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Rajbhandari AK, Barson JR, Gilmartin MR, Hammack SE, Chen BK. The functional heterogeneity of PACAP: Stress, learning, and pathology. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 203:107792. [PMID: 37369343 PMCID: PMC10527199 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is a highly conserved and widely expressed neuropeptide that has emerged as a key regulator of multiple neural and behavioral processes. PACAP systems, including the various PACAP receptor subtypes, have been implicated in neural circuits of learning and memory, stress, emotion, feeding, and pain. Dysregulation within these PACAP systems may play key roles in the etiology of pathological states associated with these circuits, and PACAP function has been implicated in stress-related psychopathology, feeding and metabolic disorders, and migraine. Accordingly, central PACAP systems may represent important therapeutic targets; however, substantial heterogeneity in PACAP systems related to the distribution of multiple PACAP isoforms across multiple brain regions, as well as multiple receptor subtypes with several isoforms, signaling pathways, and brain distributions, provides both challenges and opportunities for the development of new clinically-relevant strategies to target the PACAP system in health and disease. Here we review the heterogeneity of central PACAP systems, as well as the data implicating PACAP systems in clinically-relevant behavioral processes, with a particular focus on the considerable evidence implicating a role of PACAP in stress responding and learning and memory. We also review data suggesting that there are sex differences in PACAP function and its interactions with sex hormones. Finally, we discuss both the challenges and promise of harnessing the PACAP system in the development of new therapeutic avenues and highlight PACAP systems for their critical role in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica R Barson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marieke R Gilmartin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Sayamwong E Hammack
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT, United States
| | - Briana K Chen
- Division of Systems Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, Inc. (RFMH) / New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), New York, NY, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center (CUIMC), New York, NY, United States.
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2
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Koppan M, Nagy Z, Bosnyak I, Reglodi D. Female reproductive functions of the neuropeptide PACAP. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:982551. [PMID: 36204113 PMCID: PMC9531758 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.982551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide originally isolated as a hypothalamic peptide. It has a widespread distribution in the body and has a diverse spectrum of actions. Among other processes, PACAP has been shown to be involved in reproduction. In this review we summarize findings related to the entire spectrum of female reproduction. PACAP is a regulatory factor in gonadal hormone production, influences follicular development and plays a role in fertilization and embryonic/placental development. Furthermore, PACAP is involved in hormonal changes during and after birth and affects maternal behavior. Although most data come from cell cultures and animal experiments, increasing number of evidence suggests that similar effects of PACAP can be found in humans. Among other instances, PACAP levels show changes in the serum during pregnancy and birth. PACAP is also present in the human follicular and amniotic fluids and in the milk. Levels of PACAP in follicular fluid correlate with the number of retrieved oocytes in hyperstimulated women. Human milk contains very high levels of PACAP compared to plasma levels, with colostrum showing the highest concentration, remaining steady thereafter for the first 7 months of lactation. All these data imply that PACAP has important functions in reproduction both under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsuzsanna Nagy
- Department of Physiology, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, ELKH-PTE PACAP Research Group and Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
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3
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Winters SJ, Moore JP. PACAP: A regulator of mammalian reproductive function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110912. [PMID: 32561449 PMCID: PMC7606562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an ancestral molecule that was isolated from sheep hypothalamic extracts based on its action to stimulate cAMP production by pituitary cell cultures. PACAP is one of a number of ligands that coordinate with GnRH to control reproduction. While initially viewed as a hypothalamic releasing factor, PACAP and its receptors are widely distributed, and there is growing evidence that PACAP functions as a paracrine/autocrine regulator in the CNS, pituitary, gonads and placenta, among other tissues. This review will summarize current knowledge concerning the expression and function of PACAP in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis with special emphasis on its role in pituitary function in the fetus and newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Winters
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Joseph P Moore
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA; Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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4
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Köves K, Szabó E, Kántor O, Heinzlmann A, Szabó F, Csáki Á. Current State of Understanding of the Role of PACAP in the Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal Gonadotropin Functions of Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:88. [PMID: 32210912 PMCID: PMC7067695 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
PACAP was discovered 30 years ago in Dr. Akira Arimura's laboratory. In the past three decades since then, it has become evident that this peptide plays numerous crucial roles in mammalian organisms. The most important functions of PACAP are the following: 1. neurotransmitter, 2. neuromodulator, 3. hypophysiotropic hormone, 4. neuroprotector. This paper reviews the accumulated data regarding the distribution of PACAP and its receptors in the mammalian hypothalamus and pituitary gland, the role of PACAP in the gonadotropin hormone secretion of females and males. The review also summarizes the interaction between PACAP, GnRH, and sex steroids as well as hypothalamic peptides including kisspeptin. The possible role of PACAP in reproductive functions through the biological clock is also discussed. Finally, the significance of PACAP in the hypothalamo-hypophysial system is considered and the facts missing, that would help better understand the function of PACAP in this system, are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Köves
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Szabó
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Kántor
- Department of Molecular Embryology, Medical Faculty, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Heinzlmann
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Flóra Szabó
- Department of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Ágnes Csáki
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Werling D, Banks WA, Salameh TS, Kvarik T, Kovacs LA, Vaczy A, Szabo E, Mayer F, Varga R, Tamas A, Toth G, Biro Z, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Passage through the Ocular Barriers and Beneficial Effects in Retinal Ischemia of Topical Application of PACAP1-38 in Rodents. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030675. [PMID: 28335564 PMCID: PMC5372685 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has two active forms, PACAP1-27 and PACAP1-38. Among the well-established actions are PACAP’s neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects, which have also been proven in models of different retinopathies. The route of delivery is usually intravitreal in studies proving PACAP’s retinoprotective effects. Recently, we have shown that PACAP1-27 delivered as eye drops in benzalkonium-chloride was able to cross the ocular barriers and exert retinoprotection in ischemia. Since PACAP1-38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate whether the longer form is also able to cross the barriers and exert protective effects in permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO), a model of retinal hypoperfusion. Our results show that radioactive PACAP1-38 eye drops could effectively pass through the ocular barriers to reach the retina. Routine histological analysis and immunohistochemical evaluation of the Müller glial cells revealed that PACAP1-38 exerted retinoprotective effects. PACAP1-38 attenuated the damage caused by hypoperfusion, apparent in almost all retinal layers, and it decreased the glial cell overactivation. Overall, our results confirm that PACAP1-38 given in the form of eye drops is a novel protective therapeutic approach to treat retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Werling
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - William A Banks
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Therese S Salameh
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA.
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Timea Kvarik
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo Akos Kovacs
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Flora Mayer
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Rita Varga
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Gabor Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged 6720, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Biro
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
- Janos Szentagothai Research Center, University of Pecs, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, University of Pecs, Medical School, Pecs 7624, Hungary.
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6
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PACAP27 is protective against tat-induced neurotoxicity. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:485-93. [PMID: 24696163 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV) infection of the central nervous system promotes neuronal injury and apoptosis that culminate in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Viral proteins, such as transactivator of transcription (Tat), have emerged as leading candidates to explain HIV-mediated neurotoxicity, though the mechanism remains unclear. To determine the effects of Tat, rat cortical neurons were exposed to nanomolar concentrations of Tat for various time points. Within a few hours, Tat induced the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other indices of mitochondrial destabilization. In addition, we observed a significant induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by Tat. We next investigated the neuroprotective activity of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27 (PACAP27) against these cardinal features of Tat-induced neurodegeneration. PACAP27 (100 nM) inhibited all Tat-mediated toxic effects including DNA DSBs. Importantly, PACAP27 prevented the induction of neuronal loss induced by Tat. The neuroprotective effect of PACAP27 is correlated with its ability to release the anti-apoptotic chemokine CCL5. Our data support a mechanism of Tat neurotoxicity in which Tat induces mitochondrial destabilization, thus increasing the release of ROS, which causes DNA DSBs leading to cell death. PACAP27, through CCL5, mitigates the effects of Tat-induced neuronal dysfunction, suggesting that PACAP27 could be a new strategy for an adjunct therapy against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
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Köves K, Kántor O, Lakatos A, Szabó E, Kirilly E, Heinzlmann A, Szabó F. Advent and recent advances in research on the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) in the regulation of gonadotropic hormone secretion of female rats. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 54:494-511. [PMID: 24696167 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0294-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PACAP (ADCYAP1) was isolated from ovine hypothalami. PACAP activates three distinct receptor types: G-protein coupled PAC1, VPAC1, and VPAC2 with seven transmembrane domains. Eight splice variants of PAC1 receptor are described. A part of the hypothalamic PACAP is released into the hypophyseal portal circulation. Both hypothalamic and pituitary PACAP are involved in the dynamic control of gonadotropic hormone secretion. In female rats, PACAP in the paraventricular nucleus is upregulated in the morning and pituitary PACAP is upregulated in the late evening of the proestrus stage of the reproductive cycle. PACAP mRNA peak in the hypothalamic PVN precedes the LHRH release into the portal circulation. It is supposed that PACAP peak is evoked by the elevated estrogen on proestrous morning. At the beginning of the so-called critical period of the same day, PACAP level starts to decline allowing LHRH release into the portal circulation, resulting in the LH surge that evokes ovulation. Just before the critical period, icv-administered exogenous PACAP blocks the LH surge and ovulation. The blocking effect of PACAP is mediated through CRF and endogenous opioids. The effect of the pituitary-born PACAP depends on the intracellular cross-talk between PACAP and LHRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Köves
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó u. 58, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary,
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8
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Halvorson LM. PACAP modulates GnRH signaling in gonadotropes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 385:45-55. [PMID: 24095645 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone is known to be critical for normal gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. Additional regulation is provided by gonadal steroid feedback as well as by intrapituitary factors, such as activin and follistatin. Less well-appreciated is the role of pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) as both a hypothalamic-pituitary releasing factor as well as an autocrine-paracrine factor within the pituitary. PACAP regulates gonadotropin expression alone and through modulation of GnRH responsiveness achieved by increases in GnRH receptor expression and interactions at the level of intracellular signaling pathways. In addition to direct effects on the gonadotrope, PACAP stimulates follistatin secretion by the folliculostellate cells and thereby contributes to differential expression of the gonadotropin subunits. Conversely, GnRH augments the ability of PACAP to regulate gonadotrope function by increasing pituitary PACAP and PACAP receptor expression. This review will summarize the current understanding of the mechanisms by which PACAP modulates gonadotrope function, with a focus on interactions with GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Halvorson
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9032, United States.
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9
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Nayot D, Klachook S, Casper RF. Nimodipine, a calcium channel blocker, delays the spontaneous LH surge in women with regular menstrual cycles: a prospective pilot study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2013; 11:7. [PMID: 23391256 PMCID: PMC3579695 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-11-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently GnRH analogue injections are used to prevent premature LH surges in women undergoing assisted reproductive technology. This was a pilot study to determine the safety and effectiveness of nimodipine, an oral calcium channel blocker, to delay the mid-cycle spontaneous LH surge in women with regular menstrual cycles. METHODS Eight women with regular menstrual cycles self-monitored three consecutive cycles for the day of an LH surge by daily urine assay. The first and third cycles were observatory. In the second cycle, subjects took nimodipine 60 mg by mouth three times daily for four days, starting two days prior to the expected LH surge day based on cycle one. RESULTS The LH surge day in cycle 2 (nimodipine) was significantly delayed in comparison to both observatory cycle 1 (15.5+/-3.4 vs 14.0+/-2.8 days; p=0.033) and cycle 3 (15.1+/-3.5 vs 13.1+/-2.4 days; p=0.044). There was no difference in the LH surge day between the two observatory cycles (13.4+/-2.4 vs 13.1+/-2.4 days; p=0.457). Three patients experienced a mild headache. CONCLUSIONS There was a statistically significant delay in the spontaneous LH surge day in the treatment cycle in comparison to both observatory cycles. Nimopidine should be further investigated as an oral alternative to delay a spontaneous LH surge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Nayot
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 92 College Street, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shany Klachook
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert F Casper
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 92 College Street, Toronto, Canada
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Németh J, Jakab B, Józsa R, Hollósy T, Tamás A, Lubics A, Lengvári I, Kiss P, Oberritter Z, Horváth B, Szilvássy Z, Reglődi D. PACAP-27 radioimmunoassay: Description and application of a novel method. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-007-6862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Lelièvre V, Hu Z, Ioffe Y, Byun JY, Flores A, Seksenyan A, Waschek JA. Paradoxical antagonism of PACAP receptor signaling by VIP in Xenopus oocytes via the type-C natriuretic peptide receptor. Cell Signal 2006; 18:2013-21. [PMID: 16723209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and the closely-related peptides BNP and CNP are highly conserved cardiovascular hormones. They bind to single transmembrane-spanning receptors, triggering receptor-intrinsic guanylyl cyclase activity. The "truncated" type-C natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR-C) has long been called a clearance receptor because it lacks the intracellular guanylyl cyclase domain, though data suggest it might negatively couple to adenylyl cyclase via G(i). Here we report the molecular cloning and characterization of the Xenopus laevis type-C natriuretic peptide receptor (XNPR-C). Analysis confirms the presence of a short intracellular C-terminus, as well as a high similarity to fish and mammalian NPR-C. Injection of XNPR-C mRNA into Xenopus oocytes resulted in expression of high affinity [(125)I]ANP binding sites that were competitively and completely displaced by natriuretic analogs and the unrelated neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Measurement of cAMP levels in mRNA-injected oocytes revealed that XNPR-C is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase in a pertussis toxin-sensitive manner. When XNPR-C was co-expressed with PAC(1) receptors for pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), VIP and natriuretic peptides counteracted the cAMP induction by PACAP. These results suggest that VIP and natriuretic peptides can potentially modulate the action of PACAP in cells where these receptors are co-expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lelièvre
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Retardation Research Center, The David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Moore JP, Burger LL, Dalkin AC, Winters SJ. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Messenger RNA in the Paraventricular Nucleus and Anterior Pituitary During the Rat Estrous Cycle1. Biol Reprod 2005; 73:491-9. [PMID: 15917345 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.041624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (ADCYAP 1, or PACAP) has been demonstrated to enhance gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-induced gonadotropin secretion and regulate gonadotropin subunit gene expression in cultures of anterior pituitary cells. In the present study, we used in situ hybridization and real-time polymerase chain reaction to examine the expression of Pacap mRNA within the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and anterior pituitary throughout the estrous cycle of the rat. Levels of luteinizing hormone in serum and pituitary gonadotropin subunit mRNAs were evaluated and displayed cyclic fluctuations similar to those reported previously. Pacap mRNA expression in the PVN and pituitary varied significantly during the estrous cycle, with the greatest changes occurring on the day of proestrus. Pacap mRNA levels in the PVN declined significantly on the morning of diestrus. During proestrus, PVN Pacap mRNA levels significantly increased 3 h before the gonadotropin surge and then declined. Pituitary expression of Pacap mRNA also varied on the afternoon of proestrus with a moderate decline at the time of the gonadotropin surge and a significant increase later in the evening. Expression of the mRNA species encoding the 288 amino acid form of follistatin increased significantly following the rise in pituitary Pacap mRNA, at the termination of the secondary surge in follicle-stimulating hormone beta (Fshb) gene expression. These results suggest that PACAP is involved in events before and following the gonadotropin surge, perhaps through increased gonadotroph sensitivity to GnRH and suppression of Fshb subunit expression through increased follistatin, as previously observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Moore
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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13
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Yu Y, Jawa A, Pan W, Kastin AJ. Effects of peptides, with emphasis on feeding, pain, and behavior A 5-year (1999-2003) review of publications in Peptides. Peptides 2004; 25:2257-89. [PMID: 15572212 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2004.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel effects of naturally occurring peptides are continuing to be discovered, and their mechanisms of actions as well as interactions with other substances, organs, and systems have been elucidated. Synthetic analogs may have actions similar or antagonistic to the endogenous peptides, and both the native peptides and analogs have potential as drugs or drug targets. The journal Peptides publishes many leading articles on the structure-activity relationship of peptides as well as outstanding reviews on some families of peptides. Complementary to the reviews, here we extract information from the original papers published during the past five years in Peptides (1999-2003) to summarize the effects of different classes of peptides, their modulation by other chemicals and various pathophysiological states, and the mechanisms by which the effects are exerted. Special attention is given to peptides related to feeding, pain, and other behaviors. By presenting in condensed form the effects of peptides which are essential for systems biology, we hope that this summary of existing knowledge will encourage additional novel research to be presented in Peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
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14
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Szabó E, Nemeskéri A, Heinzlmann A, Suzuki N, Arimura A, Köves K. Cell immunoblot assay study demonstrating the release of PACAP from individual anterior pituitary cells of rats and the effect of PACAP on LH release. REGULATORY PEPTIDES 2002; 109:75-81. [PMID: 12409218 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-0115(02)00186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) was previously demonstrated in the anterior pituitary by radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry, and reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). With the use of cell immunoblot assay (CIBA), when the pituitary cells were cultured on nitrocellulose membrane, the release of PACAP by individual anterior pituitary cells was observed. The released peptide, trapped by the nitrocellulose membrane forming a blot around the cells, was demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. Double labeling revealed that a part of PACAP-immunoreactive cells can release LH as well. With the use of sandwich enzyme immunoassay (S-EIA), it was found that the concentration of PACAP in the anterior pituitaries is 10(-10) M. In cell culture in a similar concentration, PACAP stimulated the LH release from female gonadotropes, but did not influence it from male ones. The stimulated release of LH was indicated by the enhancement in the diameter of LH blots compared to the untreated control cultures. We concluded that PACAP may be released from the anterior pituitary cells in a concentration which would be able to influence LH release not only in vitro but under in vivo conditions as well. The effect of PACAP on LH release was different in female and male pituitary cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Szabó
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Tuzolto u.58, H-1094, Budapest, Hungary
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Rodríguez-Henche N, Jamen F, Leroy C, Bockaert J, Brabet P. Transcription of the mouse PAC1 receptor gene: cell-specific expression and regulation by Zac1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2002; 1576:157-62. [PMID: 12031496 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulations of the PACAP type 1 (PAC1) receptor expression have been described in the brain and the anterior pituitary. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying mouse PAC1 gene regulation, we first mapped its transcription start sites (tss). PAC1 receptor RNA initiates from two major sites in embryos and adult tissues. Functional analysis revealed a basal promoter within the first 180 bp upstream of transcription start. Negative regulatory sequences upstream of this minimal promoter control the cell type-specific transcription of a luciferase reporter gene. Zac1, a zinc finger protein mainly expressed in the brain and the pituitary gland, binds to a GC-rich motif of the promoter regulatory elements. The Zac1 DNA binding site is required to positive and negative regulations of the promoter. Our findings provide bases for future studies on the regulatory elements controlling PAC1 gene transcription and demonstrate the PAC1 receptor promoter as a target of Zac1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Brain/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/isolation & purification
- DNA/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Regulator
- Genes, Reporter
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Genomic Library
- Luciferases/genetics
- Mice
- Pituitary Gland/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide
- Receptors, Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide, Type I
- Receptors, Pituitary Hormone/genetics
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Kántor O, Molnár J, Heinzlmann A, Arimura A, Fürst Z, Köves K. Study on the hypothalamic factors mediating the inhibitory effect of PACAP38 on ovulation. Peptides 2001; 22:2163-8. [PMID: 11786205 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(01)00548-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O Kántor
- Department of Human Morphology and Developmental Biology, Semmelweis University, Faculty of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
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