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Zhang H, Wang R, Guo S, Tian Q, Zhang S, Guo L, Liu T, Wang R. Lower serum magnesium concentration and higher 24-h urinary magnesium excretion despite higher dietary magnesium intake in athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2023.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Maeda T, Hamada Y, Funakoshi S, Hoshi R, Tsuji M, Narumi-Hyakutake A, Matsumoto M, Kakutani Y, Hatamoto Y, Yoshimura E, Miyachi M, Takimoto H. Determination of Optimal Daily Magnesium Intake among Physically Active People: A Scoping Review. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2022; 68:189-203. [PMID: 35768250 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.68.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the optimal daily magnesium (Mg) intake for individuals with high levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to clarify the optimal dietary Mg intake for people with high levels of physical activity in a scoping review. In this review, we searched MEDLINE and Japan Medical Abstracts Society for studies published up to May 31, 2020. We conducted two searches, one for studies using gold standard measurement methods such as the balance method and factorial calculation (Search 1), and the other for studies using estimation from daily food intake (Search 2). We also performed a meta-analysis of studies that compared the Mg intake among physically active people with the Mg intake among controls. After the primary and secondary screening, 31 studies were included in the final review. All of the included studies examined professional or recreational athletes. We found no studies that examined the optimal intake of Mg using gold standard measurement methods. The Mg intake among physically active individuals was below the recommended dietary allowance in most studies. In five studies that conducted meta-analyses, physically active individuals had significantly higher intakes of Mg than controls, although these levels were still below the recommended dietary allowance. The present review revealed that evidence regarding the optimal daily magnesium intake is currently scarce, and further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Maeda
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Yuka Hamada
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Shunsuke Funakoshi
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University
| | - Rena Hoshi
- Department of Social Information, Faculty of Studies on Contemporary Society, Mejiro University
| | - Masayoshi Tsuji
- Department of Lifestyle and Welfare Information, Kindai University Kyushu Junior College
| | | | - Mai Matsumoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Yuya Kakutani
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Osaka Shoin Women's University
| | - Yoichi Hatamoto
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Eiichi Yoshimura
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University
| | - Hidemi Takimoto
- Department of Nutritional Epidemiology and Shokuiku, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
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Toro-Román V, Siquier-Coll J, Bartolomé I, Grijota FJ, Muñoz D, Maynar-Mariño M. Influence of physical training on intracellular and extracellular zinc concentrations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:110-125. [PMID: 35599919 PMCID: PMC9116397 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2054665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical exercise affects zinc (Zn) homeostasis. This study aimed to analyze the influence of physical training on extracellular (serum, plasma, and urine) and intracellular (erythrocytes and platelets) concentrations of Zn. Methods Forty young men, divided into a training group (TG; n = 20; 18.15 ± 0.27 years; 68.59 ± 4.18 kg; 1.76 ± 0.04 m) and a control group (CG; n = 20; 19.25 ± 0.39 years; 73.45 ± 9.04 kg; 1.79 ± 0.06 m), participated in this study. The TG was formed by semiprofessional soccer players from a youth category with a regular training plan of 10 h/week. The CG was formed by healthy men who did not practice physical exercise and had not followed any specific training plan. Plasma, serum, urine, erythrocyte, and platelet samples of Zn were obtained and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results The TG showed elevated plasma Zn concentrations (p < 0.01) despite similar intakes. However, TG showed reduced absolute (p < 0.01) and relative (p < 0.05) Zn concentrations in erythrocytes. Conclusions Athletes who underwent regular physical training showed elevated plasma and reduced erythrocyte Zn concentrations despite similar intakes to the CG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Toro-Román
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Jesús Siquier-Coll
- SER Research Group. Center of Higher Education Alberta Giménez, affiliated to Comillas Pontificial University, Palma Mallorca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Grijota
- Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Nebrija, Campus La Berzosa, Hoyo de Manzanares, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Faculty of Sport Sciences Faculty, University of Extremadura, Avenida de la Universidad s/n, Cáceres, Spain
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Alshuwaier GO, Ghazzawi HA, Alaqil AI, Alsharif YR, Alibrahim MS, Aljaloud KS. The Effect of Intensity Soccer Training Sessions on Marked Biochemical Indicators of Blood Acidity of Saudi Young Soccer Players. Open Access J Sports Med 2022; 13:17-23. [PMID: 35299591 PMCID: PMC8922456 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s356075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Methods Results Conclusion
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghareeb O Alshuwaier
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel Ali Ghazzawi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, School of Agriculture, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Abdulrahman I Alaqil
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, 5230, Denmark
- Correspondence: Abdulrahman I Alaqil, Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, P.O. BOX 31982, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 555239166, Email
| | - Yahya R Alsharif
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Shaab Alibrahim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, ZIP 400, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid S Aljaloud
- Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, ZIP 4545, Saudi Arabia
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Chu A, Holdaway C, Varma T, Petocz P, Samman S. Lower Serum Zinc Concentration Despite Higher Dietary Zinc Intake in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2018; 48:327-336. [PMID: 29164533 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-017-0818-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential trace element that has been implicated in numerous biological functions, including immunity, energy metabolism and antioxidative processes. Recent evaluations of the literature have provided evidence of significant acute changes in zinc metabolism following a bout of aerobic exercise. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the zinc status of trained athletes compared with control populations, as described in cross-sectional studies. DESIGN We conducted a systematic literature search of the PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Cochrane Library electronic databases from inception to 28 January 2016 to identify cross-sectional studies that determined the zinc status of athletes compared with a control population. Meta-analysis of the differences in serum zinc concentration and dietary zinc intake between groups were conducted. RESULTS Twelve studies were included in the systematic review. Of the included studies, nine and eight studies provided sufficient data for the meta-analysis of serum zinc concentration and dietary zinc intake, respectively. Serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in athletes [- 0.93 μmol/L, 95% confidence interval (CI) - 1.62 to - 0.23] despite significantly higher dietary zinc intake compared with the control population (2.57 mg/day, 95% CI 0.97-4.16). Data on erythrocyte and urinary zinc from the included studies were insufficient for meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Despite higher total dietary zinc intake, athletes generally have lower serum zinc concentration, which suggests that athletes have higher requirement of zinc than those who are physically inactive. Further investigations of zinc metabolism during exercise and dietary zinc requirement in active populations are needed to establish evidence-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chu
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Cushla Holdaway
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Trishala Varma
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Samir Samman
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand. .,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Trame S, Wessels I, Haase H, Rink L. A short 18 items food frequency questionnaire biochemically validated to estimate zinc status in humans. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 49:285-295. [PMID: 29496418 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Inadequate dietary zinc intake is wide-spread in the world's population. Despite the clinical significance of zinc deficiency there is no established method or biomarker to reliably evaluate the zinc status. The aim of our study was to develop a biochemically validated questionnaire as a clinically useful tool that can predict the risk of an individual being zinc deficient. From 71 subjects aged 18-55 years blood and urine samples were collected. Zinc concentrations in serum and urine were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) including 38 items was filled out representing the consumption during the last 6 months obtaining nutrient diet scores. Latter were calculated by multiplication of the particular frequency of consumption, the nutrient intake of the respective portion size and the extent of the consumed quantity. Results from the FFQ were compared with nutrient intake information gathered in 24-h dietary recalls. A hemogram was performed and cytokine concentrations were obtained using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. Reducing the items of the primary FFQ from 38 to 18 did not result in a significant variance between both calculated scores. Zinc diet scores showed highly significant correlation with serum zinc (r = 0.37; p < 0.01) and urine zinc concentrations (r = 0.34; p < 0.01). Serum zinc concentrations and zinc diet scores showed a significant positive correlation with animal protein intake (r = 0.37; p < 0.01/r = 0.54; p < 0.0001). Higher zinc diet scores were found in omnivores compared to vegetarians (213.5 vs. 111.9; p < 0.0001). The 18 items FFQ seems to be a sufficient tool to provide a good estimation of the zinc status. Moreover, shortening of the questionnaire to 18 items without a loss of predictive efficiency enables a facilitated and resource-saving routine use. A validation of the questionnaire in other cohorts could enable the progression towards clinical utilization of this promising tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Trame
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hajo Haase
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Berlin Institute of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly, Potsdam, Berlin, Jena, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, University Hospital, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Abstract
Magnesium, zinc, and chromium are mineral elements required in modest amounts to maintain health and optimal physiologic function. For physically active persons, adequate amounts of these micronutrients are needed in the diet to ensure the capacity for increased energy expenditure and work performance. Most physically active individuals consume diets that provide amounts of magnesium and zinc sufficient to meet population standards. Women tend to consume less of these minerals than is recommended, in part because they eat less food than men. Inadequate intakes of magnesium and zinc have been reported for participants in activities requiring restriction of body weight. Dietary chromium is difficult to estimate because of a lack of appropriate reference databases. Acute, intense activity results in short-term increases in both urine and sweat losses of minerals that apparently diminish during recovery in the days after exercise. Supplemental magnesium and zinc apparently improve strength and muscle metabolism. However, evidence is lacking as to whether these observations relate to impaired nutritional status or a pharmacologic effect. Chromium supplementation of young men and women does not promote muscle accretion, fat loss, or gains in strength. Physically active individuals with concerns about meeting guidelines for nutrient intake should be counseled to select and consume foods with high nutrient densities rather than to rely on nutritional supplements. The indiscriminate use of mineral supplements can adversely affect physiologic function and impair health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Lukaski
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND 58202-9034, USA.
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Fogelholm M. Micronutrients: interaction between physical activity, intakes and requirements. Public Health Nutr 1999; 2:349-56. [PMID: 10610072 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980099000476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present literature review examines the following questions: (a) What is the evidence that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people? (b) Is there an association between physical activity and micronutrient intake? (c) Are there any significant differences between indices of micronutrient status between physically active and inactive people? The available data suggest that micronutrient requirements are increased in physically active people because of increased losses through sweat, urine and faeces, and an increased need for defence against free radicals. However the evidence is controversial, and it is not possible to make any quantitative estimations. Micronutrient requirements in moderately active people are not likely to be very much above the levels recommended for the general population. The intake of micronutrients increases with increasing energy intake. Therefore, physically highly active people (athletes) have higher micronutrient intakes than untrained subjects. However, moderate physical activity does not necessarily affect daily micronutrient intake. The available indices of micronutrient status do not support the belief that micronutrient status is compromised in highly trained athletes, even without use of dietary supplements. Hence, there are no reasons to believe that the situation would be different in people who are only moderately active. The results suggest that micronutrient status is adequate for health and functional performance in physically active people who follow a normal, mixed Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fogelholm
- University of Helsinki, Lahti Research and Training Centre, Finland.
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Fogelholm M. Indicators of vitamin and mineral status in athletes' blood: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1995; 5:267-84. [PMID: 8605515 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.5.4.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the hypothesis that vitamin and mineral status in athletes is inadequate for optimal sports performance. The review is based on indicators determined from blood and on studies published since 1980. Most of the studies did not find micronutrient status in athletes to be different from untrained controls. The serum ferritin concentration in females was lower than in males (27 vs. 78 micrograms.L-1), and the prevalence of low serum ferritin concentration was higher in female athletes than in untrained female controls (37 vs. 23%). Supplementation of water-soluble vitamins and iron was associated with an improvement in the corresponding indicators. Excluding a few studies with mildly anemic subjects, improvements in indicators of micronutrient status were not associated with enhanced athletic performance. Consequently, the levels of indicators of micronutrient status seen in athletes' blood were apparently compatible with optimal physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fogelholm
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion and Research, Tampere, Finland
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Manore MM, Helleksen JM, Merkel J, Skinner JS. Longitudinal changes in zinc status in untrained men: effects of two different 12-week exercise training programs and zinc supplementation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1993; 93:1165-8. [PMID: 8409141 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)91653-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Manore
- Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-2502
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