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Strauss V, Kolle SN, Honarvar N, Dammann M, Groeters S, Faulhammer F, Landsiedel R, van Ravenzwaay B. Immunophenotyping does not improve predictivity of the local lymph node assay in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:434-45. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Strauss
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Susanne N. Kolle
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Naveed Honarvar
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Martina Dammann
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Sibylle Groeters
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Frank Faulhammer
- BASF SE; Product Safety, Regulatory Toxicology; Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE; Experimental Toxicology and Ecology; Z470 67056 Ludwigshafen Germany
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Ditto AJ, Reho JJ, Shah KN, Smolen JA, Holda JH, Ramirez RJ, Yun YH. In vivo gene delivery with L-tyrosine polyphosphate nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1836-44. [PMID: 23510151 DOI: 10.1021/mp300623a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The concept of gene therapy is promising; however, the perceived risks and side effects associated with this technology have severely dampened the researchers' enthusiasm. Thus, the development of a nonviral gene vector without immunological effects and with high transfection efficiency is necessary. Currently, most nonviral vectors have failed to achieve the in vivo transfection efficiencies of viral vectors due to their toxicity, rapid clearance, and/or inappropriate release rates. Although our previous studies have successfully demonstrated the controlled-release of plasmid DNA (pDNA) polyplexes encapsulated into nanoparticles formulated with l-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP-pDNA nanoparticles), the in vivo transfection capabilities and immunogenicity of this delivery system have yet to be examined. Thus, we evaluate LTP-pDNA nanoparticles in an in vivo setting via injection into rodent uterine tissue. Our results demonstrate through X-gal staining and immunohistochemistry of uterine tissue that transfection has successfully occurred after a nine-day incubation. In contrast, the results for the control nanoparticles show results similar to those of shams. Furthermore, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from the injected tissues confirms the transfection in vivo. To examine the immunogenicity, the l-tyrosine polyphosphate (LTP) nanoparticles have been evaluated in a mouse model. No significant differences in the activation of the innate immune system are observed. These data provide the first report for the potential use of controlled-release nanoparticles formulated from an amino acid based polymer as an in vivo nonviral vector for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ditto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Olson Research Center, Akron, Ohio 44325-0302, United States
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Evaluation of the immunosensitizing potential of chlorogenic acid using a popliteal lymph node assay in BALB/c mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:1059-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2010.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Dikić D, Zidovec-Lepej S, Remenar A, Bendelja K, Benković V, Horvat-Knežević A, Brozović G, Oršolić N. Effects of prometryne on apoptosis and necrosis in thymus, lymph node and spleen in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 27:182-186. [PMID: 21783937 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2008.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 09/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Prometryne is a methylthio-s-triazine herbicide. Significant traces are documented in environment, mainly waters, soil and plants used for nutrition. The aim of this study was to estimate prometryne immunotoxic properties through induction of apoptotic and/or necrotic changes in thymocytes, splenocytes and lymph node cells after repeated subchronical exposure. Three different doses of prometryne (185, 375, 555mgkg(-1)) were applied per os every 48h, over 28 days. Flow cytometry assay (annexinV-FITC and PI) was conducted to record apoptotic and necrotic damage. In the spleen significant changes in the percentage of apoptotic cells were not detected between treated and control groups respectively. In thymus and lymph node, within the lowest dose group (185mgkg(-)1), an increase in percentage of early apoptosis without any significant increase in necrosis was detected. Medium (375mgkg(-1)) as well as high dose triggered increase in late apoptosis in lymph node while in thymus; late apoptosis was increased only in animals exposed to the highest dose (555mgkg(-1)). The highest applied dose, in thymus and lymph node respectively, caused a general decrease in percentage of vital cells in favour of marked increase of percentages of all types of dying cells (apoptotic, late apoptotic/early necrotic and necrotic). Prometryne caused disbalance in major organs of immune system, markedly lymph nodes and thymus, by induction of early apoptotic changes in dose/time specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Dikić
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Department of Animal Physiology, Biology Division, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Fernandez Cabezudo MJ, Petroianu G, Al-Ramadi B, Langer RD. Iosimenol, a new non-ionic dimeric contrast medium, does not induce immunoreactivity in the popliteal lymph node assay. Br J Radiol 2007; 80:713-8. [PMID: 17768167 DOI: 10.1259/bjr/38377769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal studies in mice were conducted to determine the potential immunoreactivity of the new non-ionic dimeric contrast medium (CM) iosimenol using the PLNA and flow cytometric analyses. Comparative studies were performed with iodixanol. The known immune-reactive substance strepozotocin (STZ) and vehicle injections served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Our experiments did not show any immunological effect of iosimenol, concluding that the new CM iosimenol may be beneficial for use in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Fernandez Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Tawam Street, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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Friedrich K, Delgado IF, Santos LMF, Paumgartten FJR. Assessment of sensitization potential of monoterpenes using the rat popliteal lymph node assay. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1516-22. [PMID: 17383062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) has been proposed as a screening test for detecting chemicals with potential of inducing allergic and auto-immune-like reactions in humans. In the present study, we used the rat PLNA to evaluate the immuno-sensitizing potential of 10 monoterpenes found in the essential oils of a variety of aromatic, edible and medicinal plants. The primary or direct PLNA was performed with the monoterpenes, and chlorpromazine (CPZ) and barbital were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Female, 7-8 week-old Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously (50 microL) with the test substance (0.5, 2.5 or 5mg) into the right hind footpad while the contralateral footpad was injected with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Weight (WI) and cellularity (CI) indices for draining PLNs were determined 7 days after treatment. PLNA was positive (WI >or= 2 and CI >or= 5) for CPZ, citral, alpha-terpinene, beta-myrcene and (-)-alpha-pinene, and negative for barbital, DMSO, (-)-menthol, 1,8-cineole, (+/-) citronellal, (+)-limonene, (+/-) camphor and terpineol. A secondary PLNA, a T-cell priming test, was carried out with the four substances that had been positive in the primary assay. Six weeks after being locally primed with 5 mg/paw, rats were sc injected into the same footpad with a dose (0.5 mg/paw) of the substance that had been previously found to be insufficient to cause a positive response. WI and CI were then calculated 4 and 7 days after the second injection. CPZ was also positive in the secondary assay thereby confirming that it is a sensitizing agent. Citral, alpha-terpinene, beta-myrcene and (-)-alpha-pinene, however, were negative in the secondary assay. In summary, citral, alpha-terpinene, beta-myrcene and (-)-alpha-pinene induced a clear immuno-stimulatory response due to their irritant properties but no monoterpene proved to be a sensitizing agent in the PLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Friedrich
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-360, Brazil
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Løvik M, Alberg T, Nygaard UC, Samuelsen M, Groeng EC, Gaarder PI. Popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay to study adjuvant effects on respiratory allergy. Methods 2007; 41:72-9. [PMID: 17161303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Different variants of the popliteal lymph node (PLN) assay have been published. Here we describe the adjuvant popliteal lymph node assay, an immune response assay to study the adjuvant activity of soluble substances as well as particulate matter. The substance to be studied for adjuvant activity is injected into the hind footpad of mice or rats together with an antigen. Adjuvant activity is determined as the increase in PLN weight and cell numbers in animals receiving antigen together with the substance under study, compared with PLN weight and cell numbers in animals given the antigen without the substance in question, and animals given the putative adjuvant alone. Because lymph node weight and cell numbers are immunologically non-specific parameters, specific immune response assays like serum antibody responses or antibody-forming cell numbers should additionally be performed. Different antigens and immune response assays may be used, depending on the research question asked. In relation to respiratory (or food) allergy, the assays should as a minimum include determination of specific IgE in serum, and preferably also IgG1 (mouse). Serum specific IgG2a antibody determination may be added to get an indication of the Th1-Th2-balance of the response. The adjuvant PLN assay, with cellular response assays performed in the draining popliteal lymph node and antibody determinations in serum, requires small amounts of test material. The assay offers a practical, sensitive and reproducible method to determine the adjuvant activity of soluble substances as well as particulate material, with the possibility to also perform mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus Løvik
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) derives from the hypothesis that some supposedly immune-mediated adverse effects induced by certain pharmaceuticals involve a mechanism resembling a graft-versus-host reaction. The injection of many but not all of these compounds into the footpad of mice or rats produces an increase in the weight and/or cellularity of the popliteal lymph node in the treated limb (direct PLNA). Some of the compounds known to cause these adverse effects in humans, however, failed to induce a positive PLNA response, leading to refinements of the technique to include pretreatment with enzyme inducers, depletion of CD4(+) T cells or additional endpoints such as histological examination, lymphocyte subset analysis and cytokine fingerprinting. Alternative approaches have been used to improve further the predictability of the assay. In the secondary PLNA, the test compound is injected twice in order to illicit a greater secondary response, thus suggesting a memory-specific T cell response. In the adoptive PLNA, popliteal lymph node cells from treated mice are injected into the footpad of naive mice; a marked response to a subsequent footpad challenge demonstrates the involvement of T cells. Finally, the reporter antigens TNP-Ficoll and TNP-ovalbumin are used to differentiate compounds that induce responses involving neo-antigen help or co-stimulatory signals (modified PLNA). The PLNA is increasingly considered as a tool for detection of the potential to induce both sensitization and autoimmune reactions. A major current limitation is validation. A small inter-laboratory validation study of the direct PLNA found consistent results. No such study has been performed using an alternative protocol. Other issues include selection of the optimal protocol for an improved prediction of sensitization vs autoimmunity, and the elimination of false-positive responses due to primary irritation. Finally, a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is essential to determine the most relevant endpoints. The confusion resulting from use of the PLNA to predict autoimmune-like reactions as well as sensitization should be clarified. Interestingly, most drugs that were positive in the direct PLNA are also known to cause drug hypersensitivity syndrome in treated patients. This observation is expected to open new avenues of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ravel
- MDS Pharma Services, 69210 Saint-Germain s/l'Arbresle, France.
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Nygaard UC, Alberg T, Bleumink R, Aase A, Dybing E, Pieters R, Løvik M. Ambient air particles from four European cities increase the primary cellular response to allergen in the draining lymph node. Toxicology 2005; 207:241-54. [PMID: 15596255 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the RAIAP (respiratory allergy and inflammation due to ambient particles) project, qualitative properties of ambient air particles from Amsterdam, Oslo, Lodz and Rome were investigated in relation to inflammation and allergy. Most collected particle fractions were found to increase the allergen-specific IgE and IgG2a responses after subcutaneous injection of particles with allergen in mice. However, some fractions appeared to skew the antibody response towards more Th1- or Th2-associated antibody isotypes, and the fine fractions were found to be more potent than the coarse fractions with regard to IgE adjuvant activity. In the present study we investigated the cellular response in the draining lymph node 5 days after a subcutaneous injection of selected RAIAP particle fractions. The particles (100 microg) were injected into both hind footpads of BALB/cA mice, in the presence or absence of the allergen ovalbumin (OVA, 50 microg). We also studied if the coarse and fine RAIAP particle fractions affected the cellular responses to OVA differently. The number of lymph node cells, as well as the relative number of B and T lymphocytes and T helper cells were determined. Expression of cell surface molecules (MHC class II, CD86 and CD23) and ex vivo cytokine production (IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma) by the lymph node cells were measured. Overall, particles in the presence of allergen enhanced the levels of the various cellular parameters compared to allergen alone or particles alone. In the absence of allergen, ambient air particles, in contrast to diesel exhaust particles, marginally affected some cellular parameters. By histological examination of the lymph node, the particles appeared to be scattered between the lymphocytes, often localised within macrophage-like (acid phosphatase positive) cells. The cell parameters measured could, for the individual sample, neither predict the degree of a Th2- or Th1-skewed antibody response, nor the stronger antibody adjuvant capacity of the fine than the coarse particle fractions. In conclusion, we have shown that coarse and fine ambient air particles from different European cities enhance the cellular response in the draining lymph node after injection with an allergen. In the absence of allergen, ambient particles only marginally affected the cellular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Cecilie Nygaard
- Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, NO-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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Ravel G, Christ M, Horand F, Descotes J. Cytokine release does not improve the sensitivity and specificity of the direct popliteal lymph node assay. Toxicology 2004; 200:247-54. [PMID: 15212820 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2004.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2003] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The popliteal lymph node assay (PLNA) is being considered as a tool to predict the potential of drugs for inducing systemic autoimmune and hypersensitivity reactions. Despite the use of different technical approaches and the evaluation of over 130 compounds, the sensitivity and specificity of the PLNA are still debatable due to many false positive and negative responses. In this study, cytokine production was assessed as a possible endpoint to improve the direct (primary) PLNA. Diclofenac, imipramine, hydralazine, glafenin and minocycline were tested using the classical procedure. TH1 cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma), TH2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-5) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), IL-12p70 and IL-10) were measured in the serum and in suspensions of popliteal lymph node cells of female Balb/c mice by flow cytometry 7 days after drug administration. Only diclofenac and imipramine induced a cellularity index above 5 (considered as a positive response). Of the five tested drugs, only diclofenac induced a slight increase in TH1 cytokines, but there were no effects on TH2 cytokine production whatever the drug tested. Diclofenac increased the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, whereas the production of MCP-1 was increased by minocycline and decreased by imipramine. No changes in serum cytokine levels were evident. These results suggest that measuring cytokine release is unlikely to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the direct PLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Ravel
- MDS Pharma Services, Les Oncins, 69210 St. Germain sur L'Arbresle, France.
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