|
1
|
Song Y, Liu D, Xie J, Xie J, Chen Y, Chen X, Hu X, Yu Q. Protective effects of EGCG on acrolein-induced Caenorhabditis elegans and its mechanism of life extension. Food Funct 2024; 15:5855-5867. [PMID: 38687276 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05394f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, it was found that epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) induced by 100 μM acrolein (ACR) at all test concentrations (300, 400, 500, 600, and 700 μM). Notably, 500 μM EGCG exhibited the most significant mean lifespan extension, increasing it by approximately 32.5%. Furthermore, 500 μM EGCG effectively reduced elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipofuscin production caused by acrolein. It also bolstered the activity of antioxidant enzymes and mitigated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to the ACR-only group. These effects appeared independent of dietary restrictions. Additionally, qPCR results revealed different changes in the transcription levels of 11 genes associated with antioxidative and anti-aging functions following EGCG treatment. At the expression level, GST-4::GFP, SOD-3::GFP and HSP-16.2::GFP exhibited an initial increase with ACR treatment followed by a decrease with EGCG treatment, while the expression pattern of these three GFPs remained consistent with the enzyme activity and transcription regulation level. EGCG treatment also reduced the nuclear localization of SKN-1 and DAF-16 in the MAPK and IIS pathways that were enhanced by ACR. Moreover, the longevity-promoting effects of EGCG were diminished or absent in 13 longevity gene-deletion mutants. In conclusion, EGCG demonstrates protective effects on ACR-induced C. elegans, with the IIS and MAPK pathways playing a critical role in enhancing resilience to ACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Song
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Danyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jiayan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Jianhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Xinyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Laboratory of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Key Laboratory of Bioactive Polysaccharides of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang University, 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Hao S, Yang D, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, Fu H, Lin J, Guo H, He R, Li J, Chen H, Khan MF, Li Y, Tang H. EGCG-Mediated Potential Inhibition of Biofilm Development and Quorum Sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094946. [PMID: 34066609 PMCID: PMC8125375 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), one of the dangerous multidrug resistance pathogens, orchestrates virulence factors production through quorum sensing (QS). Since the exploration of QS inhibitors, targeting virulence to circumvent bacterial pathogenesis without causing significant growth inhibition is a promising approach to treat P. aeruginosa infections. The present study has evaluated the anti-QS and anti-infective activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a bioactive ingredient of the traditional green tea, against P. aeruginosa. EGCG showed significant inhibitory effects on the development of biofilm, protease, elastase activity, swimming, and swarming motility, which was positively related to the production of C4-AHL. The expression of QS-related and QS-regulated virulence factors genes was also evaluated. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that EGCG significantly reduced the expression of las, rhl, and PQS genes and was highly correlated with the alterations of C4-AHL production. In-vivo experiments demonstrated that EGCG treatment reduced P. aeruginosa pathogenicity in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). EGCG increased the survival of C. elegans by 23.25%, 30.04%, and 36.35% in a dose-dependent manner. The findings of this study strongly suggest that EGCG could be a potential candidate for QS inhibition as an anti-virulence compound against bacterial infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suqi Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Dan Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Fei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Gang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Hualin Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Juchun Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Hongrui Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Ran He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
| | - Jianlong Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China;
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Muhammad Faraz Khan
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot 12350, Pakistan;
| | - Yinglun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; (S.H.); (D.Y.); (L.Z.); (F.S.); (G.Y.); (H.F.); (J.L.); (H.G.); (R.H.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Park EJ, Dusabimana T, Je J, Jeong K, Yun SP, Kim HJ, Kim H, Park SW. Honokiol Protects the Kidney from Renal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury by Upregulating the Glutathione Biosynthetic Enzymes. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090352. [PMID: 32942603 PMCID: PMC7555803 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms that protects cells by neutralizing hydrogen peroxide. Honokiol, an active ingredient of Magnolia officinalis, is known for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial properties. We investigated the protective mechanism of honokiol through regulating cellular GSH in renal proximal tubules against acute kidney injury (AKI). First, we measured cellular GSH levels and correlated them with the expression of GSH biosynthetic enzymes after honokiol treatment in human kidney-2 (HK-2) cells. Second, we used pharmacological inhibitors or siRNA-mediated gene silencing approach to determine the signaling pathway induced by honokiol. Third, the protective effect of honokiol via de novo GSH biosynthesis was investigated in renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) mice. Honokiol significantly increased cellular GSH levels by upregulating the subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase (Gcl)—Gclc and Gclm. These increases were mediated by activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, via PI3K/Akt and protein kinase C signaling. Consistently, honokiol treatment reduced the plasma creatinine, tubular cell death, neutrophil infiltration and lipid peroxidation in IR mice and the effect was correlated with upregulation of Gclc and Gclm. Conclusively, honokiol may benefit to patients with AKI by increasing antioxidant GSH via transcriptional activation of the biosynthetic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jung Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Theodomir Dusabimana
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Jihyun Je
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Kyuho Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea; (E.J.P.); (T.D.); (J.J.); (K.J.); (S.P.Y.); (H.J.K.)
- Department of Convergence Medical Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University Graduate School, Jinju 52727, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (S.W.P.); Tel.: +82-55-772-8070 (H.K.); +82-55-772-8073 (S.W.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Kara M, Oztas E, Ramazanoğulları R, Kouretas D, Nepka C, Tsatsakis AM, Veskoukis AS. Benomyl, a benzimidazole fungicide, induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in neural cells. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:501-509. [PMID: 32337162 PMCID: PMC7175046 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungicides are used in the agricultural sector against the harmful action of fungi, however they are potential toxic agents for the environment and the living organisms. Benomyl is a widely encountered benzimidazole fungicide that exerts its toxicity via inhibiting microtubule formation in the nervous system and the male reproductive and endocrine systems, whilst it is a known teratogen. Since toxic effects of benomyl and its molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, we aimed to detect its neurotoxic potential via evaluating cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cell line. The cells were incubated with benomyl in a concentration range between 1 and 6 μM for 24 h. Our results indicated a concentration-dependent enhancement of reactive oxygen species measured through flow cytometry and DNA damage evaluated via the comet assay. Additionally, it induced apoptosis in all tested concentrations. According to the findings of the present study, benomyl is a xenobiotic, which it appears to exert its toxic action via a redox-related mechanism that, finally, induces cell apoptosis and death. We believe that this study will offer further insight in the toxicity mechanism of benomyl, although further studies are recommended in order to elucidate these mechanisms in the molecular level.
Collapse
Key Words
- ATCC, American Type Culture Collection
- Apoptosis
- BSA, Bovine serum albumin
- Benomyl
- DMEM-F12, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium: Nutrient Mixture F-12 (Ham`s)
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTNB, 55′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid
- FBS, Fetal bovine serum
- GSH, Glutathione
- H2DCF-DA, 2′7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
- MFI, Median fluorescence intensity
- MTT, 3-45-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide
- Neural SH-SY5Y cell line
- OD, Optical density
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- PI, Propidium iodide
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SD, Standard deviation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Kara
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ezgi Oztas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Ramazanoğulları
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Istanbul University, 34116, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Charitini Nepka
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristides M. Tsatsakis
- Center of Toxicology Science and Research, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
| | - Aristidis S. Veskoukis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500, Larissa, Greece
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Validation and functional analysis of the critical proteins in combination with taurine, epigallocatechin gallate and genistein against liver fibrosis in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
|
6
|
Marcela MRA, Kamylla TS, Vanessa AR, Francine SADF, Elytania VM, Maria OMSOE, Dario ADO, Afr acirc nio FDMJUN. Antioxidant activity, total flavonoids and volatile constituents of Magonia Pubescens A.St.-Hil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2015.5983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
|
7
|
Barbara Caroline FM, Vanessa DAR, Jaciara MSF, Ariadna Conceicao DS, Afranio FDMJ, Elytania VM, Viviane RE, Rosangela DSL. Comparative studies between the chemical constituents and biological properties of the extracts from the leaves and barks of Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/jmpr2014.5513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
|
8
|
Kovacic P, Somanathan R. Nitroaromatic compounds: Environmental toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, therapy and mechanism. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 34:810-24. [PMID: 24532466 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vehicle pollution is an increasing problem in the industrial world. Aromatic nitro compounds comprise a significant portion of the threat. In this review, the class includes nitro derivatives of benzene, biphenyls, naphthalenes, benzanthrone and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plus nitroheteroaromatic compounds. The numerous toxic manifestations are discussed. An appreciable number of drugs incorporate the nitroaromatic structure. The mechanistic aspects of both toxicity and therapy are addressed in the context of a unifying mechanism involving electron transfer, reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress and antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovacic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Yang SY, Hong CO, Lee GP, Kim CT, Lee KW. The hepatoprotection of caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid, major compounds of Perilla frutescens, against t-BHP-induced oxidative liver damage. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 55:92-9. [PMID: 23306788 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 12/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Perilla frutescens leaves are often used in East Asian gourmet food. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of caffeic acid (CA), rosmarinic acid (RA), and their combination. P. frutescens contains 1.32μg CA/mg dry material (DM) and 26.84μg RA/mg DM analyzed by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS. CA remarkably reduced the oxidative damage than rosmarinic acid in an in vitro study. Oral intubation with CA or RA alone for five days was conducted prior to treatment with a single dose of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (0.5mmol/kg b.w., i.p.), which led to a significant reduction of indicators of hepatic toxicity, such as aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, oxidized glutathione, lipid peroxidation and enzyme activities related to antioxidant such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Interestingly, compared to treatment with CA or RA alone, a combination of both compounds more increased the endogenous antioxidant enzymes and glutathione (GSH) and decreased lipid peroxidation in livers. These results suggest that CA from perilla leaves plays a role in the increased hepatic GSH concentration, and shows an additive hepatic protection with RA against oxidative hepatic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Yang
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Sungbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Ku C, Hu JM, Kuo CH. Complete plastid genome sequence of the basal asterid Ardisia polysticta Miq. and comparative analyses of asterid plastid genomes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62548. [PMID: 23638113 PMCID: PMC3640096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ardisia is a basal asterid genus well known for its medicinal values and has the potential for development of novel phytopharmaceuticals. In this genus of nearly 500 species, many ornamental species are commonly grown worldwide and some have become invasive species that caused ecological problems. As there is no completed plastid genome (plastome) sequence in related taxa, we sequenced and characterized the plastome of Ardisia polysticta to find plastid markers of potential utility for phylogenetic analyses at low taxonomic levels. The complete A. polysticta plastome is 156,506 bp in length and has gene content and organization typical of most asterids and other angiosperms. We identified seven intergenic regions as potentially informative markers with resolution for interspecific relationships. Additionally, we characterized the diversity of asterid plastomes with respect to GC content, plastome organization, gene content, and repetitive sequences through comparative analyses. The results demonstrated that the genome organizations near the boundaries between inverted repeats (IRs) and single-copy regions (SCs) are polymorphic. The boundary organization found in Ardisia appears to be the most common type among asterids, while six other types are also found in various asterid lineages. In general, the repetitive sequences in genic regions tend to be more conserved, whereas those in noncoding regions are usually lineage-specific. Finally, we inferred the whole-plastome phylogeny with the available asterid sequences. With the improvement in taxon sampling of asterid orders and families, our result highlights the uncertainty of the position of Gentianales within euasterids I.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Ku
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Ming Hu
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Horng Kuo
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, National Chung Hsing University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
SAIDANA DHOUHA, BOUSSAADA OLFA, AYED FATEN, MAHJOUB MOHAMEDALI, MIGHRI ZINE, HELAL AHMEDNOUREDDINE. THEIN VITROFREE RADICAL-SCAVENGING AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE MEDICINAL HERBLIMONIUM ECHIOIDESL. GROWING WILD IN TUNISIA. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2012.00673.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
|
12
|
de Mejía EG, Ramírez-Mares MV. Ardisia: health-promoting properties and toxicity of phytochemicals and extracts. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 21:667-74. [PMID: 22003924 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2011.601355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ardisia species (Myrsinaceae) are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Traditional medicinal uses attributed to Ardisia include alleviation of liver cancer, swelling, rheumatism, earache, cough, fever, diarrhea, broken bones, dysmenorrhea, respiratory tract infections, traumatic injuries, inflammation, pain, snake and insect bites, birth complications and to improve general blood circulation, among others. Ardisia species are rich in polyphenols, triterpenoid saponins, isocoumarins, quinones and alkylphenols. A summary of the uses, potential health benefits, adverse reactions and important bioactive phytochemicals isolated from the Ardisia species is presented. Future research needs to include more toxicological studies, more comprehensive chemical characterization of extracts, bioavailability, extract standardization, investigation of possible herb-drug interactions, plant improvement with regards to bioactivity and composition, and additional human and animal studies to confirm the health-promoting properties claimed for Ardisia species. The information presented here exemplifies the potential of Ardisia species as a source of chemotherapeutic, chemo-modulating and/or chemopreventive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Yang SY, Hong CO, Lee H, Park SY, Park BG, Lee KW. Protective effect of extracts of Perilla frutescens treated with sucrose on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Food Chem 2012; 133:337-43. [PMID: 25683404 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Perilla frutescens leaves are often used in East Asian gourmet food. In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of P. frutescens leaves grown in different concentrations of sucrose (0, 115, 175 and 235 mM sucrose) leading to four samples of perilla leaf extracts (PLEs). Based on caffeic acid level and antioxidant activities, further experiments were conducted using perilla leaf extracts treated with 6% sucrose compared with non-treated perilla leaf extracts as a control. Oral intubation with non-treated perilla leaf extracts or perilla leaf extracts treated with 6% sucrose (1000 mg/kg b.w. rat) for 5 days was conducted before treatment with a single dose of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (0.5 mmol/kg b.w., i.p.) led to a significant reduction of hepatic toxicity in the perilla leaf extracts treated with 6% sucrose. We demonstrated that P. frutescens with higher contents of caffeic acid was produced, and that sucrose could play a role in the induction of this secondary metabolite. Sucrose-treated perilla leaves, which had better antioxidant activities than untreated leaves, can be used as a potential dietary source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yong Yang
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Chung-Oui Hong
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Hojoung Lee
- Division of Life and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea
| | - Sang-Yul Park
- Miryang City Agricultural Technology Center, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 627-911, South Korea
| | - Byung-Gyu Park
- Nutraceutical & Functional Food Center, CJ CheilJedang Co., Seoul 152-051, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Science & Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Srichairatanakool S, Kulprachakarn K, Pangjit K, Pattanapanyasat K, Fuchaeron S. Green tea extract and epigallocatechin 3-gallate reduced labile iron pool and protected oxidative stress in iron-loaded cultured hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2012.38140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
|
15
|
Zheng R, Chen TS, Lu T. A comparative reverse docking strategy to identify potential antineoplastic targets of tea functional components and binding mode. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:5200-12. [PMID: 21954353 PMCID: PMC3179160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12085200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main functional components of green tea, such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), epigallocatechin (EGC), epicatechin gallate (ECG) and epicatechin (EC), are found to have a broad antineoplastic activity. The discovery of their targets plays an important role in revealing the antineoplastic mechanism. Therefore, to identify potential target proteins for tea polyphenols, we have taken a comparative virtual screening approach using two reverse docking systems, one based on Autodock software and the other on Tarfisdock. Two separate in silico workflows were implemented to derive a set of target proteins related to human diseases and ranked by the binding energy score. Several conventional clinically important proteins with anti-tumor effects are screened out from the PDTD protein database as the potential receptors by both procedures. To further analyze the validity of docking results, we study the binding mode of EGCG and the potential target protein Leukotriene A4 hydrolase in detail. We indicate that interactions mediated by electrostatic and hydrogen bond play a key role in ligand binding. EGCG binds to the enzyme with certain orientation and conformation that is suitable for nucleophilic attacks by several electrical residues inside the enzyme's activity cavity. This study provides useful information for studying the antitumor mechanism of tea's functional components. The comparative reverse docking strategy presented generates a tractable set of antineoplastic proteins for future experimental validation as drug targets against tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zheng
- Institute of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tuan-sheng Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China; E-Mail:
| | - Tun Lu
- Institute of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China; E-Mail:
- Fujian Supercomputer Center, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Bhouri W, Skandrani I, Sghair MB, Franca MGD, Ghedira K, Ghedira LC. Digallic acid from Pistascia lentiscus fruits induces apoptosis and enhances antioxidant activities. Phytother Res 2011; 26:387-91. [PMID: 21780210 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant and apoptotic activities of digallic acid, isolated from the fruits of Pistascia lentiscus, were investigated. The study demonstrated that digallic acid possessed pro-apoptotic effects, as shown by provoking DNA fragmentation of K562 cells. It also revealed a significant antioxidant potential and effective scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl (DPPH·) and O₂·⁻ radicals, and reduced cupric ions. We conclude that this integrated approach to apoptotic and antioxidant assessment may be useful to maximize the beneficial effects associated with using P. lentiscus derivatives as medicinal and dietary compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wissem Bhouri
- Laboratoire de biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire Faculté de Medecine Dentaire Monastir, Rue Avicenne 5000, Tunisia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Newell AMB, Yousef GG, Lila MA, Ramírez-Mares MV, de Mejia EG. Comparative in vitro bioactivities of tea extracts from six species of Ardisia and their effect on growth inhibition of HepG2 cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:536-544. [PMID: 20561930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Revised: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Ardisia species, notably A. compressa, are used in some regions of the world as food or in traditional medicine for prevention and treatment of certain health conditions including liver disease. We investigated the chemical composition and relative anticancer potential of six Ardisia species [A. japonica (AJ), A. escallonioides (AES), A. mamillata (AM), A. compressa (AC), A. crenata (ACR), and A. elliptica (AE)]. MATERIALS AND METHODS Antioxidant capacity, DNA human topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition, and cytotoxicity on human liver cancer cells (HepG2) were determined in vitro in tea extracts of the 6 Ardisia species evaluated. Selected pure phenolic compounds present in Ardisia species were also evaluated. RESULTS AC showed the highest topoisomerase II catalytic inhibition (IC(50)=12 microg/ml) and cytotoxicity (IC(50)=117 microg/ml) against HepG2 cells, followed by ACR and AJ. Total polyphenols ranged from 21 to 72 mg equivalents of gallic acid (GA)/g solid extract (SE). LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of GA, quercetin derivatives, ardisenone, ardisiaquinone, ardisianone, bergenin, norbergenin, and embelin. However, neither total polyphenol concentration nor antioxidant capacity correlated with anticancer capacity. Significant HepG2 cytotoxicity was also achieved by bergenin (IC(50)=18 microM) and embelin (IC(50)=120 microM). AC, bergenin, embelin, and quercetin showed a tendency to accumulate cells in the G1 phase and reduced G2/M leading to apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Although the mechanism is not entirely clear, AC, ACR, and AJ are the Ardisia species with the greatest anticancer potential against liver cancer cells in vitro and deserve further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M B Newell
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Antimutagenicity of some flowers grown in Thailand. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1045-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
|
19
|
Zhen MC, Wang XM, Yin ZY, Wang Q, Liu PG, Wu GY, Yu KK, Li GS. Effect of EGCG on expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF in rats with liver fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3828-3834. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i34.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis.
METHODS: A rat model of CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis was established to assess the effect of EGCG on the treatment for fibrosis. Liver fibrosis of the rats was evaluated by two histological methods: HE staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Activities of serum ALT and AST were checked with automated biochemistry analyzer. The levels of liver tissue hydroxyproline, glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituratic acid reactive substances (TBARS) were also determined. The expression of α-SMA in hepatic tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA and protein levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF expression were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis.
RESULTS: Histological and hepatic hydroxyproline examination revealed that EGCG significantly arrested progression of hepatic fibrosis. EGCG caused significant amelioration of liver injury, and reduced activities of serum ALT and AST (138.4 ± 45.8 vs 234.6 ± 63.2, 96.4 ± 20.5 vs 186.2 ± 36.6, both P < 0.05). Redox state was improved in CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis through treatment with EGCG, by suppressing the TBARS formation and increasing the level of GSH. Moreover, EGCG markedly reduced both mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the liver tissue (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: EGCG significantly arrested progression of hepatic fibrosis. The underlying mechanism was associated with changes in the redox state and markedly decreased expression of TGF and CTGF in liver tissue.
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Rao YK, Geethangili M, Fang SH, Tzeng YM. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of naturally occurring phenolic and related compounds: a comparative study. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1770-6. [PMID: 17475387 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 02/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant (DPPH radical and superoxide anion scavenging activities), and cytotoxic (in tumor, Jurkat, PC-3, Colon 205, HepG2, and normal PBMCs cells) activities of 16 plant phenolic or related compounds were evaluated in vitro. Different categories compounds corresponding to 10 flavonoids, three lignans, two phenolic acids, and a catechin showed significant mean differences in antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. Particularly, the flavonols, quercetin (3) and tiliroside (11) possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as cytotoxic activity against Jurkat; and Jurkat and HepG2 cells, respectively. In contrast, the flavanone, 5,7-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyflavanone (7), and homoisoflavonoid, isobonducellin (10) shown to have no significant antioxidant activity, but exhibited potent cytotoxic activity in Jurkat and HepG2 cells, while moderate growth inhibition against Colon205 cells. Interestingly, none of these derivatives shown to have toxicity toward normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, over the concentration range tested (5-200 microM). Cytotoxic activities of some natural flavonoids identified in the medicinal plants were evaluated for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yerra Koteswara Rao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Chaoyang University of Technology, Wufeng 413, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
21
|
de Mejía EG, Chandra S, Ramírez-Mares M, Wang W. Catalytic inhibition of human DNA topoisomerase by phenolic compounds in Ardisia compressa extracts and their effect on human colon cancer cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2006; 44:1191-203. [PMID: 16540225 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Revised: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Plant polyphenols, as those present in teas, have been associated with several health benefits. In this study, the main objectives were to identify and characterize the phenolic compounds in Ardisia compressa tea (AC) responsible for topoisomerase inhibition using a bioassay directed approach and modern analytical techniques, and to determine the cytotoxicity against human colon carcinoma cells. Inhibition of topoisomerase was determined by yeast and human topoisomerase biochemical assays. Identification and characterization of AC phenolic compounds were carried out using combined HPLC, MS and NMR techniques. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted using two human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines, HT-29 and Caco-2. LC-MS analysis of AC confirmed the presence of gallic acid, epicatechin gallate, several proanthocyanidin dimers, kaempferol, naringenin and ardisin derivatives. Topoisomerase II catalytic inhibitory activity of AC was due mainly to phenolic compounds extracted in the butanolic fraction (IC50: 1.33 microg/ml). Purification of this fraction resulted in the isolation of several compounds: peak 10 (IC50: 8.32 microg/ml), peaks 12/14 (IC75: 2.85 microg/ml) and peak 15 (IC50: 7.16 microg/ml). Characterization of peak 15, the most active fraction, led to the isolation of a naringenin isomer (C15H12O5), which had a significantly higher catalytic anti-topoisomerase II activity (IC50: 7.16 microg/ml) than commercial naringenin (IC50: 88.1 microg/ml). AC was cytotoxic to HT-29 (IC50: 57.9+/-11.6 microg/ml) and Caco-2 cells (IC50: 81.0+/-27.5 microg/ml). These findings provide basic information and suggest the potential use of active flavonoids in Ardisia compressa tea as chemopreventive agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira González de Mejía
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 ERML, MC-051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Masella R, Di Benedetto R, Varì R, Filesi C, Giovannini C. Novel mechanisms of natural antioxidant compounds in biological systems: involvement of glutathione and glutathione-related enzymes. J Nutr Biochem 2005; 16:577-86. [PMID: 16111877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2005.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are wide variety of compounds that occur in fruits and vegetables, wine, tea, extra virgin olive oil, chocolate and other cocoa products. Several polyphenols have been demonstrated to have clear antioxidant properties in vitro, and many of their biological actions have been attributed to their intrinsic reducing capabilities. However, this concept appears now to be a simplistic way to conceive their activity. Evidence is indeed accumulating that polyphenols might exert several other specific biological effects that are as yet poorly understood. In this article we review the most recent data on the subject and describe the additional functions that polyphenols can have in biological systems, focusing on their effects on glutathione and its related enzymes. Experimental data indicate that polyhenols may offer an indirect protection by activating endogenous defense systems. Several lines of evidence suggest a tight connection between exogenous and endogenous antioxidants that appear to act in a coordinated fashion. It is reasonable to hypothesize that this is achieved, at least in part, through antioxidant responsive elements (AREs) present in the promoter regions of many of the genes inducible by oxidative and chemical stress. The latest studies strongly suggest that dietary polyphenols can stimulate antioxidant transcription and detoxification defense systems through ARE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Masella
- National Centre for Food Quality and Risk Assessment, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
23
|
|
|
24
|
Kobayashi H, de Mejía E. The genus Ardisia: a novel source of health-promoting compounds and phytopharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2005; 96:347-354. [PMID: 15619551 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2004] [Revised: 09/13/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 500 species of Ardisia (Myrsinaceae) are found throughout tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Several of those Ardisia species have been used as ornamental plants, food and medicines. Due to taxonomic confusions, correct identification and acquisition of plant materials remain difficult for some species. Although species of Ardisia are a rich source of novel and biologically potent phytochemical compounds, such as bergenin and ardisin, the utilization of Ardisia species or their phytochemical constituents have not been fully explored, resulting in underexploitation of their uses. The present article reviews the usage and biological activities of Ardisia compounds, as well as recent progress regarding the use of this genus in clinical research. The information presented here also illustrates the potential of the genus as a source of therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideka Kobayashi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 228 E.R. Madigan Lab, MC-051, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|