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García San José P, Arenas Bermejo C, Alonso-Miguel D, González Sanz S, Clares Moral I, Portero Fuentes M, Pérez-Alenza MD. Survival of dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated twice daily with low doses of trilostane. Vet Rec 2022; 191:e1630. [PMID: 35460587 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.1630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Twice daily low trilostane doses have proven to be effective to manage canine Cushing's syndrome. However, survival and prognostic factors in dogs treated with this protocol have not been evaluated. The aim of the study was to evaluate survival and prognostic factors, including systolic blood pressure (SBP) at diagnosis, in dogs with pituitary-dependent hypercortisolism (PDH) treated with low trilostane doses. METHODS Medical records of 91 dogs newly diagnosed with PDH initially treated with 0.2-1.1 mg/kg of trilostane twice daily were retrospectively included. Survival times were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier estimator. Univariable and multivariable analysis were performed using the Cox proportional hazard regression analysis. RESULTS Overall, median survival was 998 days (range 26-1832 days, 95% confidence interval = 755-1241 days). In the multivariable analysis, age (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.337, p < 0.001), presence of calcinosis cutis (HR = 5.271, p < 0.001), body condition score (BCS) ≤3/9 (HR = 8.100, p < 0.001) and higher platelet count (HR = 1.002, p = 0.022) were negatively correlated with survival. SBP was not associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose trilostane treatment twice daily provides slightly longer survival than previously reported for dogs with PDH treated once or twice daily at higher doses. Older age, presence of calcinosis cutis, low BCS and higher platelet count, but not systemic hypertension, are predictive of poorer prognosis in dogs with PDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula García San José
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel Alonso-Miguel
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miriam Portero Fuentes
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Forgash JT, Chang YM, Mittelman NS, Petesch S, Benedicenti L, Galban E, Hammond JJ, Glass EN, Barker JR, Shelton GD, Luo J, Garden OA. Clinical features and outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis in 94 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2315-2326. [PMID: 34331481 PMCID: PMC8478050 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Factors known to be associated with outcome of acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) in dogs are limited. Hypothesis/Objectives Of dogs with MG, advancing age and comorbid neoplasia are associated with poor long‐term prognosis and low rates of remission. Animals Ninety‐four client‐owned dogs with MG diagnosed by acetylcholine receptor antibody (AChR Ab) assay between 2001 and 2019 from a university clinic and 3 private clinics in the United States. Methods Cases were retrospectively evaluated and data were collected to determine clinical signs, treatment, and response to therapy defined by means of a clinical scoring rubric. Immunological remission was defined as a return of the AChR Ab concentration to <0.6 nmol/L. Multivariable binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify clinical criteria predicting remission. Results An anticholinesterase drug was used to treat 90/94 (96%) dogs, which in 63/94 (67%) was the sole treatment; other drugs included immune modulators. Clinical remission (lack of clinical signs ≥4 weeks after treatment cessation) was observed in 29 (31% [95% confidence interval (CI): 22.4‐40.8%]) dogs, clinical response (lack of clinical signs on treatment) in 14 (15% [95% CI: 9.0‐23.6%]) dogs, clinical improvement (on treatment) in 24 (26% [95% CI: 17.8‐35.2%]) dogs, and no clinical improvement in 27 (29% [95% CI: 20.5‐38.6%]) dogs. Immunological remission was observed in 27/46 (59%) dogs, with clinical remission in all 27. Younger age (P = .04) and comorbid endocrine disease (P = .04) were associated with clinical remission. Initial AChR Ab concentration (P = .02) and regurgitation (P = .04) were negatively associated with clinical remission. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Clinical remission in MG is less likely in older dogs and dogs presenting with regurgitation or high initial AChR Ab concentration, but more likely in younger dogs and dogs with comorbid endocrine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Forgash
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yu-Mei Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Neil S Mittelman
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Petesch
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leontine Benedicenti
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evelyn Galban
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James J Hammond
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pieper Memorial Veterinary Center, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric N Glass
- Section of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jessica R Barker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Bush Veterinary Neurology Service, Springfield, Virginia, USA
| | - G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Oliver A Garden
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Gomes SA, Van Ham L, Van Ham A, Ives EJ, Vanhaesebrouck A. Canine Nonstructural Megaesophagus as a Clinical Sign of Potential Neurological Disease: 99 Cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 56:7-16. [PMID: 31715113 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge regarding the etiology and prognosis for canine megaesophagus (ME) is currently limited to small case series that may now be out of date in light of recent advances in the understanding of neurological syndromes and the availability of advanced diagnostic testing. Ninety-nine dogs diagnosed with nonstructural ME were included. Congenital idiopathic ME was present in 10 cases, with complete resolution of clinical signs in a single case. Eighty-nine cases were considered acquired, with most cases being either idiopathic (42.7%) or associated with myasthenia gravis (38.2%). Idiopathic cases represented a smaller percentage of acquired ME than previously reported. Death or euthanasia directly related to ME occurred in almost 50% of acquired cases, whereas clinical signs persisted in ∼20% of cases and resolved in 30% of cases. A diagnosis of an underlying etiology, in particular myasthenia gravis, was associated with a better outcome in acquired ME. ME continues to be a challenging condition to manage, with a guarded-to-poor prognosis, particularly when an underlying etiology is not identified. Thorough diagnostic testing for an underlying neurological disorder is important in cases with ME as this may allow institution of appropriate treatment and the potential for a better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gomes
- From Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom (S.A.G.); Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (L.V.H., A.V.H.); Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom (E.J.I.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.V.)
| | - Luc Van Ham
- From Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom (S.A.G.); Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (L.V.H., A.V.H.); Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom (E.J.I.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.V.)
| | - Anouk Van Ham
- From Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom (S.A.G.); Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (L.V.H., A.V.H.); Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom (E.J.I.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.V.)
| | - Edward J Ives
- From Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom (S.A.G.); Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (L.V.H., A.V.H.); Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom (E.J.I.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.V.)
| | - An Vanhaesebrouck
- From Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom (S.A.G.); Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium (L.V.H., A.V.H.); Anderson Moores Veterinary Specialists, Winchester, United Kingdom (E.J.I.); and Department of Veterinary Medicine, The Queen's Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.V.)
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4
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Tisdall PL, Rogowski CP. Use of adjunctive prednisolone in the management of a cat with bilateral quadriceps contracture following trauma. JFMS Open Rep 2017; 3:2055116917695876. [PMID: 28491455 PMCID: PMC5415297 DOI: 10.1177/2055116917695876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 6-month-old cat was successfully treated for bilateral quadriceps contracture. Conventional treatments including surgery, dynamic flexion apparatus and physical therapy along with analgesics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs resulted in temporary clinical improvement that was relapsing. The initiation of supplementary corticosteroid treatment with prednisolone coincided with an immediate and sustained clinical improvement and long-term resolution. Relevance and novel information Successful treatment of bilateral quadriceps contracture has not previously been reported in a cat. Quadriceps contracture remains a challenging condition to treat with some cases unresponsive to therapy. Systemic prednisolone treatment appeared to be of benefit in the management of this case and may have a role in some cats where muscle contracture appears relapsing in nature. Further prospective investigations in cats with muscle contracture, including muscle biopsies of affected cats, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penelope Lc Tisdall
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, Australia
| | - Cameron P Rogowski
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy, Australia
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5
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Utsugi S, Saito M, Shelton GD. Resolution of polyneuropathy in a hypothyroid dog following thyroid supplementation. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 50:345-9. [PMID: 25028439 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An 8 yr old male golden retriever was evaluated because of chronic, progressive, multiple neurologic signs. Physical examination showed marked obesity and facial swelling with a "tragic facial expression." Neurologic evaluation revealed the dog had multiple cranial nerve deficits and lower motor neuron signs in the pelvic limbs. Serum biochemical analysis and thyroid function tests were consistent with hypothyroidism. A biopsy from the common peroneal nerve revealed a loss of myelinated fibers, inappropriately thin myelinated fibers, and resolving subperineurial edema. The diagnosis of polyneuropathy associated with hypothyroidism was made. Levothyroxine therapy was initiated. Response to levothyroxine treatment was slow, with most neurologic abnormalities persisting for >6 wk. However, the dog made a full neurologic recovery within 6 mo. Although the occurrence of polyneuropathy in dogs resulting from hypothyroidism has been controversial, the study authors demonstrated that hypothyroid polyneuropathy can occur in dogs as documented in humans. This is the first report describing long-term follow-up information together with detailed pathological features of hypothyroid polyneuropathy in a dog. In hypothyroid polyneuropathy, the response to thyroid replacement may be slow, but a recovery can be expected if treatment is initiated before peripheral nerve fiber loss becomes severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Utsugi
- Department of Surgery II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa, Japan (S.U., M.S.); and Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (G.D.S.)
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6
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Lowrie M, Garosi L. Classification of involuntary movements in dogs: Tremors and twitches. Vet J 2016; 214:109-16. [PMID: 27387736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on important new findings in the field of involuntary movements (IM) in dogs and illustrates the importance of developing a clear classification tool for diagnosing tremor and twitches. Developments over the last decade have changed our understanding of IM and highlight several caveats in the current tremor classification. Given the ambiguous association between tremor phenomenology and tremor aetiology, a more cautious definition of tremors based on clinical assessment is required. An algorithm for the characterisation of tremors is presented herein. The classification of tremors is based on the distinction between tremors that occur at rest and tremors that are action-related; tremors associated with action are divided into postural or kinetic. Controversial issues are outlined and thus reflect the open questions that are yet to be answered from an evidence base of peer-reviewed published literature. Peripheral nerve hyper-excitability (PNH; cramps and twitches) may manifest as fasciculations, myokymia, neuromyotonia, cramps, tetany and tetanus. It is anticipated that as we learn more about the aetiology and pathogenesis of IMs, future revisions to the classification will be needed. It is therefore the intent of this work to stimulate discussions and thus contribute to the development of IM research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lowrie
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital, 5 Delven Lane, Castle Donington, Derby DE74 2LJ, UK.
| | - Laurent Garosi
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park, Higham Gobion, Hitchin SG5 3HR, UK
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7
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Canine-Inherited Dystrophinopathies and Centronuclear Myopathies. REGENERATIVE MEDICINE FOR DEGENERATIVE MUSCLE DISEASES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3228-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Arenas C, Melián C, Pérez-Alenza MD. Long-term survival of dogs with adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism: a comparison between mitotane and twice daily trilostane treatment. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:473-80. [PMID: 24495125 PMCID: PMC4858016 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Treatment of adrenal‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH) involves either surgical resection of the adrenal tumor or medical therapy. For many years, mitotane has been considered the medical treatment of choice for dogs with ADH. Objectives The aim of this study was to determine survival and prognostic factors for dogs with ADH treated with mitotane and trilostane. Animals Twenty‐six dogs with ADH were included in the study. Methods Fourteen dogs were treated with mitotane and 12 dogs were treated with trilostane. Medical records were reviewed. Epidemiologic factors, signalment, clinicopathologic abnormalities, endocrine test results, and treatment protocols were evaluated to identify potential predictive factors of overall survival time. Results Survival times of dogs treated with mitotane (median, 15.6 months) or trilostane (median, 14.0 months) were not significantly different. Using univariate analysis, age and postadrenocorticotropic hormone cortisol concentrations were inversely correlated with survival time. The multivariate model also identified weakness at presentation as a negative prognostic indicator. Conclusion and Clinical Importance The type of medical treatment (mitotane versus trilostane) does not influence survival time in dogs with ADH; therefore, trilostane, a drug with less frequent and milder adverse effects, might be used as the primary medical treatment when adrenalectomy cannot be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arenas
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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9
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Cisneros LE, Palumbo MIP, Mortari AC, Rahal SC, Resende LAL, Vulcano LC, Borges AS. What is your neurologic diagnosis? Hyperadrenocorticism. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2011; 238:1247-9. [PMID: 21568766 DOI: 10.2460/javma.238.10.1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Cisneros
- Department of Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Rubião Júnior s/n, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
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10
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Shelton GD. Routine and specialized laboratory testing for the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases in dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2010; 39:278-95. [PMID: 20726955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2010.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases can be challenging. The first step is recognition that the disease involves the neuromuscular system (muscle, neuromuscular junction, peripheral nerve, and ventral horn cells of the spinal cord). Many neuromuscular diseases share clinical signs and cannot be distinguished based on clinical examination. Routine laboratory screening, including a CBC, biochemical profile, and urinalysis, can identify some of the most common systemic abnormalities that cause muscle weakness and myalgia, such as hypo- and hyperglycemia, electrolyte disorders, or thyroid abnormalities, and may suggest a specific diagnosis, such as diabetes mellitus, hypo- or hyperadrenocorticism, renal failure, or hypothyroidism. Increased creatine kinase activity, increased cardiac troponin I concentration, and myoglobinuria are useful in detecting skeletal and cardiac muscle damage. Identification of acetylcholine receptor antibodies is diagnostic for acquired myasthenia gravis. For primary muscle or peripheral nerve diseases, tissue biopsy is the most direct way to determine specific pathology, correctly classify the disease, and determine the course of additional laboratory testing. For example, inflammatory, necrotizing, dystrophic, metabolic, or congenital myopathies require different laboratory testing procedures for further characterization. Many neuromuscular diseases are inherited or breed-associated, and DNA-based tests may already be established or may be feasible to develop after the disorder has been accurately characterized. This review focuses on both routine and specialized laboratory testing necessary to reach a definitive diagnosis and determine an accurate prognosis for neuromuscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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11
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Rossmeisl JH, Duncan RB, Inzana KD, Panciera DL, Shelton GD. Longitudinal study of the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:879-89. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.7.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Davies DR, Foster SF, Hopper BJ, Staudte KL, O'Hara AJ, Irwin PJ. Hypokalaemic paresis, hypertension, alkalosis and adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in a dog. Aust Vet J 2008; 86:139-46. [PMID: 18363988 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2008.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Generalised paresis, severe hypokalaemia and kaliuresis, metabolic alkalosis and hypertension, characteristic of mineralocorticoid excess, were identified in a dog with hyperadrenocorticism due to a functional adrenocortical carcinoma. Aldosterone concentration was decreased and deoxycorticosterone concentration increased in the presence of hypokalaemia. These metabolic abnormalities resolved with resection of the carcinoma. Mineralocorticoid excess in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism is generally considered to be of little clinical significance but resulted in the acute presentation of this patient. The possible pathogenesis of mineralocorticoid excess in this case of canine hyperadrenocorticism is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Davies
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6154
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13
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Schwartz P, Kovak JR, Koprowski A, Ludwig LL, Monette S, Bergman PJ. Evaluation of prognostic factors in the surgical treatment of adrenal gland tumors in dogs: 41 cases (1999–2005). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008; 232:77-84. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Aleman M, Watson JL, Williams DC, LeCouteur RA, Nieto JE, Shelton GD. Myopathy in horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (Cushing’s disease). Neuromuscul Disord 2006; 16:737-44. [PMID: 17005399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2006.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fifteen horses with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction were studied. The horses were of various breeds and between 15 and 28 years of age. Control horses matched for breed and age were studied for comparison. Evaluations included complete blood cell count and serum biochemical analysis, electromyography, and gluteus medius muscle biopsies for histochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural analysis. No differences were found between groups of horses on routine laboratory analysis or electromyography. We demonstrated that muscle wasting in diseased horses was the result of atrophy of types 2A and 2B muscle fibers and loss of type 2B myofibers. Mild non-specific non-inflammatory myopathic alterations such as myofiber size variation, internal nuclei, perimysial, endomysial and sarcoplasmic fat accumulation were observed. At the ultrastructural level, subsarcolemmal mitochondrial accumulation and increased lipid droplets were evident. Similar to other species, this study confirmed atrophy of type 2 fibers as the cause of muscle mass loss in horses with Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aleman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California, Davis, USA.
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Abstract
A glycogen storage disease affecting primarily the skeletal muscle and, to a lesser degree, the cardiac muscle, spinal cord, and brain was diagnosed in a 10-year-old neutered Abyssinian cat with a 4-year history of paresis progressing to acute paralysis. Microscopically, these tissues contained inclusions that were pale basophilic in hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides, diastase resistant, periodic acid-Schiff positive, and blue-to-almost black with iodine stain. By transmission electron microscopy, the inclusions consisted of cytosolic, usually sharply demarcated, nonmembrane-bound deposits of finely granular and filamentous material. On the basis of the structural and histochemical staining characteristics, the inclusions were believed to be aggregates of abnormally stored, unbranched glycogen. A defect in glucose metabolism is suspected to be the underlying pathologic process, but an exact cause remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Langohr
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2065, USA.
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Levine JM, Bergman RL, Coates JR, Shelton GD. Myasthenia Gravis and Hypothyroidism in a Dog With Meningomyelitis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2005; 41:247-51. [PMID: 15995162 DOI: 10.5326/0410247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 12-year-old, spayed female miniature poodle was evaluated because of a 4-day history of paraparesis, dysuria, and tenesmus. Neurological assessment suggested peripheral nervous system dysfunction, predominantly pelvic limb weakness with a possible concurrent sixth lumbar (L6) to second sacral (S2) myelopathy. Further studies supported the diagnoses of myasthenia gravis, hypothyroidism, and meningomyelitis. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of concurrent myasthenia gravis and meningomyelitis in the dog. It was unclear whether the identified conditions evolved from a shared etiopathogenesis or were merely coincidental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Levine
- Department of Small Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Ryckman LR, Krahwinkel DJ, Sims MH, Donnell RL, Moore PF, Shelton GD. Dysphagia as the primary clinical abnormality in two dogs with inflammatory myopathy. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:1519-23, 1501. [PMID: 15882004 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.1519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two adult Boxers were evaluated because of chronic dysphagia of several years' duration. Serum creatine kinase activity was high in both dogs, but other hematologic or serum biochemical abnormalities were not detected. Esophagraphy revealed abnormalities of the cricopharyngeal phase of swallowing in both dogs, and electromyography of the pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles revealed complex repetitive discharges, positive sharp waves, and fibrillation potentials characteristic of primary myopathy or neuropathy. Because of the severity of their condition, both dogs were euthanatized. Histologically, mixed-cell infiltrates were seen in sections of the masseter and thyropharyngeal muscles. Results of indirect immunofluorescence staining for proteins associated with dystrophic myopathy were unremarkable, except for decreased staining for integrin alpha7. A diagnosis of chronic inflammatory myopathy was made. The clinical importance of reduced staining for integrin alpha7 could not be determined but was considered to be a result of the myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rachael Ryckman
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-4566, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Dickinson
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Platt
- Centre for Small Animal Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Diane Shelton
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0709, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kent
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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