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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Nuviala Mateo RJ, Lapieza Laínez MG. Anemia do atleta (II): incidência e conduta terapêutica. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2000. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922000000400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Ziegler P, Hensley S, Roepke JB, Whitaker SH, Craig BW, Drewnowski A. Eating attitudes and energy intakes of female skaters. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30:583-6. [PMID: 9565941 DOI: 10.1097/00005768-199804000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined potential links between dietary intakes, body fatness, menstrual status, and hematological and serum iron status in 21 competitive female figure skaters aged 11-16 yr. METHODS Attitudes toward dieting were assessed using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). Dietary intakes were based on 3-d food records. Percent body fat was calculated using measures of triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, pectoral, axillary, abdominal, and thigh skinfold measures. Blood iron status was measured using hematocrit (Hct), hemoglobin (Hgb), total iron binding capacity (TIBC), and serum iron. Menstrual status was based on a self-report questionnaire. RESULTS Body weights and estimated energy intakes were all within normal range for this age group. Higher EAT scores were associated with lower micronutrient, but not lower energy intakes. Menstrual status and iron status were normal. No significant correlations between measures of body fatness, menstrual status, and hematological or serum iron status were observed. CONCLUSION Although the measured indices of nutritional status were normal, adolescent athletes have higher energy needs than does the general population. Depending on energy expenditure levels, energy and nutrition intakes in the low normal range may put some athletes at risk for undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ziegler
- Nutrition and Health Division, Campbell Soup Company, Camden, NJ, USA
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Probst M, Goris M, Vandereycken W, Van Coppenolle H. Body composition in female anorexia nervosa patients. Br J Nutr 1996; 76:639-47. [PMID: 8957999 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19960072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, body composition has been studied in a very large sample of female anorexia nervosa patients (n 200) using two methods: anthropometry (skinfold thickness) and densitometry (underwater weighing). The concurrent validity of both methods appeared to be good (r 0.84). Although the mean percentage of body fat (13.5) in our sample corresponds with most of the previous reports, the range (4.3-24.8) is great. Our study shows that BMI is not a good measure of fatness. Age and duration of illness were not related to body fat. Percentage fat was found to be different (t 2.76, P < 0.01) according to the diagnostic subtype of anorexia nervosa: restricters (12.9) v. bingers and/or purgers (14.7).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Probst
- University Center St Joseph, Kortenberg, Belgium
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Butterworth DE, Nieman DC, Perkins R, Warren BJ, Dotson RG. Exercise training and nutrient intake in elderly women. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION 1993; 93:653-7. [PMID: 8509590 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)91671-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between moderate exercise training (five 30- to 40-minute sessions per week for 12 weeks at 60% of heart rate reserve) and changes in nutrient intake in a group of 30 sedentary elderly women aged 67 to 85 years. Subjects were placed randomly into two groups (those who walked and those who did calisthenics) and were followed for 12 weeks. Measurements were done at three times (baseline, 5 weeks, and 12 weeks). Dietary intake was based on 7-day food records. The 12-week walking program resulted in a significant (12.6%) improvement in maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) but no change in body weight or skinfold thicknesses compared with the calisthenics program. Despite the improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness, no significant group x time interaction effects were observed for most of the nutrient intake variables tested. To test the effects of high levels of physical activity on nutrient intake, cross-sectional comparisons were made at baseline between highly conditioned and sedentary elderly women. The highly conditioned elderly women had higher energy and nutrient intakes, especially when expressed on a weight-adjusted basis. However, no differences in measures of dietary quality were found. Dietitians should not expect spontaneous improvement in either the quantity or quality of nutrient intake by elderly women who adopt a moderate exercise program. Although nutrient intake was greater in highly conditioned elderly women, their level of fitness and physical activity may be beyond the reach of many elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Butterworth
- Department of Home Economics, State University, Boone, NC 28608
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