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Ryoo S, Kang H, Lim DR, Kim JM, Won Y, Kim JY, King DP, Di Nardo A, Cha SH. Re-emergence of foot-and-mouth disease in the Republic of Korea caused by the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1378769. [PMID: 38689851 PMCID: PMC11060149 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1378769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) lineage is a pandemic strain that has recently become dominant within East and Southeast Asia. During May 2023, this viral lineage spread to the Republic of Korea, where 11 outbreaks were detected on cattle and goat farms located in Cheongju and Jeungpyeong. Infected animals displayed typical FMD signs including vesicular lesions with drooling and anorexia. Molecular diagnostic testing and genetic analysis (VP1 sequencing) showed that the causative FMDVs belonged to the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage and shared the closest nucleotide identity (97.95-99.21%) to viruses that have been collected from Mongolia and South-East Asian countries. Phylogenetic analyses showed that these sequences were distinct to those collected from the previous Korean O/ME-SA/Ind-2001e lineage outbreaks in 2019, demonstrating that these cases are due to a new incursion of the virus into the country. Prompt implementation of emergency vaccination using antigenically matched serotype O vaccines (r1 value: 0.74-0.93), together with intensive active surveillance on farms surrounding the infected premises has successfully prevented further spread of FMD. These recent FMD outbreaks reinforce the importance of research to understand the risks associated with transboundary pathways in the region, in order to reduce the possibility of a further reintroduction of FMD into the Republic of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjeong Kang
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Rae Lim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Myung Kim
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwoo Won
- Chungcheongbuk-do Livestock and Veterinary Service, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Ye Kim
- Chungcheongbuk-do Livestock and Veterinary Service, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Sang-Ho Cha
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Diagnostic Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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Seibel RL, Meadows AJ, Mundt C, Tildesley M. Modeling target-density-based cull strategies to contain foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16998. [PMID: 38436010 PMCID: PMC10909358 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Total ring depopulation is sometimes used as a management strategy for emerging infectious diseases in livestock, which raises ethical concerns regarding the potential slaughter of large numbers of healthy animals. We evaluated a farm-density-based ring culling strategy to control foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the United Kingdom (UK), which may allow for some farms within rings around infected premises (IPs) to escape depopulation. We simulated this reduced farm density, or "target density", strategy using a spatially-explicit, stochastic, state-transition algorithm. We modeled FMD spread in four counties in the UK that have different farm demographics, using 740,000 simulations in a full-factorial analysis of epidemic impact measures (i.e., culled animals, culled farms, and epidemic length) and cull strategy parameters (i.e., target farm density, daily farm cull capacity, and cull radius). All of the cull strategy parameters listed above were drivers of epidemic impact. Our simulated target density strategy was usually more effective at combatting FMD compared with traditional total ring depopulation when considering mean culled animals and culled farms and was especially effective when daily farm cull capacity was low. The differences in epidemic impact measures among the counties are likely driven by farm demography, especially differences in cattle and farm density. To prevent over-culling and the associated economic, organizational, ethical, and psychological impacts, the target density strategy may be worth considering in decision-making processes for future control of FMD and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Seibel
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Amanda J. Meadows
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
- Ginkgo Bioworks, San Bruno, California, United States
| | - Christopher Mundt
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Michael Tildesley
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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Chanchaidechachai T, Saatkamp HW, Hogeveen H, de Jong MCM, Fischer EAJ. Evaluation of foot and mouth disease control measures: Simulating two endemic areas of Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106045. [PMID: 37866130 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is an important livestock disease in Thailand, with outbreaks occurring every year. However, the effects of FMD control measures in Thailand have received little research attention. Epidemiological models have been widely used to evaluate FMD outbreak control, but such a model has never been developed for Thailand. We constructed a stochastic between-farm transmission model to evaluate FMD control measures. The epidemiological unit of the model was the farm, which could be in different states: susceptible, latent, undetected infectious, detected infectious and recovered. The between-farm transmission was calculated by the sum of distance-dependent transmission and trade network transmission using parameters derived from FMD outbreaks in 2016-2017. We used this model to simulate the outbreaks with and without the implementation of the following control measures: culling all animals on infected farms, ring vaccination, animal movement restrictions and isolation of infected farms. The control measures were evaluated by estimating the number of secondarily infected farms and the outbreak duration for each scenario. The model was simulated in two study areas located in the Lamphaya Klang subdistrict (high farm density) and the Bo Phloi district (low farm density). The effects of control measures differed between the two study areas. When farm density was high, rigid control measures were required to prevent a major outbreak. Among all options, culling the animals on infected farms resulted in the lowest number of infected farms and the shortest outbreak duration. In contrast, for an area with a low farm density, less stringent control measures were sufficient to control the usually minor outbreaks. The results indicate that different areas require a different approach to control an outbreak of FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanicha Chanchaidechachai
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Research Unit of Data Innovation for Livestock, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Helmut W Saatkamp
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk Hogeveen
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Assessment of the potency and effectiveness of a heptavalent oil-adjuvanted (ISA 206) foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in Egypt. Arch Virol 2023; 168:62. [PMID: 36633687 PMCID: PMC9836974 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a serious highly contagious viral disease affecting all cloven-hoofed animals, and outbreaks can have a severe economic impact. An inactivated heptavalent oil-adjuvanted FMD vaccine (Aphtovac-7, MEVAC) was prepared from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains A-Iran05, A-Africa-IV, O-PanAsia2, O-Manisa, O-EA3, SAT-2 Gharbia, and SAT-2 LIB-12. The vaccine potency and effectiveness were evaluated in three groups of 6- to 8-month-old calves and 200 adult dairy cattle under field conditions. All animals were vaccinated with the vaccine preparation, and the three groups of calves were challenged after 28 days by intradermolingual inoculation with 104 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) of FMDV serotype A, O, or SAT-2. Mock-vaccinated calves (two per group) served as unvaccinated controls during the challenge test. Adult dairy cattle were tested for seroconversion using a virus neutralization test at 30, 60, and 120 days post-vaccination. All calves displayed complete protection against challenge with the different serotypes of FMDV when compared to the control groups. Serum samples collected after the primary and booster immunizations at 30 days post-vaccination contained high titers of protective antibodies (≥ 1/32; i.e. 1.5 log10). Antibodies persisted until the end of the study period (120 days), with a peak value around 60 days post-vaccination. The heptavalent FMD vaccine preparation was found to be potent and capable of providing a protective immune response under both experimental and field conditions.
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Chanchaidechachai T, de Jong MCM, Fischer EAJ. Spatial model of foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in an endemic area of Thailand. Prev Vet Med 2021; 195:105468. [PMID: 34428641 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FDM) is a disease of cloven-hoofed animals with high costs in animal welfare and animal production. Up to now, transmission between farms in FMD-endemic areas has been given little attention. Between farm transmission can be quantified by distance independent transmission parameters and a spatial transmission kernel indicating the rate of transmission of an infected farm to susceptible farms depending on the distance. The spatial transmission kernel and distance-independent transmission parameters were estimated from data of an FMD outbreak in Lamphaya Klang subdistrict in Thailand between 2016 and 2017. The spatial between-farm transmission rate in Lamphaya Klang subdistrict was higher compared with the spatial between-farm transmission rate from FMDV in epidemic areas. The result can be explained by the larger size of the within-farm outbreak in the endemic area due to no culling. The inclusion of distance-independent transmission parameters improved the model fit, which suggests the presence of transmission sources from outside the area and spread within the area independent of the distance between farms. The remaining distance-dependent transmission was mainly local and could be due to over-the-fence transmission or other forms of contact between nearby farms. Farm size on the kernel positively affects the transmission rate, by increasing both infectivity and susceptibility with increasing farm size. The results showed that both distance-dependent transmission and distance-independent transmission were contributed to FMDV transmission in Lamphaya Klang outbreak. These transmission parameters help to gain knowledge about FMD transmission dynamic in the endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Egil A J Fischer
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Division Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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6
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Lazarus DD, Peta F, Blight D, Van Heerden J, Mutowembwa PB, Heath L, Blignaut B, Opperman PA, Fosgate GT. Efficacy of a foot-and-mouth disease vaccine against a heterologous SAT1 virus challenge in goats. Vaccine 2020; 38:4006-4015. [PMID: 32312581 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Goats are susceptible to infection with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), but their role in the epidemiology of the disease and response to vaccination is poorly understood. In southern Africa, FMDV serotypes Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, 2 and 3 are known to be endemic. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a pentavalent FMD vaccine in goats against heterologous challenge with a pool of field SAT1 FMDV. Forty FMD sero-negative goats (6-12 months of age) of mixed sexes were randomly allocated to one of five treatment groups: full cattle dose (2 ml), 1/3rd (0.67 ml), 1/6th (0.33 ml), 1/12th (0.16 ml) or unvaccinated placebo control. Goats were vaccinated with an inactivated pentavalent FMD vaccine containing serotypes SAT1, SAT2 and SAT3 on day 0 and revaccinated at day 20 post vaccination. Thereafter, thirty-four goats were challenged by tongue inoculation at day 41 post-vaccination using 104.57 50% tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) FMDV SAT1 pool. Animals were examined daily and clinical signs were scored. Rectal temperatures were measured daily, with temperatures ≥40 °C defined as fever. Clinical specimens (nasal, oral and rectal swabs) were collected on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 post challenge. Viral shedding was determined using reverse-transcriptase real-time PCR. None of the goats vaccinated with the full cattle dose developed secondary lesions. All vaccinated groups had lower temperatures compared to the unvaccinated controls (P < 0.001). Based on RT-PCR results, goats in the unvaccinated control group shed more virus compared to all groups except for 1/12th (P < 0.05), while goats in the full dose group shed less virus than goats in the 1/12th and the unvaccinated control group (P < 0.05). The results suggest that the 1/3rd (0.67 ml) dose of the vaccine is sufficient to reduce viral shedding after heterologous challenge with a FMDV SAT1 pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Lazarus
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, South Africa; National Veterinary Research Institute, Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Research Laboratory, Vom, Nigeria.
| | - F Peta
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - D Blight
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - J Van Heerden
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - P B Mutowembwa
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - L Heath
- Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - B Blignaut
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - P A Opperman
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Transboundary Animal Diseases, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - G T Fosgate
- University of Pretoria, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Production Animal Studies, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Walz E, Evanson J, Sampedro F, VanderWaal K, Goldsmith T. Planning "Plan B": The Case of Moving Cattle From an Infected Feedlot Premises During a Hypothetical Widespread FMD Outbreak in the United States. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:484. [PMID: 31998764 PMCID: PMC6964524 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the event of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in the United States, "stamping out" FMD infected premises has been proposed as the method of choice for the control of outbreaks. However, if a widespread, catastrophic FMD outbreak in the U.S. were to occur, alternative solutions to stamping out may be required, particularly for large feedlots with over 10,000 cattle. Such strategies include moving cattle from infected or not known to be infected operations to slaughter facilities either with or without prior implementation of vaccination. To understand the risk of these strategies, it is important to estimate levels of herd viremia. Multiple factors must be considered when determining risk and feasibility of moving cattle from a feedlot to a slaughter facility during an FMD outbreak. In addition to modeling within-herd disease spread to estimate prevalence of viremic animals, we explore potential pathways for viral spread associated with the movement of asymptomatic beef cattle (either pre-clinical or recovered) from an infected feedlot premises to offsite harvest facilities. This analysis was proactive in nature, however evaluation of the likelihood of disease spread relative to disease (infection) phase, time of movement, and vaccination status are all factors which should be considered in managing and containing a large-scale FMD outbreak in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Walz
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Jessica Evanson
- Center for Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Fernando Sampedro
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Timothy Goldsmith
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant proteins consisting of multiple epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus fused with flagellin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:3367-3379. [PMID: 30888465 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Many recent studies have shown that flagellin fused to heterologous antigens can induce significantly enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses through its adjuvant activity. Therefore, in this study, two key B cell epitopes and a truncated VP1 (ΔVP1) protein from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were expressed as flagellin fusion proteins in different patterns. Specifically, ΔVP1 and two duplicates of two key B cell epitopes (2×B1B2) were fused separately to the C-terminus of flagellin with a universal exogenous T cell epitope to construct FT (Flagellin-Truncated VP1) and FME (Flagellin-Multiple Epitopes). In addition, the D3 domain of flagellin was replaced by ΔVP1 in FME, yielding FTME (Flagellin-Truncated VP1-Multiple Epitopes). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of the three fusion proteins as novel FMDV vaccine candidates were evaluated. The results showed that FT, FME, and FTME elicited significant FMDV-specific IgG responses at 10 μg/dose compared with the mock group (P < 0.05), with FTME producing the highest response. No significant differences in the antibody response to FTME were observed between different immunization routes or among adjuvants (ISA-206, poly(I·C), MPLA, and CpG-ODN) in mice. In addition, at 30 μg/dose, all three fusion proteins significantly induced neutralizing antibody production and upregulated the levels of some cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-12, in guinea pigs. Importantly, all three fusion proteins provided effective protective immunity against FMDV challenge in guinea pigs, though different protection rates were found. The results presented in this study indicate that the FTME fusion protein is a promising novel vaccine candidate for the future prevention and control of foot-and-mouth disease.
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Horsington J, Perez CB, Maradei E, Novo SG, Gonzales JL, Singanallur NB, Bonastre P, Vosloo W. Protective effects of high-potency FMDV O 1 Manisa monovalent vaccine in cattle challenged with FMDV O/SKR/2010 at 7 or 4 days post vaccination. Vaccine 2017; 35:5179-5185. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Parida S, Fleming L, Gibson D, Hamblin PA, Grazioli S, Brocchi E, Paton DJ. Bovine Serum Panel for Evaluating Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Nonstructural Protein Antibody Tests. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 19:539-44. [PMID: 17823399 DOI: 10.1177/104063870701900513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A panel of 36 sera has been assembled from experimental cattle that had been infected by inoculation or contact exposure with 4 serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) with or without prior vaccination. Virus replication and persistence had been characterized in all of the animals. The proportion of the sera scored positive by 5 tests for antibodies to the nonstructural proteins of FMDV varied, suggesting that the panel can discriminate between the sensitivity with which such tests are able to identify infected cattle. Use of this panel will help in assessment of new tests and quality control of existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Parida
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Zhang L, Feng X, Jin Y, Ma J, Cai H, Zhang X. Immunoprotective mechanisms in swine within the “grey zone” in antibody response after immunization with foot-and-mouth disease vaccine. Virus Res 2016; 220:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Gullberg M, Lohse L, Bøtner A, McInerney GM, Burman A, Jackson T, Polacek C, Belsham GJ. A Prime-Boost Vaccination Strategy in Cattle to Prevent Foot-and-Mouth Disease Using a "Single-Cycle" Alphavirus Vector and Empty Capsid Particles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157435. [PMID: 27294397 PMCID: PMC4905628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains one of the most economically important infectious diseases of production animals globally. Vaccination can successfully control this disease, however, current vaccines are imperfect. They are made using chemically inactivated FMD virus (FMDV) that is produced in large-scale mammalian cell culture under high containment conditions. Here, we have expressed the FMDV capsid protein precursor (P1-2A) of strain O1 Manisa alone or with the FMDV 3C protease (3Cpro) using a "single cycle" packaged alphavirus self-replicating RNA based on Semliki Forest virus (SFV). When the FMDV P1-2A was expressed with 3Cpro then processing of the FMDV capsid precursor protein is observed within cells and the proteins assemble into empty capsid particles. The products interact with anti-FMDV antibodies in an ELISA and bind to the integrin αvβ6 (a cellular receptor for FMDV). In cattle vaccinated with these rSFV-FMDV vectors alone, anti-FMDV antibodies were elicited but the immune response was insufficient to give protection against FMDV challenge. However, the prior vaccination with these vectors resulted in a much stronger immune response against FMDV post-challenge and the viremia observed was decreased in level and duration. In subsequent experiments, cattle were sequentially vaccinated with a rSFV-FMDV followed by recombinant FMDV empty capsid particles, or vice versa, prior to challenge. Animals given a primary vaccination with the rSFV-FMDV vector and then boosted with FMDV empty capsids showed a strong anti-FMDV antibody response prior to challenge, they were protected against disease and no FMDV RNA was detected in their sera post-challenge. Initial inoculation with empty capsids followed by the rSFV-FMDV was much less effective at combating the FMDV challenge and a large post-challenge boost to the level of anti-FMDV antibodies was observed. This prime-boost system, using reagents that can be generated outside of high-containment facilities, offers significant advantages to achieve control of FMD by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gullberg
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Louise Lohse
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Anette Bøtner
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Gerald M McInerney
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alison Burman
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
| | - Graham J Belsham
- DTU National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, Kalvehave, Denmark
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Li R, Ma Y, Zhai L, Lu Y, Chi X, Wu J, Hu S. Enhanced immune response to foot-and-mouth disease vaccine by oral administration of ginseng stem-leaf saponins. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2016; 38:257-63. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2016.1184680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Walker R, Blackburn J. Biothreat Reduction and Economic Development: The Case of Animal Husbandry in Central Asia. Front Public Health 2015; 3:270. [PMID: 26779468 PMCID: PMC4688358 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2015.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving human welfare is a critical global concern, but not always easy to achieve. Complications in this regard have been faced by the states of the Former Soviet Union, where socialist-style economic institutions have disappeared, and the transition to a market economy has been slow in coming. Lack of capital, ethnic conflict, and political instability have at times undermined the institutional reform that would be necessary to enable economic efficiency and development. Nowhere are such challenges more pronounced than in the new nation states of central Asia, including Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Here, a severe climate limits agriculture, and industrialization has been inhibited by lack of infrastructure, low levels of human capital, and a scarcity of financial resources. These conditions are aggravated by the fact that the central Asian states are landlocked, far from centers of market demand and capital availability. Despite these daunting barriers, development potential does exist, and the goal of the paper is to consider central Asia's pastoral economy, with a focus on Kazakhstan, which stands poised to become a regional growth pole. The article pursues its goal as follows. It first addresses the biothreat situation to central Asian livestock herds, the most significant existing impediment to realizing the full market potential of the region's animal products. Next, it provides an outline of interventions that can reduce risk levels for key biothreats impacting central Asia, namely foot and mouth disease (FMD), which greatly impacts livestock and prohibits export, and Brucellosis, a bacterial zoonosis with high incidence in both humans and livestock in the region. Included is an important success story involving the FMD eradication programs in Brazil, which enabled an export boom in beef. After this comes a description of the epidemiological situation in Kazakhstan; here, the article considers the role of wildlife in acting as a possible disease reservoir, which presents a conservation issue for the Kazakhstani case. This is followed by a discussion of the role of science in threat reduction, particularly with respect to the potential offered by geospatial technologies to improve our epidemiological knowledge base. The article concludes with an assessment of the research that would be necessary to identify feasible pathways to develop the economic potential of central Asian livestock production as changes in policy are implemented and livestock health improves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Walker
- Department of Geography, Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jason Blackburn
- Department of Geography, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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15
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Kim HB, Kim SC, Lee SI, Kim IH. Attenuation of the adverse effects caused by the foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in pigs. Vet Rec 2015; 177:494. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. B. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - S. C. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - S. I. Lee
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
| | - I. H. Kim
- Department of Animal Resources Science; Dankook University; Cheonan Chungnam 330-714 Republic of Korea
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16
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Singh N, Ramĩrez-Carvajal L, de Los Santos T, Golding MC, Long CR. Inhibition of EHMT2 Induces a Robust Antiviral Response Against Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Infections in Bovine Cells. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2015; 36:37-47. [PMID: 26418342 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2015.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic regulatory network controlling the innate immune system is well understood in many species. However, the role of the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the expression of immunoregulatory genes is less clear, especially in livestock species. Histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) is an epigenetic modification associated with transcriptional silencing within the euchromatin regions. Euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2 (EHMT2; also known as G9a) is a crucial enzyme responsible for regulating the dynamics of this epigenetic modification. It has been shown that histone modifications play a role in regulating type I interferon (IFN) response. In the present study, we investigated the role of EHMT2 in the epigenetic regulation of bovine antiviral innate immunity and explored its therapeutic potential against viral infections. We evaluated the effects of pharmacological and RNAi-mediated inhibition of EHMT2 on the transcription of IFN-β and other IFN-inducible antiviral genes, as well as its effect on foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) replication in bovine cells. We show that treatment of primary bovine cells with the synthetic EHMT2 inhibitor (UNC0638) either before or shortly after virus infection resulted in a significant increase in transcript levels of bovine IFN-β (boIFN-β; 300-fold) and other IFN-inducible genes, including IFN-stimulated gene 15 (ISG-15), myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx-1), Mx-2, RIG-I, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase 1 (OAS-1), and protein kinase R (PKR). Expression of these factors correlated with a significant decrease in VSV and FMDV viral titers. Our data confirm the involvement of EHMT2 in the epigenetic regulation of boIFN-β and demonstrate the activation of a general antiviral state after EHMT2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Singh
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Lisbeth Ramĩrez-Carvajal
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas.,2 Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE)-Plum Island Animal Disease Center (PIADC) Research Participation Program , Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | | | - Michael C Golding
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Charles R Long
- 1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
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Nagendrakumar SB, Hong NTT, Geoffrey FT, Jacqueline MM, Andrew D, Michelle G, Van Phuc K, Ngon QV, Phuong LTT, Phuc NNH, Hanh TX, Van Hung V, Quynhanh LT, Tan TM, Long NT, Wilna V. A Malaysia 97 monovalent foot-and-mouth disease vaccine (>6PD50/dose) protects pigs against challenge with a variant FMDV A SEA-97 lineage virus, 4 and 7 days post vaccination. Vaccine 2015; 33:4513-9. [PMID: 26192355 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pigs play a significant role during outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) due to their ability to amplify the virus. It is therefore essential to determine what role vaccination could play to prevent clinical disease and lower virus excretion into the environment. In this study we investigated the efficacy of the double oil emulsion A Malaysia 97 vaccine (>6PD50/dose) against heterologous challenge with an isolate belonging to the A SEA-97 lineage at 4 and 7 days post vaccination (dpv). In addition, we determined whether physical separation of pigs in the same room could prevent virus transmission. Statistically there was no difference in the level of protection offered by 4 and 7 dpv. However, no clinical disease or viral RNA was detected in the blood of pigs challenged 4 dpv, although three of the pigs had antibodies to the non-structural proteins (NSPs), indicating viral replication. Viral RNA was also detected in nasal and saliva swabs, but on very few occasions. Two of the pigs vaccinated seven days prior to challenge had vesicles distal from the injection site, but on the inoculated foot, and two pigs had viral RNA detected in the blood. One pig sero-converted to the NSPs. In contrast, all unvaccinated and inoculated pigs had evidence of infection. No infection occurred in any of the susceptible pigs in the same room, but separated from the infected pigs, indicating that strict biosecurity measures were sufficient under these experimental conditions to prevent virus transmission. However, viral RNA was detected in the nasal swabs of one group of pigs, but apparently not at sufficient levels to cause clinical disease. Vaccination led to a significant decrease in viral RNA in vaccinated pigs compared to unvaccinated and infected pigs, even with this heterologous challenge, and could therefore be considered as a control option during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fosgate T Geoffrey
- Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | | | - Davis Andrew
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Australia
| | - Giles Michelle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Australia
| | - Kim Van Phuc
- National Veterinary Company, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Quach Vo Ngon
- National Veterinary Company, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Vo Van Hung
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Thi Quynhanh
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tran Minh Tan
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thanh Long
- Center for Veterinary Diagnostics, Regional Animal Health Office 6, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Vosloo Wilna
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO-Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, Australia.
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18
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Hu S, Qiao J, Fu Q, Chen C, Ni W, Wujiafu S, Ma S, Zhang H, Sheng J, Wang P, Wang D, Huang J, Cao L, Ouyang H. Transgenic shRNA pigs reduce susceptibility to foot and mouth disease virus infection. eLife 2015; 4:e06951. [PMID: 26090904 PMCID: PMC4502569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an economically devastating viral disease leading to a substantial loss to the swine industry worldwide. A novel alternative strategy is to develop pigs that are genetically resistant to infection. Here, we produce transgenic (TG) pigs that constitutively expressed FMDV-specific short interfering RNA (siRNA) derived from small hairpin RNA (shRNA). In vitro challenge of TG fibroblasts showed the shRNA suppressed viral growth. TG and non-TG pigs were challenged by intramuscular injection with 100 LD50 of FMDV. High fever, severe clinical signs of foot-and-mouth disease and typical histopathological changes were observed in all of the non-TG pigs but in none of the high-siRNA pigs. Our results show that TG shRNA can provide a viable tool for producing animals with enhanced resistance to FMDV. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06951.001 Foot-and-mouth disease regularly causes serious outbreaks in livestock. The virus that causes the disease can infect cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and many species of wild animals; the disease is also highly contagious and spreads very quickly and easily. To control the spread of foot-and-mouth disease, farmers must often kill entire herds of animals that have been exposed. Wild animals that can spread the virus may also be killed in an effort to stop the spread of the disease. Vaccines that protect against foot-and-mouth disease are available and are often used to help prevent the spread of the disease. However, once an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease begins it may be too late for vaccines to stop its spread. This is because the vaccines can take about a week to provide protection, and by that time an exposed animal may already be very ill. Previous work conducted in 2010 reported that mice could be genetically engineered to produce short stretches of RNA molecules that can switch off genes from the foot-and-mouth disease virus. Compared with normal mice infected with the foot-and-mouth disease virus, the genetically engineered mice showed little sign of the disease in their bodies. Now, Hu, Qiao, Fu et al.—including some of the researchers involved in the 2010 work—have genetically engineered pigs in the same way. The experiments show that when cells from these pigs are exposed to the foot-and-mouth disease virus in the laboratory, the virus grows much less than normal. Next, Hu, Qiao, Fu et al. injected genetically engineered pigs and non-genetically engineered pigs with the virus. All of the normal pigs developed severe symptoms very quickly, including the disease's characteristic mouth and foot sores. Additionally, examinations of these pigs' cells showed signs of the disease. But the genetically engineered pigs did not become seriously ill and their cells showed little sign of the disease. Some of the genetically engineered pigs developed a few sores but these sores appeared much later than normal. So far, the results suggest that it may be possible to develop pigs that are resistant to foot-and-mouth disease. Hu, Qiao, Fu et al. will next determine whether or not the genetically engineered pigs can pass the foot-and-mouth virus on to other pigs and livestock. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.06951.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun Qiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Wei Ni
- College of Animal Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Sai Wujiafu
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shiwei Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jingliang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Pengyan Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jiong Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi, China
| | - Lijuan Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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19
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Horsington J, Zhang Z, Bittner H, Hole K, Singanallur NB, Alexandersen S, Vosloo W. Early protection in sheep against intratypic heterologous challenge with serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus using high-potency, emergency vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:422-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Knight-Jones TJD, Bulut AN, Gubbins S, Stärk KDC, Pfeiffer DU, Sumption KJ, Paton DJ. Randomised field trial to evaluate serological response after foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in Turkey. Vaccine 2014; 33:805-11. [PMID: 25528523 PMCID: PMC4334422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of biannual mass vaccination of cattle, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) remains uncontrolled in Anatolian Turkey. To evaluate protection after mass vaccination we measured post-vaccination antibodies in a cohort of cattle (serotypes O, A and Asia-1). To obtain results reflecting typical field protection, participants were randomly sampled from across Central and Western Turkey after routine vaccination. Giving two-doses one month apart is recommended when cattle are first vaccinated against FMD. However, due to cost and logistics, this is not routinely performed in Turkey, and elsewhere. Nested within the cohort, we conducted a randomised trial comparing post-vaccination antibodies after a single-dose versus a two-dose primary vaccination course. Four to five months after vaccination, only a third of single-vaccinated cattle had antibody levels above a threshold associated with protection. A third never reached this threshold, even at peak response one month after vaccination. It was not until animals had received three vaccine doses in their lifetime, vaccinating every six months, that most (64% to 86% depending on serotype) maintained antibody levels above this threshold. By this time cattle would be >20 months old with almost half the population below this age. Consequently, many vaccinated animals will be unprotected for much of the year. Compared to a single-dose, a primary vaccination course of two-doses greatly improved the level and duration of immunity. We concluded that the FMD vaccination programme in Anatolian Turkey did not produce the high levels of immunity required. Higher potency vaccines are now used throughout Turkey, with a two-dose primary course in certain areas. Monitoring post-vaccination serology is an important component of evaluation for FMD vaccination programmes. However, consideration must be given to which antigens are present in the test, the vaccine and the field virus. Differences between these antigens affect the relationship between antibody titre and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J D Knight-Jones
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK; The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), University of London, UK.
| | | | - S Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - K D C Stärk
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), University of London, UK
| | - D U Pfeiffer
- The Royal Veterinary College (VEEPH), University of London, UK
| | - K J Sumption
- The European Commission for the Control of FMD, FAO, Rome, Italy
| | - D J Paton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
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21
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The use of serosurveys following emergency vaccination, to recover the status of “foot-and-mouth disease free where vaccination is not practised”. Vaccine 2014; 32:7050-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Zhang Z, Pan L, Ding Y, Zhou P, Lv J, Chen H, Fang Y, Liu X, Chang H, Zhang J, Shao J, Lin T, Zhao F, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Efficacy of synthetic peptide candidate vaccines against serotype-A foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:1389-98. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6129-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Habiela M, Seago J, Perez-Martin E, Waters R, Windsor M, Salguero FJ, Wood J, Charleston B, Juleff N. Laboratory animal models to study foot-and-mouth disease: a review with emphasis on natural and vaccine-induced immunity. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2329-2345. [PMID: 25000962 PMCID: PMC4202264 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068270-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory animal models have provided valuable insight into foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) pathogenesis in epidemiologically important target species. While not perfect, these models have delivered an accelerated time frame to characterize the immune responses in natural hosts and a platform to evaluate therapeutics and vaccine candidates at a reduced cost. Further expansion of these models in mice has allowed access to genetic mutations not available for target species, providing a powerful and versatile experimental system to interrogate the immune response to FMDV and to target more expensive studies in natural hosts. The purpose of this review is to describe commonly used FMDV infection models in laboratory animals and to cite examples of when these models have failed or successfully provided insight relevant for target species, with an emphasis on natural and vaccine-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Habiela
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Miriam Windsor
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Francisco J. Salguero
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7TE, UK
| | - James Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Juleff
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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24
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25
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Tekleghiorghis T, Weerdmeester K, van Hemert-Kluitenberg F, Moormann RJM, Dekker A. No significant differences in the breadth of the foot-and-mouth disease serotype A vaccine induced antibody responses in cattle, using different adjuvants, mixed antigens and different routes of administration. Vaccine 2014; 32:5330-6. [PMID: 25092634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inactivated whole virus foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines are used worldwide for protection against FMD, but not all vaccines induce protection against all genetic variants of the same FMD virus serotype. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the "breadth" of the antibody response against different strains of the same FMD virus serotype in cattle could be improved by using a different adjuvant, a mix of antigens and/or different routes of administration. To this end, six groups of five cattle were vaccinated with different FMD virus serotype A strain vaccines formulated with Montanide ISA 206 VG adjuvant. Antibody responses for homologous and heterologous cross-reactivity against a panel of 10 different FMD virus serotype A strains were tested by a liquid-phase blocking ELISA. Results of cattle vaccinated with ISA 206 VG adjuvanted vaccine were compared with results obtained in a previous study using aluminium hydroxide-saponin adjuvant. No significant effect of adjuvant on the breadth of the antibody response was observed, neither for mixing of antigens nor for the route of administration (subcutaneous vs. intradermal). Comparison of antigen payload, however, increased both homologous and heterologous titres; a 10-fold higher antigen dose resulted in approximately four times higher titres against all tested strains. Our study shows that breadth of the antibody response depends mainly on the vaccine strain; we therefore propose that, for vaccine preparation, only FMD virus strains are selected that, among other important characteristics, will induce a wide antibody response to different field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaalem Tekleghiorghis
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands; National Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Asmara, Eritrea
| | - Klaas Weerdmeester
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob J M Moormann
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Aldo Dekker
- Central Veterinary Institute, part of Wageningen UR, Houtribweg 39, 8221 RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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26
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Jo NC, Jung J, Kim JN, Lee J, Jeong SY, Kim W, Sung HG, Seo S. Effect of vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease on growth performance of Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae)1. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:2578-86. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-7190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Jo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Jung
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. N. Kim
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - J. Lee
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - S. Y. Jeong
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - W. Kim
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - H. G. Sung
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sangji University, Wonju, Gangwon 220-702, Republic of Korea
| | - S. Seo
- Department of Animal Biosystem Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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27
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Kim SM, Kim SK, Park JH, Lee KN, Ko YJ, Lee HS, Seo MG, Shin YK, Kim B. A recombinant adenovirus bicistronically expressing porcine interferon-α and interferon-γ enhances antiviral effects against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Antiviral Res 2014; 104:52-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Parida S. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 8:347-65. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Porphyre T, Auty HK, Tildesley MJ, Gunn GJ, Woolhouse MEJ. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: do initial conditions affect its benefit? PLoS One 2013; 8:e77616. [PMID: 24204895 PMCID: PMC3815046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When facing incursion of a major livestock infectious disease, the decision to implement a vaccination programme is made at the national level. To make this decision, governments must consider whether the benefits of vaccination are sufficient to outweigh potential additional costs, including further trade restrictions that may be imposed due to the implementation of vaccination. However, little consensus exists on the factors triggering its implementation on the field. This work explores the effect of several triggers in the implementation of a reactive vaccination-to-live policy when facing epidemics of foot-and-mouth disease. In particular, we tested whether changes in the location of the incursion and the delay of implementation would affect the epidemiological benefit of such a policy in the context of Scotland. To reach this goal, we used a spatial, premises-based model that has been extensively used to investigate the effectiveness of mitigation procedures in Great Britain. The results show that the decision to vaccinate, or not, is not straightforward and strongly depends on the underlying local structure of the population-at-risk. With regards to disease incursion preparedness, simply identifying areas of highest population density may not capture all complexities that may influence the spread of disease as well as the benefit of implementing vaccination. However, if a decision to vaccinate is made, we show that delaying its implementation in the field may markedly reduce its benefit. This work provides guidelines to support policy makers in their decision to implement, or not, a vaccination-to-live policy when facing epidemics of infectious livestock disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Porphyre
- Epidemiology Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Harriet K. Auty
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland’s Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tildesley
- Centre for Complexity Science, Zeeman Building, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - George J. Gunn
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Scotland’s Rural College, Inverness, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. J. Woolhouse
- Epidemiology Group, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Barnett PV, Geale DW, Clarke G, Davis J, Kasari TR. A Review of OIE Country Status Recovery Using Vaccinate-to-Live Versus Vaccinate-to-Die Foot-and-Mouth Disease Response Policies I: Benefits of Higher Potency Vaccines and Associated NSP DIVA Test Systems in Post-Outbreak Surveillance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:367-87. [PMID: 24112127 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To rapidly return to trade, countries with OIE status, FMD-free country where vaccination is not practised, have destroyed emergency vaccinated animals, raising ethical concerns with respect to social values, the environment, animal welfare and global food security. This two-part review explores whether science could support eligibility to return to previous OIE status in 3 months irrespective of vaccinate-to-live or vaccinate-to-die policies. Here, we examine the benefits of higher potency (≥ 6 PD50 ), high-purity vaccines formulated from antigen banks for emergency use, their efficacy and performance in differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) assays for post-outbreak surveillance. From an intensive programme of research, we conclude that high-quality, higher potency vaccines are proven to reduce FMD virus (FMDV) subclinical circulation and the risk of carriers. Broader coverage than predicted by serology suggests the potential to hold a few 'key' vaccine strains improving logistics and reducing the financial burden of antigen banks. The OIE should adopt formal definitions for emergency vaccination and emergency vaccines. In terms of supportive tools, we consider that the lack of OIE recognition of DIVA tests other than those of PANAFTOSA in cattle is a shortcoming. There is need for research on maternal antibody interference with DIVA tests and on the use of such tests to establish whether greater purification of vaccines improves performance. We consider that alignment of waiting periods for vaccinate-to-live and vaccinate-to-die in OIE Code Article 8.5.9 1 b. and c. is feasible until an acceptable level of statistical certainty for surveillance or target probability of freedom is established to substantiate the absence of FMDV infection or circulation. It is surveillance intensity rather than waiting periods that establishes the risk of residual FMDV. EU Directive 2003/85/EC implicitly recognizes this, permitting derogation of the OIE waiting periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Barnett
- Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - D W Geale
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - G Clarke
- Ministry of Primary Industries, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - J Davis
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - T R Kasari
- United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Fort Collins, CO, USA
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Di Giacomo S, Brito BP, Perez AM, Bucafusco D, Pega J, Rodríguez L, Borca MV, Pérez-Filgueira M. Heterogeneity in the Antibody Response to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Primo-vaccinated Calves. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:280-7. [DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Di Giacomo
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Hurlingham Argentina
| | - B. P. Brito
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Center for Animal Diseases Modeling and Surveillance; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - A. M. Perez
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology; Center for Animal Diseases Modeling and Surveillance; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - D. Bucafusco
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Hurlingham Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - J. Pega
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Hurlingham Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - L. Rodríguez
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Agricultural Research Service; USDA; Greenport NY USA
| | - M. V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center; Agricultural Research Service; USDA; Greenport NY USA
| | - M. Pérez-Filgueira
- Instituto de Virología; Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas (CICVyA); Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria; Hurlingham Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Buenos Aires Argentina
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Maree FF, Blignaut B, de Beer TAP, Rieder E. Analysis of SAT type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins and the identification of putative amino acid residues affecting virus stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61612. [PMID: 23717387 PMCID: PMC3661562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) initiates infection by adhering to integrin receptors on target cells, followed by cell entry and disassembly of the virion through acidification within endosomes. Mild heating of the virions also leads to irreversible dissociation into pentamers, a characteristic linked to reduced vaccine efficacy. In this study, the structural stability of intra- and inter-serotype chimeric SAT2 and SAT3 virus particles to various conditions including low pH, mild temperatures or high ionic strength, was compared. Our results demonstrated that while both the SAT2 and SAT3 infectious capsids displayed different sensitivities in a series of low pH buffers, their stability profiles were comparable at high temperatures or high ionic strength conditions. Recombinant vSAT2 and intra-serotype chimeric viruses were used to map the amino acid differences in the capsid proteins of viruses with disparate low pH stabilities. Four His residues at the inter-pentamer interface were identified that change protonation states at pH 6.0. Of these, the H145 of VP3 appears to be involved in interactions with A141 in VP3 and K63 in VP2, and may be involved in orientating H142 of VP3 for interaction at the inter-pentamer interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois F Maree
- Transboundary Animal Diseases Programme, Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Agricultural Research Council, Onderstepoort, Pretoria, South Africa.
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León EA. Foot-and-mouth disease in pigs: current epidemiological situation and control methods. Transbound Emerg Dis 2012; 59 Suppl 1:36-49. [PMID: 22225815 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01290.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is the paradigm of a transboundary animal disease. Beyond any doubt, it is the most serious challenge for livestock's health. Official Veterinary Services from free countries invest considerable amount of money to prevent its introduction, whereas those from endemic countries invest most of their resources in the control of the disease. A very important volume of scientific production is developed every year in different aspects of FMD, and for that reason, the current knowledge makes the diagnosis of the disease easier to a great extent. However, FMD is still endemic in about two-thirds of the countries, and periodically re-emergent in several countries. This paper is a review of recent publications, focusing mainly on control measures and current world epidemiological situation, emphasizing primarily pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio A León
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA-Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Castelar, Argentina.
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Gaikwad S, Kumar S, Prashanth T, Rama Reddy G, Sanyasi Suryanarayana V, Joyappa Dechamma H. Transcriptional Expression Profile of Toll Like Receptor 1 - 10 mRNA in Bovine Peripheral Mononuclear Cells in Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/aim.2012.24053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Prueksakorn K, Kim T, Kim S, Kim H, Kim KY, Son W, Vongmahadlek C. Review of Air Dispersion Modelling Approaches to Assess the Risk of Wind-Borne Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2012.329143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Kulpa-Eddy J, Srinivas G, Halder M, Hill R, Brown K, Roth J, Draayer H, Galvin J, Claassen I, Gifford G, Woodland R, Doelling V, Jones B, Stokes WS. Non-animal replacement methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing: state of the science and future directions. PROCEDIA IN VACCINOLOGY 2011; 5:60-83. [PMID: 32288914 PMCID: PMC7129755 DOI: 10.1016/j.provac.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
NICEATM and ICCVAM convened an international workshop to review the state of the science of human and veterinary vaccine potency and safety testing methods and to identify opportunities to advance new and improved methods that can further reduce, refine, and replace animal use. Six topics were addressed in detail by speakers and workshop participants and are reported in a series of six reports. This workshop report, the second in the series, provides recommendations for current and future use of non-animal methods and strategies for veterinary vaccine potency testing. Workshop participants recommended that future efforts to replace animal use give priority to vaccines (1) that use large numbers of animals per test and for which many serials are produced annually, (2) that involve significant animal pain and distress during procedures, (3) for which the functional protective antigen has been identified, (4) that involve foreign animal/zoonotic organisms that are dangerous to humans, and (5) that involve pathogens that can be easily spread to wildlife populations. Vaccines identified as the highest priorities were those for rabies, Leptospira spp., Clostridium spp., Erysipelas, foreign animal diseases (FAD), poultry diseases, and fish diseases. Further research on the identification, purification, and characterization of vaccine protective antigens in veterinary vaccines was also identified as a priority. Workshop participants recommended priority research, development, and validation activities to address critical knowledge and data gaps, including opportunities to apply new science and technology. Recommendations included (1) investigations into the relative impact of various adjuvants on antigen quantification assays, (2) investigations into extraction methods that could be used for vaccines containing adjuvants that can interfere with antigen assays, and (3) review of the current status of rabies and tetanus human vaccine in vitro potency methods for their potential application to the corresponding veterinary vaccines. Workshop participants recommended enhanced international harmonization and cooperation and closer collaborations between human and veterinary researchers to expedite progress. Implementation of the workshop recommendations is expected to advance alternative in vitro methods for veterinary vaccine potency testing that will benefit animal welfare and replace animal use while ensuring continued protection of human and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie Kulpa-Eddy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Riverdale, Maryland, USA
| | - Geetha Srinivas
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Marlies Halder
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods, Ispra, Italy
| | - Richard Hill
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Center for Veterinary Biologics, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Karen Brown
- Pair O'Docs Enterprises, Parkville, Missouri, USA
| | - James Roth
- Center for Food Safety Security and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | | | - Ivo Claassen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Glen Gifford
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Canadian Centre for Veterinary Biologics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ralph Woodland
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Vivian Doelling
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brett Jones
- Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - William S Stokes
- National Toxicology Program Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Jaworski JP, Compaired D, Trotta M, Perez M, Trono K, Fondevila N. Validation of an r3AB1-FMDV-NSP ELISA to distinguish between cattle infected and vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Rodriguez LL, Gay CG. Development of vaccines toward the global control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 10:377-87. [PMID: 21434805 DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most economically and socially devastating diseases affecting animal agriculture throughout the world. Although mortality is usually low in adult animals, millions of animals have been killed in efforts to rapidly control and eradicate FMD. The causing virus, FMD virus (FMDV), is a highly variable RNA virus occurring in seven serotypes (A, O, C, Asia 1, Sat 1, Sat 2 and Sat 3) and a large number of subtypes. FMDV is one of the most infectious agents known, affecting cloven-hoofed animals with significant variations in infectivity and virus transmission. Although inactivated FMD vaccines have been available for decades, there is little or no cross-protection across serotypes and subtypes, requiring vaccines that are matched to circulating field strains. Current inactivated vaccines require growth of virulent virus, posing a threat of escape from manufacturing sites, have limited shelf life and require re-vaccination every 4-12 months. These vaccines have aided in the eradication of FMD from Europe and the control of clinical disease in many parts of the world, albeit at a very high cost. However, FMDV persists in endemic regions impacting millions of people dependent on livestock for food and their livelihood. Usually associated with developing countries that lack the resources to control it, FMD is a global problem and the World Organization for Animal Health and the United Nations' Food Agriculture Organization have called for its global control and eradication. One of the main limitations to FMDV eradication is the lack of vaccines designed for this purpose, vaccines that not only protect against clinical signs but that can actually prevent infection and effectively interrupt the natural transmission cycle. These vaccines should be safely and inexpensively produced, be easy to deliver, and also be capable of inducing lifelong immunity against multiple serotypes and subtypes. Furthermore, there is a need for better integrated strategies that fit the specific needs of endemic regions. Availability of these critical components will greatly enhance the chances for the global control and eradication of FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis L Rodriguez
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Orient Point, New York, NY, USA.
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Brito BP, Perez AM, Cosentino B, Rodriguez LL, König GA. Factors Associated With Within-Herd Transmission of Serotype A Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Cattle, During the 2001 Outbreak in Argentina: A Protective Effect of Vaccination. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:387-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Cong W, Jin H, Jiang C, Yan W, Liu M, Chen J, Zuo X, Zheng Z. Attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis-mediated RNAi targeted to conserved regions against foot-and-mouth disease virus in guinea pigs and swine. Vet Res 2010; 41:30. [PMID: 20167192 PMCID: PMC2826090 DOI: 10.1051/vetres/2010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, specific sequences within three genes (3D, VP4 and 2B) of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) genome were determined to be effective RNAi targets. These sequences are highly conserved among different serotype viruses based on sequence analysis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-expressing plasmids (p3D-NT19, p3D-NT56, pVP4-NT19, pVP4-NT65 and p2B-NT25) were constructed to express siRNA targeting 3D, VP4 and 2B, respectively. The antiviral potential of these siRNA for various FMDV isolates was investigated in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells and suckling mice. The results show that these siRNA inhibited virus yield 10- to 300-fold for different FMDV isolates of serotype O and serotype Asia I at 48 h post infection in BHK-21 cells compared to control cells. In suckling mice, p3D-NT56 and p2B-NT25 delayed the death of mice. Twenty percent to 40% of the animals that received a single siRNA dose survived 5 days post infection with serotype O or serotype Asia I. We used an attenuated Salmonella choleraesuis (C500) vaccine strain, to carry the plasmid that expresses siRNA directed against the polymerase gene 3D (p3D-NT56) of FMDV. We used guinea pigs to evaluate the inhibitory effects of recombinant S. cho (p3D-NT56/S. cho) on FMDV infection. The results show that 80% of guinea pigs inoculated with 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho and challenged 36 h later with 50 ID50 of homologous FMDV were protected. We also measured the antiviral activity of p3D-NT56/S. cho in swine. The results indicate that 100% of the animals treated with 5 × 109 CFU of p3D-NT56/S. cho were protected in 9 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd., Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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41
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Summerfield A. Are adenoviral vectors the future for foot-and-mouth disease vaccines? Future Virol 2010. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.09.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology & Immunoprophylaxis, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
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Gilpen JL, Carabin H, Regens JL, Burden RW. Agriculture emergencies: a primer for first responders. Biosecur Bioterror 2009; 7:187-98. [PMID: 19635003 DOI: 10.1089/bsp.2008.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past several years, the primary focus of emergency preparedness has been on terrorism, and how a CBRNE event would directly affect human health. Limited emphasis has been placed on the direct (eg, zoonotic infections) and indirect (eg, mental health, financial loss) effects that an agricultural emergency event can have on human health outcomes, and how they relate to emergency preparedness. We critically reviewed the resources and information readily accessible to our target audience, emergency responders; the resources included military and civilian books, personal communications, internet sites, GAO reports, and peer-reviewed journals. Among more than 2,000 bioterrorism-related articles, we found 51 that addressed either agroterrorism and/or veterinary public health: 2 cross-sectional studies, 28 review papers, and 21 commentary papers. In order to properly respond to future agriculture emergencies, emergency response professionals need to understand the nature and implications of the event as well as their roles and responsibilities, but the availability of educational and training opportunities is limited. The results of our review are consistent with the hypothesis that more resources, education, and training opportunities should be available to responders as well as to producers, importers and shippers, international travelers, and the general public. Increased education and training will raise awareness among these groups of the relationship between animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie L Gilpen
- Departments of Science and Criminal Justice, Redlands Community College, El Reno, Oklahoma 73036, USA.
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Innate immune responses against foot-and-mouth disease virus: Current understanding and future directions. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 128:205-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.10.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cox SJ, Barnett PV. Experimental evaluation of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines for emergency use in ruminants and pigs: a review. Vet Res 2008; 40:13. [PMID: 19040829 PMCID: PMC2695037 DOI: 10.1051/vetres:2008051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes to foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) control policies since 2001 mean that emergency vaccination must be considered more readily as a control measure in the future. Since field application of vaccine for emergency use has only rarely been applied, the effectiveness of single dose administration, as a control measure in an outbreak situation, is poorly understood. In this review we consider all the available experimental data from studies utilizing either experimental or readily available, commercially produced vaccines, in order to assess their likely effectiveness as an additional means of controlling FMD transmission and spread in an emergency. Overall it is concluded that such vaccines offer an additional and valuable means of FMD control for both ruminants and pigs. They are able to reduce clinical disease, sub-clinical infection and excretion and onward transmission of virus. However, to be most effective, vaccination should be rapidly applied to give maximum opportunity for immunity to develop. We also identify areas for future research and emphasize the importance of vaccine efficacy studies in providing data for models that can help to predict the efficacy of differing FMD control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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45
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De Clercq K, Goris N, Barnett PV, MacKay DK. FMD Vaccines: Reflections on Quality Aspects for Applicability in European Disease Control Policy. Transbound Emerg Dis 2008; 55:46-56. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2007.01012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Eblé PL, de Koeijer AA, de Jong MCM, Engel B, Dekker A. A meta-analysis quantifying transmission parameters of FMDV strain O Taiwan among non-vaccinated and vaccinated pigs. Prev Vet Med 2008; 83:98-106. [PMID: 17683815 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2007.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2006] [Revised: 06/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to provide additional estimates of main parameters for the transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strain O Taiwan (3/97). We used the data of previous experiments in non-vaccinated and vaccinated pigs and combined the data of experiments with the same treatment(s). First, we quantified the reproduction ratio R for the various groups using a final-size method. Our final-size results predicted that vaccination with a four-fold vaccine dose (but not with a single dose) at 1 week before inoculation (-7 dpi) would reduce R compared to the non-vaccinated group. Secondly, we used the daily results of virus excretion to quantify the transmission rate beta (by using generalized linear modelling), and the infectious period T (by using survival analysis). We used the estimates of beta and T to estimate R more precisely as compared to the final-size method and also for the groups for which a finite estimate could not be obtained using a final-size method. Our modelling results predicted that beta for non-vaccinated, for single-dose and four-fold-dose groups would be 6.1 (3.7, 10)day(-1), 2.0 (1.0, 4.0)day(-1) and 0.4 (0.1, 1.4)day(-1), T at 6.5 (5.7, 7.3), 5.3 (4.7, 6.0) and 2.3 (0.9, 5.7) days and R at 40 (21, 74), 11 (4.9, 24) and 1.0 (0.1, 7.8), respectively. These results predicted that both vaccination with a four-fold vaccine dose and with a single dose at -7 dpi would reduce beta, T and R significantly as compared to the non-vaccinated pigs, thereby showing that vaccination will reduce transmission of FMDV significantly already 1 week post vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Eblé
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control (CIDC-Lelystad), Wageningen UR, PO Box 2004, 8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Cox SJ, Parida S, Voyce C, Reid SM, Hamblin PA, Hutchings G, Paton DJ, Barnett PV. Further evaluation of higher potency vaccines for early protection of cattle against FMDV direct contact challenge. Vaccine 2007; 25:7687-95. [PMID: 17913309 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of administering higher payload FMD vaccines 10 days prior to severe direct contact challenge on protection from clinical disease and sub-clinical infection was investigated in cattle using two antigen payloads (single strength and 10-fold). Regardless of antigen payload, vaccination was shown to significantly reduce the number of clinically infected animals, and significantly reduce virus excretion shortly after challenge, when compared with the unvaccinated group (P<0.05). Although FMDV transmission occurred from single strength vaccinated infected cattle to similarly vaccinated cattle held in indirect contact, no disease was induced in these animals. These studies further confirm that emergency vaccination does significantly reduce clinical disease and sub-clinical virus replication and excretion, particularly early post exposure, thereby reducing the possibility of transmission between animals and herds. To be most effective, however, the results also substantiate that time of vaccination prior to challenge significantly influences the number of animals becoming infected, so the decision to vaccinate should be made swiftly, to allow maximum opportunity for protective immunity to develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cox
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Ash Road Pirbright Surrey, GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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48
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Voigt H, Merant C, Wienhold D, Braun A, Hutet E, Le Potier MF, Saalmüller A, Pfaff E, Büttner M. Efficient priming against classical swine fever with a safe glycoprotein E2 expressing Orf virus recombinant (ORFV VrV-E2). Vaccine 2007; 25:5915-26. [PMID: 17600594 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An increasing demand in livestock animal husbandry for intervention or emergency vaccination strategies requires a rapid onset of protection linked to prevention of infectious agent spread. Using the new recombinant parapoxvirus (PPV) Orf virus (ORFV) as a vaccine expressing the CSFV E2 glycoprotein we demonstrate that a single intra-muscular application confers solid protection. In the prime only concept, multi-site application of the vector vaccine turned out to be superior to single-site application as no pyrexia occurred after virulent CSFV challenge and CSFV neutralizing serum antibodies regularly were detectable before challenge. Vector virus vaccinated swine were able to cope with the lymphocyte and in particular B-cell depression in peripheral blood after challenge showing no clinical signs and no viremia. Early after challenge CSFV-specific IFN gamma production (IFN-gamma) and high neutralizing serum antibody titers clearly differentiated naïve from vaccinated and protected animals. After CSFV challenge neutralizing serum antibodies titers in vector vaccinated swine were significantly higher than those in sera from live attenuated vaccine primed animals. Horizontal challenge virus transmission was prevented under strict sentinel isolation before mingling but not in next-door stables separated by a wooden barrier at the day of challenge. The presence of CSFV-specific pre-challenge serum antibodies although in low titers is a good prognostic parameter for solid protection after ORFV vector vaccination even when a significant CSFV-specific IFN-gamma production was not detectable before challenge. A heterologous prime-boost regimen as a combination of prime with baculovirus-expressed glycoprotein E2 followed by boost with the parapoxvirus vector turned out to be a better immune stimulant than a homologous prime/boost with the modified live CSFV vaccine. A similar beneficial effect became evident when the challenge infection mimicked the booster vaccination after a single PPV vector prime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Voigt
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute for Immunology, Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Barfoed AM, Rodriguez F, Therrien D, Borrego B, Sobrino F, Kamstrup S. DNA immunization with 2C FMDV non-structural protein reveals the presence of an immunodominant CD8+, CTL epitope for Balb/c mice. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:178-89. [PMID: 16890298 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Outbreaks of foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) have devastating economic consequences in affected areas. The presence of multiple serotypes and virus variants makes vaccination complicated. A better understanding of protective immune mechanisms may help in development of novel vaccines with cross protective capacity. While much attention has been devoted to humoral responses to FMDV, less is known about the role of cell-mediated responses in protective immunity. Predictions of potential CTL epitopes by two different computer algorithms identified the viral 2C protein as containing a potential murine H2-Kd CTL epitope located in its amino-terminal half. DNA vaccination of mice with a plasmid expressing the 2C protein and a fragment thereof confirmed that this was indeed a CTL epitope, as shown by interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) induction in CD8+, CD44(hi) splenocytes after in vitro stimulation with peptides containing the amino acid sequence KYKDAKEWL, predicted for the CTL epitope. A peptide with the variant sequence KYKEAKEWL induced similar responses, indicating tolerability towards a conservative substitution at the altered residue. Virus infection likewise induced a measurable CTL response against KYKDAKEWL, although less clear due to a higher background of IFN-gamma production in splenocytes from infected mice. Challenge of vaccinated mice showed that the CTL response induced by the 2C protein was not protective, since viremia and mortality were unaffected by vaccination. The implications for vaccine development are discussed in the context of cross-serotype reactive responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Malene Barfoed
- Danish Institute for Food and Veterinary Research, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark.
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50
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Paton DJ, de Clercq K, Greiner M, Dekker A, Brocchi E, Bergmann I, Sammin DJ, Gubbins S, Parida S. Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. Vaccine 2006; 24:6503-12. [PMID: 16872727 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There has been much debate about the use of the so-called "vaccinate-to-live" policy for the control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Europe, according to which, spread of the FMD virus (FMDV) from future outbreaks could be controlled by a short period of "emergency" vaccination of surrounding herds, reducing the need for large-scale preemptive culling of at-risk animals. Since vaccinated animals may become subclinically infected with FMDV following challenge exposure, it is necessary to either remove all vaccinates (vaccinate-to-kill) or to detect and remove vaccinates in which virus is circulating or has established persistent infections (vaccinate-to-live), in order to rapidly regain the most favoured trading status of FMD-free without vaccination. The latter approach can be supported by testing vaccinated animals for the presence of antibodies to certain non-structural proteins (NSP) of FMDV, which are induced by infection with the virus, but not by vaccination with purified FMD vaccines. Using test sensitivity and specificity data established at a recent workshop on NSP assays [Brocchi E, Bergmann I, Dekker A, Paton DJ, Sammin DJ, Greiner M, et al. Comparative performance of six ELISAs for antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease. Vaccine, in press], this paper examines the ways in which serological testing with NSP ELISAs can be used and interpreted and the effect that this will have on the confidence with which freedom from infection can be demonstrated within guidelines specified by the World Animal Health Organisation and the European Commission.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Paton
- Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK.
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