1
|
Gupta S, Brazier AKM, Lowe NM. Zinc deficiency in low- and middle-income countries: prevalence and approaches for mitigation. J Hum Nutr Diet 2020; 33:624-643. [PMID: 32627912 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the prevalence of zinc deficiency in Low- and Middle-income Countries (LMICs) and assesses the available strategies for its alleviation. The paucity of national-level data on the zinc deficiency in LMICs is partially a result of the lack of a reliable biomarker. Zinc deficiency appears to be a public health problem in almost all the LMICs, irrespective of the recommended indicators (plasma zinc concentration, dietary zinc adequacy and stunting prevalence) used. Based on plasma/serum zinc concentration (PZC), which is the most appropriate indicator at present, the prevalence of zinc deficiency in LMICs is of concern. Among the 25 countries for which national PZC data were available, 23 had a zinc deficiency prevalence of >20% for at least one physiological group. Zinc supplementation is largely restricted as an adjunct therapy for diarrhoea management in children, and the best platform and the most effective way of preventive zinc supplementation delivery remains to be established. Impact assessment for current zinc fortification programmes in LMICs and the effectiveness of zinc supplementation as part of a multi-micronutrient powder is to be determined. Dietary diversification, though promising for LMICs, is in the nascent stages of development at present. Inclusion of meat and animal products can be an important way of improving zinc status. Programmatic experience with the promotion of home processing techniques to increase absorbable zinc in the diet is lacking. Conventional biofortification techniques are gaining recognition in LMICs; however, transgenic biofortification as a strategy remains controversial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Lancashire Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - A K M Brazier
- Lancashire Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - N M Lowe
- Lancashire Research Centre for Global Development, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Ding Y, Zhang X, Li Y, Wang R, Luo X, Li Y, Li J, Chen Z. Isolation of a novel calcium-binding peptide from wheat germ protein hydrolysates and the prediction for its mechanism of combination. Food Chem 2017; 239:416-426. [PMID: 28873586 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To isolate a novel peptide with specific calcium-binding capacity, wheat germ protein was hydrolyzed. The hydrolysates were purified using ultrafiltration, anion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The amino acid sequence of the purified peptide was determined and confirmed to be FVDVT (Phe-Val-Asp-Val-Thr). The calcium-binding capacity of FVDVT reached 89.94±0.75%, increased by 86.37% compared to the hydrolysates. The chelating mechanism between FVDVT and calcium was further investigated by Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and 1H nuclear magnetic resonances spectroscopy. The results indicated that the oxygen atoms of the carboxy group and the nitrogen atoms of the amido group provided major binding sites. In addition, aspartic acid and threonine show considerable capacity for incorporating with calcium by donating electron pairs. This study provides a feasible approach to isolate calcium-binding peptides and to clarify the possible binding mechanism of calcium and peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xinxia Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yongfu Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ren Wang
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiaohu Luo
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu KX, Wang XP, Guo XN. Isolation and characterization of zinc-chelating peptides from wheat germ protein hydrolysates. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
|
4
|
Bel-Serrat S, Stammers AL, Warthon-Medina M, Moran VH, Iglesia-Altaba I, Hermoso M, Moreno LA, Lowe NM. Factors that affect zinc bioavailability and losses in adult and elderly populations. Nutr Rev 2014; 72:334-52. [DOI: 10.1111/nure.12105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Bel-Serrat
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Anna-Louise Stammers
- International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Food Safety Studies; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Marisol Warthon-Medina
- International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Food Safety Studies; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Victoria Hall Moran
- Maternal and Infant Nutrition and Nurture Unit; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | - Iris Iglesia-Altaba
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Maria Hermoso
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich; Dr. von Hauner Childrens Hospital; Div. Metabolic Diseases and Nutritional Medicine; Munich Germany
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group; Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Zaragoza; Zaragoza Spain
| | - Nicola M Lowe
- International Institute of Nutritional Sciences and Food Safety Studies; University of Central Lancashire; Preston UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Calcium L-methionate, magnesium L-methionate and zinc mono-L-methionine sulphate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food. EFSA J 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2009.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
6
|
Sreenivasulu K, Raghu P, Ravinder P, Nair KM. Effect of dietary ligands and food matrices on zinc uptake in Caco-2 cells: implications in assessing zinc bioavailability. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:10967-72. [PMID: 18947232 DOI: 10.1021/jf802060q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics, depletion/repletion of zinc, and effects of dietary ligands/food matrices on (65)Zn uptake was studied in Caco-2 cells. The uptake of zinc showed a saturable and nonsaturable component, depending upon the media zinc concentrations. Intracellular depletion increased zinc uptake, whereas zinc loading did not. Phytic acid and histidine inhibited zinc uptake, while tannic acid, tartaric acid, arginine, and methionine increased zinc uptake. Tannic acid at a 1:50 molar ratio promoted zinc uptake from wheat- and rice-based food matrices. Further, Caco-2 cells responded similarly with zinc and iron uptake when fed Indian bread prepared from low- and high-extraction wheat flour, representing low and high phytate content. However, inclusion of tea extract or red grape juice as a source of polyphenols enhanced the uptake of zinc while decreasing that of iron. These results suggest that the Caco-2 cells predict the correct direction of response to dietary ligands even from complex foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kilari Sreenivasulu
- Biophysics Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai Osmania, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. Nutrition intervention strategies to combat zinc deficiency in developing countries. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 11:115-31. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19980008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWidespread zinc deficiency is likely to exist in developing countries where staple diets are predominantly plant based and intakes of animal tissues are low. The severe negative consequences of zinc deficiency on human health in developing countries, however, have only recently been recognized. An integrated approach employing targeted supplementation, fortification and dietary strategies must be used to maximize the likelihood of eliminating zinc deficiency at a national level in developing countries. Supplementation is appropriate only for populations whose zinc status must be improved over a relatively short time period, and when requirements cannot be met from habitual dietary sources. As well, the health system must be capable of providing consistent supply, distribution, delivery and consumption of the zinc supplement to the targeted groups. Uncertainties still exist about the type, frequency, and level of supplemental zinc required for prevention and treatment of zinc deficiency. Salts that are readily absorbed and at levels that will not induce antagonistic nutrient interactions must be used. At a national level, fortification with multiple micronutrients could be a cost effective method for improving micronutrient status, including zinc, provided that a suitable food vehicle which is centrally processed is available. Alternatively, fortification could be targeted for certain high risk groups (e.g. complementary foods for infants). Efforts should be made to develop protected fortificants for zinc, so that potent inhibitors of zinc absorption (e.g. phytate) present either in the food vehicle and/or indigenous meals do not compromise zinc absorption. Fortification does not require any changes in the existing food beliefs and practices for the consumer and, unlike supplementation, does not impose a burden on the health sector. A quality assurance programme is required, however, to ensure the quality of the fortified food product from production to consumption. In the future, dietary modification/diversification, although long term, may be the preferred strategy because it is more sustainable, economically feasible, culturally acceptable, and equitable, and can be used to alleviate several micronutrient deficiencies simultaneously, without danger of inducing antagonistic micronutrient interactions. Appropriate dietary strategies include consumption of zinc-dense foods and those known to enhance zinc absorption, reducing the phytic acid content of plant based staplesviaenzymic hydrolysis induced by germination/fermentation or nonenzymic hydrolysis by soaking or thermal processing. All the strategies outlined above should be integrated with ongoing national food, nutrition and health education programmes, to enhance their effectiveness and sustainability, and implemented using nutrition education and social marketing techniques. Ultimately the success of any approach for combating zinc deficiency depends on strong advocacy, top level commitment, a stable infrastructure, long term financial support and the capacity to control quality and monitor and enforce compliance at the national or regional level. To be cost effective, costs for these strategies must be shared by industry, government, donors and consumers.
Collapse
|
8
|
Long KZ, Rosado JL, Montoya Y, de Lourdes Solano M, Hertzmark E, DuPont HL, Santos JI. Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on gastrointestinal parasitic infections among Mexican children. Pediatrics 2007; 120:e846-55. [PMID: 17908741 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal parasites continue to be an important cause of morbidity and stunting among children in developing countries. We evaluated the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on infections by Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Entamoeba histolytica. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 707 children who were 6 to 15 months of age and from periurban areas of Mexico City, Mexico, between January 2000 and May 2002. Children, who were assigned to receive either vitamin A every 2 months, a daily zinc supplement, a combined vitamin A and zinc supplement, or a placebo, were followed for 1 year. The primary end points were the 12-month rates and durations of infection for the 3 parasites and rates of parasite-associated diarrheal disease as determined in stools collected once a month and after diarrheal episodes. RESULTS G. lamblia infections were reduced and A. lumbricoides infections increased among children in the combined vitamin A and zinc group or the zinc alone group, respectively. Durations of Giardia infections were reduced among children in all 3 treatment arms, whereas Ascaris infections were reduced in the vitamin A and zinc group. In contrast, E. histolytica infection durations were longer among zinc-supplemented children. Finally, E. histolytica- and A. lumbricoides-associated diarrheal episodes were reduced among children who received zinc alone or a combined vitamin A and zinc supplement, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that vitamin A and zinc supplementation was associated with distinct parasite-specific health outcomes. Vitamin A plus zinc reduces G. lamblia incidence, whereas zinc supplementation increases A. lumbricoides incidence but decreases E. histolytica-associated diarrhea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Z Long
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Long KZ, Montoya Y, Hertzmark E, Santos JI, Rosado JL. A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial of the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in children in Mexico City, Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83:693-700. [PMID: 16522919 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn.83.3.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of micronutrient supplementation in improving childhood health and survival in developing countries may be specific to the micronutrient used and health outcome measured. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on overall rates of childhood diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections and rates stratified by household and personal characteristics. DESIGN A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out in which 736 children aged 6-15 mo living in a periurban area of Mexico City were assigned to receive vitamin A every 2 mo, zinc daily, vitamin A and zinc together, or placebo. Children were followed for 12 mo to determine overall counts of diarrheal episodes and respiratory tract infections. RESULTS Vitamin A supplementation was associated with a 27% increase in diarrheal disease [risk ratio (RR): 1.27; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.45; P < 0.001] and a 23% increase in cough with fever (RR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.47; P = 0.02), whereas zinc had no effect on these outcomes. Vitamin A supplementation decreased diarrhea in children from households with dirt floors but increased diarrhea in children from households with nondirt floors, piped water, and indoor bathrooms. Zinc supplementation decreased diarrhea in children from households with dirt floors and whose mothers were more educated. Vitamin A supplementation increased cough with fever in children from less-crowded households that lacked indoor bathrooms and in children of less-educated mothers. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin A increases diarrheal disease and respiratory tract infections in young children in periurban areas of Mexico City. Vitamin A and zinc have more heterogeneous effects in different subgroups of children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Z Long
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chien XX, Zafra-Stone S, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties of zinc methionine. Biofactors 2006; 27:231-44. [PMID: 17012778 DOI: 10.1002/biof.5520270120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Although a large number of transition metals and cations remarkably induce oxidative deterioration of biological macromolecules including lipids, proteins and DNA, the trace element zinc acts as a novel dietary supplement and an essential micronutrient, and serves a wide range of biological functions in human and animal health. Zinc promotes antioxidant and immune functions, stabilizes and maintains the structural integrity of biological membranes, and plays a pivotal role in skin and connective tissue metabolism and repair. Zinc is an integral constituent of a large number of enzymes including antioxidant enzymes, and hormones including glucagon, insulin, growth hormone, and sex hormones. High concentrations of zinc are found in the prostate gland and choroids of the eye. Zinc deficiency leads to biochemical abnormalities including the impairments of growth, dermal, gastrointestinal, neurologic and immunologic systems. Given its superior bioavailability, antioxidant and immune-enhancing properties, zinc methionine may serve as a novel dietary supplement to promote health benefits in humans and animals.
Collapse
|
11
|
Muñoz EC, Rosado JL, López P, Furr HC, Allen LH. Iron and zinc supplementation improves indicators of vitamin A status of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:789-94. [PMID: 10702174 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/71.3.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coexistence of multiple micronutrient deficiencies is a widespread public health problem in many regions of the world. Interactions between zinc deficiency and vitamin A metabolism have been reported but no longitudinal studies have evaluated the effect of iron deficiency on vitamin A. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with iron, zinc, or both on vitamin A and its metabolically related proteins retinol binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin. DESIGN The study was a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in which 219 rural Mexican children aged 18-36 mo were randomly assigned to receive 20 mg Zn/d, 20 mg Fe/d, 20 mg Zn/d plus 20 mg Fe/d, or placebo. RESULTS Six months after supplementation, plasma retinol increased in all supplemented groups. Compared with placebo, zinc supplementation was associated with significantly higher plasma retinol and transthyretin but the increase in RBP was not significant. Iron supplementation significantly increased plasma retinol, RBP, and transthyretin. Supplementation with zinc plus iron significantly increased plasma retinol but not RBP or transthyretin. Children deficient in zinc, iron, or vitamin A (as indicated by nutrient plasma concentration) at the beginning of the study had a significantly greater increase in retinol than did children with adequate nutrient status. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with zinc, iron, or both improved indicators of vitamin A status. The results of this study agree with previous observations of a metabolic interaction between zinc and vitamin A and suggest an interaction between iron and vitamin A metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Muñoz
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, National Institute of Nutrition, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Magagi IB, Kincaid RL. The Effect of Growth Rate on Copper Requirements of Growing Lambs. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.1995.9706074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|