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El Afifi EM, Mansy MS, Hilal MA. Radiochemical signature of radium-isotopes and some radiological hazard parameters in TENORM waste associated with petroleum production: A review study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2023; 256:107042. [PMID: 36283880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Large amounts of TENORM waste (produced water, scale, and sludge) are created in oilfields around the world, presenting radiological risks to employees, the public, and the environment since activity concentrations of radioactive substances were above the exemption levels accredited by several authorities. Using the activity concentration of the radium-isotopes (226Ra and 228Ra) in the waste, we determined the 'fingerprint' as a radiochemical signature and some relevant 'radiological hazard parameters' in this review. The majority of the reported residues take the form of radio-contaminated (produced water, scale, and sludge) generated in Egypt's oilfields or elsewhere include radium isotope activity concentrations (226,228Ra) that exceed the international exemption limit. The activity concentrations of 226Ra(238U-series) in produced water, scale, and sludge waste were 0.04-1,480 Bq/L, 1.1-2,015,000 Bq/kg, and 1-120,800 Bq/kg, respectively, whereas 228Ra (232Th-series) was 0.34-250 Bq/L, 1.8-1,428,000 Bq/kg, and 10-122,830 Bq/kg, respectively. The radioactivities of radium isotopes were found to be above the exemption values recognized by WHO, IAEA, IOGP, EC, and ICRP in 95, 82, and 58% of produced water, scale, and sludge waste, respectively. The 226Ra(238U)/228Ra(232Th) ratio, from the other hand, was estimated to be utilised as a 'radiochemical fingerprint', or signature in the reported TENORM residues. The radium isotopes ratio in produced water, scale, and sludge waste in Egypt's oilfields is 0.41-4.45 (av. 1.98 ± 1.37, coefficient of variation, COV %: ∼69%), 0.2-21.4 (av. 4.3 ± 4.7, ∼109%), and 1.4-52.2 (av. 9.6 ± 15.3, ∼159%), respectively. For produced water, scale, and sludge waste, the 226Ra/228Ra ratios are 0.12-9.1 (av. 1.43 ± 1.72, ∼120%), 0.2-159 (av. 7.78 ± 23.5, ∼302%), and 0.8-223.5 (av. 14.1 ± 45.4, ∼322%) in global oilfields. The radiological hazard parameters (Ig, Ia, E◦, EG, and ELCR) owing to radium isotopes or 222Rn in most scale and sludge residues, as well as a small percentage of produced water, are all over the allowed safe limits. Substantial differences in the radium isotopes ratio in the reported waste can be attributed to thier geological, chemical, physical, and/or operational constraints. However, from the different perspectives of remediation and/or radiation protection programs, these values can be employed as a guidance for organizations investing in oil and gas production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M El Afifi
- Analytical Chemistry and Control Department, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Muhammad S Mansy
- Analytical Chemistry and Control Department, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt; Radioactive Waste Management Unit, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa A Hilal
- Analytical Chemistry and Control Department, Hot Labs and Waste Management Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office Code 13759, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Yan X, Wang G, Ma C, Li J, Cheng S, Yang C, Chen L. Effects of pollutants in alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding oilfield wastewater on membrane fouling in direct contact membrane distillation by response surface methodology. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131130. [PMID: 34470168 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic pollutants in alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding oilfield wastewater are complex [e.g., NaCl, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), petroleum, and polyacrylamide (PAM)]; thus, membrane distillation (MD) applied to treat this wastewater will be fouled and wetted easily. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the effects of pollutant interactions in ASP flooding oilfield wastewater on membrane fouling. The response model showed quantitative relationships between the membrane flux and the pollutant concentrations. The analysis of variance (p-value of the model < 0.0001, p-value of lack of fit > 0.05, R2 = 0.9750 and R2adj = 0.9500) showed that the regression equation fit the empirical data well. The results also indicated that the interactions of pollutants (NaCl and SDS; petroleum and PAM) had significant influence on the flux decline in the simulated ASP flooding oilfield wastewater. The characterization of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the MD membrane was fouled by simulated ASP flooding oilfield wastewater to a certain degree. Moreover, the membrane flux was restored to 86.9% after hydraulic cleaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Yan
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guodong Wang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China; Tianjin Haiyuanhui Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Junyu Li
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Shirong Cheng
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chengyu Yang
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Hermógenes G, Oliveira E, Zambianchi J, Zambianchi P. Total reflection X-ray fluorescence for determination of radium in water simulated by MCNP6.2 code. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Bundschuh J, Schneider J, Alam MA, Niazi NK, Herath I, Parvez F, Tomaszewska B, Guilherme LRG, Maity JP, López DL, Cirelli AF, Pérez-Carrera A, Morales-Simfors N, Alarcón-Herrera MT, Baisch P, Mohan D, Mukherjee A. Seven potential sources of arsenic pollution in Latin America and their environmental and health impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 780:146274. [PMID: 34030289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a holistic overview of the occurrence, mobilization, and pathways of arsenic (As) from predominantly geogenic sources into different near-surface environmental compartments, together with the respective reported or potential impacts on human health in Latin America. The main sources and pathways of As pollution in this region include: (i) volcanism and geothermalism: (a) volcanic rocks, fluids (e.g., gases) and ash, including large-scale transport of the latter through different mechanisms, (b) geothermal fluids and their exploitation; (ii) natural lixiviation and accelerated mobilization from (mostly sulfidic) metal ore deposits by mining and related activities; (iii) coal deposits and their exploitation; (iv) hydrocarbon reservoirs and co-produced water during exploitation; (v) solute and sediment transport through rivers to the sea; (vi) atmospheric As (dust and aerosol); and (vii) As exposure through geophagy and involuntary ingestion. The two most important and well-recognized sources and mechanisms for As release into the Latin American population's environments are: (i) volcanism and geothermalism, and (ii) strongly accelerated As release from geogenic sources by mining and related activities. Several new analyses from As-endemic areas of Latin America emphasize that As-related mortality and morbidity continue to rise even after decadal efforts towards lowering As exposure. Several public health regulatory institutions have classified As and its compounds as carcinogenic chemicals, as As uptake can affect several organ systems, viz. dermal, gastrointestinal, peptic, neurological, respiratory, reproductive, following exposure. Accordingly, ingesting large amounts of As can damage the stomach, kidneys, liver, heart, and nervous system; and, in severe cases, may cause death. Moreover, breathing air with high As levels can cause lung damage, shortness of breath, chest pain, and cough. Further, As compounds, being corrosive, can also cause skin lesions or damage eyes, and long-term exposure to As can lead to cancer development in several organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Bundschuh
- UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Jerusa Schneider
- Department of Geology and Natural Resources, Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, 13083-855 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Grande Dourados, João Rosa Góes St., 1761, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Ayaz Alam
- Departamento de Geología, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Atacama, Avenida Copayapu 485, Copiapó, Región de Atacama, Chile
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Indika Herath
- UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia
| | - Faruque Parvez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 60 Haven Ave, B-1, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barbara Tomaszewska
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30 Av., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Jyoti Prakash Maity
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, 168 University Road, Min-Hsiung, Chiayi County 62102, Taiwan
| | - Dina L López
- Department of Geological Sciences, Ohio University, 316 Clippinger Laboratories, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Alicia Fernández Cirelli
- University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (UBA-CONICET), Centro de Estudios, Transdiciplinarios del Agua (UBA), Av. Chorroarín 280, CABA C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Alejo Pérez-Carrera
- University of Buenos Aires, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Centro de Estudios Transdiciplinarios del Agua (UBA), Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Animal (UBA-CONICET), Cátedra de Química Orgánica de Biomoléculas, Av. Chorroarín 280, CABA C1427CWO, Argentina
| | - Nury Morales-Simfors
- UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Division ICT-RISE SICS East, Linköping SE-581.83, Sweden
| | - Maria Teresa Alarcón-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Sustentable, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados SC Unidad Durango, C. CIMAV # 110, Ejido Arroyo Seco, Durango, Dgo., Mexico
| | - Paulo Baisch
- Laboratório de Oceanografia Geológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Campus Carreiros, CP 474, CEP 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Dinesh Mohan
- UNESCO Chair on Groundwater Arsenic within the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, University of Southern Queensland, West Street, Toowoomba 4350, Queensland, Australia; School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abhijit Mukherjee
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Ahmad F, Morris K, Law GTW, Taylor KG, Shaw S. Fate of radium on the discharge of oil and gas produced water to the marine environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129550. [PMID: 33508689 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the speciation and fate of radium during operational discharge from the offshore oil and gas industry into the marine environment is important in assessing its long term environmental impact. In the current work, 226Ra concentrations in marine sediments contaminated by produced water discharge from a site in the UK were analysed using gamma spectroscopy. Radium was present in field samples (0.1-0.3 Bq g-1) within International Atomic Energy Agency activity thresholds and was found to be primarily associated with micron sized radiobarite particles (≤2 μm). Experimental studies of synthetic/field produced water and seawater mixing under laboratory conditions showed that a significant proportion of radium (up to 97%) co-precipitated with barite confirming the radiobarite fate pathway. The results showed that produced water discharge into the marine environment results in the formation of radiobarite particles which incorporate a significant portion of radium and can be deposited in marine sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraaz Ahmad
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Williamson Building, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Morris
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Williamson Building, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth T W Law
- Radiochemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Kevin G Taylor
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Williamson Building, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Shaw
- Research Centre for Radwaste Disposal and Williamson Research Centre, Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Williamson Building, The University of Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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6
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Jalal Sadiq A, Shabeeb KM, Khalil BI, Alsalhy QF. Effect of embedding MWCNT-g-GO with PVC on the performance of PVC membranes for oily wastewater treatment. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2019.1618845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amna Jalal Sadiq
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Kadhum M. Shabeeb
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Bassam I. Khalil
- Department of Material Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Qusay F. Alsalhy
- Membrane Technology Research Unit, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Technology-Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq
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7
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Ali MMM, Zhao H, Li Z, Maglas NNM. Concentrations of TENORMs in the petroleum industry and their environmental and health effects. RSC Adv 2019; 9:39201-39229. [PMID: 35540685 PMCID: PMC9076086 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Crude oil and its products and wastes are among the significant sources of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). These materials may be enhanced to high levels due to technological and human activities, which are called technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORMs). Thus, the average radioactivity of these radionuclides sometimes exceeds the exemption level of 10 000 Bq kg−1, which is recommended by the IAEA's safety standards. TENORMs in the oil and gas industry may generate greater radioactivity levels, which eventually represents potential environmental and health risks. This will require continuous attention by monitoring and surveillance during routine processes in the petroleum industry. In this paper, a comprehensive review of the published literature is conducted to evaluate the TENORM concentrations in the oil and gas industry. Moreover, their environmental and health hazards in different regions of the world are discussed. Crude oil and its products and wastes are among the significant sources of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen M. M. Ali
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
- National Atomic Energy Commission-Yemen
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Fundamental Science on Nuclear Safety and Simulation Technology Laboratory
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin 150001
- China
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8
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Zhang X, Gao S, Tian J, Shan S, Takagi R, Cui F, Bai L, Matsuyama H. Investigation of Cleaning Strategies for an Antifouling Thin-Film Composite Forward Osmosis Membrane for Treatment of Polymer-Flooding Produced Water. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil Engineering and Transportation, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, PR China
| | - Sujie Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Ryosuke Takagi
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Langming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, PR China
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, Kobe 6578501, Japan
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9
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Torres L, Yadav OP, Khan E. Risk assessment of human exposure to Ra-226 in oil produced water from the Bakken Shale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:867-874. [PMID: 29396348 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional oil production in North Dakota (ND) and other states in the United States uses large amounts of water for hydraulic fracturing to stimulate oil flow. Most of the water used returns to the surface as produced water (PW) containing different constituents. Some of these contents are total dissolved solids and radionuclides. The most predominant radionuclide in PW is radium-226 (Ra-226) of which level depends on several factors including the content of certain cations. A multivariate regression model was developed to predict Ra-226 in PW from the Bakken Shale based on the levels of barium, strontium, and calcium. The simulated Ra-226 activity concentration in PW was 535 pCi/L supporting extremely limited actual data based on three PW samples from the Bakken (527, 816, and 1210 pCi/L). The simulated activity concentration was further analyzed by studying its impact in the event of a PW spill reaching a surface water body that provides drinking water, irrigation water for crops, and recreational fishing. Using food transfer factors found in the literature, the final annual effective dose rate for an adult in ND was estimated. The global average annual effective dose rate via food and drinking water is 0.30 mSv, while the predicted dose rate in this study was 0.49 mSv indicating that there is potential risk to human health in ND due to Ra-226 in PW spills. This predicted dose rate is considered the best case scenario as it is based on the simulated Ra-226 activity concentration in PW of 535 pCi/L which is close to the low end actual activity concentration of 527 pCi/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Torres
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Om Prakash Yadav
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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10
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Godoy JM, Vianna LM, Godoy MLDP, Almeida AC. Determination of (226)Ra in produced water by liquid scintillation counting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2016; 160:25-27. [PMID: 27116402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It is proposed a method for the determination of (226)Ra in offshore platform liquid effluent samples (produced water). The method is based on a two-phase liquid scintillation counting system and allows for the direct and simple determination of (226)Ra content. Samples with high barium content may also have high (226)Ra concentration. Therefore, the sample volume is based on the barium concentration and ranges from 10 mL to 100 mL. Our new method was tested using multiple real samples and was compared with the BaSO4 precipitation method. The results based on the LSC were 30% higher than the precipitation method, which is attributed to the self-absorption of alpha particles in the BaSO4 precipitate. The determination of both (226)Ra and (228)Ra in the liquid effluent of offshore oil platforms is mandatory in Brazil. Thus, a second method of accurately assessing (228)Ra content remains necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Marcus Godoy
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Lucas M Vianna
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza D P Godoy
- Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria, Avenida Salvador Allende s/n, Jacarepaguá, 22780-160 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Almeida
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Marquês de São Vicente, 225 - Gávea, 22451-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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11
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Alhajji E, Al-Masri MS, Khalily H, Naoum BE, Khalil HS, Nashawati A. A Study on Sorption of (226)Ra on Different Clay Matrices. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 97:255-260. [PMID: 27329110 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sorption of radium 226 ((226)Ra) on different clay materials (bentonite, illite and a mixture of bentonite-illite) was studied. Clay materials are used in the construction of disposal pits for technically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM) wastes (i.e., contaminated soil and sludge) generated by the oil and gas industry operations. Experimental conditions (pH, clay materials quantity, and activity concentrations of (226)Ra) were changed in order to determine the optimal state for adsorption of (226)Ra. The results showed that the concentration of adsorbed (226)Ra on clay materials increased with time to reach an equilibrium state after approximately 5 h. More than 95 % of the radium was adsorbed. The mixture of bentonite-illite (1/9) exhibited the greatest adsorption of radium under all experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Alhajji
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - M S Al-Masri
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria.
| | - H Khalily
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - B E Naoum
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - H S Khalil
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
| | - A Nashawati
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
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12
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Zhang B, Shi W, Yu S, Zhu Y, Zhang R, Li L. Optimization of cleaning conditions on a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microfiltration membrane used in treatment of oil-field wastewater. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane fouling is one of the main drawbacks of microfiltration technology during the treatment of oil-field wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Wenxin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Shuili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Youbing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
- China
| | - Ruijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
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13
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Dao L, Grigoryeva T, Laikov A, Devjatijarov R, Ilinskaya O. Full-scale bioreactor pretreatment of highly toxic wastewater from styrene and propylene oxide production. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:195-202. [PMID: 25086231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The wastewater originating from simultaneous production of styrene and propylene oxide (SPO) is classified as highly polluted with chemical oxygen demand level in the range 5965 to 9137mgL(-1)-as well as highly toxic. The dilution factor providing for a 10 percent toxic effect of wastewater samples in a test with Paramecium caudatum was 8.0-9.5. Biological approach for pretreatment and detoxification of the wastewater under full-scale bioreactor conditions was investigated. The number of suspended microorganisms and the clean up efficiency were increased up to 5.5-6.58×10(8)CFUmL(-1) and 88 percent, respectively during the bioreactor's operation. Isolates in the Citrobacter, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, and Paracoccus genera were dominant in the mature suspended, as well as the immobilized microbial community of the bioreactor. The most dominant representatives were tested for their ability to biodegrade the major components of the SPO wastewater and evidence of their role in the treatment process was demonstrated. The investigated pretreatment process allowed the wastewater to be detoxified for conventional treatment with activated sludge and was closely related to the maturation of the bioreactor's microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Dao
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatiana Grigoryeva
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Laikov
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Ruslan Devjatijarov
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Ilinskaya
- Department of Microbiology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
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Abdellah WM, Al-Masri MS. Treatment of NORM contaminated soil from the oilfields. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2014; 129:63-67. [PMID: 24378731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Uncontrolled disposal of oilfield produced water in the surrounding environment could lead to soil contamination by naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM). Large volumes of soil become highly contaminated with radium isotopes ((226)Ra and (228)Ra). In the present work, laboratory experiments have been conducted to reduce the activity concentration of (226)Ra in soil. Two techniques were used, namely mechanical separation and chemical treatment. Screening of contaminated soil using vibratory sieve shaker was performed to evaluate the feasibility of particle size separation. The fractions obtained were ranged from less than 38 μm to higher than 300 μm. The results show that (226)Ra activity concentrations vary widely from fraction to fraction. On the other hand, leaching of (226)Ra from soil by aqueous solutions (distilled water, mineral acids, alkaline medias and selective solvents) has been performed. In most cases, relatively low concentrations of radium were transferred to solutions, which indicates that only small portions of radium are present on the surface of soil particles (around 4.6%), while most radium located within soil particles; only concentrated nitric acid was most effective where 50% of (226)Ra was removed to aqueous phase. However, mechanical method was found to be easy and effective, taking into account safety procedures to be followed during the implementation of the blending and homogenization. Chemical extraction methods were found to be less effective. The results obtained in this study can be utilized to approach the final option for disposal of NORM contaminated soil in the oilfields.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Abdellah
- Radiation Protection Department, Egyptian Nuclear and Radiological Regulatory Authority, P.O. Box 7551, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - M S Al-Masri
- Department of Protection & Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria, P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria
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15
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Pan F, Ma J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen L, Edmunds WM. Simulation of the migration and transformation of petroleum pollutants in the soils of the Loess plateau: a case study in the Maling oil field of northwestern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:8023-8034. [PMID: 23494194 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-013-3152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We developed a coupled water-oil simulation model to simulate the migration and transformation of petroleum-derived contaminants in the soil of the Xifeng oil field. To do so, we used the HYDRUS-2D model, which simulates the diffusion, adsorption or desorption, and microbial degradation of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the soil-water system. The saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of petroleum-derived pollutants was 0.05 cm day(-1), which is about 1 to 2 % of the soil moisture permeability coefficient. Our numerical simulation results show that spilled crude oil was mainly concentrated in the surface horizons of the soil. The organic pollutant concentration tended to be highest nearest to the pollution source. The pollutant migration was generally concentrated within the top 20 to 30 cm of the soil, with the maximum concentration in the top 5 cm of the soil. With passing time, the pollutant accumulation increased and the adsorption and degradation functions reached a dynamic balance with the input rate at depths greater than 30 cm below the soil surface. The oil-derived pollutants totaled 50 to 100 mg kg(-1) under the dynamic balance condition, which occurred after 20 to 30 years. The petroleum-derived pollutant concentration in the loess soil was inversely correlated with the horizontal distance from the oil well, and the concentration decreased greatly at a distance greater than 40 m from the well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Pan
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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16
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17
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Hosseini A, Brown JE, Gwynn JP, Dowdall M. Review of research on impacts to biota of discharges of naturally occurring radionuclides in produced water to the marine environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2012; 438:325-333. [PMID: 23022586 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Produced water has been described as the largest volume waste stream in the exploration and production process of oil and gas. It is accompanied by discharges of naturally occurring radionuclides raising concerns over the potential radiological impacts of produced water on marine biota. In the Northern European marine environment, radioactivity in produced water has received substantial attention owing to the OSPAR Radioactive Substances Strategy which aims at achieving 'concentrations in the environment near background values for naturally occurring radioactive substances'. This review provides an overview of published research on the impacts to biota from naturally occurring radionuclides discharged in produced water by the offshore oil and gas industry. In addition to summarising studies and data that deal directly with the issue of dose and effect, the review also considers studies related to the impact of added chemicals on the fate of discharged radionuclides. The review clearly illustrates that only a limited number of studies have investigated possible impacts on biota from naturally occurring radionuclides present in produced water. Hence, although these studies indicate that the risk to the environment from naturally occurring radionuclides discharged in produced water is negligible, the substantial uncertainties involved in the assessments of impact make it difficult to be conclusive. With regard to the complexity involved in the problem under consideration there is a pressing need to supplement existing data and acquire new knowledge. Finally, the present work identifies some knowledge gaps to indicate future research requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hosseini
- Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Po Box 55, N-1332 Østerås, Norway.
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18
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Xhixha G, Bezzon GP, Broggini C, Buso GP, Caciolli A, Callegari I, De Bianchi S, Fiorentini G, Guastaldi E, Kaçeli Xhixha M, Mantovani F, Massa G, Menegazzo R, Mou L, Pasquini A, Alvarez CR, Shyti M. The worldwide NORM production and a fully automated gamma-ray spectrometer for their characterization. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Yi XS, Shi WX, Ma C, Sun N, Wang S, Jin LM, Sun LP. Optimization of complex conditions by response surface methodology for APAM-oil/water emulsion removal from aqua solutions using nano-sized TiO2/Al2O3 PVDF ultrafiltration membrane. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 193:37-44. [PMID: 21872396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the cumulative effect of various parameters, namely anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) concentration, oil concentration, pH, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), and total dissolved solid (TDS), and obtains optimal parameters for the minimum relative flux (J/J(0)) declining in aqueous solutions with response surface methodology (RSM). In order to analyze the mutual interaction and optimal values of parameters affecting ultrafiltration, a central composite rotatable design (CCRD), one method of RSM, was employed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the cubic polynomial model demonstrated that this model was highly significant and reliable. The results show that the effect of APAM and oil on J/J(0) has an inverse trend with pH value increasing. Moreover, the mutual interaction of initial APAM (oil) concentration (C(APAM(oil))) and pH (TMP) were negligible, while the mutual interaction of C(APAM) and C(oil) has an obvious effect, i.e. the effect of initial feed C(APAM) became more important at higher values of initial feed C(oil), and the J/J(0) was only about 4%. The favorable operate conditions in this ultrafiltration process were at low C(APAM), C(oil), pH, and TMP, which agreed with the conclusions of many authors, while considering water production, C(APAM) and C(oil) < 50 mg/L, pH < 4, and TMP < 0.075 MPa could be accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Yi XS, Shi WX, Yu SL, Wang Y, Sun N, Jin LM, Wang S. Isotherm and kinetic behavior of adsorption of anion polyacrylamide (APAM) from aqueous solution using two kinds of PVDF UF membranes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 189:495-501. [PMID: 21398032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To determine the isotherm parameters and kinetic parameters of adsorption of anion polyacrylamide (APAM) from aqueous solution on PVDF ultrafiltration membrane (PM) and modified PVDF ultrafiltration membrane (MPM) is important in understanding the adsorption mechanism of ultrafiltration processes. Effect of variables including adsorption time, initial solution concentration, and temperature were investigated. The Redlich-Peterson equation of the five different isotherm models we chose was the most fitted model, and the R(2) was 0.9487, 0.9765 for PM and MPM, respectively; while, the pseudo-first-order model was the best choice among all the four kinetic models to describe the adsorption behavior of APAM onto membranes, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism was a chemical and physical combined adsorption on heterogeneous surface. The thermodynamic parameters were also calculated from the temperature dependence (Δ(r)G(m)(θ), Δ(r)H(m)(θ), Δ(r)S(m)(θ)), which showed that the process of adsorption is not spontaneous but endothermic process and high temperature favors the adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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21
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Sanders LM, Sanders CJ, Luiz-Silva W, Machado W, Silva-Filho EV, Patchineelam SR. Anthropogenic source assessment of 226Ra and 210Pb in a sediment core from the Cubatão River estuary (SE Brazil). J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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22
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Gomes Neto A, Costa CSB. Survival and growth of the dominant salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora in an oil industry saline wastewater. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2009; 11:640-650. [PMID: 19810360 DOI: 10.1080/15226510902861727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Saline oil produced water (PW) is the largest wastewater stream in the oil exploration and production processes. Although eventual disposal of PW into shallow coastal waters occurs nearby coastal wetlands, no studies regarding its toxicity to higher plants were found in our literature review. To fill this knowledge gap and evaluate the potential use of this halophyte for PW phytoremediation the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora was grown in five PW concentrations and no PW treatment control for seven weeks. The oil & grease, NaCl, and ammonium (N-NH4+) concentrations in the PW were 120 mg L(-1), 30 g L(-1), and 381 mg L(-1), respectively. Plants grown in 30% PW and 10% PW achieved survival rates (75%) significantly higher than plants grown in 100% PW (35% survival). LT50 of S. alterniflora to raw PW with 120 mg L(-1) of oil & grease (100% PW) was estimated at 30 days. Root and sprout biomass were significantly stimulated by PW; plants grown in 10% to 50% PW concentrations were 70-300% more productive than those in control, 80% PW and 100% PW, respectively. No significant inhibitory effects on survival or growth were detected for concentrations of PW less than 80% when compared to control. Our results pointed out that S. alterniflora grows in saline oil PW and its potential use to phytoremediate this effluent should be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afrânio Gomes Neto
- Program de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, RS, Brazil.
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23
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Grung M, Ruus A, Holth TF, Sidhu RS, Eriksen DØ, Hylland K. Bioaccumulation and lack of oxidative stress response in the ragworm H. diversicolor following exposure to 226Ra in sediment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2009; 100:429-434. [PMID: 19342133 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The main effluent from oil and gas production, produced water, from some platforms in the North Sea contains elevated concentrations of (226)Ra. The aim of this study was to investigate whether (226)Ra in sediment would accumulate in and affect sediment-dwelling organisms. In addition, we wanted to determine if the bioavailability would be modulated by the presence of a scale inhibitor which is used during oil and gas production. Hediste diversicolor was therefore exposed to different levels of (226)Ra (30-6600 Bq kg(-1)) in combination with scale inhibitor in the sediments in a flow through system. The levels of radioactivity in the exposures were close to levels that can be measured in proximity to oil/gas production facilities. (226)Ra spiked to natural sediment partitioned into pore water and accumulated in the sediment-dwelling polychaete following a four-week exposure period. The results suggest that (226)Ra did not bind strongly to sediment (low sediment:water partitioning coefficient), but it was not shown to bioaccumulate in any great extent (bioaccumulation factors of 0.019-0.022). Exposure of H. diversicolor in sediments with up to 6600 Bq kg(-1)(226)Ra had no measurable effect on the total oxyradical scavenging capacity of the organisms compared to control. So although they accumulated the alpha-emitter, the treatments did not appear to cause oxidative stress in polychaete tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, N-0324 Oslo, Norway.
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Machado W, Luiz-Silva W, Sanders CJ, Patchineelam SR. Coupled anthropogenic anomalies of radionuclides and major elements in estuarine sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2008; 99:1329-1334. [PMID: 18490087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of fertilizer industry-derived P (up to 3.4%), Ca (up to 6.1%), (226)Ra (up to 744 Bq kg(-1)) and (210)Pb (up to 1317 Bq kg(-1)) at least one order of magnitude above natural levels were recorded in a sediment core from Morrão River estuary (SE Brazil). Unsupported (210)Pb (= total (210)Pb-(226)Ra) activities unexplained by atmospheric fallout and deviations from the radionuclides secular equilibrium also indicated strong anomalies. Anomalous constituents were positively correlated with each other and negatively correlated with clay mineral-bearing elements. These negative correlations were explained by a depletion of natural sediment constituents due to a dilution caused by elevated inputs of steel industry-derived elements (mainly by Fe levels up to 24%). Absolute data and normalizations by a proxy for clays (Al) and anthropogenic Fe evidenced variabilities in the quality of coastal and land-derived sediment inputs, mainly due to changes in the relative contributions from industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Machado
- Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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25
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Gazineu MHP, Hazin CA. Radium and potassium-40 in solid wastes from the oil industry. Appl Radiat Isot 2008; 66:90-4. [PMID: 17826146 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of (226)Ra, (228)Ra and (40)K in scales and sludge generated during oil extraction and production operations were determined using an HPGe gamma spectrometric system. Concentrations ranged from 42.7 to 2110.0 kBqkg(-1) for (226)Ra, 40.5 to 1550.0 kBqkg(-1) for (228)Ra and 20.6 to 186.6 kBqkg(-1) for (40)K. The magnitude of these results demonstrates the need of screening oil residues for their radionuclide content in order to decide about their final disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H P Gazineu
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Católica de Pernambuco-UNICAP, Recife, Brazil
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26
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Izanloo H, Mesdaghinia A, Nabizadeh R, Naddafi K, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Nazmara S. The treatment of wastewater containing crude oil with aerated submerged fixed-film reactor. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10:2905-9. [PMID: 19090197 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2007.2905.2909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
An aerated submerged fixed-film (ASFF) bioreactor was developed to treat an artificial wastewater based on crude oil. Bee-Cell 2000 was used as support media having porosity of 87% and a specific surface area of 650 m2 m(-3). The system was able to achieve 70.87-93.12% removal efficiencies of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in the organic loading rate range of 1.310 to 15.797 g COD m(-2) day(-1). Data gained exhibited that the effluent COD concentration ranged between 68.68 and 292.60 mg L(-1) at organic loadings experienced. Therefore, an ASFF process showed that it was feasible to treat high oily wastewater in order to meet the discharge standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Izanloo
- Center of Environmental Research and Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Medical Sciences/University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Chau ND, Chruściel E. Leaching of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials. Appl Radiat Isot 2007; 65:968-74. [PMID: 17482828 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A form of waste associated with mining activities is related to the type of deposit being mined and to the procedure of exploitation and enrichment adopted. The wastes usually contain relatively large amounts of technologically enhanced naturally occurring radioactive materials (TENORM). The TENORM are often stored on the surface. Consequently, they can be leached as a result of interaction with aqueous solutions of different chemical composition. This further leads to pollution of water and soil in the vicinity of the stored wastes. The paper presents the results of laboratory investigation aimed at quantifying the leaching process of samples originating from uranium dumps and storage reservoirs associated with brine pumped from coal mines. The leaching process was investigated with respect to selected elements: uranium isotopes, radium isotopes, iron, barium and sodium. The samples were exposed to aqueous solutions of different chemical composition. The experiments revealed that TENORM in form of sulphate compounds are the most resistant against leaching. The leaching coefficient for radium isotopes varies from a few thousandth percent to a few hundredth percent. On the other hand, for TENORM occurring in sand or sludge, the leaching coefficient for uranium and radium isotopes ranged from a few hundredth percent to a few percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Dinh Chau
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
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28
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Dórea HS, Bispo JR, Aragão KA, Cunha BB, Navickiene S, Alves JP, Romão LP, Garcia CA. Analysis of BTEX, PAHs and metals in the oilfield produced water in the State of Sergipe, Brazil. Microchem J 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2006.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Landa ER. Naturally occurring radionuclides from industrial sources: characteristics and fate in the environment. RADIOACTIVITY IN THE ENVIRONMENT 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-4860(06)10010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Al-Masri MS. Spatial and monthly variations of radium isotopes in produced water during oil production. Appl Radiat Isot 2006; 64:615-23. [PMID: 16386910 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2005.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 11/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and monthly variations of radium isotope concentrations in produced water have been evaluated during oil production. Samples of produced water were collected and analyzed on a monthly basis over a period of 5 months, the samples being derived from 11 main oil production wells at three Syrian oilfields. The highest average 226Ra, 228Ra and 224Ra concentrations in these samples of water were found to be 41, 37.5 and 1.1 Bql(-1), respectively. The data obtained for 226Ra, 228Ra and the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio were evaluated statistically and displayed using the Box Plot method; clear variations can be observed from one field to another, indicating differences in the geological formation of the reservoir. The 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio variations reflect the variability of the Th/U mass ratio of the geological formation, suggesting two different source rock types. The calculated mean Th/U mass ratio for these two possible types of source rock were 2.4 and 5.78. In addition, the 228Ra/226Ra mean activity ratio was also used to estimate the age of some deposited scales in tubulars; the results were compared with the 224Ra/228Ra activity ratio dating method. Monthly variations of 226Ra and 228Ra activity concentrations and the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio in produced water were also observed, the major causes for these variations being related to the type of injection water and interwell reactions. Possible relationships between 226Ra and 228Ra activity concentrations, the 228Ra/226Ra activity ratio and physical and chemical properties of produced water were statistically evaluated; no linear correlations were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Al-Masri
- Department of Protection and Safety, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), Damascus, P.O. Box 6091, Syria.
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32
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de Andrade J, Korn M, Cadore S. Research on analytical chemistry in Brazil: an overview. Microchem J 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2004.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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El Mamoney MH, Khater AEM. Environmental characterization and radio-ecological impacts of non-nuclear industries on the Red Sea coast. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2004; 73:151-168. [PMID: 15023445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2003] [Revised: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 08/23/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Red Sea is a deep semi-enclosed and narrow basin connected to the Indian Ocean by a narrow sill in the south and to the Suez Canal in the north. Oil industries in the Gulf of Suez, phosphate ore mining activities in Safaga-Quseir region and intensified navigation activities are non-nuclear pollution sources that could have serious radiological impacts on the marine environment and the coastal ecosystems of the Red Sea. It is essential to establish the radiological base-line data, which does not exist yet, and to investigate the present radio-ecological impact of the non-nuclear industries to preserve and protect the coastal environment of the Red Sea. Some natural and man-made radionuclides have been measured in shore sediment samples collected from the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea. The specific activities of 226Ra and 210Pb (238U) series, 232Th series, 40K and 137Cs (Bq/kg dry weight) were measured using gamma ray spectrometers based on hyper-pure germanium detectors. The specific activities of 210Po (210Pb) and uranium isotopes (238U, 235U and 234U) (Bq/kg dry weight) were measured using alpha spectrometers based on surface barrier (PIPS) detectors after radiochemical separation. The absorbed radiation dose rates in air (nGy/h) due to natural radionuclides in shore sediment and radium equivalent activity index (Bq/kg) were calculated. The specific activity ratios of 228Ra/226Ra, 210Pb/226Ra, 226Ra/238U and 234U/238U were calculated for evaluation of the geo-chemical behaviour of these radionuclides. The average specific activity of 226Ra (238U) series, 232Th series, 40K and 210Pb were 24.7, 31.4, 427.5 and 25.6 Bq/kg, respectively. The concentration of 137Cs in the sediment samples was less than the lower limit of detection. The Red Sea coast is an arid region with very low rainfall and the sediment is mainly composed of sand. The specific activity of 238U, 235U and 234U were 25.3, 2.9 and 25.0 Bq/kg. The average specific activity ratios of 226Ra/228Ra, 210Pb/226Ra and 234U/238U were 1.67, 1.22 and 1.0, respectively. The relationship between 226Ra/228Ra activity ratio and sample locations along the coastal shoreline indicates the increase of this ratio in the direction of the Shuqeir in the north and Safaga in the south where the oil exploration and phosphate mining activities are located. These activities may contribute a high flux of 226Ra. The concentration and distribution pattern of 226Ra in sediment can be used to trace the radiological impact of the non-nuclear industries on the Red Sea coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H El Mamoney
- National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Alexandria, Egypt
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