1
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Wang X, Li J, Du H, Liang W, Luo C, Wu Y, Liu B. Synthesis of 1,4-epoxy-2-aryltetrahydro-1-benzazepines via rhodium(III)-catalyzed C-H allylation/intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2401-2404. [PMID: 38323599 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05082c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a new synthetic route to 1,4-epoxy-2-aryltetrahydro-1-benzazepine derivatives with high efficiency, namely the Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H allylation of nitrones with allyl precursors, followed by subsequent intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, to deliver the title compounds. This reaction is regio- and stereo-selective, generating the cis-isomer with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Jianlong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Haifang Du
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan 528400, P. R. China
| | - Yunshan Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China.
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Chirality Research on Active Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Dampness Syndrome of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
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2
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Examination of multiple Trypanosoma cruzi targets in a new drug discovery approach for Chagas disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 58:116577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Synthesis of naphtho[1,2‐
b
]‐, naphtho[2,1‐
b
]‐, and naphtho[2,3‐
b
]azepinones via proton‐induced cyclization of
N
‐1(2)‐naphthyl styrylacetamides. J Heterocycl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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4
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Valente M, Vidal AE, González-Pacanowska D. Targeting Kinetoplastid and Apicomplexan Thymidylate Biosynthesis as an Antiprotozoal Strategy. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4262-4279. [PMID: 30259810 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180926154329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid and apicomplexan parasites comprise a group of protozoans responsible for human diseases, with a serious impact on human health and the socioeconomic growth of developing countries. Chemotherapy is the main option to control these pathogenic organisms and nucleotide metabolism is considered a promising area for the provision of antimicrobial therapeutic targets. Impairment of thymidylate (dTMP) biosynthesis severely diminishes the viability of parasitic protozoa and the absence of enzymatic activities specifically involved in the formation of dTMP (e.g. dUTPase, thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase or thymidine kinase) results in decreased deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP) levels and the so-called thymineless death. In this process, the ratio of deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) versus dTTP in the cellular nucleotide pool has a crucial role. A high dUTP/dTTP ratio leads to uracil misincorporation into DNA, the activation of DNA repair pathways, DNA fragmentation and eventually cell death. The essential character of dTMP synthesis has stimulated interest in the identification and development of drugs that specifically block the biochemical steps involved in thymine nucleotide formation. Here, we review the available literature in relation to drug discovery studies targeting thymidylate biosynthesis in kinetoplastid (genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania) and apicomplexan (Plasmodium spp and Toxoplasma gondii) protozoans. The most relevant findings concerning novel inhibitory molecules with antiparasitic activity against these human pathogens are presented herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Valente
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio E Vidal
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Dolores González-Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitologia y Biomedicina "Lopez-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
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5
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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6
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Cullia G, Tamborini L, Conti P, De Micheli C, Pinto A. Folates in Trypanosoma brucei
: Achievements and Opportunities. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2150-2158. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregorio Cullia
- Institute of Biomolecules Max Mousseron (IBMM); UMR5247; CNRS; University of Montpellier; ENSCM; Place Eugène Battaillon 34095 Montpellier cedex 5 France
| | - Lucia Tamborini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Paola Conti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Carlo De Micheli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM); University of Milan; via Luigi Mangiagalli 25 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Andrea Pinto
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences; University of Milan; via Giovanni Celoria 2 20133 Milano Italy
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7
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Yépes AF, Bahsas A, Escobar P, Cobo J, Palma A, Garro Martinez JC, Enriz R. Synthesis, anti-parasitic activity and QSAR study of a new library of polysubstituted tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-b]azepines. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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8
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Liu S, Qu J, Wang B. Substrate-controlled divergent synthesis of polycyclic indoloazepines and indolodiazepines via 1,5-hydride shift/7-cyclization cascades. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7928-7931. [PMID: 29951657 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03804j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Novel and practical acid-catalyzed cyclization of 2-indolyl aryl carbinols via tandem dehydration/1,5-hydride shift/7-cyclization sequences has been developed. By appropriate variation of the substrate, diverse polycyclic-fused indoles were synthesized in good yield, thus demonstrating the high efficiency, transition-metal-free nature, and high step/atom economy of the synthesis strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China.
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9
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Suh CW, Kwon SJ, Kim DY. Synthesis of Ring-Fused 1-Benzazepines via [1,5]-Hydride Shift/7-Endo Cyclization Sequences. Org Lett 2017; 19:1334-1337. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Won Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Korea
| | - Su Jin Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Korea
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10
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Zhu B, Qiu S, Li J, Coote ML, Lee R, Jiang Z. Asymmetric [4 + 2] annulation of 5 H-thiazol-4-ones with a chiral dipeptide-based Brønsted base catalyst. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6060-6067. [PMID: 30034746 PMCID: PMC6022207 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Versatile synthetic strategies that access diverse chemical substrates in a highly chemo- and stereo-selective manner are crucial but demanding. Construction of chiral molecules with multiple (hetero)-quaternary carbon stereocenters in a single fashion is a particularly significant challenge, with important applications in the synthesis of a range of bioactive compounds containing the 1,4-sulfur bridged piperidinone structural motif. The asymmetric synthesis of these entities is complicated due to the need to build at least two hetero-quaternary stereocenters concurrently. In order to achieve this, we have developed a new family of dipeptide-based multifunctional Brønsted base organocatalysts that are highly capable of the first asymmetric [4 + 2] annulation reaction of 5H-thiazol-4-ones with electron-deficient alkenes. This protocol could be applied to a series of alkenes such as nitroalkenes, 4-oxo-4-arylbutenones, 4-oxo-4-arylbutenoates and methyleneindolinones, providing an efficient approach to valuable chiral 1,4-sulfur bridged piperidinones and their derivatives with multiple hetereo-quaternary stereogenic centers in high yields and enantioselectivities. Density functional theory studies involving 5H-thiazol-4-one and nitroolefin catalysis propose stereochemical insights into the origin of enantio- and chemo-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan , People's Republic of China .
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan , People's Republic of China .
| | - Jiangtao Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan , People's Republic of China .
| | - Michelle L Coote
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Richmond Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science , Research School of Chemistry , Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2601 , Australia .
| | - Zhiyong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering of Henan Province , Henan University , Kaifeng , Henan , People's Republic of China .
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11
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Undeela S, Ravikumar G, Nanubolu JB, Singarapu KK, Menon RS. The facile synthesis of 1-benzoazepine derivatives via gold-catalyzed regioselective cycloisomerization reactions of N-(o-alkynylaryl)-N-vinyl sulfonamides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:4824-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc01061j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold-catalyzed, regioselective cycloisomerization of N-(o-alkynylaryl)-N-vinyl sulfonamides afforded high yields of 2-sulfonylmethyl-1-benzoazepine derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Undeela
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Gurram Ravikumar
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | | | - Kiran Kumar Singarapu
- Centre for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - Rajeev S. Menon
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology
- Hyderabad
- India
- Department of Chemistry
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12
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Castillo-Garit JA, del Toro-Cortés O, Vega MC, Rolón M, Rojas de Arias A, Casañola-Martin GM, Escario JA, Gómez-Barrio A, Marrero-Ponce Y, Torrens F, Abad C. Bond-based bilinear indices for computational discovery of novel trypanosomicidal drug-like compounds through virtual screening. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 96:238-44. [PMID: 25884114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional bond-based bilinear indices and linear discriminant analysis are used in this report to perform a quantitative structure-activity relationship study to identify new trypanosomicidal compounds. A data set of 440 organic chemicals, 143 with antitrypanosomal activity and 297 having other clinical uses, is used to develop the theoretical models. Two discriminant models, computed using bond-based bilinear indices, are developed and both show accuracies higher than 86% for training and test sets. The stochastic model correctly indentifies nine out of eleven compounds of a set of organic chemicals obtained from our synthetic collaborators. The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of this set against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi is assayed. Both models show a good agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results. Three compounds showed IC50 values for epimastigote elimination (AE) lower than 50 μM, while for the benznidazole the IC50 = 54.7 μM which was used as reference compound. The value of IC50 for cytotoxicity of these compounds is at least 5 times greater than their value of IC50 for AE. Finally, we can say that, the present algorithm constitutes a step forward in the search for efficient ways of discovering new antitrypanosomal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alberto Castillo-Garit
- Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Química-Farmacia, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba; Unit of Computer-Aided Molecular "Biosilico" Discovery and Bioinformatic Research (CAMD-BIR Unit), Faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain; Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d'Instituts de Paterna, P.O. Box 22085, E-46071, València, Spain.
| | - Oremia del Toro-Cortés
- Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, Facultad de Química-Farmacia, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba
| | - Maria C Vega
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Cientifica (CEDIC) and Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill, Pai Perez 265 casi Mariscal Estigarribia, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Miriam Rolón
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Cientifica (CEDIC) and Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill, Pai Perez 265 casi Mariscal Estigarribia, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Antonieta Rojas de Arias
- Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigacion Cientifica (CEDIC) and Fundación Moisés Bertoni/Laboratorios Díaz Gill, Pai Perez 265 casi Mariscal Estigarribia, Asuncion, Paraguay
| | - Gerardo M Casañola-Martin
- Unit of Computer-Aided Molecular "Biosilico" Discovery and Bioinformatic Research (CAMD-BIR Unit), Faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy, Universidad Central "Marta Abreu" de Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain; Centro de Información y Gestión Tecnológica, Ministerio de Ciencia Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), 65100, Ciego de Ávila, Cuba
| | - José A Escario
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Gómez-Barrio
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, UCM, Pza. Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yovani Marrero-Ponce
- Enviromental and Computational Chemistry Group, Facultad de Química Farmacéutica, Universidad de Cartagena,Cartagena de Indias, Bolivar, Colombia
| | - Francisco Torrens
- Institut Universitari de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, Edifici d'Instituts de Paterna, P.O. Box 22085, E-46071, València, Spain
| | - Concepción Abad
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, E-46100, Burjassot, Spain
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13
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Secondary and Tertiary Structure Prediction of Proteins: A Bioinformatic Approach. COMPLEX SYSTEM MODELLING AND CONTROL THROUGH INTELLIGENT SOFT COMPUTATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12883-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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14
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Wang Q, van Gemmeren M, List B. Asymmetrische Disulfonimid-katalysierte Synthese von δ-Amino-β-ketoestern durch vinyloge Mukaiyama-Mannich-Reaktionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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15
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Wang Q, van Gemmeren M, List B. Asymmetric disulfonimide-catalyzed synthesis of δ-amino-β-ketoester derivatives by vinylogous Mukaiyama-Mannich reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13592-5. [PMID: 25348924 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An organocatalytic asymmetric synthesis of δ-amino-β-ketoester derivatives has been developed. A chiral disulfonimide (DSI) serves as a highly efficient precatalyst for a vinylogous Mukaiyama-Mannich reaction of readily available dioxinone-derived silyloxydienes with N-Boc-protected imines, delivering products in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. The synthetic utility of this reaction is illustrated in various transformations, including a new CC bond-forming reaction, which provide useful enantioenriched building blocks. The methodology is applied in a formal synthesis of (-)-lasubin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr (Germany)
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16
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Blanco MC, Escobar P, Leal SM, Bahsas A, Cobo J, Nogueras M, Palma A. Synthesis of novel polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines as antiparasitic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 86:291-309. [PMID: 25173828 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
New series of polysubstituted (2SR,4RS)-2-heteroaryltetrahydro-1,4-epoxy-1-benzazepines and cis-2-heteroaryl-4-hydroxytetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepines were designed and synthesized in moderate to high yields using a three-step procedure from ortho-allylanilines. Their antiparasitic activity was evaluated against the extracellular and intracellular forms of Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum parasites. Their cytotoxicity was also determined on Vero and THP-1 mammalian cells. Many of the tested compounds inhibited significantly the growth of extracellular forms of T. cruzi and L. (L.) infantum without showing cytotoxicity on Vero and HTP-1 cells. Only compounds 10h and 14f demonstrated good activity against amastigotes of T. cruzi, but none was able to inhibit the growth of L. (L.) infantum amastigotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Blanco
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Patricia Escobar
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Sandra M Leal
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia
| | - Alí Bahsas
- Laboratorio de RMN, Grupo de Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Justo Cobo
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Manuel Nogueras
- Inorganic and Organic Department, University of Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Alirio Palma
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, A.A. 678, Bucaramanga, Santander, Colombia.
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17
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Webb B, Eswar N, Fan H, Khuri N, Pieper U, Dong G, Sali A. Comparative Modeling of Drug Target Proteins☆. REFERENCE MODULE IN CHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR SCIENCES AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2014. [PMCID: PMC7157477 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409547-2.11133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, we begin by describing the comparative protein structure modeling technique and the accuracy of the corresponding models. We then discuss the significant role that comparative prediction plays in drug discovery. We focus on virtual ligand screening against comparative models and illustrate the state-of-the-art by a number of specific examples.
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18
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Wang Q, Leutzsch M, van Gemmeren M, List B. Disulfonimide-Catalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of β3-Amino Esters Directly from N-Boc-Amino Sulfones. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:15334-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja408747m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Wang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Manuel van Gemmeren
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser
Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
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Immadisetty K, Geffert LM, Surratt CK, Madura JD. New design strategies for antidepressant drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1399-414. [PMID: 23991860 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.830102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In spite of research efforts spanning six decades, the most prominent antidepressant drugs to date still carry several adverse effects, often serious enough to warrant discontinuation of the drug. Molecular mechanisms of depression are now better understood such that some of the specific receptors responsible can be targeted for activation or inhibition. This advance, coupled with the recent availability of crystal structures of relevant drug targets or their homologs, has opened the door for new antidepressant therapeutic compounds. AREAS COVERED The authors review the evolution of monoamine-based antidepressant drugs, up to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The authors discuss classic and contemporary antidepressant drug design strategies, with a focus on virtual screening and fragment-based drug design methods. Furthermore, they discuss the recent advancements in the understanding of the serotonin transporter (SERT) structure/function relationship in the context of recognition of SSRIs and outline a strategy for the use of computational approaches in producing new SSRI lead compounds. EXPERT OPINION The authors suggest that given the long-awaited availability of credible three-dimensional structures for the SERT and related monoamine transporter proteins, cutting-edge computational methods should be the linchpin of future drug discovery efforts regarding monoamine-based antidepressant lead compounds. Because these transporter inhibitors cause a ubiquitous increase in extraneuronal neurotransmitter levels leading to side and adverse therapeutic effects, the drug discovery should extend to appropriate manipulation of the 'downstream' receptors affected by the neurotransmitter boost. Efficient use of new computational strategies will accelerate the drug discovery process and reduce its economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Immadisetty
- Duquesne University, Center for Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , 600 Forbes Ave, 308 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 , USA +1 412 396 4129 ; +1 412 396 5683 ;
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Then RL. Antimicrobial Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors - Achievements and Future Options: Review. J Chemother 2013; 16:3-12. [PMID: 15077993 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2004.16.1.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Despite all progress made in the fight against infections caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses, there is a need for more and new active agents. Intensive efforts are currently directed against many new and attractive targets, and are hoped to result in new useful agents. The opportunities offered by some known and validated targets are, however, by far not exhausted. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR, EC 1.5.1.3) attracted much attention over several decades, which yielded several useful agents. There are excellent chances for new drugs in this field, and they are thought to increase by limiting the spectrum of activity. Whereas trimethoprim seems to present the optimum which can be achieved for a broad spectrum antibacterial agent, specific agents could probably be designed for well defined groups or specific organisms, such as staphylococci among the bacteria, or for a number of parasites, such as Plasmodium falciparum, the fungus Pneumocystis carinii, and several protozoa, such as Trypanosoma, Toxoplasma, and others. This would even extend to herbicides or specific plant pathogens. Achievements and current efforts directed against new DHFR-inhibitors are reviewed, considering only the most recent literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Then
- Morphochem AG, Microbiology, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Pacheco Homem D, Flores R, Tosqui P, de Castro Rozada T, Abicht Basso E, Gasparotto Junior A, Augusto Vicente Seixas F. Homology modeling of dihydrofolate reductase from T. gondii bonded to antagonists: molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:1308-15. [DOI: 10.1039/c3mb25530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Manepalli S, Surratt CK, Madura JD, Nolan TL. Monoamine transporter structure, function, dynamics, and drug discovery: a computational perspective. AAPS JOURNAL 2012; 14:820-31. [PMID: 22918625 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-012-9391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the breakthrough crystallization of the bacterial leucine transporter protein LeuT, the first available X-ray structure for the neurotransmitter/sodium symporter family, development of 3-D computational models is suddenly essential for structure-function studies on the plasmalemmal monoamine transporters (MATs). LeuT-based MAT models have been used to guide elucidation of substrate and inhibitor binding pockets, and molecular dynamics simulations using these models are providing insight into conformations involved in the substrate translocation cycle. With credible MAT models finally in hand, structure-based virtual screening for novel ligands is yielding lead compounds toward the development of new medications for psychostimulant dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and other disorders associated with dopamine, norepinephrine, or serotonin dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Dihydrofolate reductase as a therapeutic target for infectious diseases: opportunities and challenges. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1335-65. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by parasites continue to take a massive toll on human health in the poor regions of the world. Filling the anti-infective drug-discovery pipeline has never been as challenging as it is now. The organisms responsible for these diseases have interesting biology with many potential biochemical targets. Inhibition of metabolic enzymes has been established as an attractive strategy for anti-infectious drug development. In this field, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is an important enzyme in nucleic and amino acid synthesis and an extensively studied drug target over the past 50 years. The challenges for novel DHFR inhibition-based chemotherapeutics for the treatment of infectious diseases are now focused on overcoming the resistance problem as well as cost–effectiveness. Each year, the large number of literature citations attest the continued popularity of DHFR. It becomes truly the ‘enzyme of choice for all seasons and almost all reasons’. Herein, we summarize the opportunities and challenges in developing novel lead based on this target.
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Prediction of residues involved in inhibitor specificity in the dihydrofolate reductase family. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:1870-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Manepalli S, Geffert LM, Surratt CK, Madura JD. Discovery of novel selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors through development of a protein-based pharmacophore. J Chem Inf Model 2011; 51:2417-26. [PMID: 21834587 PMCID: PMC3183329 DOI: 10.1021/ci200280m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT), a member of the neurotransmitter sodium symporter (NSS) family, is responsible for the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft to maintain neurotransmitter homeostasis. SERT is established as an important target in the treatment of anxiety and depression. Because a high-resolution crystal structure is not available, a computational model of SERT was built based upon the X-ray coordinates of the leucine transporter LeuT, a bacterial NSS homologue. The model was used to develop the first SERT structure-based pharmacophore. Virtual screening (VS) of a small molecule structural library using the generated SERT computational model yielded candidate ligands of diverse scaffolds. Pharmacological analysis of the VS hits identified two SERT-selective compounds, potential lead compounds for further SERT-related medication development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Manepalli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Center for Computational Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
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Vanichtanankul J, Taweechai S, Yuvaniyama J, Vilaivan T, Chitnumsub P, Kamchonwongpaisan S, Yuthavong Y. Trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase reveals natural antifolate resistance. ACS Chem Biol 2011; 6:905-11. [PMID: 21650210 DOI: 10.1021/cb200124r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a potential drug target for Trypanosoma brucei, a human parasite, which is the causative agent for African sleeping sickness. No drug is available against this target, since none of the classical antifolates such as pyrimethamine (PYR), cycloguanil, or trimethoprim are effective as selective inhibitors of T. brucei DHFR (TbDHFR). In order to design effective drugs that target TbDHFR, co-crystal structures with bound antifolates were studied. On comparison with malarial Plasmodium falciparum DHFR (PfDHFR), the co-crystal structures of wild-type TbDHFR reveal greater structural similarities to a mutant PfDHFR causing antifolate resistance than the wild-type enzyme. TbDHFR imposes steric hindrance for rigid inhibitors like PYR around Thr86, which is equivalent to Ser108Asn of the malarial enzymes. In addition, a missing residue on TbDHFR active-site loop together with the presence of Ile51 widens its active site even further than the structural effect of Asn51Ile, which is observed in PfDHFR structures. The structural similarities are paralleled by the similarly poor affinities of the trypanosomal enzyme for rigid inhibitors. Mutations of TbDHFR at Thr86 resulted in 10-fold enhancement or 7-fold reduction in the rigid inhibitors affinities for Thr86Ser or Thr86Asn, respectively. The co-crystal structure of TbDHFR with a flexible antifolate WR99210 suggests that its greater affinity result from its ability to avoid such Thr86 clash and occupy the widened binding space similarly to what is observed in the PfDHFR structures. Natural resistance to antifolates of TbDHFR can therefore be explained, and potential antifolate chemotherapy of trypanosomiasis should be possible taking this into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarunee Vanichtanankul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Supannee Taweechai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jirundon Yuvaniyama
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein Structure and Function, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tirayut Vilaivan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Penchit Chitnumsub
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sumalee Kamchonwongpaisan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Yongyuth Yuthavong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Ligand-based discovery of novel trypanosomicidal drug-like compounds: In silico identification and experimental support. Eur J Med Chem 2011; 46:3324-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2011.04.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gómez SL, Palma A, Cobo J, Glidewell C. (2R*,4S*)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1-benzazepin-4-ol: a three-dimensional framework built from O-H···N, C-H···O and C-H···π(arene) hydrogen bonds. Acta Crystallogr C 2011; 67:o157-60. [PMID: 21540540 DOI: 10.1107/s010827011101016x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title compound, C(15)H(16)N(2)O, crystallizes in the space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with Z' = 1. The seven-membered ring adopts a chair-type conformation with the hydroxy and pyridyl substituents in equatorial sites. Molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework structure by a combination of O-H···N, C-H···O and C-H···π(arene) hydrogen bonds, but N-H···O and N-H···π(arene) interactions are absent from the structure. Comparisons are made with some related compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Gómez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, AA 678 Bucaramanga, Colombia
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Acosta LM, Palma A, Bahsas A. Rational use of substituted N-allyl and N,N-diallylanilines in the stereoselective synthesis of novel 2-alkenyltetrahydro-1-benzazepines. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Synthesis, structural elucidation and in vitro antiparasitic activity against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi parasites of novel tetrahydro-1-benzazepine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:4721-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Indarte M, Liu Y, Madura JD, Surratt CK. Receptor-Based Discovery of a Plasmalemmal Monoamine Transporter Inhibitor via High Throughput Docking and Pharmacophore Modeling. ACS Chem Neurosci 2010; 1:223-233. [PMID: 20352074 DOI: 10.1021/cn900032u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of psychostimulants such as cocaine and the amphetamines by the dopamine transporter (DAT) protein is principally responsible for the euphoria and addiction associated with these drugs. Using as a template the crystal structure of a distantly related bacterial leucine transporter, 3-D DAT computer molecular models have been generated. Ligand docking to such models has revealed potential substrate and inhibitor binding pockets, subsequently confirmed by in vitro pharmacology. An inhibitor pocket defined by the DAT model to be within the "extracellular vestibule", just to the extracellular side of the external gate of the primary substrate pocket, was used for virtual screening of a structural library of compounds. High-throughput docking and application of pharmacophore constraints within this vestibular inhibitor pocket identified a compound structurally dissimilar to the classic monoamine (dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin) transporter (MAT) inhibitors. The compound displaced binding of radiolabeled cocaine analogs at all three MATs, usually with nanomolar K(i) values and within two fold of cocaine's affinity at the norepinephrine transporter. Although a very weak dopamine uptake inhibitor itself, this compound reduced by three fold the potency of cocaine in inhibiting DAT-mediated cellular uptake of dopamine. To our knowledge, the present findings are the first to successfully employ "receptor-based" computer modeling to identify moderate-to-high affinity MAT ligands. In silico ligand screening using MAT models provides a rapid, low cost discovery process that should accelerate identification of novel ligand scaffolds and provide lead compounds in combating psychostimulant addiction and in treating other monoamine-related CNS diseases.
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Castillo-Garit JA, Vega MC, Rolon M, Marrero-Ponce Y, Kouznetsov VV, Torres DFA, Gómez-Barrio A, Bello AA, Montero A, Torrens F, Pérez-Giménez F. Computational discovery of novel trypanosomicidal drug-like chemicals by using bond-based non-stochastic and stochastic quadratic maps and linear discriminant analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2009; 39:30-6. [PMID: 19854271 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Herein we present results of a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies to classify and design, in a rational way, new antitrypanosomal compounds by using non-stochastic and stochastic bond-based quadratic indices. A data set of 440 organic chemicals, 143 with antitrypanosomal activity and 297 having other clinical uses, is used to develop QSAR models based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Non-stochastic model correctly classifies more than 93% and 95% of chemicals in both training and external prediction groups, respectively. On the other hand, the stochastic model shows an accuracy of about the 87% for both series. As an experiment of virtual lead generation, the present approach is finally satisfactorily applied to the virtual evaluation of 9 already synthesized in house compounds. The in vitro antitrypanosomal activity of this series against epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi is assayed. The model is able to predict correctly the behaviour for the majority of these compounds. Four compounds (FER16, FER32, FER33 and FER 132) showed more than 70% of epimastigote inhibition at a concentration of 100 microg/mL (86.74%, 78.12%, 88.85% and 72.10%, respectively) and two of these chemicals, FER16 (78.22% of AE) and FER33 (81.31% of AE), also showed good activity at a concentration of 10 microg/mL. At the same concentration, compound FER16 showed lower value of cytotoxicity (15.44%), and compound FER33 showed very low value of 1.37%. Taking into account all these results, we can say that these three compounds can be optimized in forthcoming works, but we consider that compound FER33 is the best candidate. Even though none of them resulted more active than Nifurtimox, the current results constitute a step forward in the search for efficient ways to discover new lead antitrypanosomals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Alberto Castillo-Garit
- Applied Chemistry Research Center, Faculty of Chemistry-Pharmacy, Central University of Las Villas, Santa Clara, 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba.
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Palma A, Yépes AF, Leal SM, Coronado CA, Escobar P. Synthesis and in vitro activity of new tetrahydronaphtho[1,2-b]azepine derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania chagasi parasites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2360-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Planche AS, Scotti MT, Emerenciano VDP, López AG, Pérez EM, Uriarte E. Designing novel antitrypanosomal agents from a mixed graph-theoretical substructural approach. J Comput Chem 2009; 31:882-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Schormann N, Senkovich O, Walker K, Wright DL, Anderson AC, Rosowsky A, Ananthan S, Shinkre B, Velu S, Chattopadhyay D. Structure-based approach to pharmacophore identification, in silico screening, and three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship studies for inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrofolate reductase function. Proteins 2008; 73:889-901. [PMID: 18536013 DOI: 10.1002/prot.22115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have employed a structure-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) approach to predict the biochemical activity for inhibitors of T. cruzi dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS). Crystal structures of complexes of the enzyme with eight different inhibitors of the DHFR activity together with the structure in the substrate-free state (DHFR domain) were used to validate and refine docking poses of ligands that constitute likely active conformations. Structural information from these complexes formed the basis for the structure-based alignment used as input for the QSAR study. Contrary to indirect ligand-based approaches the strategy described here employs a direct receptor-based approach. The goal is to generate a library of selective lead inhibitors for further development as antiparasitic agents. 3D-QSAR models were obtained for T. cruzi DHFR-TS (30 inhibitors in learning set) and human DHFR (36 inhibitors in learning set) that show a very good agreement between experimental and predicted enzyme inhibition data. For crossvalidation of the QSAR model(s), we have used the 10% leave-one-out method. The derived 3D-QSAR models were tested against a few selected compounds (a small test set of six inhibitors for each enzyme) with known activity, which were not part of the learning set, and the quality of prediction of the initial 3D-QSAR models demonstrated that such studies are feasible. Further refinement of the models through integration of additional activity data and optimization of reliable docking poses is expected to lead to an improved predictive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schormann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
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37
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Soeiro MNC, de Castro SL. Trypanosoma cruzitargets for new chemotherapeutic approaches. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2008; 13:105-21. [DOI: 10.1517/14728220802623881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Bertrand MB, Neukom JD, Wolfe JP. Mild conditions for Pd-catalyzed carboamination of N-protected hex-4-enylamines and 1-, 3-, and 4-substituted pent-4-enylamines. Scope, limitations, and mechanism of pyrrolidine formation. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8851-60. [PMID: 18942792 PMCID: PMC2633938 DOI: 10.1021/jo801631v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of the weak base Cs2CO3 in Pd-catalyzed carboamination reactions of N-protected gamma-aminoalkenes with aryl bromides leads to greatly increased tolerance of functional groups and alkene substitution. Substrates derived from (E)- or (Z)-hex-4-enylamines are stereospecifically converted to 2,1'-disubstituted pyrrolidine products that result from suprafacial addition of the nitrogen atom and the aryl group across the alkene. Transformations of 4-substituted pent-4-enylamine derivatives proceed in high yield to afford 2,2-disubstituted products, and cis-2,5- or trans-2,3-disubstituted pyrrolidines are generated in good yield with excellent diastereoselectivity from N-protected pent-4-enylamines bearing substituents at C1 or C3. The reactions tolerate a broad array of functional groups, including esters, nitro groups, and enolizable ketones. The scope and limitations of these transformations are described in detail, along with models that account for the observed product stereochemistry. In addition, deuterium labeling experiments, which indicate these reactions proceed via syn-aminopalladation of intermediate palladium(aryl)(amido)complexes regardless of degree of alkene substitution or reaction conditions, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua D. Neukom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
| | - John P. Wolfe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055
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Boto A, Hernández D, Hernández R. Efficient Conversion of Carbohydrates into 1-C-Alditols: Application to the Synthesis of Chiral γ-Substituted Butenolides and Bicyclic Alkaloid Analogues. J Org Chem 2008; 73:5287-97. [DOI: 10.1021/jo800478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rosendo Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Morgan RE, Westwood NJ. Screening and synthesis: high throughput technologies applied to parasitology. Parasitology 2008; 128 Suppl 1:S71-9. [PMID: 16454900 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182004007073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
High throughput technologies continue to develop in response to the challenges set by the genome projects. This article discusses how the techniques of both high throughput screening (HTS) and synthesis can influence research in parasitology. Examples of the use of targeted and phenotype-based HTS using unbiased compound collections are provided. The important issue of identifying the protein target(s) of bioactive compounds is discussed from the synthetic chemist's perspective. This article concludes by reviewing recent examples of successful target identification studies in parasitology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Morgan
- School of Chemistry, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9ST, UK
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Abstract
In this perspective, we begin by describing the comparative protein structure modeling technique and the accuracy of the corresponding models. We then discuss the significant role that comparative prediction plays in drug discovery. We focus on virtual ligand screening against comparative models and illustrate the state of the art by a number of specific examples.
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Abstract
Diseases caused by tropical parasites affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide but have been largely neglected for drug development because they affect poor people in poor regions of the world. Most of the current drugs used to treat these diseases are decades old and have many limitations, including the emergence of drug resistance. This review will summarize efforts to reinvigorate the drug development pipeline for these diseases, which is driven in large part by support from major philanthropies. The organisms responsible for these diseases have a fascinating biology, and many potential biochemical targets are now apparent. These neglected diseases present unique challenges to drug development that are being addressed by new consortia of scientists from academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and the Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Yépez AF, Palma A, Stashenko E, Bahsas A, Amaro-Luis JM. 2-Allyl-N-benzyl substituted α-naphthylamines as building blocks in heterocyclic synthesis. New and efficient syntheses of benz[e]naphtho[1,2-b]azepine and naphtho[1,2-b]azepine derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.04.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kenyon V, Chorny I, Carvajal WJ, Holman TR, Jacobson MP. Novel human lipoxygenase inhibitors discovered using virtual screening with homology models. J Med Chem 2006; 49:1356-63. [PMID: 16480270 DOI: 10.1021/jm050639j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report the discovery of new, low micromolar, small molecule inhibitors of human platelet-type 12- and reticulocyte 15-lipoxygenase-1 (12-hLO and 15-hLO) using structure-based methods. Specifically, we created homology models of 12-hLO and 15-hLO, based on the structure of rabbit 15-lipoxygenase, for in silico screening of a large compound library followed by in vitro screening of 20 top scoring molecules. Eight of these compounds inhibited either 12- or 15-human lipoxygenase with lower than 100 microM affinity. Of these, we obtained IC50 values for the three best inhibitors, all of which displayed low micromolar inhibition. One compound showed specificity for 15-hLO versus 12-hLO; however, a selective inhibitor for 12-hLO was not identified. As a control we screened 20 randomly selected compounds, of which none showed low micromolar inhibition. The new low-micromolar inhibitors appear to be suitable as leads for further inhibitor development efforts against 12-hLO and 15-hLO, based on the fact their size and chemical properties are appropriate to classify them as drug-like compounds. The models of these protein-inhibitor complexes suggest strategies for future development of selective lipoxygenase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Kenyon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-2240, USA
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45
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Alonso H, Bliznyuk AA, Gready JE. Combining docking and molecular dynamic simulations in drug design. Med Res Rev 2006; 26:531-68. [PMID: 16758486 DOI: 10.1002/med.20067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A rational approach is needed to maximize the chances of finding new drugs, and to exploit the opportunities of potential new drug targets emerging from genomic and proteomic initiatives, and from the large libraries of small compounds now readily available through combinatorial chemistry. Despite a shaky early history, computer-aided drug design techniques can now be effective in reducing costs and speeding up drug discovery. This happy outcome results from development of more accurate and reliable algorithms, use of more thoughtfully planned strategies to apply them, and greatly increased computer power to allow studies with the necessary reliability to be performed. Our review focuses on applications and protocols, with the main emphasis on critical analysis of recent studies where docking calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were combined to dock small molecules into protein receptors. We highlight successes to demonstrate what is possible now, but also point out drawbacks and future directions. The review is structured to lead the reader from the simpler to more compute-intensive methods. Thus, while inexpensive and fast docking algorithms can be used to scan large compound libraries and reduce their size, more accurate but expensive MD simulations can be applied when a few selected ligand candidates remain. MD simulations can be used: during the preparation of the protein receptor before docking, to optimize its structure and account for protein flexibility; for the refinement of docked complexes, to include solvent effects and account for induced fit; to calculate binding free energies, to provide an accurate ranking of the potential ligands; and in the latest developments, during the docking process itself to find the binding site and correctly dock the ligand a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán Alonso
- Computational Proteomics Group, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia
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Senkovich O, Bhatia V, Garg N, Chattopadhyay D. Lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate is a potent inhibitor of Trypanosoma cruzi: prospect for chemotherapy of Chagas' disease. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3234-8. [PMID: 16048931 PMCID: PMC1196212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.8.3234-3238.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent for Chagas' disease, which poses serious public health problem in Latin America. The two drugs available for the treatment of this disease are effective only against recent infections and are toxic. Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) has a proven track record as a drug target. The lipophilic antifolate trimetrexate (TMQ), which is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS patients, is a potent inhibitor of T. cruzi DHFR activity, with an inhibitory constant of 6.6 nM. The compound is also highly effective in killing T. cruzi parasites. The 50 and 90% lethal dose values against the trypomastigote are 19 and 36 nM, and the corresponding values for the amastigote form are 26 and 72 nM, respectively. However, as TMQ is also a good inhibitor of human DHFR, further improvement of the selectivity of this drug would be preferable. Identification of a novel antifolate selective against T. cruzi would open up new therapeutic avenues for treatment of Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Senkovich
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, CBSE-250, 1025 18th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan M Kompis
- ARPIDA Ltd, Dammstrasse 36, 4142 Münchenstein, Switzerland
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Khabnadideh S, Pez D, Musso A, Brun R, Pérez LMR, González-Pacanowska D, Gilbert IH. Design, synthesis and evaluation of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines as inhibitors of trypanosomal and leishmanial dihydrofolate reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2637-49. [PMID: 15755663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2004] [Accepted: 01/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the design, synthesis and evaluation of a series of 2,4-diaminoquinazolines as inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Compounds were designed by a generating virtual library of compounds and docking them into the enzyme active site. Following their synthesis, they were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of leishmanial dihydrofolate reductase. The compounds were also found to have potent activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, a causative organism of African trypanosomiasis and also against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative organism of Chagas disease. There was significantly lower activity against Leishmania donovani, one of the causative organisms of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soghra Khabnadideh
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3XF, UK
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Comparative Protein Structure Modeling and its Applications to Drug Discovery. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(04)39020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Pez D, Leal I, Zuccotto F, Boussard C, Brun R, Croft SL, Yardley V, Ruiz Perez LM, Gonzalez Pacanowska D, Gilbert IH. 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of Leishmanial and Trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:4693-711. [PMID: 14556785 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis of 4'-substituted and 3',4'-disubstituted 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as selective inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. Compounds were then assayed against the recombinant parasite and human enzymes. Some of the compounds showed good activity. They were also tested against the intact parasites using in vitro assays. Good activity was found against Trypanosoma cruzi, moderate activity against Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania donovani. Molecular modeling was undertaken to explain the results. The leishmanial enzyme was found to have a more extensive lipophilic binding region in the active site than the human enzyme. Compounds which bound within the pocket showed the highest selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Pez
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, CF10 3XF Cardiff, UK
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