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Eskes C, Bessou S, Bruner L, Curren R, Harbell J, Jones P, Kreiling R, Liebsch M, McNamee P, Pape W, Prinsen MK, Seidle T, Vanparys P, Worth A, Zuang V. 3.3. Eye Irritation. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 33 Suppl 1:47-81. [PMID: 16194141 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503301s09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chantra Eskes
- ECVAM, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Ispra (VA), Italy
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Dholakiya SL, Barile FA. Alternative methods for ocular toxicology testing: validation, applications and troubleshooting. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:699-712. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.783013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Clothier R, Starzec G, Stipho S, Kwong YC. Assessment of Initial Damage and Recovery Following Exposure of MDCK Cells to an Irritant. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 13:713-7. [PMID: 20654539 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(99)00054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK ) to form cell tight-junctions and orientate correctly on porous membranes has been exploited to model corneal barrier function. While the ability to monitor recovery profiles has not yet been included in a prevalidation trial, its inclusion facilitates the prediction of potential adverse reactions. Combining a viability assay (Alamar blue reduction) with the fluorescein leakage assay, the chemical effects on cell membrane and adhesion molecules can be distinguished. The dose-response curves obtained with Tween 20, isopropanol and benzalkonium chloride indicate that Tween 20 at 200mg/ml caused a 50% decline in Alamar blue reduction and fluorescein retention, while 100mg isopropanol/ml and 0.1mg benzalkonium chloride/ml cause similar effects. The more severe the initial damage the longer the recovery period. If a 20% increase in fluorescein leakage gave recovery in 48 hours, 50% gave marginal recovery in 96 hours. Comparable effects were noted for the restoration of the ability to reduce the Alamar blue dye. Resolution of the damaging effects of benzalkonium chloride and isopropanol took longer than for Tween 20, as is the case in the rabbit in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Clothier
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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Ying Y, Xingfen Y, Wengai Z, Jinheng C, Jinyu X, Guangyu Y, Xiaohua T, Xiaoping X, Xikun X, Junming H, Xiang G. Combined In Vitro Tests as an Alternative to In Vivo Eye Irritation Tests. Altern Lab Anim 2010; 38:303-14. [DOI: 10.1177/026119291003800413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Accurate methods that test the eye irritation potential of chemicals, which do not involve the use of animals, are needed to meet new regulatory standards. We evaluated the applicability and predictive capacity of five in vitro tests for eye irritation: the Hen's Egg Test-Chorioallantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay; the Chorioallantoic Membrane-Trypan Blue Staining (CAM-TBS) assay; the Fluorescein Leakage Test (FLT); the 3T3-Neutral Red Uptake (3T3-NRU) cytotoxicity assay; and the red blood cell (RBC) haemolysis assay. A panel of 16 chemicals (some at multiple concentrations) was assessed by using the five tests, and the results were compared with historical in vivo Draize test data. The results showed rank correlation and class concordance between the five alternative methods and the Draize test for the 16 chemicals. These in vitro assays had good predictive capacity, reproducibility and reliability when compared to the Draize test. The best relationship was between the HET-CAM, CAM-TBS and FLT results, and the modified maximum average score(s) (MMAS). A prediction model (PM) was developed, based on the maximum possible correlation between the MMAS and the HET-CAM, CAM-TBS and FLT results. The PM had a good predictive capacity when compared to the results of animal tests, indicating its potential value for the in vitro screening of chemicals for eye irritation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ying
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Xingfen
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang Wengai
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai Jinheng
- School of Statistics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Jinyu
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Guangyu
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tan Xiaohua
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xie Xiaoping
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Xikun
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Junming
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Xiang
- Guangdong Province Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Use of a Human Corneal Epithelial Cell Line for Screening the Safety of Contact Lens Care Solutions In Vitro. Eye Contact Lens 2008; 34:6-12. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e31804fa141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Understanding quantitative aspects of cell energy metabolism and how it is influenced by environment is central to biology, medicine, and biotechnology. Most methods used for measuring metabolic fluxes associated with energy metabolism require considerable personnel effort or high maintenance instrumentation. The microphysiometer is a commercially available instrument that measures acid extrusion rates, which are commonly used for drug screening. With the addition of oxygen sensors, the instrument can also be used to measure cell oxygen consumption rates and thereby calculate glycolytic fluxes. In the work described here, oxygen consumption and acid extrusion rates were used to measure glucose utilization by the H9c2 rat heart myoblast cell line and these results are compared with fluxes measured with a radiometric assay. Both assays were used to investigate changes in H9c2 energy metabolism due to cell stimulation with carbachol and insulin. The results demonstrate the utility of the microphysiometer method for measuring both transient and sustained changes in partitioning of glucose utilization between glycolysis and oxidation in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1700, USA
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Abstract
The neutral red release (NRR) assay is a cytotoxicity test that can be used to measure the immediate toxic effects of test substances on the cell membrane, resulting in the leaking of intracellular contents. The assay has already been used for several years to evaluate the cytotoxicities of various kinds of products, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and household products. It has undergone in-house validation by many companies, and has been found to be particularly useful for identifying substances that are potentially capable of causing adverse reactions on coming into brief contact with the eye or the skin at relatively high concentrations, such as might occur in an adventitious splash into the eye or onto the skin, followed by a quick rinse. Because of the relatively long existence of the NRR assay, its practicality and its proven usefulness for particular purposes, ECVAM decided to review the status of the method, in order to decide whether prevalidation and formal validation studies on the test might be profitable. The review of the status of the test was carried out by performing a comprehensive review of the literature, and by conducting a survey involving companies and institutes with experience in using the test. Both the review and the survey revealed that the assay could provide extremely valuable information when it was used for particular purposes, such as for the evaluation and comparison of immediate toxic effects on the eye or the skin caused by certain products or chemicals such as surfactants. Most of those who responded in the survey favoured a prevalidation/validation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Zuang
- ECVAM, Institute for Health & Consumer Protection, European Commission Joint Research Centre, 21020 Ispra (VA), Italy
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Harbell J, Osborne R, Carr G, Peterson A. Assessment of the Cytosensor Microphysiometer Assay in the COLIPA In Vitro Eye Irritation Validation Study. Toxicol In Vitro 1999; 13:313-23. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(98)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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