Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:205-242. [PMID: 36175637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large variation of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in various susceptible hosts and their rapid evolution, which allows host/tissue switching, host immune escape, vaccine escape, and drug resistance, are difficult challenges for influenza control in all countries worldwide. Access and binding of the IAV to actual receptors at endocytic sites is critical for the establishment of influenza infection. In this chapter, the progress in identification of and roles of glycans and non-glycans on the epithelium and in the immune system in H1-H18 IAV infections are reviewed. The first part of the review is on current knowledge of H1-H16 IAV receptors on the epithelium including sialyl glycans, other negatively charged glycans, and annexins. The second part of the review focuses on H1-H16 IAV receptors in the immune system including acidic surfactant phospholipids, Sia on surfactant proteins, the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of surfactant proteins, Sia on mucins, Sia and C-type lectins on macrophages and dendritic cells, and Sia on NK cells. The third part of the review is about a possible H17-H18 IAV receptor. Binding of these receptors to IAVs may result in inhibition or enhancement of IAV infection depending on their location, host cell type, and IAV strain. Among these receptors, host sialyl glycans are key determinants of viral hemagglutinin (HA) lectins for H1-H16 infections. HA must acquire mutations to bind to sialyl glycans that are dominant on a new target tissue when switching to a new host for efficient transmission and to bind to long sialyl glycans found in the case of seasonal HAs with multiple glycosylation sites as a consequence of immune evasion. Although sialyl receptors/C-type lectins on immune cells are decoy receptors/pathogen recognition receptors for capturing viral HA lectin/glycans protecting HA antigenic sites, some IAV strains do not escape, such as by release with neuraminidase, but hijack these molecules to gain entry and replication in immune cells. An understanding of the virus-host battle tactics at the receptor level might lead to the establishment of novel strategies for effective control of influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rezinciuc S, Bezavada L, Bahadoran A, Duan S, Wang R, Lopez-Ferrer D, Finkelstein D, McGargill MA, Green DR, Pasa-Tolic L, Smallwood HS. Dynamic metabolic reprogramming in dendritic cells: An early response to influenza infection that is essential for effector function. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008957. [PMID: 33104753 PMCID: PMC7707590 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the influenza virus triggers an innate immune response that initiates the adaptive response to halt viral replication and spread. However, the metabolic response fueling the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in innate immune cell homeostasis remain undefined. Although influenza increases parasitized cell metabolism, it does not productively replicate in dendritic cells. To dissect these mechanisms, we compared the metabolism of dendritic cells to that of those infected with active and inactive influenza A virus and those treated with toll-like receptor agonists. Using quantitative mass spectrometry, pulse chase substrate utilization assays and metabolic flux measurements, we found global metabolic changes in dendritic cells 17 hours post infection, including significant changes in carbon commitment via glycolysis and glutaminolysis, as well as mitochondrial respiration. Influenza infection of dendritic cells led to a metabolic phenotype distinct from that induced by TLR agonists, with significant resilience in terms of metabolic plasticity. We identified c-Myc as one transcription factor modulating this response. Restriction of c-Myc activity or mitochondrial substrates significantly changed the immune functions of dendritic cells, such as reducing motility and T cell activation. Transcriptome analysis of inflammatory dendritic cells isolated following influenza infection showed similar metabolic reprogramming occurs in vivo. Thus, early in the infection process, dendritic cells respond with global metabolic restructuring, that is present in inflammatory lung dendritic cells after infection, and this is important for effector function. These findings suggest metabolic switching in dendritic cells plays a vital role in initiating the immune response to influenza infection. Dendritic cells are critical in mounting an effective immune response to influenza infection by initiating the immune response to influenza and activating the adaptive response to mediate viral clearance and manifest immune memory for protection against subsequent infections. We found dendritic cells undergo a profound metabolic shift after infection. They alter the concentration and location of hundreds of proteins, including c-Myc, facilitating a shift to a highly glycolytic phenotype that is also flexible in terms of fueling respiration. Nonetheless, we found limiting access to specific metabolic pathways or substrates diminished key immune functions. We previously described an immediate, fixed hypermetabolic state in infected respiratory epithelial cells. Here we present data indicating the metabolic response of dendritic cells is increased yet flexible, distinct from what we previously showed for epithelial cells. Additionally, we demonstrate dendritic cells tailor their metabolic response to the pathogen or TLR stimulus. This metabolic reprogramming occurs rapidly in vitro and is sustained in inflammatory dendritic cells in vivo for at least 9 days following influenza infection. These studies introduce the possibility of modulating the immune response to viral infection using customized metabolic therapy to enhance or diminish the function of specific cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Rezinciuc
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lavanya Bezavada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Azadeh Bahadoran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Susu Duan
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ruoning Wang
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University School of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel Lopez-Ferrer
- Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Maureen A. McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Douglas R. Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ljiljana Pasa-Tolic
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
| | - Heather S. Smallwood
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Laghlali G, Lawlor KE, Tate MD. Die Another Way: Interplay between Influenza A Virus, Inflammation and Cell Death. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040401. [PMID: 32260457 PMCID: PMC7232208 DOI: 10.3390/v12040401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a major concern to human health due to the ongoing global threat of a pandemic. Inflammatory and cell death signalling pathways play important roles in host defence against IAV infection. However, severe IAV infections in humans are characterised by excessive inflammation and tissue damage, often leading to fatal disease. While the molecular mechanisms involved in the induction of inflammation during IAV infection have been well studied, the pathways involved in IAV-induced cell death and their impact on immunopathology have not been fully elucidated. There is increasing evidence of significant crosstalk between cell death and inflammatory pathways and a greater understanding of their role in host defence and disease may facilitate the design of new treatments for IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Laghlali
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Kate E. Lawlor
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Tate
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (G.L.); (K.E.L.)
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-85722742
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hemagglutinin Stability Regulates H1N1 Influenza Virus Replication and Pathogenicity in Mice by Modulating Type I Interferon Responses in Dendritic Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01423-19. [PMID: 31694942 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01423-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) stability, or the pH at which HA is activated to cause membrane fusion, has been associated with the replication, pathogenicity, transmissibility, and interspecies adaptation of influenza A viruses. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which a destabilizing HA mutation, Y17H (activation pH, 6.0), attenuates virus replication and pathogenicity in DBA/2 mice compared to wild-type (WT) virus (activation pH, 5.5). The extracellular lung pH was measured to be near neutral (pH 6.9 to 7.5). WT and Y17H viruses had similar environmental stability at pH 7.0; thus, extracellular inactivation was unlikely to attenuate the Y17H virus. The Y17H virus had accelerated replication kinetics in MDCK, A549, and RAW 264.7 cells when inoculated at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 3 PFU/cell. The destabilizing mutation also increased early infectivity and type I interferon (IFN) responses in mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs). In contrast, the HA-Y17H mutation reduced virus replication in murine airway murine nasal epithelial cell and murine tracheal epithelial cell cultures and attenuated virus replication, virus spread, the severity of infection, and cellular infiltration in the lungs of mice. Normalizing virus infection and weight loss in mice by inoculating them with Y17H virus at a dose 500-fold higher than that of WT virus revealed that the destabilized mutant virus triggered the upregulation of more host genes and increased type I IFN responses and cytokine expression in DBA/2 mouse lungs. Overall, HA destabilization decreased virulence in mice by boosting early infection in DCs, resulting in the greater activation of antiviral responses, including the type I IFN response. These studies reveal that HA stability may regulate pathogenicity by modulating IFN responses.IMPORTANCE Diverse influenza A viruses circulate in wild aquatic birds, occasionally infecting farm animals. Rarely, an avian- or swine-origin influenza virus adapts to humans and starts a pandemic. Seasonal and many universal influenza vaccines target the HA surface protein, which is a key component of pandemic influenza viruses. Understanding the HA properties needed for replication and pathogenicity in mammals may guide response efforts to control influenza. Some antiviral drugs and broadly reactive influenza vaccines that target the HA protein have suffered resistance due to destabilizing HA mutations that do not compromise replicative fitness in cell culture. Here, we show that despite not compromising fitness in standard cell cultures, a destabilizing H1N1 HA stalk mutation greatly diminishes viral replication and pathogenicity in vivo by modulating type I IFN responses. This encourages targeting the HA stalk with antiviral drugs and vaccines as well as reevaluating previous candidates that were susceptible to destabilizing resistance mutations.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee YS, Wong AK, Tadych A, Hartmann BM, Park CY, DeJesus VA, Ramos I, Zaslavsky E, Sealfon SC, Troyanskaya OG. Interpretation of an individual functional genomics experiment guided by massive public data. Nat Methods 2018; 15:1049-1052. [PMID: 30478325 PMCID: PMC6941785 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A key unmet challenge in interpreting omics experiments is inferring biological meaning in the context of public functional genomics data. We developed a computational framework, Your Evidence Tailored Integration (YETI; http://yeti.princeton.edu/ ), which creates specialized functional interaction maps from large public datasets relevant to an individual omics experiment. Using this tailored integration, we predicted and experimentally confirmed an unexpected divergence in viral replication after seasonal or pandemic human influenza virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young-suk Lee
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Present address: School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Aaron K. Wong
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alicja Tadych
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Boris M. Hartmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Veronica A. DeJesus
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stuart C. Sealfon
- Department of Neurology and Center for Advanced Research on Diagnostic Assays, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Olga G. Troyanskaya
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Westenius V, Mäkelä SM, Julkunen I, Österlund P. Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza A Virus Spreads Efficiently in Human Primary Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and Dendritic Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1664. [PMID: 30065728 PMCID: PMC6056608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause recurrent epidemics and occasional global pandemics. Wild birds are the natural reservoir of influenza A virus from where the virus can be transmitted to poultry or to mammals including humans. Mortality among humans in the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection is even 60%. Despite intense research, there are still open questions in the pathogenicity of the H5N1 virus in humans. To characterize the H5N1 virus infection in human monocyte-derived macrophages (Mɸs) and dendritic cells (DCs), we used human isolates of highly pathogenic H5N1/2004 and H5N1/1997 and low pathogenic H7N9/2013 avian influenza viruses in comparison with a seasonal H3N2/1989 virus. We noticed that the H5N1 viruses have an overwhelming ability to replicate and spread in primary human immune cell cultures, and even the addition of trypsin did not equalize the infectivity of H7N9 or H3N2 viruses to the level seen with H5N1 virus. H5N1 virus stocks contained more often propagation-competent viruses than the H7N9 or H3N2 viruses. The data also showed that human DCs and Mɸs maintain 1,000- and 10,000-fold increase in the production of infectious H5N1 virus, respectively. Both analyzed highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses showed multi-cycle infection in primary human DCs and Mɸs, whereas the H3N2 and H7N9 viruses were incapable of spreading in immune cells. Interestingly, H5N1 virus was able to spread extremely efficiently despite the strong induction of antiviral interferon gene expression, which may in part explain the high pathogenicity of H5N1 virus infection in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veera Westenius
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna M Mäkelä
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Julkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pamela Österlund
- Expert Microbiology Unit, Department of Health Security, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Meng D, Huo C, Wang M, Xiao J, Liu B, Wei T, Dong H, Zhang G, Hu Y, Sun L. Influenza A Viruses Replicate Productively in Mouse Mastocytoma Cells (P815) and Trigger Pro-inflammatory Cytokine and Chemokine Production through TLR3 Signaling Pathway. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2130. [PMID: 28127293 PMCID: PMC5226950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A viruses (IAVs) cause acute respiratory infection in both humans and animals. As a member of the initial lines of host defense system, the role of mast cells during IAV infection has been poorly understood. Here, we characterized for the first time that both avian-like (α-2, 3-linked) and human-like (α-2, 6- linked) sialic acid (SA) receptors were expressed by the mouse mastocytoma cell line (P815). The P815 cells did support the productive replication of H1N1 (A/WSN/33), H5N1 (A/chicken/ Henan/1/04) and H7N2 (A/chicken/Hebei/2/02) in vitro while the in vivo infection of H5N1 in mast cells was confirmed by the specific staining of nasal mucosa and lung tissue from mice. All the three viruses triggered the infected P815 cells to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines including IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, CCL-2, CCL-5, and IP-10, but not the antiviral type I interferon. It was further confirmed that TLR3 pathway was involved in P815 cell response to IAV-infection. Our findings highlight the remarkable tropism and infectivity of IAV to P815 cells, indicating that mast cells may be unneglectable player in the development of IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Meng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., LtdBeijing, China
| | - Jin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China; Key Laboratory of Veterinary Bioproduction and Chemical Medicine of the Ministry of Agriculture, Zhongmu Institutes of China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., LtdBeijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Tangting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture Beijing, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing, China
| | - Lunquan Sun
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kim Y, Clements DR, Sterea AM, Jang HW, Gujar SA, Lee PWK. Dendritic Cells in Oncolytic Virus-Based Anti-Cancer Therapy. Viruses 2015; 7:6506-25. [PMID: 26690204 PMCID: PMC4690876 DOI: 10.3390/v7122953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that have a notable role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the context of cancer, appropriately activated DCs can induce anti-tumor immunity by activating innate immune cells and tumor-specific lymphocytes that target cancer cells. However, the tumor microenvironment (TME) imposes different mechanisms that facilitate the impairment of DC functions, such as inefficient antigen presentation or polarization into immunosuppressive DCs. These tumor-associated DCs thus fail to initiate tumor-specific immunity, and indirectly support tumor progression. Hence, there is increasing interest in identifying interventions that can overturn DC impairment within the TME. Many reports thus far have studied oncolytic viruses (OVs), viruses that preferentially target and kill cancer cells, for their capacity to enhance DC-mediated anti-tumor effects. Herein, we describe the general characteristics of DCs, focusing on their role in innate and adaptive immunity in the context of the TME. We also examine how DC-OV interaction affects DC recruitment, OV delivery, and anti-tumor immunity activation. Understanding these roles of DCs in the TME and OV infection is critical in devising strategies to further harness the anti-tumor effects of both DCs and OVs, ultimately enhancing the efficacy of OV-based oncotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youra Kim
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Derek R Clements
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Andra M Sterea
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Hyun Woo Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| | - Shashi A Gujar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Strategy and Organizational Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
| | - Patrick W K Lee
- Departments of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 1X5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fernandez MV, Miller E, Krammer F, Gopal R, Greenbaum BD, Bhardwaj N. Ion efflux and influenza infection trigger NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:723-34. [PMID: 26574023 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0614-313rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex, is an essential intracellular mediator of antiviral immunity. In murine dendritic cells, this complex responds to a wide array of signals, including ion efflux and influenza A virus infection, to activate caspase-1-mediated proteolysis of IL-1β and IL-18 into biologically active cytokines. However, the presence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells, in response to various triggers, including viral infection, has not been defined clearly. Here, we delineate the contribution of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome to the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α by human dendritic cells (monocyte-derived and primary conventional dendritic cells). Activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells by various synthetic activators resulted in the secretion of bioactive IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α and induction of pyroptotic cell death. Cellular IL-1β release depended on potassium efflux and the activity of proteins nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 and caspase-1. Likewise, influenza A virus infection of dendritic cells resulted in priming and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in an M2- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3-dependent manner. The magnitude of priming by influenza A virus varied among different strains and inversely corresponded to type I IFN production. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the existence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells and the ability of influenza A virus to prime and activate this pathway in human dendritic cells, with important implications for antiviral immunity and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenbaum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Priming of the Respiratory Tract with Immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum Limits Infection of Alveolar Macrophages with Recombinant Pneumonia Virus of Mice (rK2-PVM). J Virol 2015; 90:979-91. [PMID: 26537680 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02279-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a natural rodent pathogen that replicates in bronchial epithelial cells and reproduces many clinical and pathological features of the more severe forms of disease associated with human respiratory syncytial virus. In order to track virus-target cell interactions during acute infection in vivo, we developed rK2-PVM, bacterial artificial chromosome-based recombinant PVM strain J3666 that incorporates the fluorescent tag monomeric Katushka 2 (mKATE2). The rK2-PVM pathogen promotes lethal infection in BALB/c mice and elicits characteristic cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment to the lung parenchyma. Using recombinant virus, we demonstrate for the first time PVM infection of both dendritic cells (DCs; CD11c(+) major histocompatibility complex class II(+)) and alveolar macrophages (AMs; CD11c(+) sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin F(+)) in vivo and likewise detect mKATE2(+) DCs in mediastinal lymph nodes from infected mice. AMs support both active virus replication and production of infectious virions. Furthermore, we report that priming of the respiratory tract with immunobiotic Lactobacillus plantarum, a regimen that results in protection against the lethal inflammatory sequelae of acute respiratory virus infection, resulted in differential recruitment of neutrophils, DCs, and lymphocytes to the lungs in response to rK2-PVM and a reduction from ∼ 40% to <10% mKATE2(+) AMs in association with a 2-log drop in the release of infectious virions. In contrast, AMs from L. plantarum-primed mice challenged with virus ex vivo exhibited no differential susceptibility to rK2-PVM. Although the mechanisms underlying Lactobacillus-mediated viral suppression remain to be fully elucidated, this study provides insight into the cellular basis of this response. IMPORTANCE Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) is a natural mouse pathogen that serves as a model for severe human respiratory syncytial virus disease. We have developed a fully functional recombinant PVM strain with a fluorescent reporter protein (rK2-PVM) that permits us to track infection of target cells in vivo. With rK2-PVM, we demonstrate infection of leukocytes in the lung, notably, dendritic cells and alveolar macrophages. Alveolar macrophages undergo productive infection and release infectious virions. We have shown previously that administration of immunobiotic Lactobacillus directly to the respiratory mucosa protects mice from the lethal sequelae of PVM infection in association with profound suppression of the virus-induced inflammatory response. We show here that Lactobacillus administration also limits infection of leukocytes in vivo and results in diminished release of infectious virions from alveolar macrophages. This is the first study to provide insight into the cellular basis of the antiviral impact of immunobiotic L. plantarum.
Collapse
|
12
|
De Baets S, Verhelst J, Van den Hoecke S, Smet A, Schotsaert M, Job ER, Roose K, Schepens B, Fiers W, Saelens X. A GFP expressing influenza A virus to report in vivo tropism and protection by a matrix protein 2 ectodomain-specific monoclonal antibody. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121491. [PMID: 25816132 PMCID: PMC4376807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of influenza-related illness is mediated by many factors, including in vivo cell tropism, timing and magnitude of the immune response, and presence of pre-existing immunity. A direct way to study cell tropism and virus spread in vivo is with an influenza virus expressing a reporter gene. However, reporter gene-expressing influenza viruses are often attenuated in vivo and may be genetically unstable. Here, we describe the generation of an influenza A virus expressing GFP from a tri-cistronic NS segment. To reduce the size of this engineered gene segment, we used a truncated NS1 protein of 73 amino acids combined with a heterologous dimerization domain to increase protein stability. GFP and nuclear export protein coding information were fused in frame with the truncated NS1 open reading frame and separated from each other by 2A self-processing sites. The resulting PR8-NS1(1–73)GFP virus was successfully rescued and replicated as efficiently as the parental PR8 virus in vitro and was slightly attenuated in vivo. Flow cytometry-based monitoring of cells isolated from PR8-NS1(1–73)GFP virus infected BALB/c mice revealed that GFP expression peaked on day two in all cell types tested. In particular respiratory epithelial cells and myeloid cells known to be involved in antigen presentation, including dendritic cells (CD11c+) and inflammatory monocytes (CD11b+ GR1+), became GFP positive following infection. Prophylactic treatment with anti-M2e monoclonal antibody or oseltamivir reduced GFP expression in all cell types studied, demonstrating the usefulness of this reporter virus to analyze the efficacy of antiviral treatments in vivo. Finally, deep sequencing analysis, serial in vitro passages and ex vivo analysis of PR8-NS1(1–73)GFP virus, indicate that this virus is genetically and phenotypically stable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah De Baets
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Judith Verhelst
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Silvie Van den Hoecke
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anouk Smet
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emma R. Job
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenny Roose
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Schepens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Walter Fiers
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Department of Medical Protein Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baharom F, Thomas S, Bieder A, Hellmér M, Volz J, Sandgren KJ, McInerney GM, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Mellman I, Smed-Sörensen A. Protection of human myeloid dendritic cell subsets against influenza A virus infection is differentially regulated upon TLR stimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4422-30. [PMID: 25801434 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The proinflammatory microenvironment in the respiratory airway induces maturation of both resident and infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs) upon influenza A virus (IAV) infection. This results in upregulation of antiviral pathways as well as modulation of endocytic processes, which affect the susceptibility of DCs to IAV infection. Therefore, it is highly relevant to understand how IAV interacts with and infects mature DCs. To investigate how different subsets of human myeloid DCs (MDCs) involved in tissue inflammation are affected by inflammatory stimulation during IAV infection, we stimulated primary blood MDCs and inflammatory monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) with TLR ligands, resulting in maturation. Interestingly, MDDCs but not MDCs were protected against IAV infection after LPS (TLR4) stimulation. In contrast, stimulation with TLR7/8 ligand protected MDCs but not MDDCs from IAV infection. The reduced susceptibility to IAV infection correlated with induction of type I IFNs. We found that differential expression of TLR4, TRIF, and MyD88 in the two MDC subsets regulated the ability of the cells to enter an antiviral state upon maturation. This difference was functionally confirmed using small interfering RNA and inhibitors. Our data show that different human MDC subsets may play distinct roles during IAV infection, as their capacity to induce type I IFNs is dependent on TLR-specific maturation, resulting in differential susceptibility to IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezzah Baharom
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Saskia Thomas
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Andrea Bieder
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Maria Hellmér
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Julia Volz
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Kerrie J Sandgren
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Anna Smed-Sörensen
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
van Montfoort N, van der Aa E, Woltman AM. Understanding MHC class I presentation of viral antigens by human dendritic cells as a basis for rational design of therapeutic vaccines. Front Immunol 2014; 5:182. [PMID: 24795724 PMCID: PMC4005948 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective viral clearance requires the induction of virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Since dendritic cells (DC) have a central role in initiating and shaping virus-specific CTL responses, it is important to understand how DC initiate virus-specific CTL responses. Some viruses can directly infect DC, which theoretically allow direct presentation of viral antigens to CTL, but many viruses target other cells than DC and thus the host depends on the cross-presentation of viral antigens by DC to activate virus-specific CTL. Research in mouse models has highly enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cross-presentation and the dendritic cells (DC) subsets involved, however, these results cannot be readily translated toward the role of human DC in MHC class I-antigen presentation of human viruses. Here, we summarize the insights gained in the past 20 years on MHC class I presentation of viral antigen by human DC and add to the current debate on the capacities of different human DC subsets herein. Furthermore, possible sources of viral antigens and essential DC characteristics for effective induction of virus-specific CTL are evaluated. We conclude that cross-presentation is not only an efficient mechanism exploited by DC to initiate immunity to viruses that do not infect DC but also to viruses that do infect DC, because cross-presentation has many conceptual advantages and bypasses direct immune modulatory effects of the virus on its infected target cells. Since knowledge on the mechanism of viral antigen presentation and the preferred DC subsets is crucial for rational vaccine design, the obtained insights are very instrumental for the development of effective anti-viral immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine van Montfoort
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Evelyn van der Aa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| | - Andrea M Woltman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam , Rotterdam , Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fribourg M, Hartmann B, Schmolke M, Marjanovic N, Albrecht RA, García-Sastre A, Sealfon SC, Jayaprakash C, Hayot F. Model of influenza A virus infection: dynamics of viral antagonism and innate immune response. J Theor Biol 2014; 351:47-57. [PMID: 24594370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Viral antagonism of host responses is an essential component of virus pathogenicity. The study of the interplay between immune response and viral antagonism is challenging due to the involvement of many processes acting at multiple time scales. Here we develop an ordinary differential equation model to investigate the early, experimentally measured, responses of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells to infection by two H1N1 influenza A viruses of different clinical outcomes: pandemic A/California/4/2009 and seasonal A/New Caledonia/20/1999. Our results reveal how the strength of virus antagonism, and the time scale over which it acts to thwart the innate immune response, differs significantly between the two viruses, as is made clear by their impact on the temporal behavior of a number of measured genes. The model thus sheds light on the mechanisms that underlie the variability of innate immune responses to different H1N1 viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Fribourg
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - B Hartmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - M Schmolke
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - N Marjanovic
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - R A Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - A García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - S C Sealfon
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - C Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - F Hayot
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Systems Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sant AJ, Chaves FA, Krafcik FR, Lazarski CA, Menges P, Richards K, Weaver JM. Immunodominance in CD4 T-cell responses: implications for immune responses to influenza virus and for vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:357-68. [PMID: 17542751 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.3.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
CD4 T cells play a primary role in regulating immune responses to pathogenic organisms and to vaccines. Antigen-specific CD4 T cells provide cognate help to B cells, a requisite event for immunoglobulin switch and affinity maturation of B cells that produce neutralizing antibodies and also provide help to cytotoxic CD8 T cells, critical for their expansion and persistence as memory cells. Finally, CD4 T cells may participate directly in pathogen clearance via cell-mediated cytotoxicity or through production of cytokines. Understanding the role of CD4 T-cell immunity to viruses and other pathogens, as well as evaluation of the efficacy of vaccines, requires insight into the specificity of CD4 T cells. This review focuses on the events within antigen-presenting cells that focus CD4 T cells toward a limited number of peptide antigens within the pathogen or vaccine. The molecular events are discussed in light of the special challenges that the influenza virus poses, owing to the high degree of genetic variability, unpredictable pathogenicity and the repeated encounters that human populations face with this highly infectious pathogenic organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Sant
- David H Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
CD4 T cell help is limiting and selective during the primary B cell response to influenza virus infection. J Virol 2013; 88:314-24. [PMID: 24155379 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02077-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus vaccination strategies are focused upon the elicitation of protective antibody responses through administration of viral protein through either inactivated virions or live attenuated virus. Often overlooked in this strategy is the CD4 T cell response: how it develops into memory, and how it may support future primary B cell responses to heterologous infection. Through the utilization of a peptide-priming regimen, this study describes a strategy for developing CD4 T cell memory with the capacity to robustly expand in the lung-draining lymph node after live influenza virus infection. Not only were frequencies of antigen-specific CD4 T cells enhanced, but these cells also supported an accelerated primary B cell response to influenza virus-derived protein, evidenced by high anti-nucleoprotein (NP) serum antibody titers early, while there is still active viral replication ongoing in the lung. NP-specific antibody-secreting cells and heightened frequencies of germinal center B cells and follicular T helper cells were also readily detectable in the draining lymph node. Surprisingly, a boosted memory CD4 T cell response was not sufficient to provide intermolecular help for antibody responses. Our study demonstrates that CD4 T cell help is selective and limiting to the primary antibody response to influenza virus infection and that preemptive priming of CD4 T cell help can promote effective and rapid conversion of naive B cells to mature antibody-secreting cells.
Collapse
|
18
|
Division of labor between lung dendritic cells and macrophages in the defense against pulmonary infections. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:464-73. [PMID: 23549447 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is highly exposed to the external environment. For this reason, the lung needs to handle a number of potential threats present in inhaled air such as viruses or bacteria. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MFs) play an important role in orchestrating the immune responses to these challenges. The severe lung inflammation caused by some pathogens poses a unique challenge to the immune system: the potential insult must be eliminated rapidly whereas tissue inflammation must be controlled in order to avoid collateral damages that can lead to acute respiratory failure. Immune responses to infectious agents are initiated and controlled by various populations of antigen-presenting cells with specialized functions, which include conventional DCs (cDCs), monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and alveolar MFs (AMFs). This review will discuss the role of these different cells in responses to pulmonary infections, with a focus on influenza virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Splenic priming of virus-specific CD8 T cells following influenza virus infection. J Virol 2013; 87:4496-506. [PMID: 23388712 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03413-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy individuals, influenza virus (IAV) infection generally remains localized to the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract. Previously, IAV-specific effector CD8 T cells found systemically during the course of IAV infection were thought to have been primed in lung-draining lymph nodes with subsequent migration to other tissues. However, little is known about whether other lymphoid sites participate in the generation of virus-specific CD8 T cells during localized IAV infection. Here, we present evidence of early CD8 T cell priming in the spleen following respiratory IAV infection independent of lung-draining lymph node priming of T cells. Although we found early indications of CD8 T cell activation in the lymph nodes draining the respiratory tract, we also saw evidence of virus-specific CD8 T cell activation in the spleen. Furthermore, CD8 T cells primed in the spleen differentiated into memory cells of equivalent longevity and with similar recall capacity as CD8 T cells primed in the draining lymph nodes. These data showed that the spleen contributes to the virus-specific effector and memory CD8 T cell populations that are generated in response to respiratory infection.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a dangerous virus equipped with the potential to evoke widespread pandemic disease. The 2009 H1N1 pandemic highlights the urgency for developing effective therapeutics against IAV infection. Vaccination is a major weapon to combat IAV and efforts to improve current regimes are critically important. Here, we will review the role of dendritic cells (DCs), a pivotal cell type in the initiation of robust IAV immunity. The complexity of DC subset heterogeneity in the respiratory tract and lymph node that drains the IAV infected lung will be discussed, together with the varied and in some cases, conflicting contributions of individual DC populations to presenting IAV associated antigen to T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Waithman
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, West Perth, WA, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Short KR, Brooks AG, Reading PC, Londrigan SL. The fate of influenza A virus after infection of human macrophages and dendritic cells. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2315-2325. [PMID: 22894921 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.045021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC) are important components of the innate host defence. Historically, these immune cells have been considered to play a critical role in controlling the severity of influenza A virus (IAV) infection by limiting virus release, initiating local inflammatory responses and by priming subsequent adaptive immune responses. However, some IAV strains have been reported to replicate productively in human immune cells. Potential amplification and dissemination of IAV from immune cells may therefore be an important virulence determinant. Herein, we will review findings in relation to the fate of IAV following infection of MΦ and DC. Insights regarding the consequences and outcomes of IAV infection of airway MΦ and DC are discussed in order to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of influenza virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Short
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrew G Brooks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Victoria 3051, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hematopoietic-specific targeting of influenza A virus reveals replication requirements for induction of antiviral immune responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:12117-22. [PMID: 22778433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206039109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A coordinated innate and adaptive immune response, orchestrated by antigen presenting cells (APCs), is required for effective clearance of influenza A virus (IAV). Although IAV primarily infects epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract, APCs are also susceptible. To determine if virus transcription in these cells is required to generate protective innate and adaptive immune responses, we engineered IAV to be selectively attenuated in cells of hematopoietic origin. Incorporation of hematopoietic-specific miR-142 target sites into the nucleoprotein of IAV effectively silenced virus transcription in APCs, but had no significant impact in lung epithelial cells. Here we demonstrate that inhibiting IAV replication in APCs in vivo did not alter clearance, or the generation of IAV-specific CD8 T cells, suggesting that cross-presentation is sufficient for cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation. In contrast, loss of in vivo virus infection, selectively in APCs, resulted in a significant reduction of retinoic acid-inducible gene I-dependent type I IFN (IFN-I). These data implicate the formation of virus replication intermediates in APCs as the predominant trigger of IFN-I in vivo. Taking these data together, this research describes a unique platform to study the host response to IAV and provides insights into the mechanism of antigen presentation and the induction of IFN-I.
Collapse
|
23
|
Paget C, Ivanov S, Fontaine J, Renneson J, Blanc F, Pichavant M, Dumoutier L, Ryffel B, Renauld JC, Gosset P, Gosset P, Si-Tahar M, Faveeuw C, Trottein F. Interleukin-22 is produced by invariant natural killer T lymphocytes during influenza A virus infection: potential role in protection against lung epithelial damages. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8816-29. [PMID: 22294696 PMCID: PMC3308738 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.304758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are non-conventional lipid-reactive αβ T lymphocytes that play a key role in host responses during viral infections, in particular through the swift production of cytokines. Their beneficial role during experimental influenza A virus (IAV) infection has recently been proposed, although the mechanisms involved remain elusive. Here we show that during in vivo IAV infection, mouse pulmonary iNKT cells produce IFN-γ and IL-22, a Th17-related cytokine critical in mucosal immunity. Although permissive to viral replication, IL-22 production by iNKT cells is not due to IAV infection per se of these cells but is indirectly mediated by IAV-infected dendritic cells (DCs). We show that activation of the viral RNA sensors TLR7 and RIG-I in DCs is important for triggering IL-22 secretion by iNKT cells, whereas the NOD-like receptors NOD2 and NLRP3 are dispensable. Invariant NKT cells respond to IL-1β and IL-23 provided by infected DCs independently of the CD1d molecule to release IL-22. In vitro, IL-22 protects IAV-infected airway epithelial cells against mortality but has no role on viral replication. Finally, during early IAV infection, IL-22 plays a positive role in the control of lung epithelial damages. Overall, IAV infection of DCs activates iNKT cells, providing a rapid source of IL-22 that might be beneficial to preserve the lung epithelium integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Paget
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Stoyan Ivanov
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Josette Fontaine
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Joelle Renneson
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Fany Blanc
- Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U874, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Pichavant
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- CNRS, UMR 6218, Molecular Immunology and Embryology, Université d'Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France, and
| | - Jean Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Gosset
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Gosset
- Hopital Saint Vincent, Groupe Hospitalier de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Université Catholique de Lille, F-59020 Lille, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- Institut Pasteur, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U874, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Christelle Faveeuw
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- From the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59019 Lille, France
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- CNRS, UMR 8204, F-59021 Lille France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1019, F-59019 Lille, France
- Institut Fédératif de Recherche 142, F-59019 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The interaction between influenza virus and dendritic cells (DCs) remains poorly defined and controversial. Here we show that influenza virus replication in mouse bone marrow-derived DCs is abortive, despite viral genome transcription and replication occurring for each gene segment and viral hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein, at least, being produced. Electron microscopy reveals that virus assembly, rather than release of virus from the cell surface, is defective.
Collapse
|
25
|
Smed-Sörensen A, Chalouni C, Chatterjee B, Cohn L, Blattmann P, Nakamura N, Delamarre L, Mellman I. Influenza A virus infection of human primary dendritic cells impairs their ability to cross-present antigen to CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002572. [PMID: 22412374 PMCID: PMC3297599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is normally controlled by adaptive immune responses initiated by dendritic cells (DCs). We investigated the consequences of IAV infection of human primary DCs on their ability to function as antigen-presenting cells. IAV was internalized by both myeloid DCs (mDCs) and plasmacytoid DCs but only mDCs supported viral replication. Although infected mDCs efficiently presented endogenous IAV antigens on MHC class II, this was not the case for presentation on MHC class I. Indeed, cross-presentation by uninfected cells of minute amounts of endocytosed, exogenous IAV was -300-fold more efficient than presentation of IAV antigens synthesized by infected cells and resulted in a statistically significant increase in expansion of IAV-specific CD8 T cells. Furthermore, IAV infection also impaired cross-presentation of other exogenous antigens, indicating that IAV infection broadly attenuates presentation on MHC class I molecules. Our results suggest that cross-presentation by uninfected mDCs is a preferred mechanism of antigen-presentation for the activation and expansion of CD8 T cells during IAV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ira Mellman
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ocaña-Macchi M, Ricklin ME, Python S, Monika GA, Stech J, Stech O, Summerfield A. Avian influenza A virus PB2 promotes interferon type I inducing properties of a swine strain in porcine dendritic cells. Virology 2012; 427:1-9. [PMID: 22365327 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The 2009 influenza A virus (IAV) pandemic resulted from reassortment of avian, human and swine strains probably in pigs. To elucidate the role of viral genes in host adaptation regarding innate immune responses, we focussed on the effect of genes from an avian H5N1 and a porcine H1N1 IAV on infectivity and activation of porcine GM-CSF-induced dendritic cells (DC). The highest interferon type I responses were achieved by the porcine virus reassortant containing the avian polymerase gene PB2. This finding was not due to differential tropism since all viruses infected DC equally. All viruses equally induced MHC class II, but porcine H1N1 expressing the avian viral PB2 induced more prominent nuclear NF-κB translocation compared to its parent IAV. The enhanced activation of DC may be detrimental or beneficial. An over-stimulation of innate responses could result in either pronounced tissue damage or increased resistance against IAV reassortants carrying avian PB2.
Collapse
|
27
|
Londrigan SL, Tate MD, Brooks AG, Reading PC. Cell-surface receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells for attachment and entry of influenza virus. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 92:97-106. [PMID: 22124137 PMCID: PMC7166464 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Review of interactions between influenza A virus and C‐type lectin receptors on macrophages and dendritic cells that may result in virus entry and infection. Airway MΦ and DCs are important components of innate host defense and can play a critical role in limiting the severity of influenza virus infection. Although it has been well established that cell‐surface SA acts as a primary attachment receptor for IAV, the particular receptor(s) or coreceptor(s) that mediate IAV entry into any cell, including MΦ and DC, have not been clearly defined. Identifying which receptors are involved in attachment and entry of IAV into immune cells may have important implications in regard to understanding IAV tropism and pathogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that specialized receptors on MΦ and DCs, namely CLRs, can act as capture and/or entry receptors for many viral pathogens, including IAV. Herein, we review the early stages of infection of MΦ and DC by IAV. Specifically, we examine the potential role of CLRs expressed on MΦ and DC to act as attachment and/or entry receptors for IAV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Londrigan
- The Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Yatim N, Albert M. Dying to Replicate: The Orchestration of the Viral Life Cycle, Cell Death Pathways, and Immunity. Immunity 2011; 35:478-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
29
|
Major histocompatibility complex class II expression and hemagglutinin subtype influence the infectivity of type A influenza virus for respiratory dendritic cells. J Virol 2011; 85:11955-63. [PMID: 21917972 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05830-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) play a key role in antiviral immunity, functioning both as innate effector cells in early phases of the immune response and subsequently as antigen-presenting cells that activate the adaptive immune response. In the murine respiratory tract, there are several respiratory dendritic cell (RDC) subsets, including CD103(+) DC, CD11b(hi) DC, monocyte/macrophage DC, and plasmacytoid DC. However, little is known about the interaction between these tissue-resident RDC and viruses that are encountered during natural infection in the respiratory tract. Here, we show both in vitro and in vivo that the susceptibility of murine RDC to infection with type A influenza virus varies with the level of MHC class II expression by RDC and with the virus strain. Both CD103(+) and CD11b(hi) RDC, which express the highest basal level of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, are highly susceptible to infection by type A influenza virus. However, efficient infection is restricted to type A influenza virus strains of the H2N2 subtype. Furthermore, enhanced infectivity by viruses of the H2N2 subtype is linked to expression of the I-E MHC class II locus product. These results suggest a potential novel role for MHC class II molecules in influenza virus infection and pathogenesis in the respiratory tract.
Collapse
|
30
|
Infection of nonhost species dendritic cells in vitro with an attenuated myxoma virus induces gene expression that predicts its efficacy as a vaccine vector. J Virol 2011; 85:12982-94. [PMID: 21835800 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00128-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant myxoma virus (MYXV) can be produced without a loss of infectivity, and its highly specific host range makes it an ideal vaccine vector candidate, although careful examination of its interaction with the immune system is necessary. Similar to rabbit bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BM-DCs), ovine dendritic cells can be infected by SG33, a MYXV vaccine strain, and support recombinant antigen expression. The frequency of infected cells in the nonhost was lower and the virus cycle was abortive in these cell types. Among BM-DC subpopulations, Langerhans cell-like DCs were preferentially infected at low multiplicities of infection. Interestingly, ovine BM-DCs remained susceptible to MYXV after maturation, although apoptosis occurred shortly after infection as a function of the virus titer. When gene expression was assessed in infected BM-DC cultures, type I interferon (IFN)-related and inflammatory genes were strongly upregulated. DC gene expression profiles were compared with the profiles produced by other poxviruses in interaction with DCs, but very few commonalities were found, although genes that were previously shown to predict vaccine efficacy were present. Collectively, these data support the idea that MYXV permits efficient priming of adaptive immune responses and should be considered a promising vaccine vector along with other poxviruses.
Collapse
|
31
|
Maggina P, Christodoulou I, Papaevangelou V, Tsolia M, Papadopoulos NG. Dendritic cells in viral bronchiolitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 5:271-82. [PMID: 20477005 DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are major antigen-presenting cells that constitute a link between innate and adaptive immune responses, and are critical in the processes of control and elimination of viral infections. On the other hand, there is a large body of data strongly implicating respiratory viruses in morbidity during infancy through the induction of lower respiratory tract infections, such as bronchiolitis, and later on in childhood and adult life, mainly due to their association with asthma exacerbations. Little is known, however, about the precise role of DCs in human respiratory tract infections. This review focuses on current data, both from in vivo and in vitro studies, that highlight the interplay between DCs and the viral causes of bronchiolitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Maggina
- Allergy Research Centre, 2nd Paediatric Clinic, Medical School, University of Athens, 41 Fidippidou Street, Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus blocks autophagosome fusion with lysosomes. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:367-80. [PMID: 19837376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus is an important human pathogen causing significant morbidity and mortality every year and threatening the human population with epidemics and pandemics. Therefore, it is important to understand the biology of this virus to develop strategies to control its pathogenicity. Here, we demonstrate that influenza A virus inhibits macroautophagy, a cellular process known to be manipulated by diverse pathogens. Influenza A virus infection causes accumulation of autophagosomes by blocking their fusion with lysosomes, and one viral protein, matrix protein 2, is necessary and sufficient for this inhibition of autophagosome degradation. Macroautophagy inhibition by matrix protein 2 compromises survival of influenza virus-infected cells but does not influence viral replication. We propose that influenza A virus, which also encodes proapoptotic proteins, is able to determine the death of its host cell by inducing apoptosis and also by blocking macroautophagy.
Collapse
|
33
|
Summerfield A, McCullough KC. Dendritic Cells in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses against Influenza Virus. Viruses 2009; 1:1022-34. [PMID: 21994580 PMCID: PMC3185519 DOI: 10.3390/v1031022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are major players in both innate and adaptive immune responses against influenza virus. These immune responses, as well as the important interface between the innate and adaptive systems, are orchestrated by specialized subsets of DC, including conventional steady-state DC, migratory DC and plasmacytoid DC. The characteristics and efficacy of the responses are dependent on the relative activity of these DC subsets, rendering DC crucial for the development of both naïve and memory immune responses. However, due to their critical role, DC also contribute to the immunopathological processes observed during acute influenza, such as that caused by the pathogenic H5N1 viruses. Therein, the role of different DC subsets in the induction of interferon type I, pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine responses is important for the outcome of interaction between the virus and host immune defences. The present review will present current knowledge on this area, relating to the importance of DC activity for the induction of efficacious humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. This will include the main viral elements associated with the triggering or inhibition of DC activation. Finally, the current knowledge on understanding how differences in various vaccines influence the manner of immune defence induction will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Summerfield
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +41 31 848 9377; Fax: +41 31 848 9222
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Infection of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice with a human isolate of influenza a virus (H1N1) primes a diverse CD4 T-cell repertoire that includes CD4 T cells with heterosubtypic cross-reactivity to avian (H5N1) influenza virus. J Virol 2009; 83:6566-77. [PMID: 19386707 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The specificity of the CD4 T-cell immune response to influenza virus is influenced by the genetic complexity of the virus and periodic encounters with variant subtypes and strains. In order to understand what controls CD4 T-cell reactivity to influenza virus proteins and how the influenza virus-specific memory compartment is shaped over time, it is first necessary to understand the diversity of the primary CD4 T-cell response. In the study reported here, we have used an unbiased approach to evaluate the peptide specificity of CD4 T cells elicited after live influenza virus infection. We have focused on four viral proteins that have distinct intracellular distributions in infected cells, hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein, and the NS1 protein, which is expressed in infected cells but excluded from virion particles. Our studies revealed an extensive diversity of influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells that includes T cells for each viral protein and for the unexpected immunogenicity of the NS1 protein. Due to the recent concern about pandemic avian influenza virus and because CD4 T cells specific for HA and NA may be particularly useful for promoting the production of neutralizing antibody to influenza virus, we have also evaluated the ability of HA- and NA-specific CD4 T cells elicited by a circulating H1N1 strain to cross-react with related sequences found in an avian H5N1 virus and find substantial cross-reactivity, suggesting that seasonal vaccines may help promote protection against avian influenza virus.
Collapse
|
35
|
Weaver JM, Sant AJ. Understanding the focused CD4 T cell response to antigen and pathogenic organisms. Immunol Res 2009; 45:123-43. [PMID: 19198764 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-009-8095-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Immunodominance is a term that reflects the final, very limited peptide specificity of T cells that are elicited during an immune response. Recent experiments in our laboratory compel us to propose a new paradigm for the control of immunodominance in CD4 T cell responses, stating that immunodominance is peptide-intrinsic and is dictated by the off-rate of peptides from MHC class II molecules. Our studies have revealed that persistence of peptide:class II complexes both predicts and controls CD4 T cell immunodominance and that this parameter can be rationally manipulated to either promote or eliminate immune responses. Mechanistically, we have determined that DM editing in APC is a key event that is influenced by the kinetic stability of class II:peptide complexes and that differential persistence of complexes also impacts the expansion phase of the immune response. These studies have important implications for rational vaccine design and for understanding the immunological mechanisms that limit the specificity of CD4 T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Weaver
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, AaB Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gill MA, Long K, Kwon T, Muniz L, Mejias A, Connolly J, Roy L, Banchereau J, Ramilo O. Differential recruitment of dendritic cells and monocytes to respiratory mucosal sites in children with influenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1667-76. [PMID: 18847373 PMCID: PMC2696361 DOI: 10.1086/593018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are among the most common viruses causing infections of the lower respiratory tract in young children. Although there are important differences in the immunopathogenesis of these 2 viral pathogens, little is known about how they affect antigen-presenting cells in children with acute infections. METHODS To characterize the immune cells that are mobilized to the respiratory tract by influenza virus and RSV, we analyzed nasal wash and blood samples obtained from children hospitalized with acute respiratory infections. RESULTS Influenza virus and RSV mobilize immune cells, including myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), to the nasal mucosa. Patients with influenza virus infection had greater numbers of mDCs, pDCs, and monocytes in nasal wash samples than did patients with RSV infection. The frequencies of respiratory tract and blood T cell subsets were not affected by infection with influenza virus or RSV. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations in nasal wash samples were significantly increased in patients with influenza virus infection but not in those with RSV infection. RANTES (regulated on activation, normally T cell expressed and secreted) concentrations were increased only in the blood of patients with influenza virus infection. CONCLUSIONS Infection with influenza virus or RSV mobilizes antigen-presenting cells to the respiratory tract. The differences in antigen-presenting cell numbers and cytokine concentrations suggest that there are distinctive, early immune responses to these 2 viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Gill
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Head JL, Lawrence BP. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor is a modulator of anti-viral immunity. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:642-53. [PMID: 19027719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Although immune modulation by AhR ligands has been studied for many years, the impact of AhR activation on host defenses against viral infection has not, until recently, garnered much attention. The development of novel reagents and model systems, new information regarding anti-viral immunity, and a growing appreciation for the global health threat posed by viruses have invigorated interest in understanding how environmental signals affect susceptibility to and pathological consequences of viral infection. Using influenza A virus as a model of respiratory viral infection, recent studies show that AhR activation cues signaling events in both leukocytes and non-immune cells. Functional alterations include suppressed lymphocyte responses and increased inflammation in the infected lung. AhR-mediated events within and extrinsic to hematopoietic cells has been investigated using bone marrow chimeras, which show that AhR alters different elements of the immune response by affecting different tissue targets. In particular, suppressed CD8(+) T cell responses are due to deregulated events within leukocytes themselves, whereas increased neutrophil recruitment to and IFN-gamma levels in the lung result from AhR-regulated events extrinsic to bone marrow-derived cells. This latter discovery suggests that epithelial and endothelial cells are overlooked targets of AhR-mediated changes in immune function. Further support that AhR influences host cell responses to viral infection are provided by several studies demonstrating that AhR interacts directly with viral proteins and affects viral latency. While AhR clearly modulates host responses to viral infection, we still have much to understand about the complex interactions between immune cells, viruses, and the host environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Head
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dendritic cells are preferentially targeted among hematolymphocytes by Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara and play a key role in the induction of virus-specific T cell responses in vivo. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:15. [PMID: 18412969 PMCID: PMC2359732 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a highly attenuated strain of vaccinia virus (VV) that has lost approximately 15% of the VV genome, along with the ability to replicate in most mammalian cells. It has demonstrated impressive safety and immunogenicity profile in both preclinical and clinical studies, and is being actively explored as a promising vaccine vector for a number of infectious diseases and malignancies. However, little is known about how MVA interacts with the host immune system constituents, especially dendritic cells (DCs), to induce strong immune responses despite its inability to replicate in vivo. Using in vitro and in vivo murine models, we systematically investigated the susceptibility of murine DCs to MVA infection, and the immunological consequences of the infection. Results Our data demonstrate that MVA preferentially infects professional antigen presenting cells, especially DCs, among all the subsets of hematolymphoid cells. In contrast to the reported blockage of DC maturation and function upon VV infection, DCs infected by MVA undergo phenotypic maturation and produce innate cytokine IFN-α within 18 h of infection. Substantial apoptosis of MVA-infected DCs occurs after 12 h following infection and the apoptotic DCs are readily phagocytosed by uninfected DCs. Using MHC class I – deficient mice, we showed that both direct and cross-presentation of viral Ags are likely to be involved in generating viral-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Finally, DC depletion abrogated the T cell activation in vivo. Conclusion We present the first in vivo evidence that among hematolymphoid cells, DCs are the most susceptible targets for MVA infection, and DC-mediated Ag presentation is required for the induction of MVA-specific immune responses. These results provide important information concerning the mechanisms by which strong immune responses are elicited to MVA-encoded antigens and may inform efforts to further improve the immunogenicity of this already promising vaccine vector.
Collapse
|
39
|
Tejle K, Lindroth M, Magnusson KE, Rasmusson B. Wild-type Leishmania donovani promastigotes block maturation, increase integrin expression and inhibit detachment of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells--the influence of phosphoglycans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 279:92-102. [PMID: 18177309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.01013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response against the parasite, including the role of dendritic cells (DC) in the course of infection, plays a fundamental role. This study shows that wild-type (WT) Leishmania promastigotes and specifically the phosphoglycans family of virulence-associated antigens inhibit human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) maturation and detachment to distinct surfaces. Immature phagocytosis of Leishmania donovani promastigotes by immature MoDC results in the increased expression of CD11b and CD51, and inhibition of cell detachment to distinct surfaces, which was dependent on the presence of phosphoglycans. These findings demonstrate that phosphoglycans of WT L. donovani might also inhibit human DC migration to lymphoid organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Tejle
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medical Microbiology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Differential response of respiratory dendritic cell subsets to influenza virus infection. J Virol 2008; 82:4908-19. [PMID: 18353940 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02367-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are believed to play an important role in the initiation of innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, including respiratory tract infections, where respiratory DC (RDC) perform this role. In this report, we examined the susceptibilities of isolated murine RDC to influenza virus infection in vitro and the effect of the multiplicity of infection (MOI) on costimulatory ligand upregulation and inflammatory cytokine/chemokine production after infection. We found that the efficiency of influenza virus infection of RDC increased with increasing MOIs. Furthermore, distinct subpopulations of RDC differed in their susceptibilities to influenza virus infection and in the magnitude/tempo of costimulatory ligand expression. Additional characterization of the CD11c-positive (CD11c(+)) RDC revealed that the identifiable subsets of RDC differed in susceptibility to infection, with CD11c(+) CD103(+) DC exhibiting the greatest susceptibility, CD11c(+) CD11b(hi) DC exhibiting intermediate susceptibility, and CD11c(+) B220(+) plasmacytoid DC (pDC) exhibiting the least susceptibility to infection. A companion analysis of the in vivo susceptibilities of these RDC subsets to influenza virus revealed a corresponding infection pattern. The three RDC subsets displayed different patterns of cytokine/chemokine production in response to influenza virus infection in vitro: pDC were the predominant producers of most cytokines examined, while CD103(+) DC and CD11b(hi) DC produced elevated levels of the murine chemokine CXCL1 (KC), interleukin 12p40, and RANTES in response to influenza virus infection. Our results indicate that RDC are targets of influenza virus infection and that distinct RDC subsets differ in their susceptibilities and responses to infection.
Collapse
|
41
|
Richards KA, Chaves FA, Krafcik FR, Topham DJ, Lazarski CA, Sant AJ. Direct ex vivo analyses of HLA-DR1 transgenic mice reveal an exceptionally broad pattern of immunodominance in the primary HLA-DR1-restricted CD4 T-cell response to influenza virus hemagglutinin. J Virol 2007; 81:7608-19. [PMID: 17507491 PMCID: PMC1933370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02834-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent threat of an avian influenza pandemic has generated significant interest in enhancing our understanding of the events that dictate protective immunity to influenza and in generating vaccines that can induce heterosubtypic immunity. Although antigen-specific CD4 T cells are known to play a key role in protective immunity to influenza through the provision of help to B cells and CD8 T cells, little is known about the specificity and diversity of CD4 T cells elicited after infection, particularly those elicited in humans. In this study, we used HLA-DR transgenic mice to directly and comprehensively identify the specificities of hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4 T cells restricted to a human class II molecule that were elicited following intranasal infection with a strain of influenza virus that has been endemic in U.S. human populations for the last decade. Our results reveal a surprising degree of diversity among influenza virus-specific CD4 T cells. As many as 30 different peptides, spanning the entire HA protein, were recognized by CD4 T cells, including epitopes genetically conserved among H1, H2, and H5 influenza A viruses. We also compared three widely used major histocompatibility class II algorithms to predict HLA-DR binding peptides and found these as yet inadequate for identifying influenza virus-derived epitopes. The results of these studies offer key insights into the spectrum of peptides recognized by HLA-DR-restricted CD4 T cells that may be the focus of immune responses to infection or to experimental or clinical vaccines in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Richards
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, Aab Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tan MC, Battini L, Tuyama AC, Macip S, Melendi GA, Horga MA, Gusella GL. Characterization of human metapneumovirus infection of myeloid dendritic cells. Virology 2006; 357:1-9. [PMID: 16959282 PMCID: PMC1769550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent in vivo studies suggest that hMPV is a poor inducer of inflammatory cytokines and that clinical symptoms may not be related to immune-mediated pathogenesis as it has been proposed for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human parainfluenza 3 (HPF3). Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen presenting cells, and very effective at inducing specific CTLs after encountering invading viruses. Interactions of hMPV with DCs have not been characterized. We hypothesized that the relatively mild inflammatory responses observed in vivo after hMPV infection might be at least in part due to hMPV's poor ability to stimulate and activate DCs. hMPV actively infected immature monocyte-derived CD11c+/HLA-DR+ DCs. However, in contrast to RSV or HPF3, hMPV caused no gross cytopathic effects such as syncytia, lytic infection, or massive apoptosis. DCs exposed to hMPV show no cytopathic effects under tissue culture conditions permissive for viral replication. The surface maturation markers CD83 and CD86 were not significantly up-regulated in infected DCs as compared to uninfected controls, while expression of CD80 appeared increased. Stimulation of hMPV-infected DCs with LPS resulted in the enhanced expression of all these surface markers indicating that hMPV is not generally suppressing DC maturation. Overall, cytokine expression remained low. These results indicate that hMPV does not induce effective DC maturation in vitro and suggest that the weak stimulation of DCs may account for the overall low immunogenicity of this virus observed in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Tan
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lefrançois L, Puddington L. Intestinal and pulmonary mucosal T cells: local heroes fight to maintain the status quo. Annu Rev Immunol 2006; 24:681-704. [PMID: 16551263 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal immunity in the lung and intestine is controlled by complex multifaceted systems. While mucosal T cells are essential for protection against invading pathogens owing to their proximity to the outside world, powerful systems must also be in place to harness ongoing inflammatory processes. In each site, distinct anatomical structures play key roles in mounting and executing both protective and deleterious mucosal T cell responses. Although analogies can be drawn regarding the immune systems of these two organs, there are substantial dissimilarities necessitated by unique physiologic constraints. Here, we discuss how T cell activation and effector function are generated in the mucosae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo Lefrançois
- Center for Integrative Immunology and Vaccine Research, Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030-1319, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
We have previously shown that very few rotavirus (RV)-specific T cells that secrete gamma interferon circulate in recently infected and seropositive adults and children. Here, we have studied the interaction of RV with myeloid immature (IDC) and mature dendritic cells (MDC) in vitro. RV did not induce cell death of IDC or MDC and induced maturation of between 12 and 48% of IDC. Nonetheless, RV did not inhibit the maturation of IDC or change the expression of maturation markers on MDC. After treatment with RV, few IDC expressed the nonstructural viral protein NSP4. In contrast, a discrete productive viral infection was shown in MDC of a subset of volunteers, and between 3 and 46% of these cells expressed NSP4. RV-treated IDC secreted interleukin 6 (IL-6) (but not IL-1beta, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or transforming growth factor beta), and MDC released IL-6 and small amounts of IL-10 and IL-12p70. The patterns of cytokines secreted by T cells stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin B presented by MDC infected with RV or uninfected were comparable. The frequencies and patterns of cytokines secreted by memory RV-specific T cells evidenced after stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with RV were similar to those evidenced after stimulation of PBMC with RV-infected MDC. Finally, IDC treated with RV strongly stimulated naive allogeneic CD4+ T cells to secrete Th1 cytokines. Thus, although RV does not seem to be a strong maturing stimulus for DC, it promotes their capacity to prime Th1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Narváez
- Instituto de Genética Humana, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Carrera 7 40-62, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Horga MA, Macip S, Tuyama AC, Tan MC, Gusella GL. Human parainfluenza virus 3 neuraminidase activity contributes to dendritic cell maturation. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:523-33. [PMID: 16212531 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of dendritic cells (DCs) immunomodulation by parainfluenza viruses have not been characterized. We analyzed whether the human parainfluenza 3 (HPF3) virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein (HN) might influence DC maturation. HN possesses a receptor binding function and a neuraminidase or desialidating activity. To assess whether the neuraminidase activity of HN affects DC maturation, human myeloid DCs were exposed to either live or UV-inactivated HPF3 viruses containing wild type or a mutated form of HN with decreased neuraminidase activity. Exposure of human DCs to either UV-inactivated or live virus induced up-regulation of CD83 and CD86 surface markers, morphological changes, and a cytokine expression pattern consistent with maturation. However, the level of maturation was found to be lower in DCs infected with the neuraminidase deficient variant as compared to the wild type. These results suggest that during the course of viral infection, HN's neuraminidase activity may play an important role contributing to maturation and activation of DCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Arantxa Horga
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1657, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Bosnjak L, Jones CA, Abendroth A, Cunningham AL. Dendritic cell biology in herpesvirus infections. Viral Immunol 2005; 18:419-33. [PMID: 16212521 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Bosnjak
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ostrowski M, Vermeulen M, Zabal O, Geffner JR, Sadir AM, Lopez OJ. Impairment of thymus-dependent responses by murine dendritic cells infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3971-9. [PMID: 16148145 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.6.3971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a cytopathic virus that experimentally infects mice, inducing a thymus-independent neutralizing Ab response that rapidly clears the virus. In contrast, vaccination with UV-inactivated virus induces a typical thymus-dependent (TD) response. In this study we show that dendritic cells (DCs) are susceptible to infection with FMDV in vitro, although viral replication is abortive. Infected DCs down-regulate the expression of MHC class II and CD40 molecules and up-regulate the expression of CD11b. In addition, infected DCs exhibit morphological and functional changes toward a macrophage-like phenotype. FMDV-infected DCs fail to stimulate T cell proliferation in vitro and to boost an Ab response in vivo. Moreover, infection of DCs in vitro induces the secretion of IFN-gamma and the suppressive cytokine IL-10 in cocultures of DCs and splenocytes. High quantities of these cytokines are also detected in the spleens of FMDV-infected mice, but not in the spleens of vaccinated mice. The peak secretion of IFN-gamma and IL-10 is concurrent with the suppression of Con A-mediated proliferation of T cells obtained from the spleens of infected mice. Furthermore, the secretion of these cytokines correlates with the suppression of the response to OVA, a typical TD Ag. Thus, infection of DCs with FMDV induces suppression of TD responses without affecting the induction of a protective thymus-independent response. Later, T cell responses are restored, setting the stage for the development of a long-lasting protective immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Ostrowski
- Instituto de Virologia, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA)-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
He XS, Draghi M, Mahmood K, Holmes TH, Kemble GW, Dekker CL, Arvin AM, Parham P, Greenberg HB. T cell-dependent production of IFN-gamma by NK cells in response to influenza A virus. J Clin Invest 2005; 114:1812-9. [PMID: 15599406 PMCID: PMC535070 DOI: 10.1172/jci22797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/05/2004] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of human NK cells in viral infections is poorly understood. We used a cytokine flow-cytometry assay to simultaneously investigate the IFN-gamma response of NK and T lymphocytes to influenza A virus (fluA). When PBMCs from fluA-immune adult donors were incubated with fluA, IFN-gamma was produced by both CD56(dim) and CD56(bright) subsets of NK cells, as well as by fluA-specific T cells. Purified NK cells did not produce IFN-gamma in response to fluA, while depletion of T lymphocytes reduced to background levels the fluA-induced IFN-gamma production by NK cells, which indicates that T cells are required for the IFN-gamma response of NK cells. The fluA-induced IFN-gamma production of NK cells was suppressed by anti-IL-2 Ab, while recombinant IL-2 replaced the helper function of T cells for IFN-gamma production by NK cells. This indicates that IL-2 produced by fluA-specific T cells is involved in the T cell-dependent IFN-gamma response of NK cells to fluA. Taken together, these results suggest that at an early stage of recurrent viral infection, NK-mediated innate immunity to the virus is enhanced by preexisting virus-specific T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Song He
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University of School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Turner BC, Hemmila EM, Beauchemin N, Holmes KV. Receptor-dependent coronavirus infection of dendritic cells. J Virol 2004; 78:5486-90. [PMID: 15113927 PMCID: PMC400329 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.10.5486-5490.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In several mammalian species, including humans, coronavirus infection can modulate the host immune response. We show a potential role of dendritic cells (DC) in murine coronavirus-induced immune modulation and pathogenesis by demonstrating that the JAW SII DC line and primary DC from BALB/c mice and p/p mice with reduced expression of the murine coronavirus receptor, murine CEACAM1a, are susceptible to murine coronavirus infection by a receptor-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Turner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Denver, CO 80262, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sangster MY, Riberdy JM, Gonzalez M, Topham DJ, Baumgarth N, Doherty PC. An early CD4+ T cell-dependent immunoglobulin A response to influenza infection in the absence of key cognate T-B interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 198:1011-21. [PMID: 14517272 PMCID: PMC2194225 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20021745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Contact-mediated interactions between CD4+ T cells and B cells are considered crucial for T cell–dependent B cell responses. To investigate the ability of activated CD4+ T cells to drive in vivo B cell responses in the absence of key cognate T–B interactions, we constructed radiation bone marrow chimeras in which CD4+ T cells would be activated by wild-type (WT) dendritic cells, but would interact with B cells that lacked expression of either major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II) or CD40. B cell responses were assessed after influenza virus infection of the respiratory tract, which elicits a vigorous, CD4+ T cell–dependent antibody response in WT mice. The influenza-specific antibody response was strongly reduced in MHC II knockout and CD40 knockout mice. MHC II–deficient and CD40-deficient B cells in the chimera environment also produced little virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG, but generated a strong virus-specific IgA response with virus-neutralizing activity. The IgA response was entirely influenza specific, in contrast to the IgG2a response, which had a substantial nonvirus-specific component. Our study demonstrates a CD4+ T cell–dependent, antiviral IgA response that is generated in the absence of B cell signaling via MHC II or CD40, and is restricted exclusively to virus-specific B cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Y Sangster
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|