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Plant-Derived Recombinant Vaccines against Zoonotic Viruses. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020156. [PMID: 35207444 PMCID: PMC8878793 DOI: 10.3390/life12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging and re-emerging zoonotic diseases cause serious illness with billions of cases, and millions of deaths. The most effective way to restrict the spread of zoonotic viruses among humans and animals and prevent disease is vaccination. Recombinant proteins produced in plants offer an alternative approach for the development of safe, effective, inexpensive candidate vaccines. Current strategies are focused on the production of highly immunogenic structural proteins, which mimic the organizations of the native virion but lack the viral genetic material. These include chimeric viral peptides, subunit virus proteins, and virus-like particles (VLPs). The latter, with their ability to self-assemble and thus resemble the form of virus particles, are gaining traction among plant-based candidate vaccines against many infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the main zoonotic diseases and followed the progress in using plant expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins and VLPs used in the development of plant-based vaccines against zoonotic viruses.
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Dzagurova TK, Siniugina AA, Ishmukhametov AA, Egorova MS, Kurashova SS, Balovneva MV, Deviatkin AA, Tkachenko PE, Leonovich OA, Tkachenko EA. Pre-Clinical Studies of Inactivated Polyvalent HFRS Vaccine. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:545372. [PMID: 33251155 PMCID: PMC7673229 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.545372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is the most common natural focal disease in the Russian Federation with about 6–12 thousand cases annually. 97.7% of all HFRS cases in Russia are caused by the Puumala virus, 1.5%—by the Hantaan, Amur, Seoul viruses, and about 0.8% by the Kurkino and Sochi viruses. There are no licensed vaccines for the prevention of HFRS in the European Region; there are no specific therapeutic to treat orthohantavirus infections. Here we report the results of candidate polyvalent HFRS vaccine preclinical studies. The vaccine was produced on the basis of three viruses: Puumala, strain PUU-TKD/VERO, Hantaan, strain HTN-P88/VERO, and Sochi, strain DOB-SOCHI/VERO. These viruses were inactivated with β-propiolacton, purified by gel filtration and aluminum hydroxide adsorbed. 18–20 g female BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly 2 or 3 times with a 2-week intervals and blood was taken 2 weeks after immunization. FRNT50 performed for virus specific antibodies determination. ELISA kits (Bender MedSystems, Cusabio) were used for detection of cytokines IL-1β, IL-12, INF-ɣ. Neutralizing antibodies geometric mean titers to the Puumala, Hantaan, and Sochi viruses were: 9.22 ± 0.31, 9.17 ± 0.26, 8.96 ± 0.34 log2/ml. Up to 1/32 vaccine dilution neutralizing antibodies were identified in 10/10 immunized mice with titers ≥ 3,32 log2/ml. IL-12 and INF-ɣ increased after immunization in average 5.5 and 2.8 times respectively, that reflects the Th1 type immunity stimulation. IL-1β slightly increased, that may suggest vaccine low reactogenicity. According to our preclinical investigations, the candidate polyvalent HFRS vaccine elicits balanced immune response to the Puumala, Hantaan and Sochi viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara K Dzagurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Siniugina
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aidar A Ishmukhametov
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria S Egorova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana S Kurashova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V Balovneva
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Deviatkin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Petr E Tkachenko
- Department of Internal Medicine Propaedeutics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana A Leonovich
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny A Tkachenko
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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Progress on the Prevention and Treatment of Hantavirus Disease. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070610. [PMID: 31277410 PMCID: PMC6669544 DOI: 10.3390/v11070610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses, members of the order Bunyavirales, family Hantaviridae, have a world-wide distribution and are responsible for greater than 150,000 cases of disease per year. The spectrum of disease associated with hantavirus infection include hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) also known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). There are currently no FDA-approved vaccines or treatments for these hantavirus diseases. This review provides a summary of the status of vaccine and antiviral treatment efforts including those tested in animal models or human clinical trials.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Reuter M, Krüger DH. The nucleocapsid protein of hantaviruses: much more than a genome-wrapping protein. Virus Genes 2017; 54:5-16. [PMID: 29159494 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1522-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nucleocapsid (N) protein of hantaviruses represents an impressive example of a viral multifunctional protein. It encompasses properties as diverse as genome packaging, RNA chaperoning, intracellular protein transport, DNA degradation, intervention in host translation, and restricting host immune responses. These functions all rely on the capability of N to interact with RNA and other viral and cellular proteins. We have compiled data on the N protein of different hantavirus species together with information of the recently published three-dimensional structural data of the protein. The array of diverse functional activities accommodated in the hantaviral N protein goes far beyond to be a static structural protein and makes it an interesting target in the development of antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Reuter
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Helmut-Ruska-Haus, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
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Mostafa SM, Islam ABMMK. An in silico approach predicted potential therapeutics that can confer protection from maximum pathogenic Hantaviruses. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: In silico approach is used to identify most potent epitope and drug against pathogenic Hantavirus against which no approved therapeutics exist. Methods: Nucleocapsid protein sequences were retrieved, aligned and conserved regions were analyzed for the presence of B- and T-cell epitopes, and pockets for potential drugs. Results: T-cell epitope SYLRRTQSM and B-cell epitopes SYLRRTQ and YLRRTQSM appeared to be highly conserved, antigenic, nonallergenic. The T-cell epitope bound to maximum alleles. Thus, SYLRRTQSM would likely elicit both T- and B-cell immunity. High-throughput screening of Traditional Chinese Medicine database by docking technique revealed a potential drug, compound 46547 (1R,11S,15S,18S,20S,21R,22S)-12-oxa-8,17-diazaheptacyclo[15.5.2.0^{1,18}.0^{2,7}.0^{8,22}.0^{11,21}.0^{15,20}]tetracosa-2,4,6-trien-9-one. Conclusion: Our results predict potential therapeutics against multiple strains of pathogenic Hantavirus, but requires validation by in vivo experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Mohd Mostafa
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Science Complex Building, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abul BMMK Islam
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Dhaka, Science Complex Building, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
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Gu SH, Kim YS, Baek LJ, Kurata T, Yanagihara R, Song JW. Lethal disease in infant and juvenile Syrian hamsters experimentally infected with Imjin virus, a newfound crocidurine shrew-borne hantavirus. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 36:231-239. [PMID: 26371066 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
To gain insights into the pathogenicity of Imjin virus (MJNV), a newfound hantavirus isolated from the Ussuri white-toothed shrew (Crocidura lasiura), groups of Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) of varying ages (<1, 5, 10, 14, 21, 35 and 56 days) were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route with 1000 pfu of MJNV strains 04-55 and 05-11. MJNV-infected Syrian hamsters, aged 21 days or less, exhibited reduced activity, weight loss, respiratory distress, hind-limb paralysis and seizures. Death ensued 1 to 6 days after onset of clinical disease. MJNV RNA was detected in brain and other major organs by RT-PCR and real time-PCR. Histopathological examination showed alveolar hemorrhage, interstitial pneumonia and severe pulmonary congestion; focal hepatic necrosis and portal inflammation; and acute meningoencephalitis. By immunohistochemistry, MJNV antigen was detected in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells and glial cells. Older hamsters (35 and 56 days of age) developed subclinical infection without histopathological changes. Future studies are warranted to determine the pathophysiologic bases for the differential age susceptibility of Syrian hamsters to lethal MJNV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Hun Gu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea; Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Young-Sik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ansan Hospital, College of Medicine, Korea University, Ansan 425-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Luck Ju Baek
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea
| | - Takeshi Kurata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Richard Yanagihara
- Pacific Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases Research, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 651 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
| | - Jin-Won Song
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Institute for Viral Diseases, Korea University, 5-ga, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
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Antigenic properties of N protein of hantavirus. Viruses 2014; 6:3097-109. [PMID: 25123683 PMCID: PMC4147688 DOI: 10.3390/v6083097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus causes two important rodent-borne viral zoonoses, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Eurasia and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North and South America. Twenty-four species that represent sero- and genotypes have been registered within the genus Hantavirus by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Among the viral proteins, nucleocapsid (N) protein possesses an immunodominant antigen. The antigenicitiy of N protein is conserved compared with that of envelope glycoproteins. Therefore, N protein has been used for serological diagnoses and seroepidemiological studies. An understanding of the antigenic properties of N protein is important for the interpretation of results from serological tests using N antigen. N protein consists of about 430 amino acids and possesses various epitopes. The N-terminal quarter of N protein bears linear and immunodominant epitopes. However, a serotype-specific and multimerization-dependent antigenic site was found in the C-terminal half of N protein. In this paper, the structure, function, and antigenicity of N protein are reviewed.
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Yoshimatsu K, Arikawa J. Serological diagnosis with recombinant N antigen for hantavirus infection. Virus Res 2014; 187:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Pushko P, Pumpens P, Grens E. Development of Virus-Like Particle Technology from Small Highly Symmetric to Large Complex Virus-Like Particle Structures. Intervirology 2013; 56:141-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000346773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Construction and nonclinical testing of a Puumala virus synthetic M gene-based DNA vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:218-26. [PMID: 23239797 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00546-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Puumala virus (PUUV) is a causative agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Although PUUV-associated HFRS does not result in high case-fatality rates, the social and economic impact is considerable. There is no licensed vaccine or specific therapeutic to prevent or treat HFRS. Here we report the synthesis of a codon-optimized, full-length M segment open reading frame and its cloning into a DNA vaccine vector to produce the plasmid pWRG/PUU-M(s2). pWRG/PUU-M(s2) delivered by gene gun produced high-titer neutralizing antibodies in hamsters and nonhuman primates. Vaccination with pWRG/PUU-M(s2) protected hamsters against infection with PUUV but not against infection by related HFRS-associated hantaviruses. Unexpectedly, vaccination protected hamsters in a lethal disease model of Andes virus (ANDV) in the absence of ANDV cross-neutralizing antibodies. This is the first evidence that an experimental DNA vaccine for HFRS can provide protection in a hantavirus lethal disease model.
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Martinez VP, Padula PJ. Induction of protective immunity in a Syrian hamster model against a cytopathogenic strain of Andes virus. J Med Virol 2012; 84:87-95. [PMID: 22095538 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) is responsible for the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome cases in Argentina and neighboring countries, with moderate to high case-fatality rates. ANDV has some particular features, which make it unique among other members of the Hantavirus genus such as person-to-person transmission and causing a disease similar to Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome in the hamster as an animal model. The kinetics of replication in Vero E6 cells of an ANDV strain isolated in Argentina, called Andes/ARG, was studied. Cytopathic effect and the formation of clear plaques were observed and therefore Andes/ARG could be quantified by classic plaque assay. The Andes/ARG strain was found to be highly lethal in Syrian hamsters allowing experiments to demonstrate the protective potential of vaccines. A recombinant nucleocapsid protein of ANDV induced a long lasting antibody response and protective immunity against a homologous challenge, but to a lower extent against heterologous challenge by the Seoul virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paula Martinez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. C. G. Malbrán, Argentina.
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Krüger DH, Schönrich G, Klempa B. Human pathogenic hantaviruses and prevention of infection. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:685-93. [PMID: 21508676 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.6.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are emerging viruses which are hosted by small mammals. When transmitted to humans, they can cause two clinical syndromes, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. The review compiles the current list of hantaviruses which are thought to be pathogenic in humans on the basis of molecular or at least serological evidence. Whereas induction of a neutralizing humoral immune response is considered to be protective against infection, the dual role of cellular immunity (protection versus immunopathogenicity) is discussed. For active immunisation, inactivated virus vaccines are licensed in certain Asian countries. Moreover, several classical and molecular vaccine approaches are in pre-clinical stages of development. The development of hantavirus vaccines is hampered by the lack of adequate animal models of hantavirus-associated disease. In addition to active immunization strategies, the review summarizes other ways of infection prevention, as passive immunization, chemoprophylaxis, and exposition prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev H Krüger
- Institute of Medical Virology, Helmut Ruska Haus, University Medicine Charité, Charitéplatz, Berlin, Germany.
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Adenovirus vectors expressing hantavirus proteins protect hamsters against lethal challenge with andes virus. J Virol 2009; 83:7285-95. [PMID: 19403663 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00373-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses infect humans following aerosolization from rodent feces and urine, producing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. Due to the high rates of mortality and lack of therapies, vaccines are urgently needed. Nonreplicating adenovirus (Ad) vectors that express Andes hantavirus (ANDV) nucleocapsid protein (AdN) or glycoproteins (AdG(N) and AdG(C)) were constructed. Ad vectors were tested for their ability to protect Syrian hamsters from a lethal ANDV infection that mimics the pulmonary disease seen in humans. When administered once, all three Ad vectors, individually or in combination, elicited a robust immune response that protected hamsters. No vaccinated animal died, and there were no obvious clinical signs of disease. Further, hantavirus RNA was not detected by sensitive reverse transcription-PCR in tissues and blood of hamsters immunized with both AdG(N) and AdG(C). Cellular immunity appeared to be important for protection because the AdN vector completely protected animals. All three Ad vectors produced strong cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses directed to hantavirus proteins in mice. Moreover, hamsters vaccinated with AdN, AdG(N), or AdG(C) produced no detectable neutralizing antibodies yet were protected. These Ad vectors represent the first vaccines that prevent lethal hantavirus disease and, in some instances (AdG(N) and AdG(C)), provide sterile immunity. These observations set the stage for a more detailed characterization of the types of immunity required to protect humans from hantavirus infections.
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Maes P, Clement J, Van Ranst M. Recent approaches in hantavirus vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:67-76. [PMID: 19093774 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.1.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rodent-borne hantaviruses are associated with two main clinical disorders in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Although hantavirus diseases can be life threatening and numerous research efforts are focused on the development of hantavirus prevention, no specific antiviral therapy is yet available and, at this time, no WHO-approved vaccine has gained widespread acceptance. This review will summarize the current knowledge and recent progress as well as new speculative approaches in the development of hantavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Maes
- Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Defense Against Biological Weapons (Biodefense). NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES, NIH 2009. [PMCID: PMC7122899 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-297-1_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Biological warfare (germ warfare) is defined as the use of any disease-causing organism or toxin(s) found in nature as weapons of war with the intent to destroy an adversary. Though rare, the use of biological weapons has occurred throughout the centuries.
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Hao H, Xiu L, Zehua Z, Min J, Hongbo H, Zhihong W, Zhenhua Z, Xiaohong W, Hanju H. Genetic immunization with Hantavirus vaccine combining expression of G2 glycoprotein and fused interleukin-2. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2008; 6:15. [PMID: 18940009 PMCID: PMC2577087 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-6-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we developed a novel chimeric HTNV-IL-2-G2 DNA vaccine plasmid by genetically linking IL-2 gene to the G2 segment DNA and tested whether it could be a candidate vaccine. Chimeric gene was first expressed in eukaryotic expression system pcDNA3.1 (+). The HTNV-IL-2-G2 expressed a 72 kDa fusion protein in COS-7 cells. Meanwhile, the fusion protein kept the activity of its parental proteins. Furthermore, BALB/c mice were vaccinated by the chimeric gene. ELISA, cell microculture neutralization test in vitro were used to detect the humoral immune response in immunized BALB/c mice. Lymphocyte proliferation assay was used to detect the cellular immune response.- The results showed that the chimeric gene could simultaneously evoke specific antibody against G2 glycoprotein and IL-2. And the immunized mice of every group elicited neutralizing antibodies with different titers. Lymphocyte proliferation assay results showed that the stimulation indexes of splenocytes of chimeric gene to G2 and IL-2 were significantly higher than that of other groups. Our results suggest that IL-2-based HTNV G2 DNA can induce both humoral and cellular immune response specific for HTNV G2 and can be a candidate DNA vaccine for HTNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Hao
- Department of Pathogentic Biology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan city 430030, PR China.
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Maes P, Clement J, Cauwe B, Bonnet V, Keyaerts E, Robert A, Van Ranst M. Truncated recombinant puumala virus nucleocapsid proteins protect mice against challenge in vivo. Viral Immunol 2008; 21:49-60. [PMID: 18355122 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2007.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Puumala virus and Dobrava virus are the major hantaviruses that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. As hantaviruses can cause diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, and as to date there is no specific treatment, efforts are concentrated on the development of vaccines. In this study we characterized the immunogenicity of recombinant nucleocapsid proteins of Puumala virus (PUUV) linked to a carrier protein corresponding to the outer membrane protein A from Klebsiella pneumoniae (rP40). The rP40 molecule is a novel carrier protein that facilitates exogenous antigen uptake by dendritic cells. We cloned and expressed the recombinant PUUV proteins in the E. coli mutant ICONE 200 using the tryptophan promoter-controlled pTEXmp18 expression vector. All recombinant PUUV proteins were found to be highly immunogenic in NMRI mice after three immunizations of 10 microg each of the protein. Only the truncated construct, P40-Puu118, gave high antibody titers after two vaccinations of 0.2 microg each. Likewise in the challenge experiments in NMRI mice, only the truncated construct P40-Puu118 resulted in 100% protection after three immunizations of 10 microg each. The results suggest that P40-Puu118 in particular is a good candidate for a recombinant vaccine against Puumala virus. All recombinant proteins linked to rP40 induced high antibody responses, indicating that rP40 is a carrier protein with potential for use in other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Maes
- Hantavirus Reference Center KULeuven, Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Rega Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
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Comparison of serum humoral responses induced by oral immunization with the hepatitis B virus core antigen and the cholera toxin B subunit. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:852-8. [PMID: 18367580 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00382-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus core (HBc) virus-like particle (VLP) is known as one of the most immunogenic antigens and carrier vehicles in different immunization strategies. Recent findings are suggesting the potential of the HBc VLPs as an oral immunogen. Here, we focus on the induction of serum humoral responses by oral administration of HBc VLPs in preparations substantially free of lipopolysaccharide and immunomodulating encapsidated RNA. The full-length HBc antigen was used, because the C-terminal arginine-rich tail may contribute to the immunogenicity of the antigen as the region is involved in cell surface heparan sulfate binding and internalization of the protein. Serum antibody levels and isotypes were determined following oral administration of the HBc VLPs with the perspective of using the HBc VLP as an immunostimulatory and carrier molecule for epitopes of blood-borne diseases in oral immunization vaccination strategies. Following oral administration of the HBc VLP preparations to mice, a strong serum humoral response was induced with mainly immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) antibodies, pointing toward a Th1 response which is essential in the control of intracellular pathogens. Intraperitoneal immunization with the HBc VLP induced a stronger, mixed Th1/Th2 response. Finally, a comparison was made with the induced serum humoral response following oral administration of the recombinant cholera toxin B pentamer, a commonly used oral immunogen. These immunizations, in contrast, induced predominantly antibodies of the IgG1 isotype, indicative of a Th2 response. These data suggest that the HBc VLP can be an interesting carrier molecule in oral vaccine development.
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Li J, Ye ZX, Li KN, Cui JH, Li J, Cao YX, Liu YF, Yang SJ. HSP70 gene fused with Hantavirus S segment DNA significantly enhances the DNA vaccine potency against hantaviral nucleocapsid protein in vivo. Vaccine 2007; 25:239-52. [PMID: 16935395 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been shown to act as adjuvants when coadministered with peptide antigens or given as fusion proteins and enhance the vaccination efficiency. To evaluate the enhancement of the potency of Hantaan virus (HTNV) nucleocapsid protein (NP) immunogenicity by heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), we developed a novel chimeric HTNV S-HSP70 DNA vaccine plasmid by genetically linking HSP70 gene to the full-length HTNV S segment DNA (HTNV S DNA). C57BL/6 mice were immunized with this plasmid followed by a subsequent boost with homologous recombinant protein. The levels of HTNV NP-specific antibody and cellular immune response were measured by use of ELISA, fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, cytotoxicity assay, and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay. We found that HTNV S-HSP70 DNA vaccination significantly increased the levels of HTNV NP-specific antibody, IgG2a/IgG1 ratio, IFN-gamma producing CD8+ T-cell precursor frequencies, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response when compared with immunization with HTNV S DNA alone or HTNV S DNA physically mixed with HSP70 DNA. By contrast, HSP70 DNA or vector DNA immunization could not induce appreciable levels of specific antibodies and CTL response. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time that HSP70-based HTNV S DNA can induce both humoral and cellular immune response specific for HTNV NP and is a promising candidate DNA vaccine for HTNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Xijing Hospital, 4th Military Medical University, No. 17 Changle Xi Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
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21
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Zhang Z, Tian Y, Li L, Fiedler M, Schmid E, Roggendorf M, Xu Y, Lu M, Yang D. A conserved linear B-cell epitope at the N-terminal region of woodchuck hepatitis virus core protein (WHcAg). J Virol Methods 2006; 135:17-25. [PMID: 16513185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 01/17/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) is a member of family Hepadnaviridae and closely related to hepatitis B virus (HBV). The WHV core protein (WHcAg) is a strongly immunogenic protein and forms virus-like particles. WHcAg may represent a suitable carrier system for B- and T-cell epitopes. However, the lack of a high expression system for WHcAg and defined antibodies to detect WHcAg prevents the use of this carrier system. In the present study, vectors expressing WHcAg with carboxyl-terminal truncations were constructed to determine the region of WHcAg required for assembly. The first 144 or 149 amino acid residues of WHcAg were able to efficiently assemble into particulate structures. Both truncated forms of WHcAg were accumulated in E. coli as uniform particles with a diameter of 34nm in large quantities and could be purified in milligram scale. As expected, the particles of truncated WHcAg retained the antigenicity of the full length WHcAg. However, denatured WHcAg remained to be reactive with specific antisera, suggesting that WHcAg may possess additional linear B-cell epitopes. Monoclonal antibodies against denatured WHcAg were generated and tested for their specificity. Five antibodies were found to direct the N-terminal region of WHcAg. Due to the conservation of the amino acid sequence in this region of WHcAg and HBcAg, these antibodies recognized recombinant HBcAg as well. Thus, this linear B-cell epitope is conserved on the core proteins of hepadnaviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/genetics
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/physiology
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/ultrastructure
- Immunohistochemistry
- Liver/pathology
- Mice
- Sequence Deletion
- Viral Core Proteins/genetics
- Viral Core Proteins/immunology
- Viral Core Proteins/physiology
- Viral Core Proteins/ultrastructure
- Virosomes/metabolism
- Virosomes/ultrastructure
- Virus Assembly
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Zhang
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
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22
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Lee BH, Yoshimatsu K, Araki K, Okumura M, Nakamura I, Arikawa J. A pseudotype vesicular stomatitis virus containing Hantaan virus envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2 as an alternative to hantavirus vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:2928-34. [PMID: 16426712 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudotype bearing the hantavirus envelope glycoproteins (GPs) G1 and G2 (VSVdeltaG*HTN) could be used as a safe and effective alternative to native hantavirus. Mice were immunized with purified particles of VSVdeltaG*HTN. After the second immunization, all mice produced anti-GP antibody as detected in ELISA and a neutralization test. After the third immunization, the mice were challenged with Hantaan virus. Neither anti-NP antibody production nor Hantaan virus-specific CD8 T-cell reactions were detected in these mice. The present study demonstrated the potential of using a pseudotype VSV system as a tool for developing a hantavirus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Hee Lee
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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23
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Geldmacher A, Skrastina D, Borisova G, Petrovskis I, Krüger DH, Pumpens P, Ulrich R. A hantavirus nucleocapsid protein segment exposed on hepatitis B virus core particles is highly immunogenic in mice when applied without adjuvants or in the presence of pre-existing anti-core antibodies. Vaccine 2005; 23:3973-83. [PMID: 15917119 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core particles carrying the amino-terminal 120 amino acids (aa) of the nucleocapsid (N) protein of the hantaviruses Dobrava, Hantaan or Puumala have been demonstrated to be highly immunogenic in mice when complexed with adjuvants. Here we demonstrate that even without adjuvant, these chimeric particles induced high-titered, and strongly cross-reactive N-specific antibody responses in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. The induced N-specific antibodies represented all IgG subclasses. Pre-existing core-specific antibodies did not abrogate the induction of an N-specific immune response by a hantavirus N insert presented on core particles. Therefore, chimeric core particles should represent promising vaccine candidates even for anti-core positive humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Geldmacher
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Campus Mitte, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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24
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Zeier M, Handermann M, Bahr U, Rensch B, Müller S, Kehm R, Muranyi W, Darai G. New Ecological Aspects of Hantavirus Infection: A Change of A Paradigm and a Challenge of Prevention- A Review. Virus Genes 2005; 30:157-80. [PMID: 15744574 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-004-5625-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades a significant number of so far unknown or underestimated pathogens have emerged as fundamental health hazards of the human population despite intensive research and exceptional efforts of modern medicine to embank and eradicate infectious diseases. Almost all incidents caused by such emerging pathogens could be ascribed to agents that are zoonotic or expanded their host range and crossed species barriers. Many different factors influence the status of a pathogen to remain unnoticed or evolves into a worldwide threat. The ability of an infectious agent to adapt to changing environmental conditions and variations in human behavior, population development, nutrition, education, social, and health status are relevant factors affecting the correlation between pathogen and host. Hantaviruses belong to the emerging pathogens having gained more and more attention in the last decades. These viruses are members of the family Bunyaviridae and are grouped into a separate genus known as Hantavirus. The serotypes Hantaan (HTN), Seoul (SEO), Puumala (PUU), and Dobrava (DOB) virus predominantly cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), a disease characterized by renal failure, hemorrhages, and shock. In the recent past, many hantavirus isolates have been identified and classified in hitherto unaffected geographic regions in the New World (North, Middle, and South America) with characteristic features affecting the lungs of infected individuals and causing an acute pulmonary syndrome. Hantavirus outbreaks in the United States of America at the beginning of the 10th decade of the last century fundamentally changed our knowledge about the appearance of the hantavirus specific clinical picture, mortality, origin, and transmission route in human beings. The hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was first recognized in 1993 in the Four Corners Region of the United States and had a lethality of more than 50%. Although the causative virus was first termed in connection with the geographic name of its outbreak region the analysis of the individual viruses indicate that the causing virus of HPS was a genetically distinct hantavirus and consequently termed as Sin Nombre virus. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are assumed to share a long time period of co-evolution with specific rodent species as their natural reservoir. The degree of relatedness between virus serotypes normally coincides with the relatedness between their respective hosts. There are no known diseases that are associated with hantavirus infections in rodents underlining the amicable relationship between virus and host developed by mutual interaction in hundreds of thousands of years. Although rodents are the major reservoir, antibodies against hantaviruses are also present in domestic and wild animals like cats, dogs, pigs, cattle, and deer. Domestic animals and rodents live jointly in a similar habitat. Therefore the transmission of hantaviruses from rodents to domestic animals seems to be possible, if the target organs, tissues, and cell parenchyma of the co-habitat domestic animals possess adequate virus receptors and are suitable for hantavirus entry and replication. The most likely incidental infection of species other than rodents as for example humans turns hantaviruses from harmless to life-threatening pathogenic agents focusing the attention on this virus group, their ecology and evolution in order to prevent the human population from a serious health risk. Much more studies on the influence of non-natural hosts on the ecology of hantaviruses are needed to understand the directions that the hantavirus evolution could pursue. At least, domestic animals that share their environmental habitat with rodents and humans particularly in areas known as high endemic hantavirus regions have to be copiously screened. Each transfer of hantaviruses from their original natural hosts to other often incidental hosts is accompanied by a change of ecology, a change of environment, a modulation of numerous factors probably influencing the pathogenicity and virulence of the virus. The new environment exerts a modified evolutionary pressure on the virus forcing it to adapt and probably to adopt a form that is much more dangerous for other host species compared to the original one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zeier
- Sektion Nephrologie, Klinikum der Universität Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 56a, D-69115, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
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25
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Maes P, Clement J, Gavrilovskaya I, Van Ranst M. Hantaviruses: Immunology, Treatment, and Prevention. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:481-97. [PMID: 15671746 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2004.17.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne bunyaviruses that are associated with two main clinical diseases in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. It has been suggested that host-related immune mechanisms rather than direct viral cytopathology may be responsible for the principal abnormality (vascular dysfunction) in these syndromes. This review summarizes the current knowledge on hantaviral host immune responses, immune abnormalities, laboratory diagnosis, and antiviral therapy as well as the current approaches in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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26
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Geldmacher A, Skrastina D, Petrovskis I, Borisova G, Berriman JA, Roseman AM, Crowther RA, Fischer J, Musema S, Gelderblom HR, Lundkvist A, Renhofa R, Ose V, Krüger DH, Pumpens P, Ulrich R. An amino-terminal segment of hantavirus nucleocapsid protein presented on hepatitis B virus core particles induces a strong and highly cross-reactive antibody response in mice. Virology 2004; 323:108-19. [PMID: 15165823 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 01/20/2004] [Accepted: 02/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that hepatitis B virus (HBV) core particles tolerate the insertion of the amino-terminal 120 amino acids (aa) of the Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein. Here, we demonstrate that the insertion of 120 amino-terminal aa of N proteins from highly virulent Dobrava and Hantaan hantaviruses allows the formation of chimeric core particles. These particles expose the inserted foreign protein segments, at least in part, on their surface. Analysis by electron cryomicroscopy of chimeric particles harbouring the Puumala virus (PUUV) N segment revealed 90% T = 3 and 10% T = 4 shells. A map computed from T = 3 shells shows additional density splaying out from the tips of the spikes producing the effect of an extra shell of density at an outer radius compared with wild-type shells. The inserted Puumala virus N protein segment is flexibly linked to the core spikes and only partially icosahedrally ordered. Immunisation of mice of two different haplotypes (BALB/c and C57BL/6) with chimeric core particles induces a high-titered and highly cross-reactive N-specific antibody response in both mice strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Geldmacher
- Institute of Virology, Charité School of Medicine, D-10098 Berlin, Germany
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27
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Geldmacher A, Schmaler M, Krüger DH, Ulrich R. Yeast-Expressed Hantavirus Dobrava Nucleocapsid Protein Induces a Strong, Long-Lasting, and Highly Cross-Reactive Immune Response in Mice. Viral Immunol 2004; 17:115-22. [PMID: 15018668 DOI: 10.1089/088282404322875511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, Dobrava virus (DOBV) carried by the yellow-necked field mouse Apodemus flavicollis is one of the hantaviruses that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans. For several hantaviruses, the nucleocapsid (N) protein has proven to be very immunogenic in humans and rodents and even can protect rodents against a virus challenge. To investigate the immunogenicity of DOBV N protein, BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were immunized three times with a DOBV recombinant N (rN) protein expressed in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae together with complete Freund's, with incomplete Freund's, and without adjuvant, respectively. Mice of both strains elicited N-specific antibodies with end-point titers being as high as 1:1,000,000 in C57BL/6 mice. The antibodies induced by DOBV rN protein were highly cross-reactive to the rN proteins of hantaviruses Puumala and Hantaan. In both mice strains, DOBV rN protein induced N-specific antibodies of all IgG subclasses (IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3), suggesting a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Taken together, yeast-expressed DOBV rN protein represents a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Geldmacher
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Two clinical syndromes are associated with hantavirus infection in humans: hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). Autopsy findings typically reveal a common feature of increased permeability in microvascular beds, suggesting vascular endothelium is a prime target for virus infection. Endothelial cells are susceptible to hantavirus infection; however, virus does not cause cytopathic effects, to explain increased endothelium permeability. Therefore, immune mechanisms were suggested to play a crucial role in hantavirus pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on hantavirus-induced immune disturbances and discuss their implication in capillary leakage caused by hantavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Cell and Molecular Biology Program, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89577, USA
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29
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Lundkvist A, Meisel H, Koletzki D, Lankinen H, Cifire F, Geldmacher A, Sibold C, Gött P, Vaheri A, Krüger DH, Ulrich R. Mapping of B-cell epitopes in the nucleocapsid protein of Puumala hantavirus. Viral Immunol 2002; 15:177-92. [PMID: 11952140 DOI: 10.1089/088282402317340323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantavirus nucleocapsid protein (N) has been proven to induce highly protective immune responses in animal models. The knowledge on the mechanisms behind N-induced protection is still limited, although recent data suggest that both cellular and humoral immune responses are of importance. For a detailed B-cell epitope mapping of Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) N, we used recombinant N derivatives of the Russian strain CG18-20 and the Swedish strain Vranica/Hällnäs, as well as overlapping synthetic peptides corresponding to the Finnish prototype strain Sotkamo. The majority of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reacted with proteins derived from all included PUUV strains demonstrating the antigenic similarity of these proteins. In line with previous results, the epitopes of most mAbs were mapped within the 80 N-terminal amino acids of N. The present study further revealed that the epitopes of four mAbs raised against native viral N were located within amino acids 14-45, whereas one mAb raised against recombinant N was mapped to amino acids 14-39. Differences between the reactivity of the PUUV strains Vranica/Hällnäs and CG18-20 N suggested the importance of amino acid position 35 for the integrity of the epitopes. In line with the patterns obtained by the truncated recombinant proteins, mapping by overlapping peptides (PEPSCAN) confirmed a complex recognition pattern for most analyzed mAbs. Together, the results revealed the existence of several, partially overlapping, and discontinuous B-cell epitopes. In addition, based on differences within the same competition group, novel epitopes were defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lundkvist
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, and Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.
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30
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Dargeviciute A, Brus Sjölander K, Sasnauskas K, Krüger DH, Meisel H, Ulrich R, Lundkvist A. Yeast-expressed Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induces protection in a bank vole model. Vaccine 2002; 20:3523-31. [PMID: 12297397 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause severe human diseases. The coding sequences for the authentic and a His-tagged Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) nucleocapsid (N) protein were expressed in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). N-specific monoclonal antibodies demonstrated native antigenicity of the two proteins. All bank voles vaccinated with the His-tagged N protein in Freund's adjuvant (n=12) were defined as completely protected against subsequent virus challenge, based on the absence of viral N protein, RNA and G2-specific antibodies. In the group vaccinated with the yeast-expressed authentic N protein in Freund's adjuvant, 2/6 animals were defined as completely protected and 4/6 as partially protected. Moreover, when animals were vaccinated with the His-tagged N protein in an adjuvant certified for human use (alum), all (n=8) were at least partially protected (six completely, two partially). The general advantages of the yeast expression system make the described recombinant proteins promising candidate vaccines against hantavirus infection.
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Wichmann D, Gröne HJ, Frese M, Pavlovic J, Anheier B, Haller O, Klenk HD, Feldmann H. Hantaan virus infection causes an acute neurological disease that is fatal in adult laboratory mice. J Virol 2002; 76:8890-9. [PMID: 12163608 PMCID: PMC137000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.17.8890-8899.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaan virus, the etiological agent of Korean hemorrhagic fever, is transmitted to humans from persistently infected mice (Apodemus agrarius), which serve as the primary reservoir. Here we demonstrate that several strains of adult Mus musculus domesticus (C57BL/6, BALB/c, AKR/J, and SJL/J) were susceptible to Hantaan virus infection when infected intraperitoneally. First clinical signs were loss of weight, ruffled fur, and reduced activity, which were followed by neurological symptoms, such as paralyses and convulsions. Within 2 days of disease onset, the animals died of acute encephalitis. PCR analysis indicated a systemic infection with viral RNA present in all major organs. Immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization analyses of postmortem material detected viral antigen and RNA in the central nervous system (predominantly brain), liver, and spleen. In the central nervous system, viral antigen and RNA colocalized with perivascular infiltrations, the predominant pathological finding. To investigate the involvement of the interferon system in Hantaan virus pathogenesis, we infected alpha/beta interferon receptor knockout mice. These animals were more susceptible to Hantaan virus infection, indicating an important role of interferon-induced antiviral defense mechanisms in Hantaan virus pathogenesis. The present model may help to overcome shortcomings in the development of therapeutic and prophylactic measurements against hantavirus infections.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Brain/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis, Viral/mortality
- Encephalitis, Viral/physiopathology
- Encephalitis, Viral/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Viral/virology
- Orthohantavirus/genetics
- Orthohantavirus/immunology
- Orthohantavirus/isolation & purification
- Orthohantavirus/pathogenicity
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/mortality
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/physiopathology
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/prevention & control
- Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome/virology
- Humans
- Immunization
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-beta/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Viral/analysis
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
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de Carvalho Nicacio C, Gonzalez Della Valle M, Padula P, Björling E, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist A. Cross-protection against challenge with Puumala virus after immunization with nucleocapsid proteins from different hantaviruses. J Virol 2002; 76:6669-77. [PMID: 12050380 PMCID: PMC136272 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.13.6669-6677.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne agents that cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. The nucleocapsid protein (N) is relatively conserved among hantaviruses and highly immunogenic in both laboratory animals and humans, and it has been shown to induce efficient protective immunity in animal models. To investigate the ability of recombinant N (rN) from different hantaviruses to elicit cross-protection, we immunized bank voles with rN from Puumala (PUUV), Topografov (TOPV), Andes (ANDV), and Dobrava (DOBV) viruses and subsequently challenged them with PUUV. All animals immunized with PUUV and TOPV rN were completely protected. In the group immunized with DOBV rN, 7 of 10 animals were protected, while only 3 of 8 animals were protected in the group immunized with ANDV rN, which is more closely related to PUUV rN than DOBV rN. Humoral and cellular immune responses after rN immunization were also investigated. The highest cross-reactive humoral responses against PUUV antigen were detected in sera from ANDV rN-immunized animals, followed by those from TOPV rN-immunized animals, and only very low antibody cross-reactivity was observed in sera from DOBV rN-immunized animals. In proliferation assays, T lymphocytes from animals immunized with all heterologous rNs were as efficiently recalled in vitro by PUUV rN as were T lymphocytes from animals immunized with homologous protein. In summary, this study has shown that hantavirus N can elicit cross-protective immune responses against PUUV, and the results suggest a more important role for the cellular arm of the immune response than for the humoral arm in cross-protection elicited by rN.
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33
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Bharadwaj M, Mirowsky K, Ye C, Botten J, Masten B, Yee J, Lyons CR, Hjelle B. Genetic vaccines protect against Sin Nombre hantavirus challenge in the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). J Gen Virol 2002; 83:1745-1751. [PMID: 12075094 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-83-7-1745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) infection model to test the protective efficacy of genetic vaccine candidates for Sin Nombre (SN) virus that were known to provoke immunological responses in BALB/c mice (Bharadwaj et al., Vaccine 17, 2836-2843, 1999 ). Protective epitopes were localized in each of four overlapping cDNA fragments that encoded portions of the SN virus G1 glycoprotein antigen; the nucleocapsid gene also was protective. The protective efficacy of glycoprotein gene fragments correlated with splenocyte proliferation in the presence of cognate antigen, but none induced neutralizing antibodies. Genetic vaccines against SN virus can protect outbred deer mice from infection even in the absence of a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Katy Mirowsky
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Chunyan Ye
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason Botten
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Barbara Masten
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Joyce Yee
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - C Richard Lyons
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brian Hjelle
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Departments of Pathology1, Medicine2 and Biology and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology3, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- A Plyusnin
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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35
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Liu XS, Liu WJ, Zhao KN, Liu YH, Leggatt G, Frazer IH. Route of administration of chimeric BPV1 VLP determines the character of the induced immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2002; 80:21-9. [PMID: 11869359 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To examine the mucosal immune response to papillomavirus virus-like particles (PV-VLP), mice were immunized with VLP intrarectally (i.r.), intravaginally (i.va.) or intramuscularly (i.m.) without adjuvant. PV-VLP were assembled with chimeric BPV-1 L1 proteins incorporating sequence from HIV-1 gp120, either the V3 loop or a shorter peptide incorporating a known CTL epitope (HIVP18I10). Antibody specific for BPV-1 VLP and P18 peptide was detected in serum following i.m., but not i.r. or i.va. immunization. Denatured VLP induced a much reduced immune response when compared with native VLP. Immune responses following mucosal administration of VLP were generally weaker than following systemic administration. VLP specific IgA was higher in intestine washes following i.r. than i.va. immunization, and higher in vaginal washes following i.m. than i.r. or i.va. immunization. No differences in specific antibody responses were seen between animals immunized with BPV-1 P18 VLP or with BPV-1 V3 VLP. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursors specific for the P18 CTL epitope were recovered from the spleen following i.m., i.va. or i.r. immunization with P18 VLP, and were similarly detected in Peyer's patches following i.m. or i.r. immunization. Thus, mucosal or systemic immunization with PV VLP induces mucosal CTL responses and this may be important for vaccines for mucosal infection with human papillomaviruses and for other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Song Liu
- Centre for Immunology and Cancer Research,University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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36
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Koletzki D, Schirmbeck R, Lundkvist A, Meisel H, Krüger DH, Ulrich R. DNA vaccination of mice with a plasmid encoding Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein mimics the B-cell response induced by virus infection. J Biotechnol 2001; 84:73-8. [PMID: 11035190 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00329-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation of naked DNA has been applied for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines against different viral infections. To study the humoral immune response induced by DNA vaccination we cloned the entire nucleocapsid protein-encoding sequence of the Puumala hantavirus strain Vranica/Hällnäs into the CMV promoter-driven expression unit of the plasmid pcDNA3, generating pcDNA3-VR1. A single dose injection of 50 microg of plasmid DNA into each M. tibialis anterior of BALB/c mice induced a high-titered antibody response against the nucleocapsid protein as documented 6 and 11 weeks after immunisation. PEPSCAN analysis of a serum pool of the pcDNA3-VR1-vaccinated animals revealed antibodies reacting with epitopes covering the whole nucleocapsid protein. The epitope-specificity of the immune response induced by DNA vaccination seems to reflect the antibody response in experimentally virus-infected bank voles (the natural host of the Puumala virus) and humans. The data suggest that DNA vaccination could be used for the identification of highly immunogenic epitopes in viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koletzki
- Microbiology and Tumorbiology Centre, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Abstract
Hantaviruses are rodent-borne bunyaviruses which cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in humans. This review covers the host interactions of the viruses, including the rodent reservoirs, the clinical outcome of human infections as well as the pathogenesis and laboratory diagnosis of infections. The current stage in prophylaxis and therapy of hantaviral diseases is described and different approaches in vaccine development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Krüger
- Institute of Virology, Humboldt University, School of Medicine Charité, D-10098, Berlin, Germany.
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38
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Bucht G, Sjölander KB, Eriksson S, Lindgren L, Elgh F. Modifying the cellular transport of DNA-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Vaccine 2001; 19:3820-9. [PMID: 11427253 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Puumala virus is a member of the hantavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) and is one of the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe. A genetic vaccination approach was conducted to investigate if the immune response could be modulated using different cellular secretion and/or localisation signals, and the immune responses were analysed in BALB/c mice and in a bank vole infectious model. Rodents vaccinated with DNA constructs encoding the antigen fused to an amino-terminal secretion signal raised significantly higher antibody levels when compared to using constructs lacking secretion signals. Furthermore, the ratios of the IgG subclasses (IgG2a/IgG1) were raised by the use of cellular localisation signals, indicating a more pronounced Th1-type of immune response. The majority of the mice, or bank voles, immunised with DNA encoding a secreted form of the antigen showed a positive lymphoproliferative response and were protected against challenge with Puumala virus (strain Kazan-wt).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bucht
- Department of Medical Countermeasures, Division of NBC Defence, Swedish Defence Research Agency, SE-901 82, Umeå, Sweden.
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute for Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA
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40
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Vapalahti O, Lundkvist A, Vaheri A. Human immune response, host genetics, and severity of disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2001; 256:153-69. [PMID: 11217403 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-56753-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Vapalahti
- Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
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41
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Kallio-Kokko H, Leveelahti R, Brummer-Korvenkontio M, Lundkvist �, Vaheri A, Vapalahti O. Human immune response to Puumala virus glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein expressed in mammalian cells. J Med Virol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Kehm R, Jakob NJ, Welzel TM, Tobiasch E, Viczian O, Jock S, Geider K, Süle S, Darai G. Expression of immunogenic Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein in transgenic tobacco and potato plants. Virus Genes 2001; 22:73-83. [PMID: 11210942 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008186403612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic plants, expressing recombinant proteins, are suitable alternatives for the production of relevant immunogens. In the present study, the expression of Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and potato plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum tuberosum) and its immunogenicity was investigated. After infection of leaf discs of SR1 tobacco and tuber discs of potato cv. "Desiree" with the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 (pAL4404, pBinAR-PUU-S) containing the 1302 bp cDNA sequence of S-RNA segment of a Puumala virus, transgenic tobacco and potato plants expressed the Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein under control of the cauliflower 35S promoter. The recombinant proteins were found to be identical to the authentic Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein as analyzed by immunoblotting. Expression of the nucleocapsid protein was investigated over four plant generations (P to F4) and found to be stable (1 ng/3 microg dried leaf tissue). Transgenic tobacco plants were smaller compared to controls. The transformed potato plants were morphologically similar to control plants and produced tubers as the control potatoes. The S-antigen was expressed at a level of 1 ng protein/5 microg and 1 ng protein/4 microg dried leaf and root tissues, respectively, and remained stable in the first generation of vegetatively propagated potato plants. The immunogenicity of the Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in Nicotiana tabacum and Solanum tuberosum was investigated in New Zealand white rabbits. They were immunized with leaf extracts from transgenic tobacco and potato plants, and the serum recognized Puumala virus nucleocapsid protein. Transgenic plants expressing hantaviral proteins can thus be used for the development of cost-effective diagnostic systems and for alternative vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kehm
- Institut für Medizinische Virologie der Universität Heidelberg, Germany
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43
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Koletzki D, Lundkvist A, Sjölander KB, Gelderblom HR, Niedrig M, Meisel H, Krüger DH, Ulrich R. Puumala (PUU) hantavirus strain differences and insertion positions in the hepatitis B virus core antigen influence B-cell immunogenicity and protective potential of core-derived particles. Virology 2000; 276:364-75. [PMID: 11040127 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core-derived chimeric particles carrying a Puumala (PUU) hantavirus (strain Vranica/Hällnäs) nucleocapsid (N) protein sequence (aa 1-45), alternatively inserted at three distinct positions (N-, C-terminus, or the internal region), and mosaic particles consisting of HBV core as well as core/PUU (Vranica/Hällnäs) N (aa 1-45) readthrough protein were generated. Chimeric particles carrying the insert at the N-terminus or the internal region of core induced some protective immune response in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) against a subsequent PUU virus (strain Kazan) challenge; 40-50% of the animals showed markers of protection. In contrast, internal insertion of PUU strain CG18-20 N (aa 1-45) into the HBV core caused a highly protective immune response in the bank vole model. Immunizations with particles carrying aa 75-119 of PUU (CG18-20) N at the C-terminus of core verified the presence of a second, minor protective region in the N protein. A strong PUU N-specific antibody response was detected not only in bank voles immunized with chimeric particles containing internal and N-terminal fusions of PUU N protein but also in animals immunized with the corresponding mosaic particles. Except for the exclusive occurrence of antibodies directed against aa 231-240 of N in non-protected animals post virus challenge, there was no additional obvious difference in the epitope-specificity of N-specific antibodies from immunized animals prior and post virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koletzki
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Kamrud KI, Hooper JW, Elgh F, Schmaljohn CS. Comparison of the protective efficacy of naked DNA, DNA-based Sindbis replicon, and packaged Sindbis replicon vectors expressing Hantavirus structural genes in hamsters. Virology 1999; 263:209-19. [PMID: 10544095 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV) is a member of the Hantavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) and an etiological agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. The medium (M) and small (S) gene segments of SEOV encode the viral envelope glycoproteins and nucleocapsid protein, respectively. We compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of naked DNA (pWRG7077), DNA-based Sindbis replicon (pSIN2.5), and packaged Sindbis replicon vectors (pSINrep5), containing either the M or S gene segment of SEOV in Syrian hamsters. All of the vectors elicited an anti-SEOV immune response to the expressed SEOV gene products. Vaccinated hamsters were challenged with SEOV and monitored for evidence of infection. Protection from infection was strongly associated with M-gene vaccination. A small number of S-gene-vaccinated animals also were protected. Hamsters vaccinated with the pWRG7077 vector expressing the M gene demonstrated the most consistent protection from SEOV infection and also were protected from heterologous hantavirus (Hantaan virus) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Kamrud
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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45
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Heiskanen T, Lundkvist A, Soliymani R, Koivunen E, Vaheri A, Lankinen H. Phage-displayed peptides mimicking the discontinuous neutralization sites of puumala Hantavirus envelope glycoproteins. Virology 1999; 262:321-32. [PMID: 10502511 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.9930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We selected peptide ligands mimicking the surface structure of discontinuous binding sites of Puumala hantavirus-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from a random 18-amino acid peptide library containing a disulfide bridge in a fixed position and displayed on a filamentous phage. The varying of selection conditions, either by shortening of the association time or by competitive elution with antigen, was crucial for the selection of peptide inserts that could be aligned with the primary sequences of the envelope glycoproteins G1 and G2. Correspondingly, when the envelope glycoprotein sequences were synthesized as overlapping peptides as spots on membrane, the same site in primary structure was found as with phage display, which corroborates the use of the two methods in mapping of conformational epitopes. Also, epitopes reactive with early-phase sera from Puumala virus infection were defined with the pepspot assay in the amino-terminal region of G1. Similarities of the selected phage clones to a monoclonal antibody-escape mutant site and to a linear early-phase epitope were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heiskanen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FIN-00014, Finland.
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46
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Ulrich R, Koletzki D, Lachmann S, Lundkvist A, Zankl A, Kazaks A, Kurth A, Gelderblom HR, Borisova G, Meisel H, Krüger DH. New chimaeric hepatitis B virus core particles carrying hantavirus (serotype Puumala) epitopes: immunogenicity and protection against virus challenge. J Biotechnol 1999; 73:141-53. [PMID: 10486924 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00117-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles generated by the heterologous expression of virus structural proteins are able to potentiate the immunogenicity of foreign epitopes presented on their surface. In recent years epitopes of various origin have been inserted into the core antigen of hepatitis B virus (HBV) allowing the formation of chimaeric HBV core particles. Chimaeric core particles carrying the 45 N-terminal amino acids of the Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein induced protective immunity in bank voles, the natural host of this hantavirus. Particles applied in the absence of adjuvant are still immunogenic and partially protective in bank voles. Although a C-terminally truncated core antigen of HBV (HBcAg delta) tolerates the insertion of extended foreign sequences, for the construction of multivalent vaccines the limited insertion capacity is still a critical factor. Recently, we have described a new system for generating HBV 'mosaic particles' in an Escherichia coli suppressor strain based on a readthrough mechanism on a stop linker located in front of the insert. Those mosaic particles are built up by both HBcAg delta and the HBcAg delta/Puumala nucleocapsid readthrough protein. The particles formed presented the 114 amino acid (aa) long hantavirus sequence, at least in part, on their surface and induced antibodies against the hantavirus sequence in bank voles. Variants of the stop linker still allowed the formation of mosaic particles demonstrating that stop codon suppression alone is sufficient for the packaging of longer foreign sequences in mosaic particles. Another approach to increase the insertion capacity is based on the simultaneous insertion of different Puumala nucleocapsid protein sequences (aa 1-45 and aa 75-119) into two different positions (aa 78 and behind aa 144) of a single HBcAg molecule. The data presented are of high relevance for the generation of multivalent vaccines requiring a high insertion capacity for foreign sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ulrich
- Institute of Virology, Humboldt University, Charité Medical School, Berlin, Germany
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47
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Heiske A, Anheier B, Pilaski J, Volchkov VE, Feldmann H. A new Clethrionomys-derived hantavirus from Germany: evidence for distinct genetic sublineages of Puumala viruses in Western Europe. Virus Res 1999; 61:101-12. [PMID: 10475080 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(99)00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Puumala (PUU) viruses are the predominant etiologic agents of hantavirus infections in Europe. The most important reservoir is the bank vole, Clethrionomys glareolus (Cg), belonging to the subfamily Arvicolinae of the Muridae family. Here we report on the molecular characterization of the first rodent-derived sequence (PUU/Cg-Erft) from Germany. Comparison of the S and M segment coding regions revealed 92.5 and 92.8% identity, respectively, with PUU/H-9013, a human isolate from France. However, only 83.1% identity was found with the S segment of a previously reported PUU sequence from a German HFRS case (PUU/H-Berkel) indicating the co-existence of two distinct sublineages in Germany. Phylogenetic and alignment analyses of S and M segment coding regions enabled us to assign PUU viruses/sequences to at least six distinct genetic sublineages. Membership was defined by nucleotide sequence differences of < 8%, whereas a diversity of > 14% clearly outgrouped a virus/sequence. Based on S segment sequences the sublineage represented by Clethrionomys rufocanus-derived viruses from Japan diverged at a well supported node from the clade harbouring all Clethrionomys glareolus-derived European PUU viruses. A correlation between genetic relationship and geographic origin of PUU viruses was observed which may support a co-evolution of PUU viruses with distinct subspecies of their reservoir host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heiske
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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48
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Hooper JW, Kamrud KI, Elgh F, Custer D, Schmaljohn CS. DNA vaccination with hantavirus M segment elicits neutralizing antibodies and protects against seoul virus infection. Virology 1999; 255:269-78. [PMID: 10069952 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV) is one of four known hantaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS). Candidate naked DNA vaccines for HFRS were constructed by subcloning cDNA representing the medium (M; encoding the G1 and G2 glycoproteins) or small (S; encoding the nucleocapsid protein) genome segment of SEOV into the DNA expression vector pWRG7077. We vaccinated BALB/c mice with three doses of the M or S DNA vaccine at 4-week intervals by either gene gun inoculation of the epidermis or needle inoculation into the gastrocnemius muscle. Both routes of vaccination resulted in antibody responses as measured by ELISA; however, gene gun inoculation elicited a higher frequency of seroconversion and higher levels of antibodies in individual mice. We vaccinated Syrian hamsters with the M or S construct using the gene gun and found hantavirus-specific antibodies in five of five and four of five hamsters, respectively. Animals vaccinated with the M construct developed a neutralizing antibody response that was greatly enhanced in the presence of guinea pig complement. Immunized hamsters were challenged with SEOV and, after 28 days, were monitored for evidence of infection. Hamsters vaccinated with M were protected from infection, but hamsters vaccinated with S were not protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hooper
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, 21702, USA.
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49
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Koletzki D, Biel SS, Meisel H, Nugel E, Gelderblom HR, Krüger DH, Ulrich R. HBV core particles allow the insertion and surface exposure of the entire potentially protective region of Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Biol Chem 1999; 380:325-33. [PMID: 10223335 DOI: 10.1515/bc.1999.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Core particles of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) potentiate the immune response against foreign epitopes presented on their surface. Potential insertion sites in the monomeric subunit of the HBV core protein were previously identified at the N- and C-terminus and in the immunodominant c/e1 region. In a C-terminally truncated core protein these sites were used to introduce the entire 120 amino acid (aa)-long potentially immunoprotective region of the hantavirus (serotype Puumala) nucleocapsid protein. The N- and C-terminal fusion products were unable to form core-like particles in detectable amounts. However, a suppressable stop codon located between the HBV core and the C-terminally fused hantavirus sequence restored the ability to form particles ('mosaic particles'); in contrast to the C-terminal fusion product the mosaic construct allowed the formation of particles built up by the core protein itself and the HBV core-Puumala nucleocapsid-readthrough protein. The mosaic particles exposed the 120 aa region of the PUU nucleocapsid protein on their surface as demonstrated by ELISA and immuno electron microscopy applying different monoclonal antibodies. Insertion of the hantaviral sequence into the c/e1 region not only allowed the formation of chimeric particles, but again the surface accessibility of the sequence. HBV core antigenicity itself was, however, reduced in the particles carrying insertions in the c/e1 region, probably due to a masking effect of the 120 aa long insert.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Koletzki
- Institute of Virology, Charité Medical School, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
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