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Azuma M, Konno N, Sakata I, Koshimizu TA, Kaiya H. Molecular characterization and distribution of motilin and motilin receptor in the Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes. Cell Tissue Res 2024; 397:61-76. [PMID: 38727755 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-024-03896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Motilin (MLN) is a peptide hormone originally isolated from the mucosa of the porcine intestine. Its orthologs have been identified in various vertebrates. Although MLN regulates gastrointestinal motility in tetrapods from amphibians to mammals, recent studies indicate that MLN is not involved in the regulation of isolated intestinal motility in zebrafish, at least in vitro. To determine the unknown function of MLN in teleosts, we examined the expression of MLN and the MLN receptor (MLNR) at the cellular level in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Quantitative PCR revealed that mln mRNA was limitedly expressed in the gut, whereas mlnr mRNA was not detected in the gut but was expressed in the brain and kidney. By in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, mlnr mRNA was detected in the dopaminergic neurons of the area postrema in the brain and the noradrenaline-producing cells in the interrenal gland of the kidney. Furthermore, we observed efferent projections of mlnr-expressing dopaminergic neurons in the lobus vagi (XL) and nucleus motorius nervi vagi (NXm) of the medulla oblongata by establishing a transgenic medaka expressing the enhanced green fluorescence protein driven by the mlnr promoter. The expression of dopamine receptor mRNAs in the XL and cholinergic neurons in NXm was confirmed by in situ hybridization. These results indicate novel sites of MLN activity other than the gastrointestinal tract. MLN may exert central and peripheral actions through the regulation of catecholamine release in medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morio Azuma
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
| | - Norifumi Konno
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 3190, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimookubo, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Koshimizu
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Gofuku, Toyama, 3190, Japan
- Division of Drug Discovery, Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc. 8-1 Utano-Matsui, Uda, Nara, Japan
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Huang J, Suzuki M, Endo A, Watanabe A, Sakata I. The role of free fatty acid receptor-1 in gastric contractions in Suncus murinus. Food Funct 2024; 15:2221-2233. [PMID: 38318756 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03565d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Motilin is an important hormonal regulator in the migrating motor complex (MMC). Free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1, also known as GPR40) has been reported to stimulate motilin release in human duodenal organoids. However, how FFAR1 regulates gastric motility in vivo is unclear. This study investigated the role of FFAR1 in the regulation of gastric contractions and its possible mechanism of action using Suncus murinus. Firstly, intragastric administration of oleic acid (C18:1, OA), a natural ligand for FFAR1, stimulated phase II-like contractions, followed by phase III-like contractions in the fasted state, and the gastric emptying rate was accelerated. The administration of GW1100, an FFAR1 antagonist, inhibited the effects of OA-induced gastric contractions. Intravenous infusion of a ghrelin receptor antagonist (DLS) or serotonin 4 (5-HT4) receptor antagonist (GR125487) inhibited phase II-like contractions and prolonged the onset of phase III-like contractions induced by OA. MA-2029, a motilin receptor antagonist, delayed the occurrence of phase III-like contractions. In vagotomized suncus, OA did not induce phase II-like contractions. In addition, OA promoted gastric emptying through a vagal pathway during the postprandial period. However, OA did not directly act on the gastric body to induce contractions in vitro. In summary, this study indicates that ghrelin, motilin, 5-HT, and the vagus nerve are involved in the role of FFAR1 regulating MMC. Our findings provide novel evidence for the involvement of nutritional factors in the regulation of gastric motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Huang
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Miu Suzuki
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ami Endo
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ayumi Watanabe
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
- Research Area of Evolutionary Molecular Design, Strategic Research Center, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Cho MS, Park JW, Kim J, Ko SJ. The influence of herbal medicine on serum motilin and its effect on human and animal model: a systematic review. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1286333. [PMID: 38161695 PMCID: PMC10755953 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1286333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Motilin (MLN) is a gastrointestinal (GI) hormone produced in the upper small intestine. Its most well understood function is to participate in Phase III of the migrating myoelectric complex component of GI motility. Changes in MLN availability are associated with GI diseases such as gastroesophageal reflux disease and functional dyspepsia. Furthermore, herbal medicines have been used for several years to treat various GI disorders. We systematically reviewed clinical and animal studies on how herbal medicine affects the modulation of MLN and subsequently brings the therapeutic effects mainly focused on GI function. Methods: We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to collect all articles published until 30 July 2023, that reported the measurement of plasma MLN levels in human randomized controlled trials and in vivo herbal medicine studies. The collected characteristics of the articles included the name and ingredients of the herbal medicine, physiological and symptomatic changes after administering the herbal medicine, changes in plasma MLN levels, key findings, and mechanisms of action. The frequency patterns (FPs) of botanical drug use and their correlations were investigated using an FP growth algorithm. Results: Nine clinical studies with 1,308 participants and 20 animal studies were included in the final analyses. Herbal medicines in clinical studies have shown therapeutic effects in association with increased levels of MLN, including GI motility regulation and symptom improvement. Herbal medicines have also shown anti-stress, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. Various biochemical markers may correlate with MLN levels. Markers may have a positive correlation with plasma MLN levels included ghrelin, acetylcholine, and secretin, whereas a negative correlation included triglycerides and prostaglandin E2. Markers, such as gastrin and somatostatin, did not show any correlation with plasma MLN levels. Based on the FP growth algorithm, Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Paeonia japonica were the most frequently used species. Conclusion: Herbal medicine may have therapeutic effects mainly on GI symptoms with involvement of MLN regulation and may be considered as an alternative option for the treatment of GI diseases. Further studies with more solid evidence are needed to confirm the efficacy and mechanisms of action of herbal medicines. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=443244, identifier CRD42023443244.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Cho
- Department of Clinical Korean Medicine, Graduate School of Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woo Park
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Jae Ko
- Department of Internal Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Gastroenterology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Zhang S, Kaiya H, Kitazawa T. Does ghrelin regulate intestinal motility in rabbits? An in vitro study using isolated duodenal strips. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 344:114384. [PMID: 37722460 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Rabbit duodenum has been used for examining the ability of motilin to cause muscle contraction in vitro. A motilin-related peptide, ghrelin, is known to be involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility in various animals, but its ability to cause rabbit GI contraction have not been well examined. The aim of this study is to clarify the action of rat ghrelin and its interaction with motilin in the rabbit duodenum. The mRNA expression of ghrelin and motilin receptors was also examined using RT-PCR. Rat ghrelin (10-9-10-6 M) did not change the contractile activity of the duodenum measured by the mean muscle tonus and area under the curve of contraction waves. In agreement with this result, the distribution of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rabbit GI tract varied depending on the GI region from which the samples were taken; the expression level in the duodenum was negligible, but that in the esophagus or stomach was significant. On the other hand, motilin (10-10-10-6 M) caused a concentration-dependent contraction by means of increased mean muscle tonus, and consistently, motilin receptor mRNA was expressed heterogeneously depending on the GI region (esophagus = stomach = colon = rectum < duodenum = jejunum = ileum < cecum). Expression level of motilin receptor was comparable to that of ghrelin receptor in the esophagus and stomach. Pretreatment with ghrelin (10-6 M) prior to motilin did not affect the contractile activity of motilin in the duodenum. In conclusion, ghrelin does not affect muscle contractility or motilin-induced contraction in the rabbit duodenum, which is due to the lack of ghrelin receptors. The present in vitro results suggest that ghrelin might not be a regulator of intestinal motility in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama, Toyama 933-8555, Japan; Grandsoul Research Institute for Immunology, Inc., Uda, Nara 633-2221, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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Yokota N, Takemi S, Sakata I. Effect of cholecystokinin on small intestinal motility in suncus murinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 342:114352. [PMID: 37517599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
In a fasting gastrointestinal tract, a characteristic cyclical rhythmic migrating motor complex (MMC) occur that comprises of three phases: I, II, and III. Among these, phase III contractions propagate from the stomach to the lower intestine in mammals, including humans, dogs, and Suncus murinus (suncus). Apart from the phase III of MMC propagating from the stomach, during the gastric phase II, small intestine-originated strong contractions propagate to the lower small intestine; however, the mechanism of contractions originating in the small intestine has not been clarified. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in small intestinal motility. Administration of sulfated CCK-8 in phase I induced phase II-like contractions in the small intestine, which lasted for approximately 10-20 min and then returned to the baseline, while no change was observed in the stomach. Contractions of small intestine induced by CCK-8 were abolished by lorglumide, a CCK1 receptor antagonist. Gastrin, a ligand for the CCK2 receptor, evoked strong contractions in the stomach, but did not induce contractions in the small intestine. To examine the effect of endogenous CCK on contractions of small intestinal origin, lorglumide was administered during phase II. However, there was no change in the duodenal motility pattern, and strong contractions of small intestinal origin were not abolished by treatment with lorglumide. These results suggest that exogenous CCK stimulates contractions of small intestine via CCK1 receptors, whereas endogenous CCK is not involved in the strong contractions of small intestinal origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Yokota
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Research Area of Evolutionary Molecular Design, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Gallo DM, Romero R, Bosco M, Gotsch F, Jaiman S, Jung E, Suksai M, Ramón Y Cajal CL, Yoon BH, Chaiworapongsa T. Meconium-stained amniotic fluid. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:S1158-S1178. [PMID: 37012128 PMCID: PMC10291742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Green-stained amniotic fluid, often referred to as meconium-stained amniotic fluid, is present in 5% to 20% of patients in labor and is considered an obstetric hazard. The condition has been attributed to the passage of fetal colonic content (meconium), intraamniotic bleeding with the presence of heme catabolic products, or both. The frequency of green-stained amniotic fluid increases as a function of gestational age, reaching approximately 27% in post-term gestation. Green-stained amniotic fluid during labor has been associated with fetal acidemia (umbilical artery pH <7.00), neonatal respiratory distress, and seizures as well as cerebral palsy. Hypoxia is widely considered a mechanism responsible for fetal defecation and meconium-stained amniotic fluid; however, most fetuses with meconium-stained amniotic fluid do not have fetal acidemia. Intraamniotic infection/inflammation has emerged as an important factor in meconium-stained amniotic fluid in term and preterm gestations, as patients with these conditions have a higher rate of clinical chorioamnionitis and neonatal sepsis. The precise mechanisms linking intraamniotic inflammation to green-stained amniotic fluid have not been determined, but the effects of oxidative stress in heme catabolism have been implicated. Two randomized clinical trials suggest that antibiotic administration decreases the rate of clinical chorioamnionitis in patients with meconium-stained amniotic fluid. A serious complication of meconium-stained amniotic fluid is meconium aspiration syndrome. This condition develops in 5% of cases presenting with meconium-stained amniotic fluid and is a severe complication typical of term newborns. Meconium aspiration syndrome is attributed to the mechanical and chemical effects of aspirated meconium coupled with local and systemic fetal inflammation. Routine naso/oropharyngeal suctioning and tracheal intubation in cases of meconium-stained amniotic fluid have not been shown to be beneficial and are no longer recommended in obstetrical practice. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials suggested that amnioinfusion may decrease the rate of meconium aspiration syndrome. Histologic examination of the fetal membranes for meconium has been invoked in medical legal litigation to time the occurrence of fetal injury. However, inferences have been largely based on the results of in vitro experiments, and extrapolation of such findings to the clinical setting warrants caution. Fetal defecation throughout gestation appears to be a physiologic phenomenon based on ultrasound as well as in observations in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahiana M Gallo
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI; Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Universidad Del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Roberto Romero
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
| | - Mariachiara Bosco
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Francesca Gotsch
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Sunil Jaiman
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Eunjung Jung
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Manaphat Suksai
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
| | - Carlos López Ramón Y Cajal
- Unit of Prenatal Diagnosis, Service of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Álvaro Cunqueiro Hospital, Vigo, Spain
| | - Bo Hyun Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tinnakorn Chaiworapongsa
- Pregnancy Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, United States Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, and Detroit, MI; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI
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You C, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Xu P, Li Z, Li H, Huang S, Chen Z, Li J, Xu HE, Jiang Y. Structural basis for motilin and erythromycin recognition by motilin receptor. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade9020. [PMID: 36921049 PMCID: PMC10017046 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Motilin is an endogenous peptide hormone almost exclusively expressed in the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It activates the motilin receptor (MTLR), a class A G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), and stimulates GI motility. To our knowledge, MTLR is the first GPCR reported to be activated by macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin. It has attracted extensive attention as a potential drug target for GI disorders. We report two structures of Gq-coupled human MTLR bound to motilin and erythromycin. Our structures reveal the recognition mechanism of both ligands and explain the specificity of motilin and ghrelin, a related gut peptide hormone, for their respective receptors. These structures also provide the basis for understanding the different recognition modes of erythromycin by MTLR and ribosome. These findings provide a framework for understanding the physiological regulation of MTLR and guiding drug design targeting MTLR for the treatment of GI motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongzhao You
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yumu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Youwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Peiyu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Huadong Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Sijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zecai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingru Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - H. Eric Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai 200031, China
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Zhang S, Kaiya H, Kitazawa T. Motilin is a regulator of gastric contraction in Japanese fire belly newts (Cynops pyrrhogaster), in vitro studies using isolated gastrointestinal strips of newts, rabbits, and chickens. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 330:114140. [PMID: 36228737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The effects of newt motilin on the contractility of the isolated gastrointestinal (GI) tract from Japanese fire belly newts (newt) were examined to clarify whether motilin regulates GI motility in urodele amphibians. In addition, contractile responsiveness to motilins from seven species of vertebrates (human, chicken, turtle, alligator, axolotol, newt and zebrafish) were compared in GI preparations from three different animals (rabbit duodenum, chicken ileum and newt stomach) to determine the species-specific action of motilin. Newt motilin (10-10 M - 10-6 M) caused a contraction of cognate gastric strips, while the upper, middle, and lower intestinal strips were insensitive. The rank order of motilins for contractile activity in newt gastric strips was newt > alligator > axolotol > chicken > turtle > human ≫ zebrafish. On the other hand, newt motilin caused a weak contraction in the rabbit duodenum (human > alligator = chicken > turtle > newt ≧ axolotol > zebrafish), and it was ineffective in the chicken ileum (chicken > turtle > alligator > human ≫ newt, axolotol and zebrafish). This study demonstrates that motilin induces contraction in the GI tract of a urodele amphibian, the newt, in a region (stomach)-specific manner and further indicates that a ligand-receptor interaction of the motilin system is a species-specific manner probably due to differences in the amino acid sequence of motilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan; Faculty of Science, University of Toyama, Toyama 933-8555, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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9
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Bonilla-Díaz A, Ordóñez-Morán P. Differentiated Epithelial Cells of the Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:3-16. [PMID: 37310619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a prime example of self-renewal where stem cells give rise to progenitor cells called transit-amplifying cells which differentiate into more specialized cells. There are two intestinal lineages: the absorptive (enterocytes and microfold cells) and the secretory (Paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells, and tuft cells). Each of these differentiated cell types has a role in creating an "ecosystem" to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, we summarize the main roles of each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonilla-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Ordóñez-Morán
- Translational Medical Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute-3, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Takemi S, Honda W, Yokota N, Sekiya H, Miura T, Wada R, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning of cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK-A receptor and mechanism of CCK-induced gastrointestinal motility in Suncus murinus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 327:114074. [PMID: 35700795 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide hormone mainly secreted by small intestinal endocrine I-cells and functions as a regulator of gallbladder contraction, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal (GI) motility, and satiety. The cellular effects of CCK in these peripheral tissues are predominantly mediated via CCK-A receptors which are found in smooth muscles, enteric neurons, and vagal afferent neurons in humans and animal models. Although various functions of CCK have been reported to be neurally mediated, it can also stimulate contraction via the CCK receptor on the smooth muscle. However, the entire underlying neural and cellular mechanisms involved in CCK-induced GI contractions are not clearly understood. Here, we first determined the cDNA and amino acid sequences of CCK and CCK-A receptor along with the distributions of cck mRNA and CCK-producing cells in house musk shrew (Suncus murinus, the laboratory strain named as suncus) and examined the mechanism of CCK-induced contraction in the GI tract. Mature suncus CCK-8 was identical to other mammalian species tested here, and suncus CCK-A receptor presented high nucleotide and amino acid homology with that of human, dog, mouse, and rat, respectively. Suncus CCK mRNA and CCK-producing cells were found mainly in small intestine and colon. In the organ bath study, CCK-8 induced dose-dependent contractions in the suncus stomach, duodenum, and jejunum, and these contractions were inhibited by atropine and CCK-A receptor antagonist. These results suggest that CCK-8-induced contraction is mediated in the myenteric cholinergic neural network and that CCK-A receptor is partly responsible for CCK-8-induced contractions. This study indicates that suncus is a useful animal model to study the functions of CCK involved in GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Wataru Honda
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Naho Yokota
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Haruka Sekiya
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takashi Miura
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Reiko Wada
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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11
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Matsumoto M, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Identification of motilin in Japanese fire bellied newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 323-324:114031. [PMID: 35331740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone consisting of 22 amino acid residues, was identified in the duodenum of pigs in the 1970s. It is known to induce gastrointestinal contractions during the interdigestive state in mammals. Although the motilin gene has been identified in various animal species, it has not been studied in amphibians. Here, we identified the motilin gene in the Japanese fire bellied newt (Cynops pyrrhogaster), and conducted an analysis of tissue distribution, morphological observations, and physiological experiments. The deduced mature newt motilin comprises 22 amino acid residues, like in mammals and birds. The C-terminus of the newt motilin showed high homology with motilin from other species compared to the N-terminus region, which is considered the bioactive site. Motilin mRNA expression in newts was abundant in the upper small intestine, with notably high motilin mRNA expression found in the pancreas. Motilin-producing cells were found in the mucosal layer of the upper small intestine and existed as two cell types: open-and closed-type cells. Motilin-producing cells in the pancreas were also found to produce insulin but not glucagon. Newt motilin stimulated gastric contractions but not in other parts of the intestines in vitro, and motilin-induced gastric contraction was significantly inhibited by treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist. These results indicate that motilin is also present in amphibians, and that its gastrointestinal contractile effects are conserved in mammals, birds, and amphibians. Additionally, we demonstrated for the first time the existence of pancreatic motilin, suggesting that newt motilin has an additional unknown physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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12
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Iwanaga T, Takahashi-Iwanaga H. Disposal of intestinal apoptotic epithelial cells and their fate via divergent routes. Biomed Res 2022; 43:59-72. [PMID: 35718446 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.43.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Gut epithelial cells are characterized by rapid, constant cell renewal. The disposal of aging epithelial cells around the villus tips of the small intestine occurs so regularly that it has been regarded as a consequence of well-controlled cell death, designated as apoptosis. However, the notion of live cell extrusion in the intestine has been intensively built among researchers, and the disposal processes of effete epithelial cells display species and regional differences. Chemical mediators and mechanical forces rising from surrounding cells contribute to the regulated cell replacement. Cytotoxic intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria macrophages play a leading role in the selection of disposal cells and their extrusion to maintain fully the epithelial homeostasis in tandem with the dynamic reconstruction of junctional devices. Lymphocyte-mediated cell killing is predominant in the mouse and rat, while the disposal of epithelial cells in the guinea pig, monkey, and human is characterized by active phagocytosis by subepithelially gathering macrophages. The fenestrated basement membrane formed by immune cells supports their involvement and explains species differences in the disposal of epithelial cells. Via these fenestrations, macrophages and dendritic cells can engulf apoptotic epithelial cells and debris and convey substantial information to regional lymph nodes. In this review, we attempt to focus on morphological aspects concerning the apoptosis and disposal process of effete epithelial cells; in vitro or ex vivo analyses using cultured monolayer has become predominant in recent studies concerning the exfoliation of apoptotic enterocytes. Furthermore, we give attention to their species differences, which is controversial but crucial to our understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Iwanaga
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
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13
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Sanger GJ. Why is motilin active in some studies with mice, rats, and guinea pigs, but not in others? Implications for functional variability among rodents. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00900. [PMID: 35191209 PMCID: PMC8860775 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) hormone motilin helps control human stomach movements during hunger and promotes hunger. Although widely present among mammals, it is generally accepted that in rodents the genes for motilin and/or its receptor have undergone pseudonymization, so exogenous motilin cannot function. However, several publications describe functions of low concentrations of motilin, usually within the GI tract and CNS of mice, rats, and guinea pigs. These animals were from institute-held stocks, simply described with stock names (e.g., "Sprague-Dawley") or were inbred strains. It is speculated that variation in source/type of animal introduces genetic variations to promote motilin-sensitive pathways. Perhaps, in some populations, motilin receptors exist, or a different functionally-active receptor has a good affinity for motilin (indicating evolutionary pressures to retain motilin functions). The ghrelin receptor has the closest sequence homology, yet in non-rodents the receptors have a poor affinity for each other's cognate ligand. In rodents, ghrelin may substitute for certain GI functions of motilin, but no good evidence suggests rodent ghrelin receptors are highly responsive to motilin. It remains unknown if motilin has functional relationships with additional bioactive molecules formed from the ghrelin and motilin genes, or if a 5-TM motilin receptor has influence in rodents (e.g., to dimerize with GPCRs and create different pharmacological profiles). Is the absence/presence of responses to motilin in rodents' characteristic for systems undergoing gene pseudonymization? What are the consequences of rodent supplier-dependent variations in motilin sensitivity (or other ligands for receptors undergoing pseudonymization) on gross physiological functions? These are important questions for understanding animal variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth J. Sanger
- Blizard Institute and the National Centre for Bowel ResearchBarts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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14
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Sagkan Ozturk A, Aydin M, Bozkurt YA, Kuçukgul A, Ozturk A. Short term effects of experimental gastric outlet obstruction and truncal vagotomy on gut hormones. Biotech Histochem 2022; 97:90-98. [PMID: 33722110 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2021.1896780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) is caused mainly by pyloric or duodenal blockage; gastric surgery and vagotomy are effective treatments. We investigated the short term effects of experimental GOO and truncal vagotomy (TV) on gut hormone levels. We used 8-week-old male Wistar rats divided randomly into four groups: control, GOO, TV, and GOO + TV. At the end of the experiment, blood and tissue samples of the pylorus and fundus were obtained for biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Gastric motility decreased in the TV group, but there was no difference in food intake compared to the control group; water consumption and urine output were increased. Feces excretion and food intake decreased due to loss of food movement from the stomach of GOO and GOO + TV rats. Levels of insulin and ghrelin were lower than for the control group, but levels of cholecystokinin were higher. Leptin and glucagon-like peptide 1 levels were increased in the GOO group, while somatostatin was decreased. Leptin immunostaining levels were decreased in the GOO + TV group. Gastrin and neuropeptide Y levels were lower in the GOO and GOO + TV groups compared to the other groups. We found that both gut hormone levels related to gastric motility and metabolism, and immunohistochemical staining of the stomach tissue were altered by TV and GOO. Measuring changes in gut hormones following gastric surgery could be useful for monitoring the effectiveness of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliye Sagkan Ozturk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Aydin
- Sifa Bioresonance & Clinical Physiology Center, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Yesim Akaydın Bozkurt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Altug Kuçukgul
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Atakan Ozturk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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15
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Zhang S, Kaiya H, Teraoka H, Kitazawa T. Pheasant motilin, its distribution and gastrointestinal contractility-stimulating action in the pheasant. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 314:113897. [PMID: 34506789 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, pheasant motilin was identified as a 22-amino acid peptide with a sequence of FVPFFTQSDI QKMQEKERIK GQ. In the present study, the distribution of pheasant motilin mRNA was determined and compared with that of ghrelin, a motilin-related peptide. The effects of pheasant motilin on the cognate gastrointestinal (GI) muscle strips were also examined in an in vitro contraction study. The expression of pheasant motilin mRNA was highest in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), moderate in the colon and very low in the brain, lung, heart, pancreas, esophagus, proventriculus, gizzard and caecum, and this distribution was in contrast with that of ghrelin mRNA. Pheasant motilin caused contraction of the cognate GI tract in a region-dependent manner, similar to chicken motilin. The contraction in the small intestine was large and was not affected by atropine. In contrast, contraction in the proventriculus was small and was decreased by atropine. The crop and colon were insensitive to pheasant motilin. Neither GM109 nor MA2029, mammalian motilin receptor antagonists inhibited the contractions of pheasant motilin. Erythromycin was ineffective in the pheasant ileum, although it caused contraction of the rabbit duodenum. These results indicate that pheasant motilin caused contraction through an action on smooth muscles in the small intestine and an action on enteric cholinergic nerves in the proventriculus. This high responsiveness of the small intestine suggests that motilin is a regulator of small intestinal motility in avians, and the characteristic of the motilin receptor in the pheasant might be different from that in mammals, as is that in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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16
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Su C, Li H, Chen B, Li C, Zhang C, Xu L, Lan M, Shen Y. Pharmacological effects of Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. extracts on gastrointestinal motility are partially mediated by quercetin. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:223. [PMID: 34479558 PMCID: PMC8417984 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of global population suffer from various functional gastrointestinal disorders. Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. (PCG) is used to relieve indigestive symptoms in traditional Chinese medicine. However, little is known about the effects of bioactive components from PCG extracts on gastrointestinal motility. METHODS Crude ethanol extract of PCG (EEP) was prepared from Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn. Different solvents were used to prepare fine extracts from EEP, including water extract of PCG (WEP), petroleum ether extract of PCG (PEEP), dichloromethane extract of PCG (DEP) and ethyl acetate extract of PCG (EAEP). Smooth muscle cell model and colonic smooth muscle stripe model were used to test the bioactive effects and mechanisms of different PCG extracts on contraction and relaxation. Diverse chromatographic methods were used to identify bioactive substances from PCG extracts. RESULTS EEP was found to promote the relaxation of gastric smooth muscle cell and inhibit the contraction of colonic smooth muscle strip. Among the fractions of EEP, EAEP mainly mediated the relaxation effect by stimulating intracellular calcium influx. Further evidences revealed that EAEP was antagonistic to acetylcholine. In addition, COX and NO-GC-PKC pathways may be also involved in EAEP-mediated relaxation effect. Quercetin was identified as a bioactive compound from PCG extract for the relaxation effect. CONCLUSION Our research supports the notion that PCG extracts promote relaxation and inhibits contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle at least partially through the effect from quercetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencan Su
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China
| | - Long Xu
- Shaanxi Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mei Lan
- Digestive Internal Medicine Department, Shaoxing Paojiang Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yehua Shen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, Northwest University, 229 North Taibai Avenue, Xi'an, 710127, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Motilin Comparative Study: Structure, Distribution, Receptors, and Gastrointestinal Motility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:700884. [PMID: 34497583 PMCID: PMC8419268 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.700884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Motilin, produced in endocrine cells in the mucosa of the upper intestine, is an important regulator of gastrointestinal (GI) motility and mediates the phase III of interdigestive migrating motor complex (MMC) in the stomach of humans, dogs and house musk shrews through the specific motilin receptor (MLN-R). Motilin-induced MMC contributes to the maintenance of normal GI functions and transmits a hunger signal from the stomach to the brain. Motilin has been identified in various mammals, but the physiological roles of motilin in regulating GI motility in these mammals are well not understood due to inconsistencies between studies conducted on different species using a range of experimental conditions. Motilin orthologs have been identified in non-mammalian vertebrates, and the sequence of avian motilin is relatively close to that of mammals, but reptile, amphibian and fish motilins show distinctive different sequences. The MLN-R has also been identified in mammals and non-mammalian vertebrates, and can be divided into two main groups: mammal/bird/reptile/amphibian clade and fish clade. Almost 50 years have passed since discovery of motilin, here we reviewed the structure, distribution, receptor and the GI motility regulatory function of motilin in vertebrates from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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18
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Verbeure W, van Goor H, Mori H, van Beek AP, Tack J, van Dijk PR. The Role of Gasotransmitters in Gut Peptide Actions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:720703. [PMID: 34354597 PMCID: PMC8329365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.720703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although gasotransmitters nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) receive a bad connotation; in low concentrations these play a major governing role in local and systemic blood flow, stomach acid release, smooth muscles relaxations, anti-inflammatory behavior, protective effect and more. Many of these physiological processes are upstream regulated by gut peptides, for instance gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, motilin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide 1 and 2. The relationship between gasotransmitters and gut hormones is poorly understood. In this review, we discuss the role of NO, CO and H2S on gut peptide release and functioning, and whether manipulation by gasotransmitter substrates or specific blockers leads to physiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Verbeure
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Harry van Goor
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hideki Mori
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - André P van Beek
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter R van Dijk
- Departement of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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19
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Leventhal HR, McKenzie HC, Estell K, Council-Troche M, Davis JL. Pharmacokinetics and pulmonary distribution of Draxxin ® (tulathromycin) in healthy adult horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2021; 44:714-723. [PMID: 33719056 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of tulathromycin (Draxxin® ; 2.5 mg/kg once) after intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), and slow intravenous (IV) administration to six adult horses. A three-phase design and 4-week washout period were used. Drug concentrations in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Following SC and IM administration, all horses exhibited sweating, discomfort, and periods of recumbency. As signs were more severe after SC administration this route was only used in 3/6 horses. Intravenous administration of tulathromycin was well tolerated in all horses. Mean bioavailability was 99.4% IM and 115% SC. Mean maximum plasma concentration was 645 ng/ml IM and 373 ng/ml SC. Mean half-life was 59.8 h, 54.8 h, and 57.9 h for IV, IM, and SC administration, respectively. Mean clearance was 3.25 ml/kg/min, and mean volume of distribution was 16.8 L/kg following IV administration. Drug was detectable in plasma and BAL samples for 120 h following all routes; however, adverse effects may prevent IM use and SC use is not recommended. Tulathromycin may be a practical and affordable antimicrobial for use in adult equine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah R Leventhal
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Harold C McKenzie
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Krista Estell
- Marion duPont Scott Equine Medical Center, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Leesburg, VA, USA
| | - McAlister Council-Troche
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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20
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Petri M, Singh I, Baker C, Underkofler C, Rasouli N. Diabetic gastroparesis: An overview of pathogenesis, clinical presentation and novel therapies, with a focus on ghrelin receptor agonists. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107733. [PMID: 32948398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic gastroparesis is defined as delayed gastric emptying without mechanical obstruction in the setting of diabetes. Symptoms range from mild bloating to severe vomiting episodes and can result in frequent hospitalizations and poor quality of life. It is suspected that diabetic gastroparesis is underdiagnosed due to its similar presentation to other conditions such as gastroesophageal reflux disease. The pathogenesis of diabetic gastroparesis remains unclear, but proposed mechanisms include vagal dysfunction, hyperglycemia, interstitial cells of Cajal network disturbances, loss of neural nitric oxide synthase expression in the myenteric plexus, and oxidative stress. Current management for diabetic gastroparesis focuses on dietary and lifestyle changes as well as improved glycemic control. Limited options for medical therapies are available that include prokinetic and antiemetic medications. Metoclopramide is the only FDA-approved medication for the treatment of gastroparesis. Metoclopramide improves symptoms of gastroparesis although extended treatment presents challenges such as decreased efficacy over time and increased risks for adverse events. We summarize the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of diabetic gastroparesis and review current and investigational treatments for diabetes gastroparesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison Petri
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Inderpreet Singh
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chelsea Baker
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Chantal Underkofler
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Neda Rasouli
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12401 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA.
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21
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Sekiya H, Yokota N, Takemi S, Nakayama K, Okada H, Sakai T, Sakata I. The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on gastric motility in Suncus murinus. J Smooth Muscle Res 2021; 56:69-81. [PMID: 33473062 PMCID: PMC7817339 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.56.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric contractions show two specific patterns in many species, migrating motor
contractions (MMC) and postprandial contractions (PPCs), that occur in the fasted and fed
states, respectively. In this study, we examined the role of somatostatin (SST) in gastric
motility both in vivo and in vitro using the Asian house
shrew (Suncus murinus). We performed in vivo recordings
of gastric motility and in vitro organ bath experiments using S.
murinus, which was recently established as a small laboratory animal for use in
tests of gastrointestinal motility. SST (1.65 µg kg−1 min−1) was
intravenously administered during phase II of MMC and PPCs. Next, the effect of SST on
motilin-induced gastric contractions at phase I of MMC was measured. Cyclosomatostatin
(CSST), an SST receptor antagonist, was administered at the peak of phase III of MMC. In
addition, the effect of SST (10−11–10−9 M) on motilin-induced
gastric contractions was evaluated using an organ bath experiment in
vitro. In conscious, free-moving S. murinus, the
administration of SST decreased the occurrence of the spontaneous phase II of MMC and
PPCs. Pretreatment with SST and octreotide suppressed the induction of motilin-induced
gastric contractions both in vivo and in vitro.
Administration of CSST before the peak of spontaneous phase III contractions had no effect
on gastric contractions. Endogenous SST is not involved in the regulation of gastric MMC
and PPCs, but exogenous SST suppresses spontaneous gastric contractions. Thus, SST would
be good for treating abnormal gastrointestinal motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Sekiya
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Naho Yokota
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Keiji Nakayama
- Research Center of Neurology, Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Okada
- Discovery Technology Research Laboratories, Discovery and Research, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 3-1-1 Sakurai, Shimamoto-cho, Mishima-gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.,Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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22
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Guimarães M, Pereira SS, Monteiro MP. From Entero-Endocrine Cell Biology to Surgical Interventional Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1307:273-297. [PMID: 32016913 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The physiological roles of the enteroendocrine system in relation to energy and glucose homeostasis regulation have been extensively studied in the past few decades. Considerable advances were made that enabled to disclose the potential use of gastro-intestinal (GI) hormones to target obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The recognition of the clinical relevance of these discoveries has led the pharmaceutical industry to design several hormone analogues to either to mitigate physiological defects or target pharmacologically T2D.Amongst several advances, a major breakthrough in the field was the unexpected observation that enteroendocrine system modulation to T2D target could be achieved by surgically induced anatomical rearrangement of the GI tract. These findings resulted from the widespread use of bariatric surgery procedures for obesity treatment, which despite initially devised to induce weight loss by limiting the systemic availably of nutrients, are now well recognized to influence GI hormone dynamics in a manner that is highly dependent on the type of anatomical rearrangement produced.This chapter will focus on enteroendocrine system related mechanisms leading to improved glycemic control in T2D after bariatric surgery interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guimarães
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of General Surgery, Centro Hospitalar de Entre o Douro e Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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23
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Zhang S, Teraoka H, Kaiya H, Kitazawa T. Motilin- and ghrelin-induced contractions in isolated gastrointestinal strips from three species of frogs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2021; 300:113649. [PMID: 33153968 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN), gut peptides isolated from the mucosa of the stomach and duodenum, respectively, stimulate gastrointestinal (GI) motility in mammals and birds. However, the functions of MLN and GHRL in amphibian GI tracts have not been examined in detail. To clarify the regulation of GI motility by the two peptides, the effects of human MLN and rat GHRL on contractility of isolated GI strips from three species of frogs, the black-spotted pond frog (pond frog; Pelophylax nigromaculata), bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana) and Western clawed frog (Xenopus; Xenopus tropicalis), were examined in in vitro experiments. The GI tract of each frog was divided into the stomach, upper intestine, middle intestine and lower intestine. Human MLN caused contractions of the stomach in the pond frog and upper intestine in the bullfrog and Xenopus, but other GI regions were insensitive to human MLN. Erythromycin did not cause contraction of the upper intestine of the bullfrog and Xenopus. Rat GHRL did not cause contraction of the stomach and small intestines in the pond frog and bullfrog, but it caused a concentration-dependent contraction in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus, while des-acyl rat GHRL did not cause any contraction of them. In conclusion, human MLN caused the contraction of the stomach or upper intestine in the three species of frogs, but GHRL was effective only in the stomach and upper intestine of Xenopus. On the basis of these data, MLN but not GHRL causes the GI region-dependent contractions in the frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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24
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Afsharfarnia S, Mohseni M, Fartashvand M, Assadnassab G, Mahmoudian B. Effects of parenteral administration of tylosin and ivermectin on abomasal emptying rate in healthy suckling lambs by use of nuclear scintigraphy. Res Vet Sci 2020; 134:181-185. [PMID: 33388615 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abomasal hypomotility is one of the important causes of neonatal mortality in small ruminants. Various pharmaceutical agents have been studied to address this problem in large ruminants. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of parenteral administration of tylosin and ivermectin on abomasal emptying rate in neonatal suckling lambs. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed using nuclear scintigraphic method in 10 healthy female Iranian fat tailed Ghezel lambs. Each lamb was tested three times, once as a control (1 ml of saline 0.9%, IM) and twice after the injection of tylosin (17.6 mg/kg, IM) and ivermectin (200 μg/kg, SC) in a crossover study. Based on radiopharmaceutical counts, remnant activity in abomasums at 90 min were 48.3 ± 3.5, 45.6 ± 7.5 and 41.6 ± 2.9% in control, tylosin and ivermectin groups, respectively. Administration of tylosin (p = 0.049) and ivermectin (p = 0.045) to lambs, significantly caused faster abomasal emptying rate compared to control. Evaluating the ROIs revealed that the half emptying time (T1/2) in control, tylosin and ivermectin groups were 67.1 ± 8.6, 62.6 ± 14.2 and 54.3 ± 9.9 min, respectively. These difference between all groups, statistically were significant (p = 0.026). However, the clinical efficacy of abomasal emptying rate facilitating by tylosin or ivermectin administration in lambs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Afsharfarnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohseni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Majid Fartashvand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholamreza Assadnassab
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Mahmoudian
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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25
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Takakura N, Takemi S, Kumaki S, Matsumoto M, Sakai T, Iwatsuki K, Sakata I. Generation and characterization of Suncus murinus intestinal organoid: a useful tool for studying motilin secretion. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:62-69. [PMID: 31293061 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Motilin, a 22-amino-acid peptide produced in the upper small intestine, induces strong gastric contraction in fasted state. In many rodents, motilin and its cognate receptors exist as pseudogenes, which has delayed motilin research in the past decades. Recently, the house musk shrew (Suncus murinus) was developed as a useful model for studying motilin and gastrointestinal motility. However, due to a lack of motilin-producing cell lines and difficulties in culturing small intestinal cells, the regulatory mechanisms of motilin secretion and its messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription have remained largely unclear. In this study, we generated small intestinal organoids from S. murinus for the first time. Using methods similar to mouse organoid generation, we found crypt-like budding structures 3 days after isolating intestinal tissues. The organoids grew gradually with time. In addition, the generated organoids were able to be passaged and maintained for 6 months or longer. Motilin messenger RNA (mRNA) and immunopositive cells were observed in both S. murinus intestinal organoids and primary tissues. This is the first report of intestinal organoids in S. murinus, and our results suggest that S. murinus intestinal organoids could be useful for analyzing motilin secretion and transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Takakura
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kumaki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Mio Matsumoto
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.,Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ken Iwatsuki
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
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26
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Zhang S, Okuhara Y, Iijima M, Takemi S, Sakata I, Kaiya H, Teraoka H, Kitazawa T. Identification of pheasant ghrelin and motilin and their actions on contractility of the isolated gastrointestinal tract. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113294. [PMID: 31585115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Motilin and ghrelin were identified in the pheasant by molecular cloning, and the actions of both peptides on the contractility of gastrointestinal (GI) strips were examined in vitro. Molecular cloning indicated that the deduced amino acid sequences of the pheasant motilin and ghrelin were a 22-amino acid peptide, FVPFFTQSDIQKMQEKERIKGQ, and a 26-amino acid peptide, GSSFLSPAYKNIQQQKDTRKPTGRLH, respectively. In in vitro studies using pheasant GI strips, chicken motilin caused contraction of the proventriculus and small intestine, whereas the crop and colon were insensitive. Human motilin, but not erythromycin, caused contraction of small intestine. Chicken motilin-induced contractions in the proventriculus and ileum were not inhibited by a mammalian motilin receptor antagonist, GM109. Neither atropine (a cholinergic receptor antagonist) nor tetrodotoxin (a neuron blocker) inhibited the responses of chicken motilin in the ileum but both drugs decreased the responses to motilin in the proventriculus, suggesting that the contractile mechanisms of motilin in the proventriculus was neurogenic, different from that of the small intestine (myogenic). On the other hand, chicken and quail ghrelin did not cause contraction in any regions of pheasant GI tract. Since interaction of ghrelin and motilin has been reported in the house musk shrew, interaction of two peptides was examined. The chicken motilin-induced contractions were not modified by ghrelin, and ghrelin also did not cause any contraction under the presence of motilin, suggesting the absence of interaction in both peptides. In conclusion, both the motilin system and ghrelin system are present in the pheasant. Regulation of GI motility by motilin might be common in avian species. However, absence of ghrelin actions in any GI regions suggests the avian species-related difference in regulation of GI contractility by ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyi Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Okuhara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Mio Iijima
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
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27
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Horita T, Koyama K, Takemi S, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I. GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brain regulate phase II of migrating motor contractions in the Suncus murinus. J Smooth Muscle Res 2019; 54:91-99. [PMID: 30787212 PMCID: PMC6380905 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.54.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric contractions exhibit characteristic motor patterns in the fasted state, known as
migrating motor contractions (MMC). MMC consist of three periodically repeated phases
(phase I, II and III) and are known to be regulated by hormones and the autonomic and
enteric nervous systems. However, the central regulation of gastric contractions in the
fasted state is not completely understood. Here, we have examined the central effects of
motilin, ghrelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and L-glutamate signaling on gastric MMC by
using suncus (Suncus murinus) as an animal model, because of their
similar gastric motor patterns to those observed in humans and dogs.
Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of motilin and ghrelin had no effect on
phase I and II contractions, respectively. Conversely, i.c.v. administration of
GABAA receptor antagonist, during phase I of the MMC, evoked phase II-like
contractions and significantly increased the motility index (MI). This was compared with
the i.c.v. administration of GABA which inhibited spontaneous phase II contractions with a
significantly decreased MI. In addition, i.c.v. administration of L-glutamate during phase
I also induced phase II-like irregular contractions with a significant increase in the MI.
Taken together with previous findings, these results suggest that central GABAergic and
glutamatergic signaling, with the coordination of both peripheral motilin and ghrelin,
regulate phase II contractions of MMC in the fasted state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Horita
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Kouhei Koyama
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keiyaki dai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.,Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
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28
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Gastric dysmotility in Parkinson's disease is not caused by alterations of the gastric pacemaker cells. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:15. [PMID: 31372495 PMCID: PMC6659650 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The enteric nervous system is involved in the pathology of Parkinson´s disease and patients frequently have symptoms related to delayed gastric emptying. However, the pathophysiology of gastric dysmotility is yet not well understood. The objective of this study was to assess interdigestive gastric motility in Parkinson´s disease. Using an electromagnetic capsule system, the dominant gastric contraction frequency (primary outcome measure) and the gastric transit time were assessed in 16 patients with Parkinson´s disease and 15 young healthy controls after a fasting period of 8 h. Motor and non-motor symptoms were assessed using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson´s Disease Rating Scale III (MDS-UPDRS III), the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS-Quest), and Hoehn & Yahr staging. The Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index was used to record symptoms related to delayed gastric emptying. In healthy controls and patients with Parkinson's disease, the dominant contraction frequency was 3.0 cpm indicating normal function of interstitial cells of Cajal. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the gastric transit time was longer than in younger controls (56 vs. 21 min). The dominant contraction frequency and gastric transit time did not correlate with age, disease duration, Hoehn & Yahr stage, levodopa equivalent daily dose, MDS-UPDRS III, NMS-Quest, and Gastroparesis Cardinal Symptom Index. Changes of gastric motility in Parkinson´s disease are not caused by functional deficits of the gastric pacemaker cells, the interstitial cells of Cajal. Therefore, gastroparesis in Parkinson's disease can be attributed to disturbances in neurohumoral signals via the vagus nerve and myenteric plexus.
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29
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Kim JN, Kim BJ. The Mechanism of Action of Ghrelin and Motilin in the Pacemaker Potentials of Interstitial Cells of Cajal from the Murine Small Intestine. Mol Cells 2019; 42:470-479. [PMID: 31250620 PMCID: PMC6602145 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2019.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that exhibit periodic spontaneous depolarization in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and generate pacemaker potentials. In this study, we investigated the effects of ghrelin and motilin on the pacemaker potentials of ICCs isolated from the mouse small intestine. Using the whole-cell patch-clamp configuration, we demonstrated that ghrelin depolarized pacemaker potentials of cultured ICCs in a dose-dependent manner. The ghrelin receptor antagonist [D-Lys] GHRP-6 completely inhibited this ghrelin-induced depolarization. Intracellular guanosine 5'-diphosphate-β-S and pre-treatment with Ca2+free solution or thapsigargin also blocked the ghrelin-induced depolarization. To investigate the involvement of inositol triphosphate (IP3), Rho kinase, and protein kinase C (PKC) in ghrelin-mediated pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs, we used the IP3 receptor inhibitors 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate and xestospongin C, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, and the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, Go6976, and rottlerin. All inhibitors except rottlerin blocked the ghrelin-induced pacemaker potential depolarization of ICCs. In addition, motilin depolarized the pacemaker potentials of ICCs in a similar dose-dependent manner as ghrelin, and this was also completely inhibited by [D-Lys] GHRP-6. These results suggest that ghrelin induced the pacemaker potential depolarization through the ghrelin receptor in a G protein-, IP3-, Rho kinase-, and PKC-dependent manner via intracellular and extracellular Ca2+ regulation. In addition, motilin was able to depolarize the pacemaker potentials of ICCs through the ghrelin receptor. Therefore, ghrelin and its receptor may modulate GI motility by acting on ICCs in the murine small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Nam Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
| | - Byung Joo Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
- Healthy Aging Korean Medical Research Center, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine, Yangsan 50612,
Korea
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30
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Zhou Y, Qi X, Wen H, Zhang K, Zhang X, Li J, Li Y, Fan H. Identification, expression analysis, and functional characterization of motilin and its receptor in spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 277:38-48. [PMID: 30771290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Motilin (MLN), an interdigestive hormone secreted by endocrine cells of the intestinal mucosa, binds to a G protein-coupled receptor to exert its biological function of regulating gastrointestinal motility. In the present study, we identified the prepromotilin and mln receptor (mlnr) from the spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus. Mln consisted of an ORF of 336 nucleotides encoding 111 amino acids. The precursor protein contained a 17-amino-acid mature peptide. Mlnr had an ORF of 1089 bp encoding a protein of 362 amino acids. Seven transmembrane domains were predicted with TMHMM analysis. The phylogenetic analysis of mln and mlnr showed that they fell into the same clade with respective counterpart of selected fishes before clustering with other detected vertebrates. Both mln and mlnr genes were highly expressed in intestine of spotted sea bass using quantitative real-time PCR. In situ hybridization indicated that mln and mlnr mRNA were both localized in the lamina propria and the epithelial cell of intestinal villus. The expressions of both genes were regulated under short-term starvation in a time-dependent manner. In vitro experiments indicated that the expressions of ghrelin (ghrl), gastrin (gas) and cholecystokinin (cck) were enhanced by MLN after 3-h treatment, but the effect was absent after 6 or 12-h incubation. Taken together, the MLN and its receptor might play important roles in regulating intestinal motility in spotted sea bass.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Bass/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fasting
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Intestines/cytology
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Motilin/chemistry
- Motilin/genetics
- Motilin/metabolism
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/chemistry
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/chemistry
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Kaiqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jin Li
- Ji'nan Aquatic Technology Extension Station, Ji'nan 250021, China
| | - Yun Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
| | - Hongying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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Kitazawa T, Harada R, Sakata I, Sakai T, Kaiya H. A verification study of gastrointestinal motility-stimulating action of guinea-pig motilin using isolated gastrointestinal strips from rabbits and guinea-pigs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 274:106-112. [PMID: 30677392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motilin (MLN), a 22-amino-acid peptide hormone, is generally present in the mucosa of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract, mainly the duodenum of mammals, and it regulates GI motility, especially that related to interdigestive migrating contraction. However, MLN and its receptor are absent in mice and rats, and MLN does not cause any mechanical responses in the rat and mouse GI tracts. The guinea-pig is also a rodent, but expression of the MLN gene in the guinea-pig has been reported. In the present study, two guinea-pig MLNs, FIPIFTYSELRRTQEREQNKGL found in the Ensemble Genome Database (gpMLN-1) and FVPIFTYSELRRTQEREQNKRL reported by Xu et al. (2001) (gpMLN-2), were synthesized, and their biological activities were evaluated in the rabbit duodenum and guinea-pig GI tract in vitro. Both gpMLNs showed contractile activity in longitudinal muscle strips of the rabbit duodenum. The EC50 values of gpMLN-1 and gpMLN-2 were slightly higher than that of human MLN (hMLN), but the maximum contractions were as same as that of hMLN. Treatment with GM109 and hMLN-induced receptor desensitization decreased the contractile activity of both gpMLNs, indicating that the two gpMLN candidates are able to activate the MLN receptor (MLN-R) of the rabbit duodenum. In guinea-pig GI preparations, hMLN and gpMLNs did not show any mechanical responses in circular muscle strips from the gastric antrum or in longitudinal strips of the duodenum, ileum and colon although acetylcholine and 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) caused definite mechanical responses. The DMPP-induced neural responses in the gastric circular muscle and ileal longitudinal muscles were not modified by gpMLN-1. Even in the gastric and ileal strips with intact mucosa, no mechanical responses were seen with either of the gpMLNs. Furthermore, RT-PCR using various primer sets failed to amplify the gpMLN-2 mRNA. In conclusion, gpMLNs including one that was already reported and the other that was newly found in a database were effective to the rabbit MLN-R, whereas they did not cause any contractions or modification of neural responses in the guinea-pig GI tract, indicating that the MLN system is vestigial and not functional in regulation of GI motility in the guinea-pig as well as in other rodents such as rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Rio Harada
- Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Kitazawa T, Kaiya H. Regulation of Gastrointestinal Motility by Motilin and Ghrelin in Vertebrates. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:278. [PMID: 31156548 PMCID: PMC6533539 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy balance of vertebrates is regulated by the difference in energy input and energy expenditure. Generally, most vertebrates obtain their energy from nutrients of foods through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, food intake and following food digestion, including motility of the GI tract, secretion and absorption, are crucial physiological events for energy homeostasis. GI motility changes depending on feeding, and GI motility is divided into fasting (interdigestive) and postprandial (digestive) contraction patterns. GI motility is controlled by contractility of smooth muscles of the GI tract, extrinsic and intrinsic neurons (motor and sensory) and some hormones. In mammals, ghrelin (GHRL) and motilin (MLN) stimulate appetite and GI motility and contribute to the regulation of energy homeostasis. GHRL and MLN are produced in the mucosal layer of the stomach and upper small intestine, respectively. GHRL is a multifunctional peptide and is involved in glucose metabolism, endocrine/exocrine functions and cardiovascular and reproductive functions, in addition to feeding and GI motility in mammals. On the other hand, the action of MLN is restricted and species such as rodentia, including mice and rats, lack MLN peptide and its receptor. From a phylogenetic point of view, GHRL and its receptor GHS-R1a have been identified in various vertebrates, and their structural features and various physiological functions have been revealed. On the other hand, MLN or MLN-like peptide (MLN-LP) and its receptors have been found only in some fish, birds and mammals. Here, we review the actions of GHRL and MLN with a focus on contractility of the GI tract of species from fish to mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology, Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takio Kitazawa
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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Kalkan Ç, Soykan I. The Relations Among Serum Ghrelin, Motilin and Gastric Emptying and Autonomic Function in Autoimmune Gastritis. Am J Med Sci 2018; 355:428-433. [PMID: 29753372 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric emptying (GE) of solids is delayed and autonomic dysfunction is detected in autoimmune gastritis (AIG). The goals of this study were to: (1) compare serum levels of ghrelin and motilin in subjects with delayed and normal GE and (2) investigate whether circulating antimyenteric antibodies (CAA), serum ghrelin levels and motilin levels have any effect on autonomic function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Noninvasive cardiovascular reflex tests were used in order to evaluate the autonomic function. GE was evaluated by a standard 2-hour scintigraphic test. Serum ghrelin and motilin levels were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and CAA were tested by immunofluorescence. RESULTS The serum ghrelin and motilin levels in the patients with delayed GE (n = 22) were significantly decreased compared to the normal GE patients (n = 19), (67.55 ± 8.81 versus 126.79 ± 25.81pg/mL, P < 0.001 and 279.59 ± 111.12 versus 500.42 ± 155.95pg/mL, respectively, P < 0.001). Whereas, the serum ghrelin and motilin levels in the patients with deranged autonomic function (n = 26) were significantly decreased compared to the patients with normal autonomic function (n = 15), (80.73 ± 28.46 versus 127.79 ± 28.06pg/mL, P < 0.001 and 316.92 ± 160.47 versus 490.20 ± 141.02pg/mL, P < 0.001, respectively). None of the patients were positive for CAA. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin and motilin levels in AIG subjects with delayed GE and deranged autonomic function were significantly decreased. The decrease in serum ghrelin and plasma motilin levels in AIG suggest their potential role in the delayed GE observed in these subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağdaş Kalkan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ibni Sina Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irfan Soykan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ibni Sina Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
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Yu J, Guo J, Tao W, Liu P, Shang E, Zhu Z, Fan X, Shen J, Hua Y, Zhu KY, Tang Y, Duan JA. Gancao-Gansui combination impacts gut microbiota diversity and related metabolic functions. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 214:71-82. [PMID: 29198875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The theory of "eighteen incompatible medicaments" (EIM) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is the most representative case of herbal-herbal interactions. Gancao and Gansui are one of the incompatible herbal pairs in EIM. Gancao, also known as "licorice", is the most frequently used Chinese herb or food additive. Gansui, the root of Euphorbia kansui T.P. Wang, is another famous Chinese herb usually used to treat edema, ascites and asthma but could induce gastrointestinal (GI) tract irritation. Although Gancao and Gansui are incompatible herbal pairs, they are still used in combination in the famous "Gansui-Banxia" decoction. AIM OF THE STUDY This study was conducted to investigate if Gancao-Gansui combination could exacerbate Gansui induced GI tract injury. Moreover, the impact of Gancao-Gansui combination to gut microbiota and related metabolism pathways were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal mice were divided into different groups and treated with Gancao extracts, Gansui extracts, and Gancao-Gansui combination extracts for 7 days. Serum biomarkers (diamine oxidase activity, lipopolysaccharide, motilin, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) were determined to reflect GI tract damage. Gut microbiota diversity was studied by 16S rDNA sequencing and metagenomes analysis were also conducted to reflect functional genes expression alteration. Fecal hydrogen sulfide concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry to confirm the alteration of Desulfovibrio genus. Fecal lipid metabolomics study was conducted by GC-MS analysis to confirm the change of metagenomes and Mycoplasma abundance. RESULTS Gancao-Gansui combination did not exacerbate GI tract tissue or functional damage but caused gut microbiota dysbiosis and increased some rare genus's abundance including Desulfovibrio and Mycoplasma. Desulfovibrio genus proliferation was confirmed by the disturbance of fecal hydrogen sulfide homeostasis. Gancao-Gansui combination also dys-regulated the metabolic genes in metagenomes. Mycoplasma genus proliferation and the metagenomes changes were both confirmed by metabolic profile analysis of fecal lipids, especially cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Gancao-Gansui combination can impact the gut microbiota diversity and related metabolic functions. Further studies should be carried out when the combination of Gancao-Gansui is used in herbal formulations as this may alter the diversity of the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingao Yu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jianming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Weiwei Tao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Pei Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Erxin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zhenhua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiuhe Fan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Juan Shen
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yongqing Hua
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kevin Yue Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Yuping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, National and Local Collaborative Engineering Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization and Formulae Innovative Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Mikami T, Ito K, Diaz-Tartera HO, Hellström PM, Mochiki E, Takemi S, Tanaka T, Tsuda S, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. Study of termination of postprandial gastric contractions in humans, dogs and Suncus murinus: role of motilin- and ghrelin-induced strong contraction. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 28786555 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM Stomach contractions show two types of specific patterns in many species, that is migrating motor contraction (MMC) and postprandial contractions (PPCs), in the fasting and fed states respectively. We found gastric PPCs terminated with migrating strong contractions in humans, dogs and suncus. In this study, we reveal the detailed characteristics and physiological implications of these strong contractions of PPC. METHODS Human, suncus and canine gastric contractions were recorded with a motility-monitoring ingestible capsule and a strain-gauge force transducer. The response of motilin and ghrelin and its receptor antagonist on the contractions were studied by using free-moving suncus. RESULTS Strong gastric contractions were observed at the end of a PPC in human, dog and suncus models, and we tentatively designated this contraction to be a postprandial giant contraction (PPGC). In the suncus, the PPGC showed the same property as those of a phase III contraction of MMC (PIII-MMC) in the duration, motility index and response to motilin or ghrelin antagonist administration. Ghrelin antagonist administration in the latter half of the PPC (LH-PPC) attenuated gastric contraction prolonged the duration of occurrence of PPGC, as found in PII-MMC. CONCLUSION It is thought that the first half of the PPC changed to PII-MMC and then terminated with PIII-MMC, suggesting that PPC consists of a digestive phase (the first half of the PPC) and a discharge phase (LH-PPC) and that LH-PPC is coincident with MMC. In this study, we propose a new approach for the understanding of postprandial contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - K. Ito
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | | | - P. M. Hellström
- Department of Medical Sciences; Uppsala University; Uppsala Sweden
| | - E. Mochiki
- Department of Digestive Tract and General Surgery; Saitama Medical Center; Saitama Medical University; Kawagoe Japan
| | - S. Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Josai University; Saitama Japan
| | - S. Tsuda
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources; Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Okayama University of Science; Okayama Japan
| | - I. Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology; Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
| | - T. Sakai
- Area of Life-NanoBio; Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering; Saitama University; Saitama Japan
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Mondal A, Koyama K, Mikami T, Horita T, Takemi S, Tsuda S, Sakata I, Sakai T. Underlying mechanism of the cyclic migrating motor complex in Suncus murinus: a change in gastrointestinal pH is the key regulator. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/1/e13105. [PMID: 28082431 PMCID: PMC5256163 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fasted gastrointestinal (GI) tract, a characteristic cyclical rhythmic migrating motor complex (MMC) occurs in an ultradian rhythm, at 90–120 min time intervals, in many species. However, the underlying mechanism directing this ultradian rhythmic MMC pattern is yet to be completely elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the possible causes or factors that involve in the occurrence of the fasting gastric contractions by using Suncus murinus a small model animal featuring almost the same rhythmic MMC as that found in humans and dogs. We observed that either intraduodenal infusion of saline at pH 8 evoked the strong gastric contraction or continuously lowering duodenal pH to 3‐evoked gastric phase II‐like and phase III‐like contractions, and both strong contractions were essentially abolished by the intravenous administration of MA 2029 (motilin receptor antagonist) and D‐Lys3‐GHRP6 (ghrelin receptor antagonist) in a vagus‐independent manner. Moreover, we observed that the prostaglandin E2‐alpha (PGE2‐α) and serotonin type 4 (5HT4) receptors play important roles as intermediate molecules in changes in GI pH and motilin release. These results suggest a clear insight mechanism that change in the duodenal pH to alkaline condition is an essential factor for stimulating the endogenous release of motilin and governs the fasting MMC in a vagus‐independent manner. Finally, we believe that the changes in duodenal pH triggered by flowing gastric acid and the release of duodenal bicarbonate through the involvement of PGE2‐α and 5HT4 receptor are the key events in the occurrence of the MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupom Mondal
- Department of Life Nano-Bio, Strategic Research Division, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kouhei Koyama
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Taichi Horita
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsuda
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Department of Life Nano-Bio, Strategic Research Division, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan .,Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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Abstract
Ghrelin and motilin are released from gastrointestinal endocrine cells during hunger, to act through G protein-coupled receptors that have closely related amino acid sequences. The actions of ghrelin are more complex than motilin because ghrelin also exists outside the GI tract, it is processed to des-acyl ghrelin which has activity, ghrelin can exist in truncated forms and retain activity, the ghrelin receptor can have constitutive activity and is subject to biased agonism and finally additional ghrelin-like and des-acyl ghrelin receptors are proposed. Both ghrelin and motilin can stimulate gastric emptying, acting via different pathways, perhaps influenced by biased agonism at the receptors, but research is revealing additional pathways of activity. For example, it is becoming apparent that reduction of nausea may be a key therapeutic target for ghrelin receptor agonists and perhaps for compounds that modulate the constitutive activity of the ghrelin receptor. Reduction of nausea may be the mechanism through which gastroparesis symptoms are reduced. Intriguingly, a potential ability of motilin to influence nausea is also becoming apparent. Ghrelin interacts with digestive function through its effects on appetite, and ghrelin antagonists may have a place in treating Prader-Willi syndrome. Unlike motilin, ghrelin receptor agonists also have the potential to treat constipation by acting at the lumbosacral defecation centres. In conclusion, agonists of both ghrelin and motilin receptors hold potential as treatments for specific subsets of digestive system disorders.
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Romański KW. Importance of the enteric nervous system in the control of the migrating motility complex. Physiol Int 2017; 104:97-129. [PMID: 28665193 DOI: 10.1556/2060.104.2017.2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The migrating motility complex (MMC), a cyclical phenomenon, represents rudimentary motility pattern in the gastrointestinal tract. The MMC is observed mostly in the stomach and gut of man and numerous animal species. It contains three or four phases, while its phase III is the most characteristic. The mechanisms controlling the pattern are unclear in part, although the neural control of the MMC seems crucial. The main goal of this article was to discuss the importance of intrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal tract in MMC initiation, migration, and cessation to emphasize that various MMC-controlling mechanisms act through the enteric nervous system. Two main neural regions, central and peripheral, are able to initiate the MMC. However, central regulation of the MMC may require cooperation with the enteric nervous system. When central mechanisms are not active, the MMC can be initiated peripherally in any region of the small bowel. The enteric nervous system affects the MMC in response to the luminal stimuli which can contribute to the initiation and cessation of the cycle, and it may evoke irregular phasic contractions within the pattern. The hormonal regulators released from the endocrine cells may exert a modulatory effect upon the MMC mostly through the enteric nervous system. Their central action could also be considered. It can be concluded that the enteric nervous system is involved in the great majority of the MMC-controlling mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K W Romański
- 1 Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences , Wrocław, Poland
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Dennie J, Atiee G, Warren V, Tao B, Morimoto K, Senaldi G. A Phase 1 Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Oral Doses of DS-3801b, a Motilin Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 57:1221-1230. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ben Tao
- Daiichi Sankyo Inc.; Edison NJ USA
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Fakhry J, Wang J, Martins P, Fothergill LJ, Hunne B, Prieur P, Shulkes A, Rehfeld JF, Callaghan B, Furness JB. Distribution and characterisation of CCK containing enteroendocrine cells of the mouse small and large intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 369:245-253. [PMID: 28413860 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is general consensus that enteroendocrine cells, EEC, containing the enteric hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) are confined to the small intestine and predominate in the duodenum and jejunum. Contrary to this, EEC that express the gene for CCK have been isolated from the large intestine of the mouse and there is evidence for EEC that contain CCK-like immunoreactivity in the mouse colon. However, the human and rat colons do not contain CCK cells. In the current study, we use immunohistochemistry to investigate CCK peptide presence in endocrine cells, PCR to identify cck transcripts and chromatography to identify CCK peptide forms in the mouse small and large intestine. The colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT, hormones that have been hypothesised to derive from cells of different lineages, was also investigated. CCK immunoreactivity was found in EEC throughout the mouse small and large intestine but positive cells were rare in the rectum. Immunoreactive EEC were as common in the caecum and proximal colon as they were in the duodenum and jejunum. CCK gene transcripts were found in the mucosa throughout the intestine but mRNA for gastrin, a hormone that can bind some anti-CCK antibodies, was only found in the stomach and duodenum. Characterisation of CCK peptides of the colon by extraction, chromatographic separation and radioimmunoassay revealed bioactive amidated and sulphated forms, including CCK-8 and CCK-33. Moreover, CCK-containing EEC in the large intestine bound antibodies that target the biologically active sulfated form. Colocalisation of CCK and 5-HT occurred in a proportion of EEC throughout the small intestine and in the caecum but these hormones were not colocalised in the colon, where there was CCK and PYY colocalisation. It is concluded that authentic, biologically active, CCK occurs in EEC of the mouse large intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Fakhry
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Patricia Martins
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Linda J Fothergill
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Billie Hunne
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Pierre Prieur
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Arthur Shulkes
- Department of Surgery, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brid Callaghan
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
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41
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Zhang H, Wang J, Liu Y, Sun B. Glutinous rice amylopectin can adjust the plasma gut-regulated peptide levels in rhubarb-induced spleen deficiency rats. Food Funct 2016; 7:938-42. [PMID: 26698151 DOI: 10.1039/c5fo00859j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of glutinous rice (GR) and GR amylopectin (GRA) on the gastrointestine were investigated in rhubarb-induced spleen deficiency rats by determining the levels of gastrointestinal hormones such as the peptides serum gastrin, amylase motilin, and somatostatin. GR and GRA were given by gavage at various doses of GR (7.5, 15, and 30 g per kg body weight) and GRA (3.8, 7.6, and 15 g per kg body weight) every day for 4 weeks, respectively. The results indicated that the final body weight of rats in the highest-dose GR (GRH) group and all the GRA groups significantly (P < 0.05) increased (7.2-12.1%) compared with the model control (MC) group. All the GR and GRA treated groups had significantly (P < 0.05) higher gastrin contents (32.8-51.2%), motilin levels (13.8-39.2%), and amylase contents (22.5-39.4%) and the GRH and highest-dose GRA (GRAH) groups had significantly (P < 0.05) lower somatostatin contents compared with the MC group. Meanwhile, the somatostatin contents were negatively correlated with the motilin levels (r = -0.964, P < 0.01) and amylase contents (r = -0.981, P < 0.01). The GRAH treatment group had the highest final body weight, gastrin contents, motilin levels, and amylase contents and the lowest somatostatin contents, which demonstrated that GRA might play the most important role in the spleen-regulating activities of GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Yingli Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.
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42
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Modification of drug delivery to improve antibiotic targeting to the stomach. Ther Deliv 2016; 6:741-62. [PMID: 26149788 DOI: 10.4155/tde.15.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The obstacles to the successful eradication of Helicobacter pylori infections include the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and therapy requiring multiple drugs with complicated dosing schedules. Other obstacles include bacterial residence in an environment where high antibiotic concentrations are difficult to achieve. Biofilm production by the bacteria is an additional challenge to the effective treatment of this infection. Conventional oral formulations used in the treatment of this infection have a short gastric residence time, thus limiting the duration of exposure of drug to the bacteria. This review summarizes the current research in the development of gastroretentive formulations and the prospective future applications of this approach in the targeted delivery of drugs such as antibiotics to the stomach.
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Apu AS, Mondal A, Kitazawa T, Takemi S, Sakai T, Sakata I. Molecular cloning of motilin and mechanism of motilin-induced gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 233:53-62. [PMID: 27179882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Motilin, a peptide hormone produced in the upper intestinal mucosa, plays an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) motility. In the present study, we first determined the cDNA and amino acid sequences of motilin in the Japanese quail and studied the distribution of motilin-producing cells in the gastrointestinal tract. We also examined the motilin-induced contractile properties of quail GI tracts using an in vitro organ bath, and then elucidated the mechanisms of motilin-induced contraction in the proventriculus and duodenum of the quail. Mature quail motilin was composed of 22 amino acid residues, which showed high homology with chicken (95.4%), human (72.7%), and dog (72.7%) motilin. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that motilin-immunopositive cells were present in the mucosal layer of the duodenum (23.4±4.6cells/mm(2)), jejunum (15.2±0.8cells/mm(2)), and ileum (2.5±0.7cells/mm(2)), but were not observed in the crop, proventriculus, and colon. In the organ bath study, chicken motilin induced dose-dependent contraction in the proventriculus and small intestine. On the other hand, chicken ghrelin had no effect on contraction in the GI tract. Motilin-induced contraction in the duodenum was not inhibited by atropine, hexamethonium, ritanserin, ondansetron, or tetrodotoxin. However, motilin-induced contractions in the proventriculus were significantly inhibited by atropine and tetrodotoxin. These results suggest that motilin is the major stimulant of GI contraction in quail, as it is in mammals and the site of action of motilin is different between small intestine and proventriculus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auvijit Saha Apu
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takio Kitazawa
- Comparative Animal Pharmacology Department of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Life-NanoBio, Division of Strategy Research, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.
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Kitazawa T, Shimazaki M, Kikuta A, Yaosaka N, Teraoka H, Kaiya H. Effects of ghrelin and motilin on smooth muscle contractility of the isolated gastrointestinal tract from the bullfrog and Japanese fire belly newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 232:51-9. [PMID: 26704852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin has been identified in some amphibians and is known to stimulate growth hormone release and food intake as seen in mammals. Ghrelin regulates gastrointestinal motility in mammals and birds. The aim of this study was to determine whether ghrelin affects gastrointestinal smooth muscle contractility in bullfrogs (anuran) and Japanese fire belly newts (urodelian) in vitro. Neither bullfrog ghrelin nor rat ghrelin affected longitudinal smooth muscle contractility of gastrointestinal strips from the bullfrog. Expression of growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHS-R1a) mRNA was confirmed in the bullfrog gastrointestinal tract, and the expression level in the gastric mucosa was lower than that in the intestinal mucosa. In contrast, some gastrointestinal peptides, including substance P, neurotensin and motilin, and the muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol showed marked contraction, indicating normality of the smooth muscle preparations. Similar results were obtained in another amphibian, the Japanese fire belly newt. Newt ghrelin and rat ghrelin did not cause any contraction in gastrointestinal longitudinal muscle, whereas substance P and carbachol were effective causing contraction. In conclusion, ghrelin does not affect contractility of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle in anuran and urodelian amphibians, similar to results for rainbow trout and goldfish (fish) but different from results for rats and chickens. The results suggest diversity of ghrelin actions on the gastrointestinal tract across animals. This study also showed for the first time that motilin induces gastrointestinal contraction in amphibians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takio Kitazawa
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan.
| | - Misato Shimazaki
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kikuta
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Noriko Yaosaka
- Dept. of Veterinary Science, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Teraoka
- Dept. of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Dept. of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Dudani A, Aizawa S, Zhi G, Tanaka T, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. The proximal gastric corpus is the most responsive site of motilin-induced contractions in the stomach of the Asian house shrew. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:665-75. [PMID: 27062028 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-0985-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The migrating motor complex (MMC) is responsible for emptying the stomach during the interdigestive period, in preparation for the next meal. It is known that gastric phase III of MMC starts from the proximal stomach and propagates the contraction downwards. We hypothesized that a certain region of the stomach must be more responsive to motilin than others, and that motilin-induced strong gastric contractions propagate from that site. Stomachs of the Suncus or Asian house shrew, a small insectivorous mammal, were dissected and the fundus, proximal corpus, distal corpus, and antrum were examined to study the effect of motilin using an organ bath experiment. Motilin-induced contractions differed in different parts of the stomach. Only the proximal corpus induced gastric contraction even at motilin 10(-10) M, and strong contraction was induced by motilin 10(-9) M in all parts of the stomach. The GPR38 mRNA expression was also higher in the proximal corpus than in the other sections, and the lowest expression was observed in the antrum. GPR38 mRNA expression varied with low expression in the mucosal layer and high expression in the muscle layer. Additionally, motilin-induced contractions in each dissected part of the stomach were inhibited by tetrodotoxin and atropine pretreatment. These results suggest that motilin reactivity is not consistent throughout the stomach, and an area of the proximal corpus including the cardia is the most sensitive to motilin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Dudani
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Sayaka Aizawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Gong Zhi
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keiyaki dai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridaicho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-0005, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan.
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46
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Camilleri M, Bueno L, Andresen V, De Ponti F, Choi MG, Lembo A. Pharmacological, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacogenomic Aspects of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. Gastroenterology 2016; 150:S0016-5085(16)00220-1. [PMID: 27144621 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews medications commonly used for the treatment of patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Specifically, we review the animal models that have been validated for the study of drug effects on sensation and motility; the preclinical pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology usually required for introduction of new drugs; the biomarkers that are validated for studies of sensation and motility endpoints with experimental medications in humans; the pharmacogenomics applied to these medications and their relevance to the FGIDs; and the pharmacology of agents that are applied or have potential for the treatment of FGIDs, including psychopharmacologic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Professor of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Consultant in Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Viola Andresen
- Israelitic Hospital, University of Hamburg, Orchideenstieg 14, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabrizio De Ponti
- Professor of Pharmacology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Myung-Gyu Choi
- Professor of Gastroenterology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Internal Medicine , President, Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility , Seoul, Korea
| | - Anthony Lembo
- Associate Professor, Harvard Medical School, Director of the GI Motility Laboratory at the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center's (BIDMC) Division of Gastroenterology, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Kuroda K, Hequing H, Mondal A, Yoshimura M, Ito K, Mikami T, Takemi S, Jogahara T, Sakata I, Sakai T. Ghrelin Is an Essential Factor for Motilin-Induced Gastric Contraction in Suncus murinus. Endocrinology 2015; 156:4437-47. [PMID: 26441238 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. Here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (Suncus murinus; order: Insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). Motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases I and II of the migrating motor complex were inhibited by pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (6 mg/kg/h), a ghrelin receptor antagonist. Administration of the motilin receptor antagonist MA-2029 (0.1 mg/kg) and/or (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 (0.6 mg/kg) at the peak of phase III abolished the spontaneous gastric phase III contractions in vivo. Motilin did not stimulate gastric contractions in the postprandial state. However, in the presence of a low dose of ghrelin, motilin evoked phase III-like gastric contractions even in the postprandial state, and postprandial gastric emptying was accelerated. In addition, pretreatment with (D-Lys(3))-GHRP-6 blocked the motilin-induced gastric contraction in vitro and in vivo, and a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist reversed this block in gastric contraction. These results indicate that blockade of the GABAergic pathway by ghrelin is essential for motilin-induced gastric contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayuri Kuroda
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Huang Hequing
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimura
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Kazuma Ito
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takashi Mikami
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Shota Takemi
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology (K.K., H.H., A.M., M.Y., K.I., T.M., S.T., I.S., T.S.), Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Shimo-ohkubo, Sakuraku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan; and Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources (T.J.), Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama 700-0005, Japan
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Abstract
The enteroendocrine system orchestrates how the body responds to the ingestion of foods, employing a diversity of hormones to fine-tune a wide range of physiological responses both within and outside the gut. Recent interest in gut hormones has surged with the realization that they modulate glucose tolerance and food intake through a variety of mechanisms, and such hormones are therefore excellent therapeutic candidates for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. Characterizing the roles and functions of different enteroendocrine cells is an essential step in understanding the physiology, pathophysiology, and therapeutics of the gut-brain-pancreas axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Frank Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, and Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; ,
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Goswami C, Shimada Y, Yoshimura M, Mondal A, Oda SI, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I. Motilin Stimulates Gastric Acid Secretion in Coordination with Ghrelin in Suncus murinus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131554. [PMID: 26115342 PMCID: PMC4482737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motilin and ghrelin constitute a peptide family, and these hormones are important for the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. In this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, Suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. We first established a gastric lumen-perfusion system in the suncus and confirmed that intravenous (i.v.) administration of histamine (1 mg/kg body weight) stimulated acid secretion. Motilin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg/kg BW) stimulated the acid output in a dose-dependent manner in suncus, whereas ghrelin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μg/kg BW) alone did not induce acid output. Furthermore, in comparison with the vehicle administration, the co-administration of low-dose (1 μg/kg BW) motilin and ghrelin significantly stimulated gastric acid secretion, whereas either motilin (1 μg/kg BW) or ghrelin (1 μg/kg BW) alone did not significantly induce gastric acid secretion. This indicates an additive role of ghrelin in motilin-induced gastric acid secretion. We then investigated the pathways of motilin/motilin and ghrelin-stimulated acid secretion using receptor antagonists. Treatment with YM 022 (a CCK-B receptor antagonist) and atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) had no effect on motilin or motilin-ghrelin co-administration-induced acid output. In contrast, famotidine (a histamine H2 receptor antagonist) completely inhibited motilin-stimulated acid secretion and co-administration of motilin and ghrelin induced gastric acid output. This is the first report demonstrating that motilin stimulates gastric secretion in mammals. Our results also suggest that motilin and co-administration of motilin and ghrelin stimulate gastric acid secretion via the histamine-mediated pathway in suncus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayon Goswami
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Shimada
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimura
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Anupom Mondal
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Sen-ichi Oda
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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50
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Goswami C, Tanaka T, Jogahara T, Sakai T, Sakata I. Motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion in Suncus murinus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 462:263-8. [PMID: 25957475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Motilin and ghrelin are gastrointestinal hormones that stimulate the migrating motor complex (MMC) of gastrointestinal motility during the fasting state. In this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on pepsinogen secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, Suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. By using a gastric lumen-perfusion system, we found that the intravenous administration of carbachol and motilin stimulated pepsinogen secretion, the latter in a dose-dependent manner, whereas ghrelin had no effect. We then investigated the pathways of motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion using acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Treatment with atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist, completely inhibited both carbachol and motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion. Motilin-induced pepsinogen secretion was observed in the vagotomized suncus. This is the first report demonstrating that motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion, and suggest that this effect occurs through a cholinergic pathway in suncus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayon Goswami
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Tanaka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Josai University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Laboratory of Animal Management and Resources, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan.
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