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Yoshida T, Mandour AS, Sato M, Hirose M, Kikuchi R, Komiyama N, Hendawy HA, Hamabe L, Tanaka R, Matsuura K, Uemura A. Pulmonary thromboembolism due to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a cat: A serial study of hematology and echocardiographic findings. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:930210. [PMID: 36032299 PMCID: PMC9404481 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.930210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is rarely diagnosed in cats. In this report, a 3-year-old cat was referred to our private hospital with dyspnea, anorexia, and anemia. On the thoracic radiography, cardiac enlargement and pulmonary edema were noted. Echocardiography revealed right ventricular and right atrium enlargement with mild tricuspid regurgitation (tricuspid regurgitation velocity 3.28 m/s). A thrombus was recognized in the main pulmonary artery on the right parasternal short-axis view. Blood examination suggested regenerative anemia and autoagglutination. The findings suggested immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and PTE. Antithrombotic therapy (dalteparin) and immunosuppressive therapy (prednisolone) were administered under oxygen supplementation in the ICU cage. After treatment, regenerative anemia and right-heart failure were improved. During follow-up, the cat remained hemodynamically stable, and the owner reported no cardiac-related clinical signs. Further blood examination confirmed the anemia was improved. Prednisolone was discontinued on Day 56, and the cat continues in good health, administered only mycophenolate mofetil. The clinical outcome of PTE secondary to the IMHA throughout 100 days of periodical observation was reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Yoshida
- VCA JAPAN-Mitaka Veterinary Group, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomohiko Yoshida
| | - Ahmed S. Mandour
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Animal Medicine (Internal Medicine), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
- Ahmed S. Mandour
| | - Manami Sato
- VCA JAPAN-Mitaka Veterinary Group, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Hirose
- VCA JAPAN-Mitaka Veterinary Group, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hanan A. Hendawy
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lina Hamabe
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryou Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Matsuura
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Uemura
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan
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2
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deLaforcade A, Bacek L, Blais M, Boyd C, Brainard BM, Chan DL, Cortellini S, Goggs R, Hoareau GL, Koenigshof A, Li R, Lynch A, Ralph A, Rozanski E, Sharp CR. 2022 Update of the Consensus on the Rational Use of Antithrombotics and Thrombolytics in Veterinary Critical Care (CURATIVE) Domain 1- Defining populations at risk. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:289-314. [PMID: 35499966 PMCID: PMC9322658 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To expand the number of conditions and interventions explored for their associations with thrombosis in the veterinary literature and to provide the basis for prescribing recommendations. DESIGN A population exposure comparison outcome format was used to represent patient, exposure, comparison, and outcome. Population Exposure Comparison Outcome questions were distributed to worksheet authors who performed comprehensive searches, summarized the evidence, and created guideline recommendations that were reviewed by domain chairs. The revised guidelines then underwent the Delphi survey process to reach consensus on the final guidelines. Diseases evaluated in this iteration included heartworm disease (dogs and cats), immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (cats), protein-losing nephropathy (cats), protein-losing enteropathy (dogs and cats), sepsis (cats), hyperadrenocorticism (cats), liver disease (dogs), congenital portosystemic shunts (dogs and cats) and the following interventions: IV catheters (dogs and cats), arterial catheters (dogs and cats), vascular access ports (dogs and cats), extracorporeal circuits (dogs and cats) and transvenous pacemakers (dogs and cats). RESULTS Of the diseases evaluated in this iteration, a high risk for thrombosis was defined as heartworm disease or protein-losing enteropathy. Low risk for thrombosis was defined as dogs with liver disease, cats with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, protein-losing nephropathy, sepsis, or hyperadrenocorticism. CONCLUSIONS Associations with thrombosis are outlined for various conditions and interventions and provide the basis for management recommendations. Numerous knowledge gaps were identified that represent opportunities for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armelle deLaforcade
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lenore Bacek
- Bluepearl Specialty and Emergency Pet HospitalTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Marie‐Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical SciencesUniversity of MontrealSaint‐HyacintheQCCanada
| | - Corrin Boyd
- School of Veterinary MedicineMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Clinical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgiaUSA
| | - Daniel L. Chan
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Stefano Cortellini
- Department of Clinical Science and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary CollegeLondonUK
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical SciencesCornell University College of Veterinary MedicineIthacaNew YorkUSA
| | | | - Amy Koenigshof
- Department of Emergency CareTwo by Two Animal HospitalBerrien SpringsMichiganUSA
| | - Ron Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alex Lynch
- Department of Clinical SciencesNC State College of Veterinary MedicineRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | | | - Elizabeth Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineTufts UniversityNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Claire R Sharp
- School of Veterinary MedicineMurdoch UniversityMurdochAustralia
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3
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Baptista LFMDM, Kelly D. Use of human intravenous immunoglobulin for treatment of immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia in two cats. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Darren Kelly
- Internal Medicine Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists Ringwood Hampshire UK
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4
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Rapid characterization of feline leukemia virus infective stages by a novel nested recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and reverse transcriptase-RPA. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22023. [PMID: 34764397 PMCID: PMC8586258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01585-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a major viral disease in cats, causing leukemia and lymphoma. The molecular detection of FeLV RNA and the DNA provirus are important for staging of the disease. However, the rapid immunochromatographic assay commonly used for antigen detection can only detect viremia at the progressive stage. In this study, nested recombinase polymerase amplification (nRPA) was developed for exogenous FeLV DNA provirus detection, and reverse transcriptase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) was developed for the detection of FeLV RNA. The approaches were validated using 108 cats with clinicopathologic abnormalities due to FeLV infection, and from 14 healthy cats in a vaccination plan. The nRPA and RT-RPA assays could rapidly amplify the FeLV template, and produced high sensitivity and specificity. The FeLV detection rate in regression cats by nRPA was increased up to 45.8% compared to the rapid immunochromatographic assay. Hence, FeLV diagnosis using nRPA and RT-RPA are rapid and easily established in low resource settings, benefiting FeLV prognosis, prevention, and control of both horizontal and vertical transmission.
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5
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Huvé R, Fontaine P, Blais MC, Conversy B. New findings associated with presumptive systemic lupus erythematosus in a kitten. JFMS Open Rep 2020; 6:2055116920979271. [PMID: 33425372 PMCID: PMC7758563 DOI: 10.1177/2055116920979271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE SUMMARY An 8-month-old neutered male domestic shorthair kitten was examined for anorexia, lethargy and palatine ulcers. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was suspected based on a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) titer and six manifestations of autoimmunity: fever, paronychia, oral ulcers, proteinuria, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. Mastocytemia was observed on the blood smear. Although the clinical presentation of this case meets the classification criteria for SLE in humans, tick-borne disease and histopathology evaluation of the oral and cutaneous lesions would have been necessary to support a definite diagnosis of SLE. Baseline ANA titration was performed in two laboratories with conflicting results, which may reflect substrate differences used for the titration, but a false-positive result cannot be excluded. The cat received prednisolone and all clinical and laboratory abnormalities resolved after two months of treatment. Subsequent ANA titers remained positive and were not correlated to the patient's clinical progression. RELEVANCE AND NOVEL INFORMATION This report describes new findings associated with a presumptive diagnosis of SLE in a kitten, highlighting that SLE may not be ruled out even in young cats and may be associated with mastocytemia. ANA titration is part of the initial diagnostic work-up of SLE but is a non-specific test and discrepancies can be observed between laboratories. The titration of more specific antibodies such as those used in humans would be helpful to diagnose SLE. ANA titration may not correlate with clinical activity of SLE; hence, the interest of an ANA titer follow-up to establish disease control warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Huvé
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Fontaine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Blais
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Bérénice Conversy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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6
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Kopke MA, Pemberton S, Ruaux CG. Presumed immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with pregnancy in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2019; 5:2055116919841689. [PMID: 30992997 PMCID: PMC6449813 DOI: 10.1177/2055116919841689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 7-year-old female entire Birman presented with acute-onset haemorrhagic
vulvar discharge. Moderate, normocytic, normochromic, non-/pre-regenerative
anaemia, along with a moderate mature neutrophilia, were seen on
haematology. Saline test for agglutination was positive. No haemotropic
mycoplasmas were identified. Serum biochemistry revealed severe
hyperbilirubinaemia. Retroviral testing was negative. Serology for
toxoplasmosis revealed a titre of 1:512. Abdominal ultrasound identified a
large uterus, containing at least three advanced-stage fetuses, two of which
failed to exhibit independent motion or cardiac activity. Ovariohysterectomy
was performed. Histology demonstrated mild, multifocal suppurative
placentitis, with Gram staining revealing no evidence of bacteria. Complete
resolution of the anaemia was seen within 1.5 months of
ovariohysterectomy. Relevance and novel information Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA) in association with pregnancy has
not been previously reported in cats. This case represents a potential novel
cause for IMHA in cats, which resolved following ovariohysterectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Kopke
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Pemberton
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Craig G Ruaux
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Zoia A, Drigo M. Association Between Pancreatitis and Immune-mediated Haemolytic Anaemia in Cats: A Cross-sectional Study. J Comp Pathol 2017; 156:384-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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Black V, Adamantos S, Barfield D, Tasker S. Feline non-regenerative immune-mediated anaemia: features and outcome in 15 cases. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:597-602. [PMID: 26116621 PMCID: PMC10816389 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15588800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) and non-regenerative immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia (NRIMHA) are uncommon causes of non-regenerative anaemia affecting the bone marrow in the cat. This retrospective study aimed to describe the clinical features, treatment and outcome (remission and survival) of cats with these disorders. METHODS Cases of PRCA and NRIMHA presenting between 2009 and 2013 were retrieved. Clinical features including signalment, history, clinical signs and diagnostic investigations were recorded, as well as treatment(s) used and outcome (remission and survival). Outcome was compared for PRCA and NRIMHA. RESULTS Fifteen cats met inclusion criteria: seven with PRCA and eight with NRIMHA. The majority (12/15) were younger than 3 years of age. Volume overload was common (8/11). Treatment with whole blood transfusions with or without Oxyglobin was necessary in most cats (14/15) and resulted in congestive heart failure in one cat. Most cats (11/15) achieved remission 12-42 days after starting immunosuppressive treatment. Treatment protocols associated with remission were glucocorticoids alone (remission in 6/7 cats), glucocorticoids and chlorambucil (remission in 3/6 treated cats), glucocorticoids and ciclosporin (one cat only) and ciclosporin alone (one cat only). Relapse was observed in 3/11 cats, and 8/11 cats were still receiving treatment at the time of follow-up. Outcome (remission and survival) did not differ between PRCA and NRIMHA. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE PRCA and NRIMHA are uncommon causes of anaemia in predominantly young cats. The prognosis is reasonable, with a mortality rate of 27%, and it can take at least 6 weeks before remission is observed. Following clinical remission, gradual withdrawal of immunosuppressive treatments should be attempted, with close monitoring for relapse; some cats may require long-term treatment. This study is the first to report the use of chlorambucil as an adjunctive immunosuppressant in these cases. Outcome did not differ for PRCA and NRIMHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Black
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Sophie Adamantos
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | - Dominic Barfield
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, UK
| | - Séverine Tasker
- The Feline Centre, Langford Veterinary Services, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
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9
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Swann JW, Szladovits B, Glanemann B. Demographic Characteristics, Survival and Prognostic Factors for Mortality in Cats with Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:147-56. [PMID: 26645865 PMCID: PMC4913623 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is uncommon in cats, but may result in severe disease. Demographic predispositions for development of the disease and prognostic factors for mortality have not been investigated previously. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To explore possible demographic predispositions for development of primary IMHA in cats and to investigate possible prognostic factors for mortality. ANIMALS 107 client-owned cats with IMHA, of which 72 had primary IMHA and 35 had secondary IMHA, and 9,194 control cats. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively from records of cats with IMHA, defined by the presence of anemia and concurrent autoagglutination, ghost cells without oxidative damage on fresh blood smear, positive titer in a direct antiglobulin test, or evidence of phagocytosis of erythroid precursors in bone marrow. Odds ratios were calculated to assess the risk of development of primary IMHA in different demographic groups and Cox proportional hazards analysis was conducted to evaluate prognostic factors. RESULTS No sex or breed predisposition was identified for the development of primary IMHA in comparison to the control cats, but cats in the age range 2.1-5.9 years were predisposed. Higher total bilirubin concentration and age were significant negative prognostic factors and higher lymphocyte numbers and serum globulin concentration were positive prognostic factors in a multivariable model. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Young adult cats were more likely to develop primary IMHA than other groups, but no apparent male predisposition was identified in this study, contrary to previous reports. Several prognostic factors were identified, which may be helpful in guiding clinical practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Swann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - B Szladovits
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - B Glanemann
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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10
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Wardrop KJ. Coombs' testing and its diagnostic significance in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2011; 42:43-51. [PMID: 22285156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Coombs' test can detect both immunoglobulin and complement on the surface of RBCs, and as such can be of value as an aid in the diagnosis of IMHA. Techniques that may improve sensitivity include use of monovalent reagents, increased dilutions of antiglobulin to avoid a prozone effect, and testing at 4°C. These techniques are not without controversy, and positive tests should always be interpreted in the presence of other clinical and hematologic evidence for IMHA. Alternate techniques, such as flow cytometry, can improve detection of RBC-bound immunoglobulin, but require a flow cytometer and further standardization between laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jane Wardrop
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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11
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Nassiri SM, Darvishi S, Khazraiinia P. Bovine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 13 cases (November 2008-August 2009). Vet Clin Pathol 2011; 40:459-466. [PMID: 22092649 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-165x.2011.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) occurs in cattle; however, there are few reported cases. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of IMHA in cattle with anemia, describe the associated clinical and laboratory findings, including osmotic fragility, and identify potential causative infectious agents or drugs. METHODS This study included 42 anemic cattle (HCT < 27.5%) comprising 31 females and 11 bulls with a mean age of 3.5 years referred to the University of Tehran Veterinary Teaching Hospital during a 10-month period. CBCs, saline osmotic fragility tests, direct Coombs' tests, and biochemical profiles were performed, and blood smears were evaluated for spherocytosis, parasites, and microscopic agglutination. Five clinically healthy cattle were used as controls for testing osmotic fragility of RBCs. RESULTS The Coombs' test was positive in 13/42 (30%) cattle; 5 had no evidence of concurrent disease or history of drug administration, and 8 had underlying or concurrent diseases, positivity for BLV, or exposure to drugs. The HCT (mean ± SE) of Coombs'-positive cattle (16 ± 1.7%) was significantly lower than that of Coombs'-negative animals (21 ± 0.8%). Hematologic and biochemical findings in cattle with IMHA included anisocytosis (2), polychromasia (2), basophilic stippling (2), spherocytosis (2), hyperfibrinogenemia (5), left-shifted neutrophilia (3), and hyperbilirubinemia (8). RBCs from Coombs'-positive anemic cattle were more fragile than those from Coombs'-negative anemic cattle. Four osmotically different populations of RBCs were detected in cattle with IMHA, whereas RBC populations were homogeneous in the Coombs'-negative anemic cattle and in normal cattle. CONCLUSION IMHA was identified in a significant proportion of anemic cattle. Idiopathic IMHA and IMHA secondary to infectious diseases and administration of certain drugs occur in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mahdi Nassiri
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Darvishi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Khazraiinia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Bacek LM, Macintire DK. Treatment of primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia with mycophenolate mofetil in two cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2011; 21:45-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2010.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Tasker S, Murray JK, Knowles TG, Day MJ. Coombs’, haemoplasma and retrovirus testing in feline anaemia. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:192-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00869.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Prevalence of Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum', Bartonella species, Ehrlichia species, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in the blood of cats with anemia. J Feline Med Surg 2006; 9:1-7. [PMID: 16846745 PMCID: PMC7172235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hemoplasmas are known causes of anemia in some cats and some Bartonella species have been associated with anemia in people and in dogs. In this retrospective study, we used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to determine the prevalence rates of Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus M haemominutum’, A phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia species, and Bartonella species DNA in the blood of cats with anemia and a control group of healthy cats. DNA of the organisms was amplified from 22 of 89 cats with anemia (24.7%) and 20 of 87 healthy cats (23.0%). DNA of a hemoplasma was amplified from 18 of 89 cats with anemia (20.2%) and 13 of 87 healthy cats (14.9%); DNA of a Bartonella species was amplified from five of 89 cats with anemia (5.6%) and seven of 87 healthy cats (8.0%). There were no statistically significant differences detected between groups.
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15
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Kohn B, Weingart C, Eckmann V, Ottenjann M, Leibold W. Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia in 19 Cats: Diagnosis, Therapy, and Outcome (1998-2004). J Vet Intern Med 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2006.tb02836.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
IMHA is one of the most common causes of anemia in small animals. Although treatment may be rewarding, many patients do not respond adequately to glucocorticoids alone and require additional immunosuppressive therapy. Some patients may succumb to acute severe anemia and die within the first few weeks of treatment; even if they survive, relapses may occur. IMHA is the nemesis; as our understanding of this disease increases and treatment options expand, it is hoped that survival rates will finally improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila McCullough
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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17
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Kohn B, Goldschmidt MH, Hohenhaus AE, Giger U. Anemia, splenomegaly, and increased osmotic fragility of erythrocytes in Abyssinian and Somali cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1483-91. [PMID: 11128538 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine clinical and clinicopathologic features of a chronic intermittent severe hemolytic anemia characterized by erythrocyte osmotic fragility in Abyssinian and Somali cats. DESIGN Case series. ANIMALS 13 Abyssinian and 5 Somali cats. PROCEDURES History, pedigree information, and results of routine laboratory tests, special erythrocyte studies, and histologic evaluation of splenic and hepatic specimens were analyzed. RESULTS Age at which clinical signs of anemia were first apparent ranged from 6 months to 5 years. Ten cats had splenomegaly. Most often, the PCV was between 15 and 25%, but it was as low as 5% at some times. The anemia was characterized by macrocytosis and mild to moderate reticulocytosis, but no poikilocytosis. Hyperglobulinemia, lymphocytosis, mild hyperbilirubinemia, and high hepatic enzyme activities were common findings. Results of Coombs tests and tests for infectious diseases were negative. The erythrocytic osmotic fragility was high in affected cats (mean osmotic fragility, 0.66 to 0.78%), compared with healthy cats (0.48 to 0.58). No specific membrane protein abnormality, erythrocyte enzyme deficiency, or hemoglobinopathy was identified. Histologic evaluation of splenic and hepatic specimens revealed extramedullary hematopoiesis and hemosiderosis. Four of the 5 Somali cats were closely related. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of results of pedigree analyses, the apparent breed predilection, and the exclusion of other known causes of anemia in cats, we believe that the hemolytic anemia in these cats was likely a result of a novel hereditary erythrocyte defect. A genetic predisposition to immune-mediated destruction of erythrocytes could not be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kohn
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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Gunn-Moore DA, Day MJ, Graham ME, Cue SM, Harbour DA. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia in two sibling cats associated with multicentric lymphoblastic infiltration. J Feline Med Surg 1999; 1:209-14. [PMID: 11714237 PMCID: PMC10822367 DOI: 10.1053/jfms.1999.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/1999] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia associated with multicentric lymphoblastic infiltration is reported in two sibling cats. Both cats presented at under 16 months of age with clinical signs of acute anaemia. In each case there was autoagglutination, a positive Coombs' test and the anaemia was regenerative. At presentation, both cats were negative for FeLV antigen. In each case, the disease proved fatal within 2 months of the initial diagnosis. In both cases, T-lymphoblastic infiltration of bone marrow, liver and spleen was found at post-mortem examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Gunn-Moore
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Bristol, Langford, BS40 5DU, UK
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IMMUNOLOGY OF THE CAT. HANDBOOK OF VERTEBRATE IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [PMCID: PMC7150114 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012546401-7/50010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
The efficacy and safety of the antithyroid drug methimazole were evaluated over a 3-year period in 262 cats with hyperthyroidism. In 181 of the cats, methimazole was administered for 7 to 130 days (mean, 27.7 days) as a preoperative preparation for thyroidectomy. The remaining 81 cats were given methimazole for 30 to 1,000 days (mean, 228 days) as sole treatment for the hyperthyroid state. After 2 to 3 weeks of methimazole therapy (10 to 15 mg/d), the mean serum thyroxine (T4) concentration decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) from a pretreatment value of 12.1 micrograms/dl to 2.1 micrograms/dl. The final maintenance dose needed to maintain euthyroidism in the 81 cats that were given methimazole as sole treatment for hyperthyroidism ranged from 2.5 to 20 mg/d (mean, 11.9 mg/d). Clinical side effects developed in 48 (18.3%) cats (usually within the first month of therapy), which included anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, self-induced excoriation of the face and neck, bleeding diathesis, and icterus caused by hepatopathy. Mild hematologic abnormalities developed in 43 (16.4%) cats (usually within the first 2 months of treatment), which included eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, and slight leukopenia. In ten (3.8%) cats, more serious hematologic reactions developed including agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia (associated with bleeding). These hematologic abnormalities resolved within 1 week after cessation of methimazole treatment. Immunologic abnormalities associated with methimazole treatment included the development of antinuclear antibodies in 52 of 238 (21.8%) cats tested and red cell autoantibodies (as evidenced by positive direct antiglobulin tests) in three of 160 (1.9%) cats tested.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Animal Medical Center, New York, NY 10021
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DUNN JK, GORMAN NT. BSAVA EDUCATION COMMITTEE COMMISSIONED ARTICLE Fever of unknown origin in dogs and cats. J Small Anim Pract 1987. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1987.tb05984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. IV. Therapy and immunodiagnosis. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:498-505. [PMID: 3594182 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90106-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. III. Immune-mediated diseases of the integumentary, urogenital, endocrine and vascular systems. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:491-7. [PMID: 3594181 PMCID: PMC7130392 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first two articles in this series have covered the basis of the immune mediated diseases, systemic immune-mediated diseases and those that involve the haemolymphatic and musculoskeletal system. The purpose of this article is to cover the immune-mediated diseases that involve the integumentary, urogenital, endocrine and vascular systems.
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune mediated-diseases of the dog and cat. II. Immune-mediated diseases of the haemolymphatic and musculoskeletal system. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:403-10. [PMID: 3594172 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Gorman NT, Werner LL. Immune-mediated diseases of the dog and cat. I. Basic concepts and the systemic immune-mediated diseases. THE BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL 1986; 142:395-402. [PMID: 3594171 DOI: 10.1016/0007-1935(86)90040-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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