1
|
Valdez-Cruz NA, Rosiles-Becerril D, Martínez-Olivares CE, García-Hernández E, Cobos-Marín L, Garzón D, López-Salas FE, Zavala G, Luviano A, Olvera A, Alagón A, Ramírez OT, Trujillo-Roldán MA. Oral administration of a recombinant modified RBD antigen of SARS-CoV-2 as a possible immunostimulant for the care of COVID-19. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:41. [PMID: 38321489 PMCID: PMC10848483 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02320-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 that consider manufacturing limitations, equitable access, and acceptance is necessary for developing platforms to produce antigens that can be efficiently presented for generating neutralizing antibodies and as a model for new vaccines. RESULTS This work presents the development of an applicable technology through the oral administration of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD antigen fused with a peptide to improve its antigenic presentation. We focused on the development and production of the recombinant receptor binding domain (RBD) produced in E. coli modified with the addition of amino acids extension designed to improve antigen presentation. The production was carried out in shake flask and bioreactor cultures, obtaining around 200 mg/L of the antigen. The peptide-fused RBD and peptide-free RBD proteins were characterized and compared using SDS-PAGE gel, high-performance chromatography, and circular dichroism. The peptide-fused RBD was formulated in an oil-in-water emulsion for oral mice immunization. The peptide-fused RBD, compared to RBD, induced robust IgG production in mice, capable of recognizing the recombinant RBD in Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, the peptide-fused RBD generated neutralizing antibodies in the sera of the dosed mice. The formulation showed no reactive episodes and no changes in temperature or vomiting. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated the effectiveness of the designed peptide added to the RBD to improve antigen immunostimulation by oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norma A Valdez-Cruz
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| | - Diego Rosiles-Becerril
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Constanza E Martínez-Olivares
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Enrique García-Hernández
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Laura Cobos-Marín
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Daniel Garzón
- Unidad de Modelos Biológicos, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Francisco E López-Salas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Zavala
- Unidad de Microscopia Electrónica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Axel Luviano
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiologia Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Olvera
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Alagón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Octavio T Ramírez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210, Cuernavaca, Mor, Mexico
| | - Mauricio A Trujillo-Roldán
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico, México. AP. 70228, CP. 04510, México, D.F, Mexico.
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km 107 Carretera, 22860, Tijuana-Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garg A, Agrawal R, Chopra H, Singh T, Chaudhary R, Tankara A. A Glance on Nanovaccine: A Potential Approach for Disease Prevention. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2024; 25:1406-1418. [PMID: 37861010 DOI: 10.2174/0113892010254221231006100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
There are several vaccines available for preventing various bacterial and viral infections, but still, there are many challenges that require the development of noninvasive, more efficient, and active vaccines. The advancement in biotechnological tools has provided safer antigens, such as nucleic acids, proteins etc., but due to their lower immunogenic property, adjuvants of stronger immune response are required. Nanovaccines are effective vaccines when compared with conventional vaccines as they can induce both Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and also provide longer immunogenic memory. The nanocarriers used in vaccines act as adjuvant. They provide site-specific delivery of antigens and can be used in conjugation with immunostimulatory molecules for enhancing adjuvant therapy. The nanovaccines avoid degrading cell pathways and provide effective absorption into blood vessels. The higher potential of nanovaccines to treat various diseases, such as acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, cancer, tuberculosis, malaria and many others, along with their immunological mechanisms and different types, have been discussed in the review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Garg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rutvi Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Himansu Chopra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Talever Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ramkumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abhishek Tankara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, NH-2, Mathura-Delhi Road, P.O Chhatikara, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lu Y, Liu G. Nano alum: A new solution to the new challenge. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2060667. [PMID: 35471916 PMCID: PMC9897648 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2060667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alum adjuvant has always been the first choice when designing a vaccine. Conventional aluminum adjuvant includes aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate (AAHS), which could effectively induce the humoral, and to a lesser extent, cellular immune responses. Their safety is widely accepted for a variety of vaccines. However, conventional alum adjuvant is not an ideal choice for a vaccine antigen with poor immunogenicity, especially the subunit vaccine in which cellular response is highly demanded. The outbreak of COVID-19 requires a delicately designed vaccine without the antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) effect to ensure the safety. A sufficiently powerful adjuvant that can induce both Th1 and Th2 immune responses is necessary to reduce the risk of ADE. These circumstances all bring new challenges to the conventional alum adjuvant. However, turning conventional microscale alum adjuvant into nanoscale is a new solution to these problems. Nanoscale alum owns a higher surface volume ratio, can absorb much more antigens, and promote the ability to stimulate the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) via different mechanisms. In this review, the exceptional performance of nano alum adjuvant and their preparation methods will be discussed. The potential safety concern of nano alum is also addressed. Based on the different mechanisms, the potential application of nano alum will also be introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Shanghai Zerun Bio, Shanghai, PRC,CONTACT Yang Lu Shanghai Zerun Bio, 1690 Zhangheng Rd, Pudong New District, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Ge Liu
- Shanghai Zerun Bio, Shanghai, PRC
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nazarizadeh A, Staudacher AH, Wittwer NL, Turnbull T, Brown MP, Kempson I. Aluminium Nanoparticles as Efficient Adjuvants Compared to Their Microparticle Counterparts: Current Progress and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4707. [PMID: 35563097 PMCID: PMC9101817 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) compounds are used as adjuvants in human and veterinary prophylactic vaccines due to their improved tolerability compared to other adjuvants. These Al-based adjuvants form microparticles (MPs) of heterogeneous sizes ranging from ~0.5 to 10 µm and generally induce type 2 (Th2)-biased immune responses. However, recent literature indicates that moving from micron dimension particles toward the nanoscale can modify the adjuvanticity of Al towards type 1 (Th1) responses, which can potentially be exploited for the development of vaccines for which Th1 immunity is crucial. Specifically, in the context of cancer treatments, Al nanoparticles (Al-NPs) can induce a more balanced (Th1/Th2), robust, and durable immune response associated with an increased number of cytotoxic T cells compared to Al-MPs, which are more favourable for stimulating an oncolytic response. In this review, we compare the adjuvant properties of Al-NPs to those of Al-MPs in the context of infectious disease vaccines and cancer immunotherapy and provide perspectives for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nazarizadeh
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (A.N.); (T.T.)
| | - Alexander H. Staudacher
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (A.H.S.); (N.L.W.); (M.P.B.)
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nicole L. Wittwer
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (A.H.S.); (N.L.W.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Tyron Turnbull
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (A.N.); (T.T.)
| | - Michael P. Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (A.H.S.); (N.L.W.); (M.P.B.)
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ivan Kempson
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia; (A.N.); (T.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Koirala P, Bashiri S, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Current Prospects in Peptide-Based Subunit Nanovaccines. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2412:309-338. [PMID: 34918253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination renders protection against pathogens via stimulation of the body's natural immune responses. Classical vaccines that utilize whole organisms or proteins have several disadvantages, such as induction of undesired immune responses, poor stability, and manufacturing difficulties. The use of minimal immunogenic pathogen components as vaccine antigens, i.e., peptides, can greatly reduce these shortcomings. However, subunit antigens require a specific delivery system and immune adjuvant to increase their efficacy. Recently, nanotechnology has been extensively utilized to address this issue. Nanotechnology-based formulation of peptide vaccines can boost immunogenicity and efficiently induce cellular and humoral immune responses. This chapter outlines the recent developments and advances of nano-sized delivery platforms for peptide antigens, including nanoparticles composed of polymers, peptides, lipids, and inorganic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prashamsa Koirala
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sahra Bashiri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia. .,School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khandhar AP, Liang H, Simpson AC, Reed SG, Carter D, Fox CB, Orr MT. Physicochemical structure of a polyacrylic acid stabilized nanoparticle alum (nanoalum) adjuvant governs TH1 differentiation of CD4+ T cells. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:2515-2523. [PMID: 31930264 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09936k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growing shift to subunit antigen vaccines underscores the need for adjuvants that can enhance the magnitude and quality of immune response. Aluminum salts or alums are the first adjuvants with a long history of clinical use. Alum predominantly induces T helper 2 (TH2) type immunity in animal models, characterized by antibody production with little to no induction of antigen-specific T cells. The lack of cell-mediated or T helper 1 (TH1) immunity makes alum adjuvants ineffective in mounting durable responses against diseases like tuberculosis, malaria and HIV. Here we show that the clinically approved adjuvant, Alhydrogel, reformulated as a stable nanoparticle (nanoalum) with the anionic polymer polyacrylic acid (PAA) induces structure-dependent TH1 response against the recombinant tuberculosis antigen ID93. We found that PAA adsorption to Alhydrogel was a key parameter affecting nanoalum adjuvanticity. Adsorption depended on various factors, most notably formulation pH, and directly correlated with immunological response in mice, enhancing known hallmarks of a murine TH1 type response: induction of antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting CD4+ T cells and IgG2c subclass of antibodies. Our results demonstrate a correlation between a measurable nanoalum property and immunological response, providing a structural basis to derive a beneficial immunological outcome from a clinically approved adjuvant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amit P Khandhar
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. and PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hong Liang
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | - Steven G Reed
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and HDT BioCorp, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Darrick Carter
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. and PAI Life Sciences, Seattle, WA, USA and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher B Fox
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA. and Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark T Orr
- Infectious Disease Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song C, Li F, Wang S, Wang J, Wei W, Ma G. Recent Advances in Particulate Adjuvants for Cancer Vaccination. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wallis J, Shenton DP, Carlisle RC. Novel approaches for the design, delivery and administration of vaccine technologies. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 196:189-204. [PMID: 30963549 PMCID: PMC6468175 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is easy to argue that vaccine development represents humankind's most important and successful endeavour, such is the impact that vaccination has had on human morbidity and mortality over the last 200 years. During this time the original method of Jenner and Pasteur, i.e. that of injecting live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens, has been developed and supplemented with a wide range of alternative approaches which are now in clinical use or under development. These next-generation technologies have been designed to produce a vaccine that has the effectiveness of the original live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, but without the associated risks and limitations. Indeed, the method of development has undoubtedly moved away from Pasteur's three Is paradigm (isolate, inactivate, inject) towards an approach of rational design, made possible by improved knowledge of the pathogen-host interaction and the mechanisms of the immune system. These novel vaccines have explored methods for targeted delivery of antigenic material, as well as for the control of release profiles, so that dosing regimens can be matched to the time-lines of immune system stimulation and the realities of health-care delivery in dispersed populations. The methods by which vaccines are administered are also the subject of intense research in the hope that needle and syringe dosing, with all its associated issues regarding risk of injury, cross-infection and patient compliance, can be replaced. This review provides a detailed overview of new vaccine vectors as well as information pertaining to the novel delivery platforms under development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Wallis
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - D. P. Shenton
- Defence Science and Technology LaboratoryPorton DownUK
| | - R. C. Carlisle
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li X, Wang X, Ito A. Tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:4954-4980. [PMID: 29911725 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00028j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines, one of the most effective and powerful public health measures, have saved countless lives over the past century and still have a tremendous global impact. As an indispensable component of modern vaccines, adjuvants play a critical role in strengthening and/or shaping a specific immune response against infectious diseases as well as malignancies. The application of nanotechnology provides the possibility of precisely tailoring the building blocks of nanoadjuvants towards modern vaccines with the desired immune response. The last decade has witnessed great academic progress in inorganic nanomaterials for vaccine adjuvants in terms of nanometer-scale synthesis, structure control, and functionalization design. Inorganic adjuvants generally facilitate the delivery of antigens, allowing them to be released in a sustained manner, enhance immunogenicity, deliver antigens efficiently to specific targets, and induce a specific immune response. In particular, the recent discovery of the intrinsic immunomodulatory function of inorganic nanomaterials further allows us to shape the immune response towards the desired type and increase the efficacy of vaccines. In this article, we comprehensively review state-of-the-art research on the use of inorganic nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants. Attention is focused on the physicochemical properties of versatile inorganic nanoadjuvants, such as composition, size, morphology, shape, hydrophobicity, and surface charge, to effectively stimulate cellular immunity, considering that the clinically used alum adjuvants can only induce strong humoral immunity. In addition, the efforts made to date to expand the application of inorganic nanoadjuvants in cancer vaccines are summarized. Finally, we discuss the future prospects and our outlook on tailoring inorganic nanoadjuvants towards next-generation vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Health Research Institute, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Manshian BB, Poelmans J, Saini S, Pokhrel S, Grez JJ, Himmelreich U, Mädler L, Soenen SJ. Nanoparticle-induced inflammation can increase tumor malignancy. Acta Biomater 2018; 68:99-112. [PMID: 29274476 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials, such as aluminum oxide, have been regarded with high biomedical promise as potential immune adjuvants in favor of their bulk counterparts. For pathophysiological conditions where elevated immune activity already occurs, the contribution of nanoparticle-activated immune reactions remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effect of spherical and wire-shaped aluminum oxide nanoparticles on primary splenocytes and observed a clear pro-inflammatory effect of both nanoparticles, mainly for the high aspect ratio nanowires. The nanoparticles resulted in a clear activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, and also secreted transforming growth factor β. When cancer cells were exposed to these cytokines, this resulted in an increased level of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition, a hallmark for cancer metastasis, which did not occur when the cancer cells were directly exposed to the nanoparticles themselves. Using a syngeneic tumor model, the level of inflammation and degree of lung metastasis were significantly increased when the animals were exposed to the nanoparticles, particularly for the nanowires. This effect could be abrogated by treating the animals with inflammatory inhibitors. Collectively, these data indicate that the interaction of nanoparticles with immune cells can have secondary effects that may aggravate pathophysiological conditions, such as cancer malignancy, and conditions must be carefully selected to finely tune the induced aspecific inflammation into cancer-specific antitumor immunity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Many different types of nanoparticles have been shown to possess immunomodulatory properties, depending on their physicochemical parameters. This can potentially be harnessed as a possible antitumor therapy. However, in the current work we show that inflammation elicited by nanomaterials can have grave effects in pathophysiological conditions, where non-specific inflammation was found to increase cancer cell mobility and tumor malignancy. These data show that immunomodulatory properties of nanomaterials must be carefully controlled to avoid any undesired side-effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bella B Manshian
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Poelmans
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shweta Saini
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julio Jiménez Grez
- Organ Systems, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Foundation Institute of Materials Science (IWT), Department of Production Engineering, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, B3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Röckendorf N, Meckelein B, Scherf KA, Schalk K, Koehler P, Frey A. Identification of novel antibody-reactive detection sites for comprehensive gluten monitoring. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181566. [PMID: 28759621 PMCID: PMC5536345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain cereals like wheat, rye or barley contain gluten, a protein mixture that can trigger celiac disease (CD). To make gluten-free diets available for affected individuals the gluten content of foodstuff must be monitored. For this purpose, antibody-based assays exist which rely on the recognition of certain linear gluten sequence motifs. Yet, not all CD-active gluten constituents and fragments formed during food processing/fermentation may be covered by those tests. In this study, we therefore assayed the coverage of reportedly CD-active gluten components by currently available detection antibodies and determined the antibody-inducing capacity of wheat gluten constituents in order to provide novel diagnostic targets for comprehensive gluten quantitation. Immunizations of outbred mice with purified gliadins and glutenins were conducted and the linear target recognition profile of the sera was recorded using synthetic peptide arrays that covered the sequence space of gluten constituents present in those preparations. The resulting murine immunorecognition profile of gluten demonstrated that further linear binding sites beyond those recognized by the monoclonal antibodies α20, R5 and G12 exist and may be exploitable as diagnostic targets. We conclude that the safety of foodstuffs for CD patients can be further improved by complementing current tests with antibodies directed against additional CD-active gluten components. Currently unrepresented linear gluten detection sites in glutenins and α-gliadins suggest sequences QQQYPS, PQQSFP, QPGQGQQG and QQPPFS as novel targets for antibody generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels Röckendorf
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Barbara Meckelein
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Katharina A. Scherf
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schalk
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Koehler
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Institut, Freising, Germany
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma and Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hu X, Wu T, Bao Y, Zhang Z. Nanotechnology based therapeutic modality to boost anti-tumor immunity and collapse tumor defense. J Control Release 2017; 256:26-45. [PMID: 28434891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is still the leading cause of death. While traditional treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy play dominating roles, recent breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy indicate that the influence of immune system on cancer development is virtually beyond our expectation. Manipulating the immune system to fight against cancer has been thriving in recent years. Further understanding of tumor anatomy provides opportunities to put a brake on immunosuppression by overcoming tumor intrinsic resistance or modulating tumor microenvironment. Nanotechnology which provides versatile engineered approaches to enhance therapeutic effects may potentially contribute to the development of future cancer treatment modality. In this review, we will focus on the application of nanotechnology both in boosting anti-tumor immunity and collapsing tumor defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuling Bao
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, PR China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, PR China; Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel Drug Delivery System, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vaccine Adjuvant Nanotechnologies. MICRO AND NANOTECHNOLOGY IN VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [PMCID: PMC7151801 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-39981-4.00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The increasing sophistication of vaccine adjuvant design has been driven by improved understanding of the importance of nanoscale features of adjuvants to their immunological function. Newly available advanced nanomanufacturing techniques now allow very precise control of adjuvant particle size, shape, texture, and surface chemistry. Novel adjuvant concepts include self-assembling particles and targeted immune delivery. These individual concepts can be combined to create a single integrated vaccine nanoparticle-combining antigen, adjuvants, and DC-targeting elements. In the process, the concept of an adjuvant has broadened to include not only immune-stimulatory substances but also any design features that enhance the immune response against the relevant vaccine antigen. The modern definition of an adjuvant includes not only classical immune stimulators but also any aspects of particle size, shape, and surface chemistry that enhance vaccine immunogenicity. It even includes purely physical processes such as texturing of particle surfaces to maximize immunogenicity. Looking forward, adjuvants will increasingly be seen not as separate add-on items but as wholly integrated elements of a complete vaccine delivery package. Hence, vaccine systems will increasingly approach the complexity and sophistication of pathogens themselves, incorporating highly specific particle properties, contents, and behaviors, all designed to maximize immune system recognition and drive the immune response in the specific direction that affords maximal protection.
Collapse
|
14
|
Henkel M, Röckendorf N, Frey A. Selective and Efficient Cysteine Conjugation by Maleimides in the Presence of Phosphine Reductants. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2260-2265. [PMID: 27631603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfhydryl functions of thiol-containing amino acids are prime attachment sites for conjugation of labels, ligands, or drugs to proteinaceous compounds. Usually the thiol is offered a xenobiotic electrophilic moiety from the molecule to be attached such as a maleimido function. As sulfhydryls tend to oxidize into disulfides they must be reduced before conjugation. A popular thiol reduction reagent in biosciences is the substituted phosphine tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). Yet, phosphines are nucleophilic, too, and thus potentially compete with thiols for the electron-poor alkene moiety of maleimide resulting in complex product mixtures. To overcome this shortcoming we developed a method to eliminate excess reducing agent in the reaction mixture by selective oxidation of the phosphine with azidobenzoic acid before coupling. This results in a selective and efficient labeling of cysteines by maleimides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik Henkel
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Niels Röckendorf
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , 23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Andreas Frey
- Division of Mucosal Immunology & Diagnostics, Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , 23845 Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Peptide-based synthetic vaccines. Chem Sci 2015; 7:842-854. [PMID: 28791117 PMCID: PMC5529997 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03892h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Classically all vaccines were produced using live or attenuated microorganisms or parts of them. However, the use of whole organisms, their components or the biological process for vaccine production has several weaknesses. The presence of immunologically redundant biological components or biological impurities in such vaccines might cause major problems. All the disadvantageous of traditional vaccines might be overcome via the development of fully synthetic peptide-based vaccines. However, once minimal antigenic epitopes only are applied for immunisation, the immune responses are poor. The use of an adjuvant can overcome this obstacle; however, it may raise new glitches. Here we briefly summarise the current stand on peptide-based vaccines, discuss epitope and adjuvant design, and multi-epitope and nanoparticle-based vaccine approaches. This mini review discusses also the disadvantages and benefits associated with peptide-based vaccines. It proposes possible methods to overcome the weaknesses of the synthetic vaccine strategy and suggests future directions for its development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St Lucia 4072 , Australia .
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland , School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences , St Lucia 4072 , Australia . .,The University of Queensland , Institute for Molecular Bioscience , St Lucia 4072 , Australia.,The University of Queensland , School of Pharmacy , Brisbane , QLD 4072 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Recent advances in peptide-based subunit nanovaccines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:2657-69. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most efficient way to protect humans against pathogens. Peptide-based vaccines offer several advantages over classical vaccines, which utilized whole organisms or proteins. However, peptides alone are not immunogenic and need a delivery system that can boost their recognition by the immune system. In recent years, nanotechnology-based approaches have become one of the most promising strategies in peptide vaccine delivery. This review summarizes knowledge on peptide vaccines and nanotechnology-based approaches for their delivery. The recently reported nano-sized delivery platforms for peptide antigens are reviewed, including nanoparticles composed of polymers, peptides, lipids, inorganic materials and nanotubes. The future prospects for peptide-based nanovaccines are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Maquieira Á, Brun EM, Garcés-García M, Puchades R. Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles as Carriers and Adjuvants for Eliciting Antibodies from Non-immunogenic Haptens. Anal Chem 2012; 84:9340-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3020998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Maquieira
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo
Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva M. Brun
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo
Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Garcés-García
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo
Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rosa Puchades
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo
Tecnológico, Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino
de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Radziun E, Dudkiewicz Wilczyńska J, Książek I, Nowak K, Anuszewska E, Kunicki A, Olszyna A, Ząbkowski T. Assessment of the cytotoxicity of aluminium oxide nanoparticles on selected mammalian cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2011; 25:1694-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticles have the potential to improve drug delivery efficiencies by more than two orders of magnitude, from the ~ 0.1% which is common today. Most pharmacologically agents on the market today are small drug molecules, which diffuse across the body’s blood-tissue barriers and distribute not only into the lesion, but into almost all organs. Drug actions in the non-lesion organs are an inescapable part of the drug delivery principle, causing “side-effects” which limit the maximally tolerable doses and result in inadequate therapy of many lesions. Nanoparticles only cross barriers by design, so side-effects are not built into their mode of operation. Delivery rates of almost 90% have been reported. This review examines the significance of these statements and checks how far they need qualification. What type of targeting is required? Is a single targeting sufficient? What new types of clinical challenge, such as immunogenicity, might attend the use of targeted nanoparticles?
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun Z, Wang W, Wang R, Duan J, Hu Y, Ma J, Zhou J, Xie S, Lu X, Zhu Z, Chen S, Zhao Y, Xu H, Wang C, Yang XD. Aluminum nanoparticles enhance anticancer immune response induced by tumor cell vaccine. Cancer Nanotechnol 2010; 1:63-69. [PMID: 26069480 PMCID: PMC4451755 DOI: 10.1007/s12645-010-0001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of nanomaterial in cancer treatment is promising and intriguing. Anti-tumor immunotherapy has the potential to significantly improve the prognosis of cancer treatment, though the efficacy of immunotherapy generally needs further improvement. One way to improve the efficacy is using immune adjuvants, but the adjuvants for anticancer immunotherapy have to be more potent than for prophylactic vaccines. Here, we report that compared to conventional alum adjuvant, aluminum oxide nanoparticles (nano-alum) may further enhance the anticancer effects of an immunotherapy that employs tumor cell vaccine (TCV). The average tumor size tends to be lower in animals that receive the combinational treatment of nano-alum and TCV. The anticancer cytotoxicity by the lymphocytes was also significantly higher in the treatment group that received both TCV and nano-alum. These results suggest that nano-alum may potentially serve as a potent immune adjuvant and have prospective applications in anticancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Sun
- />Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Wei Wang
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Rui Wang
- />National Center of Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Jinhong Duan
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Yan Hu
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Jin Ma
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Jiayan Zhou
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Sishen Xie
- />Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Xin Lu
- />Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Zhaohui Zhu
- />Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Shuchang Chen
- />Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yuanli Zhao
- />Beijing TianTan Hospital, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Haiyan Xu
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| | - Chen Wang
- />National Center of Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Xian-Da Yang
- />Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005 China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li A, Qin L, Zhu D, Zhu R, Sun J, Wang S. Signalling pathways involved in the activation of dendritic cells by layered double hydroxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2009; 31:748-56. [PMID: 19853910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.09.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanoparticles are attractive as potential drug vectors for the targeting not only of tissues, but also of intracellular organelles, and particularly the acidic endolysosomes created after cell endocytosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of LDH nanoparticles designed as vectors to activate dendritic cells (DCs), as measured by various cellular functions. The study also explored the possible signaling pathway through which the LDH nanoparticles exerted their effects on the cellular functions of DCs. First, LDH nanoparticles with different ratios of Mg(OH)(2) to Al(OH)(3) (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, called R1, R2 and R3 respectively) were optimized and had a hydrodynamic diameter of 57 nm with a zeta potential of +35 mV. Then, the efficient endocytosis of the optimized LDH nanoparticles by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) was monitored by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The effect of R1, R2 and R3 on the expression of the pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, and IL-12) and the co-stimulatory molecules (CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class II) in MDDCs was examined. The exposure of R1 caused a dose-dependent increase in the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-12, CD86 and CD40, while R2 and R3 did not up-regulate these cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules. Migration assays showed that R1 could increase the migration capacity of DCs to CCL21 and up-regulate the expression of CCR7. Furthermore, we found that R1 significantly increased the NF-kappaB expression in the nucleus (in a dose-dependent manner) and promoted the degradation of total IkappaBalpha levels, indicating that the NF-kappaB signaling pathway might involve in an R1-induced DC activation. Our results suggested that LDH nanoparticles, in the future, may function as a useful vector for ex vivo engineering to promote vaccine delivery in immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Shanghai key laboratory of cell signaling and diseases, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Debbage P, Jaschke W. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors. Histochem Cell Biol 2008; 130:845-75. [PMID: 18825403 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-008-0511-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imaging, first developed to localise antigens in light microscopy, now encompasses all imaging modalities including those used in clinical care: optical imaging, nuclear medical imaging, ultrasound imaging, CT, MRI, and photoacoustic imaging. Molecular imaging always requires accumulation of contrast agent in the target site, often achieved most efficiently by steering nanoparticles containing contrast agent into the target. This entails accessing target molecules hidden behind tissue barriers, necessitating the use of targeting groups. For imaging modalities with low sensitivity, nanoparticles bearing multiple contrast groups provide signal amplification. The same nanoparticles can in principle deliver both contrast medium and drug, allowing monitoring of biodistribution and therapeutic activity simultaneously (theranostics). Nanoparticles with multiple bioadhesive sites for target recognition and binding will be larger than 20 nm diameter. They share functionalities with many subcellular organelles (ribosomes, proteasomes, ion channels, and transport vesicles) and are of similar sizes. The materials used to synthesise nanoparticles include natural proteins and polymers, artificial polymers, dendrimers, fullerenes and other carbon-based structures, lipid-water micelles, viral capsids, metals, metal oxides, and ceramics. Signal generators incorporated into nanoparticles include iron oxide, gadolinium, fluorine, iodine, bismuth, radionuclides, quantum dots, and metal nanoclusters. Diagnostic imaging applications, now appearing, include sentinal node localisation and stem cell tracking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Debbage
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Plum SM, Vu HA, Mercer B, Fogler WE, Fortier AH. Generation of a Specific Immunological Response to FGF‐2 Does Not Affect Wound Healing or Reproduction. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2004; 26:29-41. [PMID: 15106730 DOI: 10.1081/iph-120029942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the process of new capillary formation from pre-existing vessels, has been established as an important mechanism involved in pathologic processes, such as cancer, as well as in normal physiology (Ribatti, D.; Vacca, A.; Roncali, L.; Dammacco, F. Angiogenesis under normal and pathological conditions. Haematologica 1991, 76 (4), 311-320). Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) is a critical mediator of angiogenesis that is important for normal reproduction and wound healing. FGF-2 mediates its pro-angiogenic effects by binding to heparin sulfate proteoglycan in addition to a tyrosine kinase receptor (Baird, A.; Schubert, D.; Ling, N.; Guillemin, R. Receptor and heparin-binding domain of basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1998, 5 (7), 2324-2328; Richard, C.; Roghani, M.; Moscatelli, D. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 mediates cell attachment through interactions with two FGF receptor-1 isoforms and extracellular matrix or cell-associated heparin sulfate proteoglycans. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 276 (2), 399-405; Casu, B.; Guerrini, M.; Naggi, A.; Perez, M.; Torri, G.; Ribatti, D.; Carminati, P.; Giannini, G.; Penco, S.; Pisano, C.; Belleri, M.; Rusnati, M.; Presta, M. Short heparin sequences spaced by glycol-split urinate residues are antagonists of fibroblast growth factor 2 and angiogenesis inhibitors. Biochemistry 2002, 41 (33), 10519-10528; Murphy, P.V.; Pitt, N.; O'Brien, A.; Enright, P.M.; Dunne, A.; Wilson, S.J.; Duane, R.M.; O'Boyle, K.M. Identification of novel inhibitors of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) binding to heparin and endothelial cell survival from a structurally diverse carbohybrid library. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12 (22), 3287-3290). We developed a liposomal-based peptide vaccine, L(HBD) that targets the heparin binding domain of the FGF-2 molecule. This vaccine, when inoculated into mice, inhibits angiogenesis in response to FGF-2 in a hepatic sponge model as well as tumor progression in two models of pulmonary metastatic disease. In the present studies, we further characterize the immunological and physiological responses to this vaccine. Vaccinated animals generated a specific anti-FGF-2 antibody (titer of 1:5000) that was able to inhibit FGF-2 binding to heparin sulfate in a dose dependent fashion. Cell mediated immunity was evidenced by a delayed type hypersensitivity response following challenge with the heparin binding domain peptide. Despite an immune response toward FGF-2, vaccination with L(HBD) did not result in alterations in mean time to wound healing when compared to unvaccinated animals or those treated with a liposome control. In reproductive studies, vaccinated females were not impaired in their ability to: 1) become pregnant, 2) support the growth and development of their embryos, and 3) deliver viable offspring. Furthermore, when assessed histologically, these offspring did not demonstrate any alterations in organogenesis when compared to pups born to untreated or liposome control treated females. Thus, while vaccination against FGF-2 induces a specific FGF-2 antibody response, and inhibits angiogenesis and tumor development in a pathological setting, it does not adversely alter normal physiological events dependent on FGF-2.
Collapse
|
25
|
Gruber P, Suhr M, Frey A, Becker WM, Hofmann T. Development of an epitope-specific analytical tool for the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 using a high-density multiple-antigenic peptide strategy. Mol Nutr Food Res 2004; 48:449-58. [PMID: 15508180 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 as an example, an analytical tool enabling the determination of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-epitopes in processed food allergens was developed. We synthesized a multiple-antigenic peptide (MAP) of the IgE-reactive linear epitope 3 (amino acid positions 27-36) of Ara h 2 and raised a monospecific antiserum against this epitope to obtain a positive control for future epitope resolved diagnostics. First, a MAP of epitope 3, having a molecular mass of 7770 Da, was synthesized, purified, and its structure confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization) (LC-MS(ESI)), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and Edman sequencing. The MAP was then used to raise high titer antibodies in rabbits using the adjuvant Titermax and to characterize the specificity of IgE from allergenic patients sensitized to Ara h 2. The antiserum exclusively detects Ara h 2 in crude peanut extract with a titer of 10(7) by Western blot and reacts specifically with epitope 3 shown by epitope mapping for a library of solid-phase-bound synthetic 15-mer peptides covering the entire sequence of Ara h 2. Such IgE-reactive epitopes are of high analytical relevance as they could constitute the basis for epitope-specific detection systems for use in quality control in the food industry or for forensic purposes in cases of fatal reactions to otherwise undetected peanut proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gruber
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie, Garching, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Debates are still being waged over what is the best strategy for developing a potent AIDS vaccine. All the obvious approaches to making AIDS vaccines have been tried in the past two decades without much success. It is clear that new thinking and a revision of prevailing dogmas needs to be in place if we really want a vaccine. Conventional envelope-based antibody-inducing vaccines do not appear to hold promise, and broadly-neutralizing antibodies are now being searched as an alternative to the failed approach with subunit vaccines. The current consensus is that cellular immune responses, especially those mediated by CD8 cytotoxic/suppressor (CTL) and CD4 helper T lymphocytes, are needed to control HIV. Vaccines capable of inducing cell-mediated responses are, therefore, considered critical for controlling the spread of HIV. DNA-based vaccines triggering CTL reaction are currently thought to be an answer, but will they fulfill the promise? In the following paragraphs, a critical assessment of the state of the art will be provided in an attempt to analyze what we know and still don't know. The focus of this review is primarily on mucosal vaccines-a relatively new area in AIDS research. The update on V-1 Immunitor, the first mucosal AIDS vaccine available commercially, is provided within this context. Some of the reviewed concepts may be disputable, but without departure from the uninspiring consensus no substantial progress in the AIDS vaccine field can be envisioned.
Collapse
|
27
|
N/A. N/A. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2003; 11:1764-1768. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v11.i11.1764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
|
28
|
|
29
|
|
30
|
Niemeyer CM. Nanoparticles, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids: Biotechnology Meets Materials Science. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2001; 40:4128-4158. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20011119)40:22<4128::aid-anie4128>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2006] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2001] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
31
|
Mantis NJ, Kozlowski PA, Mielcarz DW, Weissenhorn W, Neutra MR. Immunization of mice with recombinant gp41 in a systemic prime/mucosal boost protocol induces HIV-1-specific serum IgG and secretory IgA antibodies. Vaccine 2001; 19:3990-4001. [PMID: 11427275 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00115-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested the immunogenicity in mice of a recombinant fusion protein (gp41HA) consisting of the ectodomain of the HIV-1(IIIB) envelope glycoprotein gp41 fused to a fragment of the influenza virus HA2 hemagglutinin protein. An intraperitoneal prime followed by intranasal or intragastric boosts with gp41HA induced high concentrations of serum IgG antibodies and fecal IgA antibodies that reacted with gp41 in HIV-1(IIIB) viral lysate and were cross-reactive with gp41 in HIV-1(MN) lysate. By indirect immunofluorescence, serum IgG and fecal IgA from immunized mice were also shown to recognize gp41 in acetone-fixed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with either syncytium-inducing (SI) or non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) North American HIV-1 field isolates, but not uninfected cells. Thus, this recombinant antigen may be useful in prime/boost immunization protocols designed to induce systemic and mucosal antibodies that recognize multiple primary HIV-1 isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Mantis
- GI Cell Biology Laboratory, Enders 1220, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, 02115, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Patterson LJ, Robey F, Muck A, Van Remoortere K, Aldrich K, Richardson E, Alvord WG, Markham PD, Cranage M, Robert-Guroff M. A conformational C4 peptide polymer vaccine coupled with live recombinant vector priming is immunogenic but does not protect against rectal SIV challenge. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:837-49. [PMID: 11429125 DOI: 10.1089/088922201750252034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved, immunogenic CD4 binding site on the viral envelope is an attractive HIV or SIV vaccine candidate. Polymerization of an 18 amino acid segment derived from the C4 domain of SIV gp120 produced a peptide polymer or "peptomer," having an alpha-helical conformation possibly mimicking a proposed structure of the C4 domain in the unbound native protein. The SIV peptomer and native gp120 were compared as subunit boosts following two adenovirus type 5 host range (Ad5hr)-SIVenv recombinant priming immunizations. Both vaccine regimens successfully elicited SIV-specific CTL responses in five of six immunized macaques. Peptomer-boosted macaques exhibited significantly higher envelope-specific T cell proliferative responses than either the gp120-boosted macaques or controls. Peptomer immunization also elicited peptomer and SIV gp120-specific binding antibodies, but only native gp120 boosting elicited SIV neutralizing antibodies. Upon intrarectal challenge with SIVmac32H, all nine macaques became infected. The solely envelope-based vaccine conferred no protection. However, changing the boosting immunogen to the C4 peptomer did not improve protective efficacy in spite of its elicitation of humoral and cellular immune responses, including robust T-helper activity. In spite of the peptomer's strong immunogenicity and potential for induction of broadly protective immune responses, it was not effective as a subunit vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Patterson
- Basic Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Robey FA. Selective and facile cyclization of N-chloroacetylated peptides from the C4 domain of HIV Gp120 in LiCl/DMF solvent systems. THE JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE RESEARCH : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN PEPTIDE SOCIETY 2000; 56:115-20. [PMID: 11007268 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3011.2000.00734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lithium salts have been reported to mediate the solubilization of peptides in organic solvents in 1989 (Seebach, D., Thaler, A. & Beck, A. K. Helv. Chim. Acta 1989; 72, 857-867). The use of Li salts in an organic solvent to influence cyclization of a reactive peptide that only polymerizes in an aqueous solvent, has not been reported. Here, the selective and facile cyclization of N-chloroacetylated, C-cysteine amide peptides from the C4 domain of HIV-1 gp120 in LiCl/DMF solvent systems is demonstrated. The addition of stoichiometric amounts of Tris base to 1 mg/mL peptide in LiCl/DMF solutions was sufficient to drive the cyclization to completion within 3 h at ambient temperatures. Cyclic peptides were the only detectable reaction products and these were confirmed using reversed-phase HPLC and mass spectrometric analyses of the final products. In aqueous solutions at pH 7.4, only polymers were obtained as judged by HPLC and SDS-PAGE. The method of using Li salts in an organic solvent to enhance the cyclization of unprotected amphipathic peptides may be useful in many situations beyond those described here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F A Robey
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|