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Dev T, Mehta N, Goldust M, Khan E, Gupta S. Iatrogenic arsenicosis in a young female causing cosmetic distress. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:7235-7236. [PMID: 36109841 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Dev
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Mehta
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ejaz Khan
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Somesh Gupta
- Department of Dermatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Ramos W, Ortega-Loayza AG, Díaz J, De La Cruz-Vargas JA, Tello M, Ronceros G, Loayza M, Gutierrez EL. Arsenicism by Chronic Exposure to Mine Tailings in Peru: An Analysis of 17 Cases with Lesions on Skin and/or Annexes. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2022; 15:2407-2414. [DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s378622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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3
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A Comprehensive Transcriptomic Analysis of Arsenic-Induced Bladder Carcinogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152435. [PMID: 35954277 PMCID: PMC9367831 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (sodium arsenite: NaAsO2) is a potent carcinogen and a known risk factor for the onset of bladder carcinogenesis. The molecular mechanisms that govern arsenic-induced bladder carcinogenesis remain unclear. We used a physiological concentration of NaAsO2 (250 nM: 33 µg/L) for the malignant transformation of normal bladder epithelial cells (TRT-HU1), exposed for over 12 months. The increased proliferation and colony-forming abilities of arsenic-exposed cells were seen after arsenic exposure from 4 months onwards. Differential gene expression (DEG) analysis revealed that a total of 1558 and 1943 (padj < 0.05) genes were deregulated in 6-month and 12-month arsenic-exposed TRT-HU1 cells. The gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that cell proliferation and survival pathways, such as the MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and Hippo signaling pathways, were significantly altered. Pathway analysis revealed that the enrichment of stem cell activators such as ALDH1A1, HNF1b, MAL, NR1H4, and CDH1 (p < 0.001) was significantly induced during the transformation compared to respective vehicle controls. Further, these results were validated by qPCR analysis, which corroborated the transcriptomic analysis. Overall, the results suggested that stem cell activators may play a significant role in facilitating the arsenic-exposed cells to gain a survival advantage, enabling the healthy epithelial cells to reprogram into a cancer stem cell phenotype, leading to malignant transformation.
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Kumar A, Ali M, Kumar R, Kumar M, Sagar P, Pandey RK, Akhouri V, Kumar V, Anand G, Niraj PK, Rani R, Kumar S, Kumar D, Bishwapriya A, Ghosh AK. Arsenic exposure in Indo Gangetic plains of Bihar causing increased cancer risk. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2376. [PMID: 33504854 PMCID: PMC7841152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Reportedly, 300 million people worldwide are affected by the consumption of arsenic contaminated groundwater. India prominently figures amongst them and the state of Bihar has shown an upsurge in cases affected by arsenic poisoning. Escalated arsenic content in blood, leaves 1 in every 100 human being highly vulnerable to being affected by the disease. Uncontrolled intake may lead to skin, kidney, liver, bladder, or lung related cancer but even indirect forms of cancer are showing up on a regular basis with abnormal arsenic levels as the probable cause. But despite the apparent relation, the etiology has not been understood clearly. Blood samples of 2000 confirmed cancer patients were collected from pathology department of our institute. For cross-sectional design, 200 blood samples of subjects free from cancer from arsenic free pockets of Patna urban agglomeration, were collected. Blood arsenic levels in carcinoma patients as compared to sarcomas, lymphomas and leukemia were found to be higher. The geospatial map correlates the blood arsenic with cancer types and the demographic area of Gangetic plains. Most of the cancer patients with high blood arsenic concentration were from the districts near the river Ganges. The raised blood arsenic concentration in the 2000 cancer patients strongly correlates the relationship of arsenic with cancer especially the carcinoma type which is more vulnerable. The average arsenic concentration in blood of the cancer patients in the Gangetic plains denotes the significant role of arsenic which is present in endemic proportions. Thus, the study significantly correlates and advocates a strong relation of the deleterious element with the disease. It also underlines the need to address the problem by deciphering the root cause of the elevated cancer incidences in the Gangetic basin of Bihar and its association with arsenic poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India.
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Ranjit Kumar
- Department of Animal Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Prity Sagar
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Ritu Kumari Pandey
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Vivek Akhouri
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Gautam Anand
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Pintoo Kumar Niraj
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Rita Rani
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Applied Geoscience and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | | | - Ashok Kumar Ghosh
- Mahavir Cancer Sansthan and Research Centre, Patna, Bihar, 801505, India
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Pease DF, Peterson BA, Gilles S, Hordinsky MK, Bohjanen KA, Skubitz KM. Development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma after prolonged exposure to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin and hand-foot syndrome: a newly recognized toxicity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2019; 84:217-221. [PMID: 31041511 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-019-03849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) can be administered for prolonged periods with minimal toxicity. The risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with this therapy has not been reported. We describe cutaneous SCC of the plantar foot in two patients exposed to high doses of PLD. A 50-year-old man with angiosarcoma received a total PLD dose of 1350 mg/m2 and developed cutaneous SCC of bilateral plantar feet. A 45-year-old woman with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma was treated with a total PLD dose of 1142 mg/m2 with subsequent diagnosis of cutaneous SCC of the right plantar foot. No risk factors for SCC of the plantar foot were identified in either patient. Cutaneous SCC is likely an unreported side effect of prolonged exposure to PLD. An extended duration of hand-foot syndrome from other anti-cancer drugs may also share this risk. Regular complete skin examination with early intervention for suspicious lesions is indicated in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Pease
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Bruce A Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott Gilles
- Department of Pathology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,, Thedacare, Appleton, WI, USA
| | - Maria K Hordinsky
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kimberly A Bohjanen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Keith M Skubitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Cutaneous Malignancy due to Arsenicosis in Bangladesh: 12-Year Study in Tertiary Level Hospital. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:4678362. [PMID: 30643806 PMCID: PMC6311317 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4678362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bangladesh is grappling with the largest mass poisoning of a population in the world due to contamination of drinking water with naturally occurring inorganic arsenic. It is estimated that 75 million people of 59 (out of 64) districts are at risk of drinking contaminated water with arsenic above 50μg/L. Long term exposure to arsenic causes cancers, including skin, lung, and bladder. This is a randomized prospective study to see the prevalence of skin cancer from arsenic affected area of Bangladesh, as well as their variation by geographical area, age, gender, location on the body, and socioeconomic conditions, in outpatient department of plastic surgery unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). A total of 960 patients with skin cancers comprised of 528 males and 432 females were selected for the study from January 2004 to December 2015. In this 12-year study, we found squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma to be associated with the ingestion of arsenic contaminated ground water. This is a reflection of a small part of the total national scenario of devastating result of arsenic mediated cancer in terms of skin malignancy. This study will help the future researchers who are contemplating to work on arsenic induced health problem.
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Peris K, Alaibac M, Argenziano G, Di Stefani A, Fargnoli MC, Frascione P, Gualdi G, Longo C, Moscarella E, Naldi L, Pellacani G, Pimpinelli N, Quaglino P, Salgarello M, Sollena P, Valentini V, Zalaudek I, Calzavara-Pinton PG. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Italian Guidelines by SIDeMaST adapted to and updating EADO/EDF/EORTC guidelines. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 153:747-762. [DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06093-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hu J, Wang KY, Wang T. Diffuse palmoplantar keratotic papules and melanosis. Int J Dermatol 2018; 58:e9-e10. [PMID: 30345510 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathology, Dermatology Hospital of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kevin Y Wang
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Siefring ML, Lu D, States JC, Van Hoang M. Rapid onset of multiple concurrent squamous cell carcinomas associated with the use of an arsenic-containing traditional medicine for chronic plaque psoriasis. BMJ Case Rep 2018; 2018:bcr-2017-222645. [PMID: 29602886 PMCID: PMC5884260 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of a 46-year-old Vietnamese man who developed widespread, numerous and concurrent cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in non-sun exposed skin areas after taking a traditional medicine (TM) formulation for chronic plaque psoriasis. The SCC lesions began to develop within 12–15 months after beginning the arsenic-containing TM. The patient experienced both acute and chronic symptoms consistent with arsenic exposure. Laboratory investigation of a collected hair sample showed a significant arsenic level. The TM formulation used by the patient was tested and demonstrated an extremely high concentration of arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Doanh Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Stamford Skin Centre, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - J Christopher States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Minh Van Hoang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kutny MA, Alonzo TA, Gerbing RB, Wang YC, Raimondi SC, Hirsch BA, Fu CH, Meshinchi S, Gamis AS, Feusner JH, Gregory JJ. Arsenic Trioxide Consolidation Allows Anthracycline Dose Reduction for Pediatric Patients With Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Report From the Children's Oncology Group Phase III Historically Controlled Trial AAML0631. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:3021-3029. [PMID: 28767288 PMCID: PMC5590801 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.71.6183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The Children's Oncology Group AAML0631 trial for newly diagnosed pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) was a phase III historically controlled trial to determine the survival of patients receiving arsenic trioxide (ATO) consolidation and reduced doses of anthracyclines. Patients and Methods Patients age 2 to 21 years with de novo APL confirmed by PML-RARα polymerase chain reaction were stratified as standard risk (SR) or high risk (HR) on the basis of diagnostic WBC count. All patients received all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) during induction, each consolidation course, and maintenance. All patients received two cycles of ATO therapy during consolidation 1, an additional two (SR) or three (HR) consolidation courses that included high-dose cytarabine and anthracycline, and maintenance therapy comprising ATRA, oral methotrexate, and mercaptopurine. Results One hundred one patients (66 SR and 35 HR) were evaluable for outcome. The 3-year overall survival was 94%, and event-free survival (EFS) was 91%. For SR and HR patients with APL, the overall survival was 98% versus 86% ( P = .003), and EFS was 95% versus 83% ( P = .03), respectively. The EFS for SR patients in AAML0631 was noninferior to that of patients in the AIDA 0493 historical control, which used a significantly higher anthracycline dose and did not include ATO consolidation. Relapse risk for patients in AAML0631 from end consolidation 1 (after ATO treatment) was only 4% at 3 years and did not differ significantly between SR and HR patients. Conclusion ATO consolidation cycles were well tolerated in pediatric patients with APL and allowed significant reduction in cumulative anthracycline doses while maintaining excellent survival and a low relapse risk for both SR and HR patients with APL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Kutny
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Todd A. Alonzo
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Robert B. Gerbing
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Yi-Cheng Wang
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Susana C. Raimondi
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Betsy A. Hirsch
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Cecilia H. Fu
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Soheil Meshinchi
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - Alan S. Gamis
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - James H. Feusner
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
| | - John J. Gregory
- Matthew A. Kutny, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; Todd A. Alonzo, University of Southern California; Cecilia H. Fu, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles; Robert B. Gerbing and Yi-Cheng Wang, Children’s Oncology Group, Monrovia; James H. Feusner, Children’s Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, CA; Susana C. Raimondi, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN; Betsy A. Hirsch, University of Minnesota Medical Center-Fairview, Minneapolis, MN; Soheil Meshinchi, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA; Alan S. Gamis, Children’s Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Kansas City, MO; and John J. Gregory Jr, Goryeb Children’s Hospital, Morristown, NJ
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Integration of microRNAome, proteomics and metabolomics to analyze arsenic-induced malignant cell transformation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:90879-90896. [PMID: 29207610 PMCID: PMC5710891 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to arsenic has been linked to tumorigenesis in different organs and tissues, such as skin; however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. In this present study, we integrated “omics” including microRNAome, proteomics and metabolomics to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms. Compared with non-malignant human keratinocytes (HaCaT), twenty-six miRNAs were significantly altered in arsenic-induced transformed cells. Among these miRNAs, the differential expression of six miRNAs was confirmed using Q-RT-PCR, representing potential oxidative stress genes. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry (MS) were performed to identify the differential expression of proteins in arsenic-induced transformed cells, and twelve proteins were significantly changed. Several proteins were associated with oxidative stress and carcinogenesis including heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2). Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and Q-TOF mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS), 68 metabolites including glutathione, fumaric acid, citric acid, phenylalanine, and tyrosine, related to redox metabolism, glutathione metabolism, citrate cycle, met cycle, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism were identified and quantified. Taken together, these results indicated that arsenic-induced transformed cells exhibit alterations in miRNA, protein and metabolite profiles providing novel insights into arsenic-induced cell malignant transformation and identifying early potential biomarkers for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induced by arsenic.
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14
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[Warning of a resistant psoriasis; looking beyond the usual]. Semergen 2017; 43:521-523. [PMID: 28511882 DOI: 10.1016/j.semerg.2017.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Wynn DP, Donigan JM, Tkach A. Clinical Reasoning: A 74-year-old woman with bilateral foot pain and a palmar rash. Neurology 2017; 88:e44-e50. [PMID: 28167626 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- DonRaphael P Wynn
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.P.W., A.T.) and Dermatology (J.M.D.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
| | - Jessica M Donigan
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.P.W., A.T.) and Dermatology (J.M.D.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Aleksander Tkach
- From the Departments of Neurology (D.P.W., A.T.) and Dermatology (J.M.D.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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Mir SA, Pinto SM, Paul S, Raja R, Nanjappa V, Syed N, Advani J, Renuse S, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Prasad TSK, Giri AK, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. SILAC-based quantitative proteomic analysis reveals widespread molecular alterations in human skin keratinocytes upon chronic arsenic exposure. Proteomics 2016; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sartaj Ahmad Mir
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Sneha M. Pinto
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore India
| | - Somnath Paul
- Molecular Genetics Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
| | - Vishalakshi Nanjappa
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam India
| | - Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- Manipal University; Manipal Karnataka India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
| | | | - T. S. Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore India
- NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory; Neurobiology Research Centre; National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences; Bangalore India
| | - Ashok K. Giri
- Molecular Genetics Division; CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology; Kolkata India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore India
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Chen AYY, Olsen T. Chromated copper arsenate-treated wood: a potential source of arsenic exposure and toxicity in dermatology. Int J Womens Dermatol 2016; 2:28-30. [PMID: 28491998 PMCID: PMC5412102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water presents a serious health hazard in certain geographic locations around the world. Chromated copper arsenate, a pesticide and preservative that was used to pressure treat residential lumber in the United States beginning in the 1940s and was banned by the Environmental Protection Agency in 2003, poses a potential source of arsenic exposure and toxicity. In this study, we review the clinical manifestations of arsenic intoxication with the focus on dermatologic manifestations. Dermatologists should be aware that although chromated copper arsenate-treated wood for residential use was banned in 2003, the exposure risk remains. Long-term follow up is necessary to detect arsenic induced cutaneous and visceral malignancy in patients with history of arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuntzu-Yen Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Canton, CT
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Dermatopathology Laboratory of Central States, Dayton, OH
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18
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Wallau WM. Das Phänomen der steirischen Arsenikesser aus literarischer, chemisch‐toxikologischer und wissenschaftshistorischer Sicht – “Strong Poison” oder “Milchmädchenrechnung”? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Martin Wallau
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, 96010, 900 Pelotas ‐ RS (Brasilien)
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19
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Wallau WM. The Phenomenon of the Styrian Arsenic Eaters from the Perspective of Literature, Chemistry, Toxicology, and History of Science—“Strong Poison” or “Simple‐Minded Reasoning”? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:15622-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W. Martin Wallau
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, 96010, 900 Pelotas ‐ RS (Brasil)
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20
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Seok J, Park KY, Li K, Kim BJ, Shim JH, Seo SJ, Kim MN, Hong CK. Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Multiple Bowen's Disease in a Patient with a History of Consumption of Traditional Chinese Herbal Balls. Case Rep Dermatol 2015; 7:151-5. [PMID: 26351422 PMCID: PMC4560310 DOI: 10.1159/000437250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic has been classified as a class I human carcinogen, meaning that there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity to humans. Arsenic, however, remains a common contaminant in a number of traditional Chinese herbal balls. A 64-year-old man presented with an erythematous erosive patch on the left palm, multiple yellowish scaly patches on the right palm and an erythematous hyperkeratotic patch with bleeding on the left foot dorsum. He also had similar skin lesions on the back and buttock. He had a past medical history of chronic exposure to arsenic through consumption of traditional Chinese herbal balls. Skin biopsy revealed Bowen's disease on the left palm and squamous cell carcinoma on left foot dorsum. We report this case to emphasize that we should investigate patient's history thoroughly, including the use of Chinese herbal balls to find out arsenicism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Seok
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kapsok Li
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeung Nam Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Kwun Hong
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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21
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Stratigos A, Garbe C, Lebbe C, Malvehy J, del Marmol V, Pehamberger H, Peris K, Becker JC, Zalaudek I, Saiag P, Middleton MR, Bastholt L, Testori A, Grob JJ. Diagnosis and treatment of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline. Eur J Cancer 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.06.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Hunt KM, Srivastava RK, Elmets CA, Athar M. The mechanistic basis of arsenicosis: pathogenesis of skin cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:211-9. [PMID: 25173797 PMCID: PMC4193806 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Significant amounts of arsenic have been found in the groundwater of many countries including Argentina, Bangladesh, Chile, China, India, Mexico, and the United States with an estimated 200 million people at risk of toxic exposure. Although chronic arsenic poisoning damages many organ systems, it usually first presents in the skin with manifestations including hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratoses, Bowen's disease, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Arsenic promotes oxidative stress by upregulating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, uncoupling nitric oxide synthase, and by depleting natural antioxidants such as nitric oxide and glutathione in addition to targeting other proteins responsible for the maintenance of redox homeostasis. It causes immune dysfunction and tissue inflammatory responses, which may involve activation of the unfolded protein response signaling pathway. In addition, the dysregulation of other molecular targets such as nuclear factor kappa B, Hippo signaling protein Yap, and the mineral dust-induced proto-oncogene may orchestrate the pathogenesis of arsenic-mediated health effects. The metalloid decreases expression of tumor suppressor molecules and increases expression of pro-inflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways leading to a tumor-promoting tissue microenvironment. Cooperation of upregulated signal transduction molecules with DNA damage may abrogate apoptosis, promote proliferation, and enhance cell survival. Genomic instability via direct DNA damage and weakening of several cellular DNA repair mechanisms could also be important cancer development mechanisms in arsenic-exposed populations. Thus, arsenic mediates its toxicity by generating oxidative stress, causing immune dysfunction, promoting genotoxicity, hampering DNA repair, and disrupting signal transduction, which may explain the complex disease manifestations seen in arsenicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine M Hunt
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Alabama School of Medicine, 1670 University Blvd., Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA
| | - Ritesh K Srivastava
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 509, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Craig A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 509, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Disease Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, VH 509, 1530 3rd Ave. S., Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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23
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Khandpur S, Sharma VK. Successful Treatment of Multiple Premalignant and Malignant Lesions in Arsenical Keratosis with a Combination of Acitretin and Intralesional 5-Fluorouracil. J Dermatol 2014; 30:730-4. [PMID: 14684956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2003.tb00468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2003] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A case of arsenical keratosis with multiple lesions of Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma is described. The patient was successfully treated with a combination of acitretin and intralesional 5-fluorouracil. All the lesions resolved after three months of therapy with no side effects and no recurrence during four months of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Khandpur
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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24
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Abstract
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer among Caucasians. It generally occurs on sun-exposed areas of the body, mostly on the head and neck (80%), trunk (15%), rarely on arms and legs. Basal cell carcinoma is a good example of a disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation plays a dual role in the development of BCC: it causes DNA damage and immunosuppression. UVA and UVB rays damage the DNA via various mechanisms. UVB radiation directly damages DNA within skin cells, causing cytosine → thymine mutations at dipyrimidine sites, whereas UVA radiation is 10.000 times less mutagenic, but it is significantly more present in the natural UV radiation. Also, UVA photons have lower energy than UVB photons and do not induce mutations. UV radiation exerts immune suppression by decreasing the antigen presenting cells ability and by producing immunosuppressive cytokines, such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Mediators of UV-induced immunosuppression are DNA and cis-urocanic acid. Several studies showed a significant association between the development of BCC and sun-exposure during childhood and adolescence, and a strong relation with family history of skin cancer. Exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancers by three times, while the risk is proportional to the radiation dose. Chemical carcinogens, such as arsenic, tar, psoralen, and pesticides, increase risks for nonmelanoma skin cancers, predominantly for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Regarding genetic predisposition, there is glutathione S-transferase (GST) as an important part of cellular defense against endogenous and exogenous chemicals. Several polymorphisms in GST family members have been associated with impaired detoxification, thus influencing the risk for some cancers, including nonmelanoma skin cancers. Cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in detoxification of photosensitizing agents, and thus involved in BCC carcinogenesis. PTCH is a tumor suppressor gene first identified in patients with Gorlin syndrome. Abnormal activation of this gene and its pathways result in various types of tumorigenesis. BCC is associated with homozygous PTCH gene deletion. With regard to acquired genetic mutations, it was found that aggressive BCCs are significantly associated with increased p53 protein expression, probably representing the mutated form, although that assertion could not be established with certainty. Considering the apparently limited contribution of DNA damage and chromosome instability to the expression of BCC phenotype, the relevance of p53 mutations for BCC growth remains to be demonstrated. Data on the role of Bcl-2 gene family in the development of BCC are scarce. It is unclear whether Bcl-2 has a functional role in the development of BCC, or it only indicates the level of gene expression in tumor stem cells. Activation of Ras gene may play an important role during early stages in the development of nonmelanoma skin cancers, and it is often found on UV-exposed skin in BCC, actinic keratosis and SCC. Concerning immunologic factors, studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is the critical mast cell product involved in ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression: mast cells contain high quantities of TNF-α which is released after activation; the level of TNF-α is increased in the skin exposed to UV radiation disrupting the morphology and function of Langerhans cells, the principal antigen-presenting cells of the skin. An animal study suggests that the degree of susceptibility to ultraviolet-B-induced local immunosuppression depends on TNF-α level within the epidermis after UVB. It has been established that mast cell-derived histamine stimulates prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from keratinocytes. PGE2 alters the cytokine balance in favor of the immunosuppressive interleukin-10 (IL-10) against the immunostimulatory IL-12; histamine also increases suppressor T-cell function by binding to the H2 receptors, which in turn release higher levels of immune suppressive cytokines including IL-10 and induce apoptosis of antigen-presenting cells. All this results in a shift of the immune response from T helper 1 (Th1) cytokine profile to T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine profile, inhibiting antigen-presenting cells to induce antitumor activity.
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25
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Curcumin protects human keratinocytes against inorganic arsenite-induced acute cytotoxicity through an NRF2-dependent mechanism. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:412576. [PMID: 23710286 PMCID: PMC3654359 DOI: 10.1155/2013/412576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human exposure to inorganic arsenic leads to various dermal disorders, including hyperkeratosis and skin cancer. Curcumin is demonstrated to induce remarkable antioxidant activity in a variety of cells and tissues. The present study aimed at identifying curcumin as a potent activator of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and demonstrating its protective effect against inorganic arsenite- (iAs3+-) induced cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. We found that curcumin led to nuclear accumulation of NRF2 protein and increased the expression of antioxidant response element- (ARE-) regulated genes in HaCaT keratinocytes in concentration- and time-dependent manners. High concentration of curcumin (20 μM) also increased protein expression of long isoforms of NRF1. Treatment with low concentrations of curcumin (2.5 or 5 μM) effectively increased the viability and survival of HaCaT cells against iAs3+-induced cytotoxicity as assessed by the MTT assay and flow cytometry and also attenuated iAs3+-induced expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP protein. Selective knockdown of NRF2 or KEAP1 by lentiviral shRNAs significantly diminished the cytoprotection conferred by curcumin, suggesting that the protection against iAs3+-induced cytotoxicity is dependent on the activation of NRF2. Our results provided a proof of the concept of using curcumin to activate the NRF2 pathway to alleviate arsenic-induced dermal damage.
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26
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Genuis SJ, Schwalfenberg G, Siy AKJ, Rodushkin I. Toxic element contamination of natural health products and pharmaceutical preparations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49676. [PMID: 23185404 PMCID: PMC3504157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern has recently emerged regarding the safety of natural health products (NHPs)-therapies that are increasingly recommended by various health providers, including conventional physicians. Recognizing that most individuals in the Western world now consume vitamins and many take herbal agents, this study endeavored to determine levels of toxic element contamination within a range of NHPs. METHODS Toxic element testing was performed on 121 NHPs (including Ayurvedic, traditional Chinese, and various marine-source products) as well as 49 routinely prescribed pharmaceutical preparations. Testing was also performed on several batches of one prenatal supplement, with multiple samples tested within each batch. Results were compared to existing toxicant regulatory limits. RESULTS Toxic element contamination was found in many supplements and pharmaceuticals; levels exceeding established limits were only found in a small percentage of the NHPs tested and none of the drugs tested. Some NHPs demonstrated contamination levels above preferred daily endpoints for mercury, cadmium, lead, arsenic or aluminum. NHPs manufactured in China generally had higher levels of mercury and aluminum. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to toxic elements is occurring regularly as a result of some contaminated NHPs. Best practices for quality control-developed and implemented by the NHP industry with government oversight-is recommended to guard the safety of unsuspecting consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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27
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Stanford R, Lowell D, Raju R, Arya S. Marjolin's ulcer of the leg secondary to nonhealing chronic venous stasis ulcer. J Foot Ankle Surg 2012; 51:475-8. [PMID: 22726651 DOI: 10.1053/j.jfas.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 79-year-old man with a chronic venous stasis ulceration of >20 years' duration in the left medial leg presenting to our clinic after admission for bleeding and suspected infection of his ulceration. This lesion had been biopsied in 1999 and was found to be a benign, chronic venous insufficiency ulceration. Plain film radiographs as well as a bone scan did not identify osteomyelitis. Because of the hypertrophic, nodular appearance of this ulceration, it was the clinicians' discretion to perform a repeat biopsy of the lesion. Biopsy revealed invasive, well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. A computed tomography scan subsequently identified a suspicious inguinal lymph node, and an ultrasound-guided needle aspiration revealed metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the biopsied lymph node. Above-knee amputation was indicated at this time and was performed in conjunction with local superficial inguinal lymph node resection, after which the patient was discharged from our service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royden Stanford
- Department of Surgery, Louis Stokes Cleveland Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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28
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Zhao R, Hou Y, Zhang Q, Woods CG, Xue P, Fu J, Yarborough K, Guan D, Andersen ME, Pi J. Cross-regulations among NRFs and KEAP1 and effects of their silencing on arsenic-induced antioxidant response and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2012; 120:583-9. [PMID: 22476201 PMCID: PMC3339469 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1104580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear factor E2-related factors (NRFs), including NRF2 and NRF1, play critical roles in mediating the cellular adaptive response to oxidative stress. Human exposure to inorganic arsenic, a potent oxidative stressor, causes various dermal disorders, including hyperkeratosis and skin cancer. OBJECTIVE We investigated the cross-regulations among NRF2, NRF1, and KEAP1, a cullin-3-adapter protein that allows NRF2 to be ubiquinated and degraded by the proteasome complex, in arsenic-induced antioxidant responses. RESULTS In human keratinocyte HaCaT cells, selective knockdown (KD) of NRF2 by lentiviral short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) significantly reduced the expression of many antioxidant enzymes and sensitized the cells to acute cytotoxicity of inorganic arsenite (iAs(3+)). In contrast, silencing KEAP1 led to a dramatic resistance to iAs(3+)-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment of HaCaT cells with NRF2 activators, such as tert-butylhydroquinone, protects the cells against acute iAs(3+) toxicity in an NRF2-dependent fashion. Consistent with the negative regulatory role of KEAP1 in NRF2 activation, KEAP1-KD cells exhibited enhanced transcriptional activity of NRF2 under nonstressed conditions. However, deficiency in KEAP1 did not facilitate induction of NRF2-target genes by iAs(3+). In addition, NRF2 silencing reduced the expression of KEAP1 at transcription and protein levels but increased the protein expression of NRF1 under the iAs(3+)-exposed condition. In contrast, silencing KEAP1 augmented protein accumulation of NRF2 under basal and iAs3+-exposed conditions, whereas the iAs(3+)-induced protein accumulation of NRF1 was attenuated in KEAP1-KD cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies suggest that NRF2, KEAP1, and NRF1 are coordinately involved in the regulation of the cellular adaptive response to iAs(3+)-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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29
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Martinez VD, Becker-Santos DD, Vucic EA, Lam S, Lam WL. Induction of human squamous cell-type carcinomas by arsenic. J Skin Cancer 2011; 2011:454157. [PMID: 22175027 PMCID: PMC3235812 DOI: 10.1155/2011/454157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a potent human carcinogen. Around one hundred million people worldwide have potentially been exposed to this metalloid at concentrations considered unsafe. Exposure occurs generally through drinking water from natural geological sources, making it difficult to control this contamination. Arsenic biotransformation is suspected to have a role in arsenic-related health effects ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies associated with chronic exposure. It has been demonstrated that arsenic exhibits preference for induction of squamous cell carcinomas in the human, especially skin and lung cancer. Interestingly, keratins emerge as a relevant factor in this arsenic-related squamous cell-type preference. Additionally, both genomic and epigenomic alterations have been associated with arsenic-driven neoplastic process. Some of these aberrations, as well as changes in other factors such as keratins, could explain the association between arsenic and squamous cell carcinomas in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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30
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Martinez VD, Vucic EA, Becker-Santos DD, Gil L, Lam WL. Arsenic exposure and the induction of human cancers. J Toxicol 2011; 2011:431287. [PMID: 22174709 PMCID: PMC3235889 DOI: 10.1155/2011/431287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid, that is, considered to be a human carcinogen. Millions of individuals worldwide are chronically exposed through drinking water, with consequences ranging from acute toxicities to development of malignancies, such as skin and lung cancer. Despite well-known arsenic-related health effects, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood; however, the arsenic biotransformation process, which includes methylation changes, is thought to play a key role. This paper explores the relationship of arsenic exposure with cancer development and summarizes current knowledge of the potential mechanisms that may contribute to the neoplastic processes observed in arsenic exposed human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D. Martinez
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Emily A. Vucic
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Daiana D. Becker-Santos
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | - Lionel Gil
- Biomedical Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Independencia 1027, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
| | - Wan L. Lam
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L3
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31
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Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most common malignancy occurring in white patients in the United States and incidence rates are increasing. While the majority of the 87,000-760,000 cases that occur yearly in the U.S. are curable, 4% develop lymph node metastases and 1.5% die from the disease. Given the frequency of occurrence of CSCC, it is estimated to cause as many deaths yearly as melanoma, with the majority occurring in patients with high risk tumors or in those at high risk for metastasis due to a variety of host factors, most commonly systemic immunosuppression. There are currently no standardized prognostic or treatment models to assist clinicians in most effectively identifying and managing these patients. Identification of patients at risk for poor outcomes as well as standardization regarding classification, staging, and treatment of high-risk tumors is critical for optimizing patient care. In this article, available literature on the classification and management of high risk CSCC is briefly summarized, emphasizing new information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R LeBoeuf
- Department of Dermatology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02130, USA
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32
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Argos M, Kalra T, Pierce BL, Chen Y, Parvez F, Islam T, Ahmed A, Hasan R, Hasan K, Sarwar G, Levy D, Slavkovich V, Graziano JH, Rathouz PJ, Ahsan H. A prospective study of arsenic exposure from drinking water and incidence of skin lesions in Bangladesh. Am J Epidemiol 2011; 174:185-94. [PMID: 21576319 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwr062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated concentrations of arsenic in groundwater pose a public health threat to millions of people worldwide. The authors aimed to evaluate the association between arsenic exposure and skin lesion incidence among participants in the Health Effects of Arsenic Longitudinal Study (HEALS). The analyses used data on 10,182 adults free of skin lesions at baseline through the third biennial follow-up of the cohort (2000-2009). Discrete-time hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for incident skin lesions. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios for incident skin lesions comparing 10.1-50.0, 50.1-100.0, 100.1-200.0, and ≥200.1 μg/L with ≤10.0 μg/L of well water arsenic exposure were 1.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.49), 1.69 (95% CI: 1.33, 2.14), 1.97 (95% CI: 1.58, 2.46), and 2.98 (95% CI: 2.40, 3.71), respectively (P(trend) = 0.0001). Results were similar for the other measures of arsenic exposure, and the increased risks remained unchanged with changes in exposure in recent years. Dose-dependent associations were more pronounced in females, but the incidence of skin lesions was greater in males and older individuals. Chronic arsenic exposure from drinking water was associated with increased incidence of skin lesions, even at low levels of arsenic exposure (<100 μg/L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Argos
- Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Ruiz de Luzuriaga AM, Ahsan H, Shea CR. Arsenical keratoses in Bangladesh--update and prevention strategies. Dermatol Clin 2011; 29:45-51. [PMID: 21095527 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2010.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is considered a Class I human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer because of its increased risk for skin cancer, as well as internal cancers, such as lung and bladder cancer. Arsenic contamination of drinking water in Bangladesh has been called the "largest mass poisoning of a population in history." This inorganic arsenic contamination is of natural origin, with arsenic thought to be released to the groundwater from the surrounding sediment. Arsenicosis and its risk factors and prevention and management are discussed in this article.
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Banerjee M, Bhattacharjee P, Giri AK. Arsenic-induced Cancers: A Review with Special Reference to Gene, Environment and Their Interaction. Genes Environ 2011. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.33.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zhao R, Hou Y, Xue P, Woods CG, Fu J, Feng B, Guan D, Sun G, Chan JY, Waalkes MP, Andersen ME, Pi J. Long isoforms of NRF1 contribute to arsenic-induced antioxidant response in human keratinocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:56-62. [PMID: 20805060 PMCID: PMC3018500 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to inorganic arsenic (iAs), a potent oxidative stressor, causes various dermal disorders, including hyperkeratosis and skin cancer. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 1 (NRF1, also called NFE2L1) plays a critical role in regulating the expression of many antioxidant response element (ARE)-dependent genes. OBJECTIVES We investigated the role of NRF1 in arsenic-induced antioxidant response and cytotoxicity in human keratinocytes. RESULTS In cultured human keratinocyte HaCaT cells, inorganic arsenite (iAs3+) enhanced the protein accumulation of long isoforms (120-140 kDa) of NRF1 in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. These isoforms accumulated mainly in the nuclei of HaCaT cells. Selective deficiency of NRF1 by lentiviral short-hairpin RNAs in HaCaT cells [NRF1-knockdown (KD)] led to decreased expression of γ-glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) and regulatory subunit (GCLM) and a reduced level of intracellular glutathione. In response to acute iAs3+ exposure, induction of some ARE-dependent genes, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), GCLC, and GCLM, was significantly attenuated in NRF1-KD cells. However, the iAs3-induced expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) was unaltered by silencing NRF1, suggesting that HMOX-1 is not regulated by NRF1. In addition, the lack of NRF1 in HaCaT cells did not disturb iAs3+-induced NRF2 accumulation but noticeably decreased Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) levels under basal and iAs3+-exposed conditions, suggesting a potential interaction between NRF1 and KEAP1. Consistent with the critical role of NRF1 in the transcriptional regulation of some ARE-bearing genes, knockdown of NRF1 significantly increased iAs3+-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Here, we demonstrate for the first time that long isoforms of NRF1 contribute to arsenic-induced antioxidant response in human keratinocytes and protect the cells from acute arsenic cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yongyong Hou
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health and
| | - Peng Xue
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health and
| | - Courtney G. Woods
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jingqi Fu
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health and
| | - Bo Feng
- First Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | | | - Jefferson Y. Chan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of California–Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melvin E. Andersen
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to J. Pi, Division of Translational Biology, Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, 6 Davis Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 USA. Telephone: (919) 558-1395. Fax: (919) 558-1305. E-mail:
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Tournel G, Houssaye C, Humbert L, Dhorne C, Gnemmi V, Bécart-Robert A, Nisse P, Hédouin V, Gosset D, Lhermitte M. Acute Arsenic Poisoning: Clinical, Toxicological, Histopathological, and Forensic Features. J Forensic Sci 2010; 56 Suppl 1:S275-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2010.01581.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Stoff B, Salisbury C, Parker D, O'Reilly Zwald F. Dermatopathology of skin cancer in solid organ transplant recipients. Transplant Rev (Orlando) 2010; 24:172-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trre.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Martena M, Van Der Wielen J, Rietjens I, Klerx W, De Groot H, Konings E. Monitoring of mercury, arsenic, and lead in traditional Asian herbal preparations on the Dutch market and estimation of associated risks. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:190-205. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903207235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ang CC, Chia MW, Tay YK. Chronic Truncal Plaques and Palmoplantar Keratotic Lesions in an Elderly Man. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2010. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n1p75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fatmi Z, Azam I, Ahmed F, Kazi A, Gill AB, Kadir MM, Ahmed M, Ara N, Janjua NZ. Health burden of skin lesions at low arsenic exposure through groundwater in Pakistan. Is river the source? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:575-581. [PMID: 19419713 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2009.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A significant proportion of groundwater in south Asia is contaminated with arsenic. Pakistan has low levels of arsenic in groundwater compared with China, Bangladesh and India. A representative multi-stage cluster survey conducted among 3874 persons > or = 15 years of age to determine the prevalence of arsenic skin lesions, its relation with arsenic levels and cumulative arsenic dose in drinking water in a rural district (population: 1.82 million) in Pakistan. Spot-urine arsenic levels were compared among individuals with and without arsenic skin lesions. In addition, the relation of age, body mass index, smoking status with arsenic skin lesions was determined. The geographical distribution of the skin lesions and arsenic-contaminated wells in the district were ascertained using global positioning system. The total arsenic, inorganic and organic forms, in water and spot-urine samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The prevalence of skin lesions of arsenic was estimated for complex survey design, using surveyfreq and surveylogistic options of SAS 9.1 software.The prevalence of definitive cases i.e. hyperkeratosis of both palms and soles, was 3.4 per 1000 and suspected cases i.e. any sign of arsenic skin lesions (melanosis and/or keratosis), were 13.0 per 1000 among > or = 15-year-old persons in the district. Cumulative arsenic exposure (dose) was calculated from levels of arsenic in water and duration of use of current drinking water source. Prevalence of skin lesions increases with cumulative arsenic exposure (dose) in drinking water and arsenic levels in urine. Skin lesions were 2.5-fold among individuals with BMI <18.5 kg/m2. Geographically, more arsenic-contaminated wells and skin lesions were alongside Indus River, suggests a strong link between arsenic contamination of groundwater with proximity to river.This is the first reported epidemiological and clinical evidence of arsenic skin lesions due to groundwater in Pakistan. Further investigations and focal mitigation measures for arsenic may be carried out alongside Indus River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Fatmi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University, Stadium Road, P.O. Box 3500, Karachi, Pakistan.
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Pi J, Diwan BA, Sun Y, Liu J, Qu W, He Y, Styblo M, Waalkes MP. Arsenic-induced malignant transformation of human keratinocytes: involvement of Nrf2. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:651-8. [PMID: 18572023 PMCID: PMC2658531 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Arsenic is a well-known human skin carcinogen but the underlying mechanisms of carcinogenesis are unclear. Transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response represents a critical cellular defense mechanism, and emerging data suggest that constitutive activation of Nrf2 contributes to malignant phenotype. In the present study when an immortalized, nontumorigenic human keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) was continuously exposed to an environmentally relevant level of inorganic arsenite (100 nM) for 28 weeks, malignant transformation occurred as evidenced by the formation of highly aggressive squamous cell carcinoma after inoculation into nude mice. To investigate the mechanisms involved, a broad array of biomarkers for transformation were assessed in these arsenic-transformed cells (termed As-TM). In addition to increased secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a set of markers for squamous differentiation and skin keratinization, including keratin-1, keratin-10, involucrin, and loricrin, were significantly elevated in As-TM cells. Furthermore, As-TM cells showed increased intracellular glutathione and elevated expression of Nrf2 and its target genes, as well as generalized apoptotic resistance. In contrast to increased basal Nrf2 activity in As-TM cells, a diminished Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response induced by acute exposure to high doses of arsenite or tert-butyl hydroxyquinone occurred. The findings that multiple biomarkers for malignant transformation observed in As-TM cells, including MMP-9 and cytokeratins, are potentially regulated by Nrf2 suggest that constitutive Nrf2 activation may be involved in arsenic carcinogenesis of skin. The weakened Nrf2 activation in response to oxidative stressors observed in As-TM cells, coupled with acquired apoptotic resistance, would potentially have increased the likelihood of transmittable oxidative DNA damage and fixation of mutational/DNA damage events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Pi
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Division of Translational Biology, The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Fax: (919) 541-3970. E-mail: (M.P. Waalkes) or Fax: (919)-558-1305. E-mail: (J. Pi)
| | - Bhalchandra A. Diwan
- Basic Research Program, Science Applications International Corporation at Frederick, NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Wei Qu
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Yuying He
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Chemistry, NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Miroslav Styblo
- Department of Nutrition, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Michael P. Waalkes
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, NCI at NIEHS, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
- Corresponding Authors: Fax: (919) 541-3970. E-mail: (M.P. Waalkes) or Fax: (919)-558-1305. E-mail: (J. Pi)
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Torchia D, Massi D, Caproni M, Fabbri P. Multiple cutaneous precanceroses and carcinomas from combined iatrogenic/professional exposure to arsenic. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:592-3. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ramos W, Galarza C, Ronceros G, de Amat F, Teran M, Pichardo L, Juarez D, Anaya R, Mayhua A, Hurtado J, Ortega-Loayza AG. Noninfectious dermatological diseases associated with chronic exposure to mine tailings in a Peruvian district. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159:169-74. [PMID: 18510675 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08630.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mine tailings are metallic wastes which are deposited in the environment due to mining activity. Long-term exposure to these metals is harmful to human health. OBJECTIVE To determine if chronic exposure to mine tailings constitutes a risk factor for the development of dermatological diseases in the district of San Mateo de Huanchor (Lima, Peru). METHODS An observational case-control study was carried out in the communities of Mayoc, Daza and Tamboraque (exposed to mine tailings, case group) located in the district of San Mateo de Huanchor, and also in the communities of Choccna and Caruya (not exposed to mine tailings, control group) located in the same district. Out of 230 adults, 121 were exposed and 109 were not exposed to mine tailings and out of 135 children, 71 were exposed and 64 were not exposed to mine tailings. RESULTS In the adult group, 71% of the exposed cases had some noninfectious dermatological disease while in the nonexposed group the frequency was 34% [P < 0.001; odds ratio (OR) 5.40; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.02-9.68]. A statistically significant difference between groups was found for arsenical dermatitis, nonpruritic papulovesicular eruption, atopic dermatitis, contact dermatitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis and xerosis. In the paediatric population, 71 exposed and 64 nonexposed children were evaluated. Sixty-nine per cent of the exposed group had some noninfectious dermatological disease vs. 30% in the nonexposed group (P < 0.001; OR 6.00; 95% CI 2.71-13.31). A statistically significant difference between groups was found for xerosis and atopic dermatitis. CONCLUSION Chronic exposure to mine tailings represents a risk factor for development of noninfectious dermatological diseases in both adults and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
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Lee KD, Park JW, Choi CR, Song HW, Yun SK, Yang HC, Ham KS. Salinity and Heavy Metal Contents of Solar Salts Produced in Jeollanamdo Province of Korea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.3746/jkfn.2007.36.6.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
The dermatologic manifestations of complementary therapy include reactions to herbs used orally and topically for treating skin disease, cutaneous reactions to drugs used orally and topically for treating other diseases, and reactions to alternative interventions. The safety of alternative medicine is in question. Unlike approved drugs, the quality, efficacy, and safety of herbal medicines is not regulated. Herbal medicines may be misidentified and contaminated with a variety of substances. The following review identifies and categorizes therapies according to their common uses with their adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Witkowski
- The Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3501 Ryan Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19103, USA.
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Verret WJ, Chen Y, Ahmed A, Islam T, Parvez F, Kibriya MG, Graziano JH, Ahsan H. A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects of Vitamin E and Selenium on Arsenic-Induced Skin Lesions in Bangladesh. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47:1026-35. [PMID: 16217243 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000183095.45050.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether supplementation of vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), selenium (L-selenomethionine), or their combination improves arsenical skin lesions. METHODS A 2 x 2 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial among 121 men and women chronically exposed to arsenic in drinking water was conducted in rural Bangladesh. Participants were randomized to one of four treatment arms: vitamin E, selenium, vitamin E and selenium (combination), or placebo and were treated for 6 months. RESULTS At baseline, the average skin lesion scores were 2.23, 2.26, and 2.63 and at follow-up, the average skin lesion scores went down to 2.00, 2.06, and 2.47 in those receiving vitamin E, selenium, and the combination, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with vitamin E and selenium, either alone or in combination, slightly improved skin lesion status, although the improvement was not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Verret
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA
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Pi J, He Y, Bortner C, Huang J, Liu J, Zhou T, Qu W, North SL, Kasprzak KS, Diwan BA, Chignell CF, Waalkes MP. Low level, long-term inorganic arsenite exposure causes generalized resistance to apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes: potential role in skin co-carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2005; 116:20-6. [PMID: 15756686 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic arsenic is a human carcinogen that targets the skin. Carcinogenesis is a multistep process in which acquired apoptotic resistance is a common event and prior work in non-skin cells shows acquired resistance to apoptosis occurs with chronic arsenite exposure. In the present study, when HaCaT cells, an immortalized, non-tumorigenic human keratinocyte cell line, were continuously exposed to low-level inorganic arsenite (as sodium arsenite; 100 nM) for 28 weeks, the cells acquired a generalized resistance to apoptosis. This included resistance to apoptosis induced by acute high concentrations of arsenite, ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation, and several chemotherapeutic compounds (cisplatin, etoposide and doxorubicin). These arsenite-tolerant (As-TL) cells showed similar levels of UVA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative DNA damage when compared to passage match control cells. Because cellular apoptosis is dependent on the balance between proapoptotic and survival pathways, the roles of protein kinase B (PKB), a key antiapoptotic molecule, in this acquired apoptotic resistance were investigated. Stimulation of apoptosis markedly decreased nuclear phosphorylated PKB (P-PKB) levels in control cells, but As-TL cells showed greatly increased stability of nuclear P-PKB. Pretreatment of the As-TL cells with LY294002 or Wortmannin, which specifically inhibit PKB phosphorylation, completely blocked apoptotic resistance in As-TL cells, indicating acquired apoptotic resistance is associated with increased stability of nuclear P-PKB. Because arsenic and UV irradiation are co-carcinogenic in mouse skin, resistance to UV-induced apoptosis in As-TL cells may allow UV-damaged cells to escape normal cell population controls and initiate the carcinogenic cascade. The observation that As-TL cells show no lessening of UV-induced genotoxicity supports this possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Pi
- Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE Herbal medicinal products (HMPs) are again highly popular. Their current popularity renders the assessment of their safety an urgent necessity. METHOD Narrative review using examples only. RESULTS Constituents of HMPs can be toxic and numerous examples of liver, kidney or other organ damage are on record. All HMPs contain a range of pharmacologically active constituents, and users of HMPs often combine HMPs with prescribed drugs. Thus herb-drug interactions are a real possibility. In most countries, HMPs are not submitted to stringent regulation and control. Thus unreliable quality can be a problem. In particular, this poses a risk when HMPs are contaminated (e.g. with heavy metals) or adulterated (e.g. with prescription drugs). The medical literature holds numerous examples for all of these scenarios and some are used in this article to illustrate the above points. As this area is grossly under-researched, it is rarely possible to define the size of the problem. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that the widespread notion of HMPs being inherently safe is naive at best and dangerous at worst. More research is required to minimise the risk HMPs may pose to consumers' health.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ernst
- Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter & Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter EX2 4NT, UK.
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Lee L, Bebb G. A case of Bowen's disease and small-cell lung carcinoma: long-term consequences of chronic arsenic exposure in Chinese traditional medicine. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2005; 113:207-210. [PMID: 15687059 PMCID: PMC1277866 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.7200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic arsenic toxicity occurs primarily through inadvertent ingestion of contaminated water and food or occupational exposure, but it can also occur through medicinal ingestion. This case features a 53-year-old lifetime nonsmoker with chronic asthma treated for 10 years in childhood with Chinese traditional medicine containing arsenic. The patient was diagnosed with Bowen's disease and developed extensive-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung 10 years and 47 years, respectively, after the onset of arsenic exposure. Although it has a long history as a medicinal agent, arsenic is a carcinogen associated with many malignancies including those of skin and lung. It is more commonly associated with non-small-cell lung cancer, but the temporal association with Bowen's disease in the absence of other chemical or occupational exposure strongly points to a causal role for arsenic in this case of small-cell lung cancer. Individuals with documented arsenic-induced Bowen's disease should be considered for more aggressive screening for long-term complications, especially the development of subsequent malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Lee
- University of Alberta, Faculty of Medicine, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Arsenic is a metalloid compound that is widely distributed in the environment. Human exposure of this compound has been associated with increased cancer incidence. Although the exact mechanisms remain to be investigated, numerous carcinogenic pathways have been proposed. Potential carcinogenic actions for arsenic include oxidative stress, genotoxic damage, DNA repair inhibition, epigenetic events, and activation of certain signal transduction pathways leading to abberrant gene expression. In this article, we summarize current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of arsenic carcinogenesis with an emphasis on ROS and signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA.
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