1
|
Omur S, Cerik I, Tekin G. The relationship of fetuin-a, omentin-1, and chemerin with left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR ACADEMY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijca.ijca_36_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
2
|
Gong R, Chen M, Zhang C, Chen M, Li H. A comparison of gene expression profiles in patients with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes, and their coexisting conditions. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:44. [PMID: 28595632 PMCID: PMC5465468 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0630-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To support a hypothesis that there is an intrinsic interplay between coronary artery disease (CAD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), we used RNA-seq to identify unique gene expression signatures of CAD, T2D, and coexisting conditions. Methods After transcriptome sequencing, differential expression analysis was performed between each disordered state and normal control group. By comparing gene expression profiles of CAD, T2D, and coexisting conditions, common and specific patterns of each disordered state were displayed. To verify the specific gene expression patterns of CAD or T2D, the gene expression data of GSE23561 was extracted. Results A strong overlap of 191 genes across CAD, T2D and coexisting conditions, were mainly involved in a viral infectious cycle, anti-apoptosis, endocrine pancreas development, innate immune response, and blood coagulation. In T2D-specific PPI networks involving 64 genes, TCF7L2 (Degree = 169) was identified as a key gene in T2D development, while in CAD-specific PPI networks involving 64 genes, HIF1A (Degree = 124), SMAD1 (Degree = 112) and SKIL (Degree = 94) were identified as key genes in the CAD development. Interestingly, with the provided expression data from GSE23561, the three genes were all up-regulated in CAD, and SMAD1 and SKIL were specifically differentially expressed in CAD, while HIF1A was differentially expressed in both CAD and T2D, but with opposite trends. Conclusions This study provides some evidences in transcript level to uncover the association of T2D, CAD and coexisting conditions, and may provide novel drug targets and biomarkers for these diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13000-017-0630-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Department of gerontology, The Third Municipal Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050011, China
| | - Menghui Chen
- Department of cardiothoracic surgery, The Third Municipal Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050011, China
| | - Cuizhao Zhang
- Medical laboratory technology, The Third Municipal Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050011, China
| | - Manli Chen
- Department of gerontology, The Third Municipal Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050011, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei province, 050051, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Deng Y, Kong J. Urinary Trypsin Inhibitor Reduced Inflammation Response Induced by Hyperlipidemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2015; 20:572-8. [PMID: 25896908 DOI: 10.1177/1074248415578907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Atherosclerosis is recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease. The aim of this study was to examine the role of urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) in inflammation response induced by hyperlipidemia in rabbits. METHODS Thirty rabbits after injury of the right iliac artery endothelium were randomly divided into 3 groups: control group, model group, and UTI group. Iliac arteries were isolated and histology was performed on arterial regions that were injured by balloon after 8 weeks. Neointimal thickness (NT) and neointimal to media radio (N/M) were measured. Blood lipids, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were evaluated. Macrophages were evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis. MicroRNA-181b (miR-181b) was measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Urinary trypsin inhibitor therapy decreased serum inflammatory factor levels without significant changes in blood lipids. Compared with model group, UTI reduced macrophage infiltration of iliac artery (13.91 ± 2.03% vs 24.21 ± 8.94%, P < .01). Hyperlipidemia reduced the expression of miR-181b and increased NT and N/M ratio. Systemic administration of UTI rescued miR-181b expression and inhibited neointimal formation. CONCLUSIONS Urinary trypsin inhibitor could reduce neointimal hyperplasia by inhibiting inflammatory response induced by hyperlipidemia and may become a potential antiatherosclerosis supplement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Long Jiang, China
| | - Junying Kong
- Department of Emergency, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Hei Long Jiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
La Navidad para nuestros pacientes diabéticos: ¿situación de riesgo cardiovascular añadida? Aten Primaria 2010; 42:342-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aprim.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
5
|
López-Jaramillo P. Cardiometabolic disease in latin america: the role of fetal programming in response to maternal malnutrition. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009; 62:670-6. [PMID: 19480763 DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(09)72231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Latin America is experiencing an epidemic of cardiovascular disease and type-2 diabetes mellitus. The rise in life-expectancy and increasingly rapid urbanization have resulted in a greater prevalence of overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome. In Latin America, there is a high level of susceptibility to the development of insulin resistance and low-grade inflammation at relatively low levels of abdominal obesity. This susceptibility is associated with the adaptive response of the fetus to deficient fetal nutrition, which results in a loss of anatomical structures such as nephrons, cardiomyocytes and pancreatic beta cells. These adaptations may prove detrimental if food becomes abundant again after birth. In Latin America, the high prevalence of maternal and fetal malnutrition could mean that the resulting fetal adaptations may contribute to an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. The socioeconomic differences that exist between developed and underdeveloped countries may be reflected in different biological adaptations, which could invalidate the diagnostic criteria and preventive and therapeutic approaches that have been recommended on the basis of research carried out in populations with different characteristics. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions recommended for preventing and aiding recovery from cardiometabolic disease in Latin America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricio López-Jaramillo
- Dirección de Investigaciones de la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia y de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Santander UDES, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Inflammation but not endothelial dysfunction is associated with the severity of coronary artery disease in dyslipidemic subjects. Mediators Inflamm 2009; 2009:469169. [PMID: 19584917 PMCID: PMC2702507 DOI: 10.1155/2009/469169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. The present study evaluated endothelial function, inflammatory parameters, and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in dyslipidemic patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods. Metabolic profile and inflammatory parameters were determined in dyslipidemic patients with (+CAD, n = 33) and without (−CAD, n = 69) symptomatic CAD. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and plasma concentration of nitrites and nitrates. Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasound. Results. No significant differences were observed in anthropometric hemodynamic or metabolic parameters between the groups. After adjusting by age and medication usage, some inflammatory markers were significantly higher in +CAD; however no significant differences in FMD or plasma levels of nitrites were observed. Conclusions. In subjects with dyslipidemia, the presence of CAD is associated with an elevation of certain inflammatory markers and carotid IMT but not with further endothelial dysfunction.
Collapse
|
7
|
Enfermedades cardiometabólicas en Iberoamérica: papel de la programación fetal en respuesta a la desnutrición materna. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(09)71334-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
8
|
Alarcon-Aguilar FJ, Almanza-Perez J, Blancas G, Angeles S, Garcia-Macedo R, Roman R, Cruz M. Glycine regulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lean and monosodium glutamate-obese mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 599:152-8. [PMID: 18930730 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fat tissue plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes. Increased visceral fat has been associated with a higher production of cytokines that triggers a low-grade inflammatory response, which eventually may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. In the present study, we investigated whether glycine, an amino acid that represses the expression in vitro of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Kupffer and 3T3-L1 cells, can affect in vivo cytokine production in lean and monosodium glutamate-induced obese mice (MSG/Ob mice). Our data demonstrate that glycine treatment in lean mice suppressed TNF-alpha transcriptional expression in fat tissue, and serum protein levels of IL-6 were suppressed, while adiponectin levels were increased. In MSG/Ob mice, glycine suppressed TNF-alpha and IL-6 gene expression in fat tissue and significantly reduced protein levels of IL-6, resistin and leptin. To determine the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) in the modulation of this inflammatory response evoked by glycine, we examined its expression levels in fat tissue. Glycine clearly increased PPAR-gamma expression in lean mice but not in MSG/Ob mice. Finally, to identify alterations in glucose metabolism by glycine, we also examined insulin levels and other biochemical parameters during an oral glucose tolerance test. Glycine significantly reduced glucose tolerance and raised insulin levels in lean but not in obese mice. In conclusion, our findings suggest that glycine suppresses the pro-inflammatory cytokines production and increases adiponectin secretion in vivo through the activation of PPAR-gamma. Glycine might prevent insulin resistance and associated inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F J Alarcon-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Farmacologia, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Div. de Ciencias Biologicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico, D.F. Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Valor predictivo de la presión diferencial del pulso en el diagnóstico de isquemia miocárdica silente en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Rev Esp Cardiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(07)75073-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
10
|
Gómez MJ, Roldán I, Díez JL, García K, Sanmiguel D, Salvador A, de Arellano AR, Hernández-Mijares A. Predictive Value of Differential Pulse Pressure in the Diagnosis of Silent Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Type-2 Diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s1885-5857(07)60196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Jimenez-Estrada M, Chilpa RR, Apan TR, Lledias F, Hansberg W, Arrieta D, Aguilar FJA. Anti-inflammatory activity of cacalol and cacalone sesquiterpenes isolated from Psacalium decompositum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 105:34-8. [PMID: 16307855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 09/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The hexane extract and two sesquiterpenic compounds, cacalol and cacalone, were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Psacalium decompositum. Then, their anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ear edema. Indomethacin was used as the anti-inflammatory agent of reference. In the rat paw model of inflammation, both the hexane extract and the sesquiterpenes isolated from Psacalium decompositum showed a clear dose-dependent inhibition of the carrageenan-induced edema (P < 0.05), with important differences among them during the temporal course of the inhibition. In the TPA-induced mouse ear edema all tested compounds showed anti-inflammatory activity in dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). In both models, cacalone showed the most prominent anti-inflammatory activity. We conclude that some of the beneficial effects attributed to Psacalium decompositum in traditional medicine can be related with the anti-inflammatory activity of cacalol and cacalone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Jimenez-Estrada
- Instituto de Quimica, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Coyoacan 04510, México D.F., Mexico.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferrer Hita JJ, Domínguez Rodríguez A, García González MJ, Abreu González P, Bethencourt Muñoz M, Marrero Rodríguez F. Influencia de la diabetes mellitus en el tratamiento y el pronóstico del síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(06)74646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Palomer X, Pérez A, Blanco-Vaca F. [Adiponectin: a new link between obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease]. Med Clin (Barc) 2005; 124:388-95. [PMID: 15766512 DOI: 10.1157/13072576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin is a novel and important member of the adipocytokine family which has regulatory functions in the glucose and lipid metabolism. Adiponectin stimulates fatty acids oxidation, reduces plasma triglycerides, and improves glucose metabolism by increasing the insulin sensitivity. In addition, adiponectin inhibits the inflammatory process that accompanies atherogenesis, as it reduces the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, macrophage-to-foam cell transformation, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression in macrophages and adipocytes, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. Several insulin-resistant states, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, or cardiovascular diseases, have been found to be associated with low levels of plasma adiponectin. Thus, therapeutic approaches aimed at increasing the adiponectin concentrations or the adiponectin tissue sensitivity and action could represent a novel treatment strategy for insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and might have therapeutic implications as an anti-obesity drug or as an anti-atherogenic plasma protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Palomer
- Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nogueira Junior FC, Coelho DA, Almeida MMC, Silva TCP, Ferreira ECS, Macedo UBO, F. Neto FP, Brandão Neto J, Almeida MDG, Rezende AAD. Efeito do tamoxifeno no perfil lipídico de ratos diabéticos por estreptozotocina. Acta Cir Bras 2005. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502005000700013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJETIVO: avaliar o efeito do tamoxifeno no perfil lipídico e renal de ratos controles e diabéticos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos fêmeas Wistar (180-220g peso corporal), divididos randomicamente em 4 grupos: C (n=10, receberam veículo), T (n=10, tratados com tamoxifeno, 0,3mg/kg/dia), D (n=10, diabéticos induzidos por estreptozotocina, 45mg/Kg) e DT (n=10, diabéticos tratados com tamoxifeno). Foram dosados os analitos, glicose, colesterol total, triglicérides, proteínas totais, albumina, uréia e creatinina utilizando Kits Labtest através do analisador Cobas Mira (Alemanha,1996). RESULTADOS: o grupo T apresentou diminuição do colesterol total e triglicérides em relação ao C, e o grupo D um aumento em relação aos demais. Para as proteínas totais foi observado um aumento no Grupo T em relação ao C. A albumina diminuiu nos grupos D e DT em relação aos grupos C e T. Nos níveis de uréia houve um aumento no grupo D e DT em relação aos grupos C e T. CONCLUSÃO: Em relação ao perfil lipídico foi constatado que durante o período de 60 dias o tratamento com tamoxifeno promoveu uma diminuição dos níveis séricos de colesterol e triglicérides, mesmo associado a condição de Diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
|
15
|
Juan-Babot JO, Martínez-González J, Berrozpe M, Badimon L. Neovascularización en arterias coronarias humanas con distintos grados de lesión. Rev Esp Cardiol 2003; 56:978-86. [PMID: 14563292 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(03)76995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Endothelial function can be modulated by growth factors produced by activated smooth muscle cells, inflammatory cells and plasma products that infiltrate the lesion. The aim of this study was to quantify neovessels in human coronary arteries with atherosclerotic lesions of different severity and analyze their relationship with inflammatory cell and plasma product infiltrates. PATIENTS AND METHOD We studied 60 coronary arteries from patients who underwent heart transplant. Cellular markers (smooth muscle cell, monocyte/macrophage), the presence thrombin/prothrombin and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed and quantified by conventional histology, immunohistochemistry and image analysis techniques. RESULTS Neovessels were detected in advanced lesions, and a positive correlation was observed with the degree of vessel remodeling, monocyte/macrophage infiltration and lipid deposition. Smooth muscle cells were the main producers of VEGF in both the intima and media layers of advanced lesions. In these lesions thrombin/prothrombin-positive areas colocalized with activated smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSIONS The presence of neovessels in coronary arteries correlated with inflammatory cell infiltration, lipid deposition and thrombin/prothrombin content. VEGF expression was mainly associated with smooth muscle cells, indicating a key role of these cells in the modulation of endothelial cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josep O Juan-Babot
- Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Understanding of the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has changed markedly over the past few decades. It is now widely accepted that inflammation plays a fundamental role in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis. Inflammatory mechanisms also appear to determine clinical presentation and disease outcome. Atherosclerotic lesions have high concentrations of inflammatory cells (T lymphocytes and activated macrophages) as well as an abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, etc.] that modulate local inflammatory responses. These may also alter plaque stability and facilitate the development of acute cardiovascular events. The role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in this context remains to be studied. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesised by T-lymphocytes and macrophages and has other anti-inflammatory effects. IL-10 expression within human atherosclerotic plaques has been demonstrated and animal experiments have shown that low levels of IL-10 lead to the development of extensive and unstable atherosclerotic lesions. Currently available evidence suggests a potential protective role for IL-10 in atherosclerosis. This new perspective on coronary disease as a chronic inflammatory process may open new avenues for the management of ischemic heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Pérez Fernández
- Coronary Artery Disease Research Unit, Cardiological Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes in Spain is about 6% and increases with age and obesity. Diabetes is present in approximately 25% of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Pre-diabetic and diabetic patients have a higher incidence of CHD and poorer prognosis, with high short- and long-term mortality. The protective effect of pre-menopause status is suppressed by diabetes. Diabetes has a synergic effect with other cardiovascular risk factors. Primary prevention in diabetic patients should be approached as in non-diabetic post-infarction patients. In diabetes, a healthy life-style and strict control of blood sugar and the other cardiovascular risk factors, particularly hypertension, is mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Zamora
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Comarcal de la Selva, Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bosch X, Alfonso F, Bermejo J. [Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. A comprehensive insight to the new epidemic of the 21st century]. Rev Esp Cardiol 2002; 55:525-7. [PMID: 12015933 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-8932(02)76645-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
The causes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have been intensely scrutinized for the last few decades. Since the classic risk factors have been found to be incomplete predictors of the disease, additional risk factors based on molecular genetics are now being sought. Polymorphisms are gene variations that have only modest effects on the function of coded proteins or enzymes. However, they are common and may be risk factors in the presence of environmental risk factors (cholesterol, stress, tobacco). Recent advances in molecular biology have made it possible to detect numerous polymorphisms that might have a detrimental effect on vascular biology, suggesting the hypothesis that multiple polymorphisms in the presence of environmental factors could act synergistically in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, which are typically polygenic and multifactorial diseases. In this review, the current status of our knowledge of polymorphisms and mutations potentially implicated in the mechanisms of coronary artery disease is discussed. Genotype/phenotype, gene-gene, and gene-environmental interactions related to lipid metabolism, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and adrenergic systems, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and endothelial function, inflammation and thrombosis are analyzed. Individual coronary risk might be related to the presence of a critical accumulation detrimental polymorphisms.
Collapse
|
20
|
Morbimortalidad cardiovascular en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1889-1837(02)71269-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|