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Larréché S, Chevillard L, Jourdi G, Mathé S, Servonnet A, Joly BS, Siguret V, Chippaux JP, Mégarbane B. Bothrops venom-induced hemostasis disorders in the rat: Between Scylla and Charybdis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011786. [PMID: 38011218 PMCID: PMC10703418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemostasis impairment represents the most threatening consequence of Viperidae envenoming, notably with Bothrops genus. In the French departments of America, B. atrox envenomation in French Guiana may lead to bleeding while B. lanceolatus envenomation in Martinique to thrombosis. Bleeding related to B. atrox envenomation is attributed to vascular damage mediated by venom metalloproteinases and blood uncoagulable state resulting from thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Thrombosis related to B. lanceolatus envenomation are poorly understood. We aimed to compare the effects of B. atrox and B. lanceolatus venoms in the rat to identify the determinants of the hemorrhagic versus thrombotic complications. Viscoelastometry (ROTEM), platelet count, plasma fibrinogen, thrombin generation assay, fibrinography, endothelial (von Willebrand factor, ADAMTS13 activity, ICAM-1, and soluble E-selectin), and inflammatory biomarkers (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and PAI-1) were determined in blood samples obtained at H3, H6, and H24 after the subcutaneous venom versus saline injection. In comparison to the control, initial fibrinogen consumption was observed with the two venoms while thrombocytopenia and reduction in the clot amplitude only with B. atrox venom. Moreover, we showed an increase in thrombin generation at H3 with the two venoms, an increase in fibrin generation accompanied with hyperfibrinogenemia at H24 and an increase in inflammatory biomarkers with B. lanceolatus venom. No endothelial damage was found with the two venoms. To conclude, our data support two-sided hemostasis complications in Bothrops envenoming with an initial risk of hemorrhage related to platelet consumption and hypocoagulability followed by an increased risk of thrombosis promoted by the activated inflammatory response and rapid-onset fibrinogen restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Larréché
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, Saint-Mandé, France
| | | | - Georges Jourdi
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1140, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Simon Mathé
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Servonnet
- Unité analyses biologiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Bérangère S. Joly
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1140, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, EA3518, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Siguret
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1140, Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Paris, France
- Department of Biological Hematology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- Université Paris Cité, Research Institute for Development, Mother, and Child in Tropical Environment: Pathogens, Health system and Epidemiological transition, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS-1144, Paris, France
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Lariboisière Hospital, Federation of Toxicology, APHP, Paris, France
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2
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Larréché S, Bousquet A, Chevillard L, Gahoual R, Jourdi G, Dupart AL, Bachelot-Loza C, Gaussem P, Siguret V, Chippaux JP, Mégarbane B. Bothrops atrox and Bothrops lanceolatus Venoms In Vitro Investigation: Composition, Procoagulant Effects, Co-Factor Dependency, and Correction Using Antivenoms. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:614. [PMID: 37888645 PMCID: PMC10611193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bothrops venoms are rich in enzymes acting on platelets and coagulation. This action is dependent on two major co-factors, i.e., calcium and phospholipids, while antivenoms variably neutralize venom-related coagulopathy effects. Our aims were (i) to describe the composition of B. atrox and B. lanceolatus venoms; (ii) to study their activity on the whole blood using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM); (iii) to evaluate the contribution of calcium and phospholipids in their activity; and (iv) to compare the effectiveness of four antivenoms (Bothrofav™, Inoserp™ South America, Antivipmyn™ TRI, and PoliVal-ICP™) on the procoagulant activity of these two venoms. Venom composition was comparable. Both venoms exhibited hypercoagulant effects. B. lanceolatus venom was completely dependent on calcium but less dependent on phospholipids than B. atrox venom to induce in vitro coagulation. The four antivenoms neutralized the procoagulant activity of the two venoms; however, with quantitative differences. Bothrofav™ was more effective against both venoms than the three other antivenoms. The relatively similar venom-induced effects in vitro were unexpected considering the opposite clinical manifestations resulting from envenomation (i.e., systemic bleeding with B. atrox and thrombosis with B. lanceolatus). In vivo studies are warranted to better understand the pathophysiology of systemic bleeding and thrombosis associated with Bothrops bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Larréché
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, F-94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (A.B.); (A.-L.D.)
| | - Aurore Bousquet
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, F-94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (A.B.); (A.-L.D.)
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Chemical and Biological Technologies for Health Unit, CNRS UMR 8258, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Georges Jourdi
- Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (G.J.); (C.B.-L.); (P.G.); (V.S.)
- Department of Biological Hematology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Dupart
- Department of Medical Biology, Bégin Military Teaching Hospital, F-94160 Saint-Mandé, France; (A.B.); (A.-L.D.)
| | - Christilla Bachelot-Loza
- Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (G.J.); (C.B.-L.); (P.G.); (V.S.)
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (G.J.); (C.B.-L.); (P.G.); (V.S.)
- Department of Hematology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Virginie Siguret
- Innovative Therapies in Hemostasis, Inserm, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France; (G.J.); (C.B.-L.); (P.G.); (V.S.)
- Department of Biological Hematology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Chippaux
- French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMRS-1144, Université Paris Cité, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Federation of Toxicology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010 Paris, France
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Bourke LA, Zdenek CN, Tanaka-Azevedo AM, Silveira GPM, Sant’Anna SS, Grego KF, Rodrigues CFB, Fry BG. Clinical and Evolutionary Implications of Dynamic Coagulotoxicity Divergences in Bothrops (Lancehead Pit Viper) Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050297. [PMID: 35622544 PMCID: PMC9148167 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite coagulotoxicity being a primary weapon for prey capture by Bothrops species (lancehead pit vipers) and coagulopathy being a major lethal clinical effect, a genus-wide comparison has not been undertaken. To fill this knowledge gap, we used thromboelastography to compare 37 venoms, from across the full range of geography, taxonomy, and ecology, for their action upon whole plasma and isolated fibrinogen. Potent procoagulant toxicity was shown to be the main venom effect of most of the species tested. However, the most basal species (B. pictus) was strongly anticoagulant; this is consistent with procoagulant toxicity being a novel trait that evolved within Bothrops subsequent to their split from anticoagulant American pit vipers. Intriguingly, two of the arboreal species studied (B. bilineatus and B. taeniatus) lacked procoagulant venom, suggesting differential evolutionary selection pressures. Notably, some terrestrial species have secondarily lost the procoagulant venom trait: the Mogi Mirim, Brazil locality of B. alternatus; San Andres, Mexico locality of B. asper; B. diporus; and the São Roque of B. jararaca. Direct action on fibrinogen was extremely variable; this is consistent with previous hypotheses regarding it being evolutionary decoupled due to procoagulant toxicity being the primary prey-capture weapon. However, human patients live long enough for fibrinogen depletion to be clinically significant. The extreme variability may be reflective of antivenom variability, with these results thereby providing a foundation for such future work of clinical relevance. Similarly, the venom diversification trends relative to ecological niche will also be useful for integration with natural history data, to reconstruct the evolutionary pressures shaping the venoms of these fascinating snakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Allan Bourke
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.A.B.); (B.G.F.)
| | - Christina N. Zdenek
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Anita Mitico Tanaka-Azevedo
- Laboratrio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.M.T.-A.); (G.P.M.S.); (S.S.S.); (K.F.G.); (C.F.B.R.)
| | - Giovanni Perez Machado Silveira
- Laboratrio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.M.T.-A.); (G.P.M.S.); (S.S.S.); (K.F.G.); (C.F.B.R.)
| | - Sávio Stefanini Sant’Anna
- Laboratrio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.M.T.-A.); (G.P.M.S.); (S.S.S.); (K.F.G.); (C.F.B.R.)
| | - Kathleen Fernandes Grego
- Laboratrio de Herpetologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-900, Brazil; (A.M.T.-A.); (G.P.M.S.); (S.S.S.); (K.F.G.); (C.F.B.R.)
| | | | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia;
- Correspondence: (L.A.B.); (B.G.F.)
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Coagulotoxicity of Bothrops (Lancehead Pit-Vipers) Venoms from Brazil: Differential Biochemistry and Antivenom Efficacy Resulting from Prey-Driven Venom Variation. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100411. [PMID: 30314373 PMCID: PMC6215258 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lancehead pit-vipers (Bothrops genus) are an extremely diverse and medically important group responsible for the greatest number of snakebite envenomations and deaths in South America. Bothrops atrox (common lancehead), responsible for majority of snakebites and related deaths within the Brazilian Amazon, is a highly adaptable and widely distributed species, whose venom variability has been related to several factors, including geographical distribution and habitat type. This study examined venoms from four B. atrox populations (Belterra and Santarém, PA; Pres. Figueiredo, AM and São Bento, MA), and two additional Bothrops species (B. jararaca and B. neuwiedi) from Southeastern region for their coagulotoxic effects upon different plasmas (human, amphibian, and avian). The results revealed inter– and intraspecific variations in coagulotoxicity, including distinct activities between the three plasmas, with variations in the latter two linked to ecological niche occupied by the snakes. Also examined were the correlated biochemical mechanisms of venom action. Significant variation in the relative reliance upon the cofactors calcium and phospholipid were revealed, and the relative dependency did not significantly correlate with potency. Relative levels of Factor X or prothrombin activating toxins correlated with prey type and prey escape potential. The antivenom was shown to perform better in neutralising prothrombin activation activity than neutralising Factor X activation activity. Thus, the data reveal new information regarding the evolutionary selection pressures shaping snake venom evolution, while also having significant implications for the treatment of the envenomed patient. These results are, therefore, an intersection between evolutionary biology and clinical medicine.
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Geng P, Lin L, Li Y, Fan Q, Wang N, Song L, Li W. A novel fibrin(ogen)olytic trypsin-like protease from Chinese oak silkworm (Antheraea pernyi): Purification and characterization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 445:64-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rapid purification of serine proteinases from Bothrops alternatus and Bothrops moojeni venoms. Toxicon 2013; 76:282-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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He J, Chen S, Gu J. Identification and characterization of Harobin, a novel fibrino(geno)lytic serine protease from a sea snake (Lapemis hardwickii). FEBS Lett 2007; 581:2965-73. [PMID: 17544404 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A gene encoding a novel serine protease designated as Harobin is cloned and identified from a sea snake venom gland bacteriophage T7 library. It has 265 amino acids and shares 50-70% similarity to terrestrial snake serine proteases. In addition to the 12 conservative Cys, it has three more Cys residues that may contribute to its higher enzymatic stability. Harobin is expressed in Pichia pastoris and purified. Recombinant Harobin exhibits an amidolytic activity, and specifically degrades Aalpha, Bbeta-chain of fibrinogen. It functions as a defibrase both in vitro and in vivo, and reduces thrombosis. Harobin prolongs the coagulation time and the bleeding time of mice and reduces the fibrinogen levels of rats as well. Meanwhile, intravenous injection of Harobin leads to the reduction of blood pressure in SHR rats. It results from the ability of Harobin that cleaves angiotensin I and release bradykinin from plasma kininogen in vitro and in vivo. These data suggest that Harobin is a novel defibrase and has a potential to be an agent for the therapy of thrombosis and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyun He
- National Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering, LSC, Peking University, Beijing, China
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9
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Wu CC, Wang TW, Wang WY, Hsieh PW, Wu YC. 2-(2-Br-phenyl)-8-methoxy-benzoxazinone (HPW-RX2), a direct thrombin inhibitor with a suppressive effect on thromboxane formation in platelets. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 527:37-43. [PMID: 16313903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
2-(2-Br-phenyl)-8-methoxy-benzoxazinone (HPW-RX2), a newly synthetic benzoxazinone derivative, has previously been shown to inhibit rabbit platelet aggregation caused by thrombin and arachidonic acid. In the present study, the mechanism for the antiplatelet effect of HPW-RX2 was further investigated. In human platelets, HPW-RX2 concentration-dependently inhibited platelet aggregation, ATP release, P-selectin expression, and intracellular calcium mobilization caused by thrombin. In contrast, HPW-RX2 had no significant effect on either SFLLRN- or GYPGKF-induced platelet aggregation, indicating that HPW-RX2 did not interfere with platelet thrombin receptors. Moreover, HPW-RX2 inhibited the amidolytic activity of thrombin and prolonged the fibrinogen clotting time. These results suggest that the inhibitory effect of HPW-RX2 on thrombin-induced platelet aggregation is via direct inhibition of thrombin proteolytic activity. Besides the inhibition on thrombin, HPW-RX2 also prevented platelet aggregation, ATP release, and increase in [Ca2+]i caused by arachidonic acid and low concentration collagen. In a parallel manner, both arachidonic acid-induced thromboxane B2 and prostaglandin D2 formations were decreased in platelets treated with HPW-RX2. This indicates that HPW-RX2 is able to inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade at the cyclooxygenase level. This is the first report of a benzoxazinone derivative possessing both thrombin and cyclooxygenase inhibitory properties. The dual effect of HPW-RX2 might provide extra therapeutic benefits for treatment of arterial thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Wu
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Samel M, Vija H, Subbi J, Siigur J. Metalloproteinase with factor X activating and fibrinogenolytic activities from Vipera berus berus venom. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:575-82. [PMID: 12892749 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Vipera berus berus venom contains several factor X activating enzymes. In the present study we have investigated one of them. The enzyme was separated from venom by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 superfine and chromatography on agarose HPS-7 and phenyl-agarose. The enzyme is a glycosylated metalloproteinase containing hexoses, hexosamines and neuraminic acid. The purified factor X activating enzyme consists of two equal chains (59 kDa). The specificity studies have shown that enzyme is nonspecific factor X activating proteinase hydrolysing also proteins such as azocasein, gelatin and fibrinogen. The enzyme hydrolyses oxidized insulin B-chain at the positions Ala(14)-Leu(15) and Tyr(16)-Leu(17) but it is inactive on fibrin, plasminogen and prothrombin. We used 8-10 amino acid residues containing peptides, which reproduce the sequence around the cleavage sites in factor X, factor IX and fibrinogen, as potential substrates for enzyme. Cleavage products of peptide hydrolysis were determined by MALDI-TOF MS. The peptide Asn-Asn-Leu-Thr-Arg-Ile-Val-Gly-Gly-factor X fragment was cleaved by enzyme at positions Leu(3)-Thr(4) and Arg(5)-Ile(6). The fibrinogen peptide fragment Glu-Tyr-His-Thr-Glu-Lys-Leu-Val-Thr-Ser was hydrolysed at position Lys(6)-Leu(7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Samel
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
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11
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Cho SY, Hahn BS, Yang KY, Kim YS. Purification and characterization of calobin II, a second type of thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). Toxicon 2001; 39:499-506. [PMID: 11024490 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In our previous report, we purified and cloned the gene of a thrombin-like enzyme, calobin, from the venom of Agkistrodon caliginosus (Hahn, B.S., Yang, K.Y., Park, E.M., Chang, I.M., Kim, Y. S., 1996. Purification and molecular cloning of calobin, a thrombin-like enzyme from Agkistrodon caliginosus (Korean viper). J. Biochem. 119, 835-843.). During the purification of calobin, a second type of thrombin-like protease was found and it was purified using Affi-Gel Blue and Mono-S cation-exchange chromatography. It was identified as a serine protease with a molecular weight of 41, 000 on SDS-PAGE and its isoelectric point was determined to be 7.4 by isoelectric focusing. It showed little azocaseinolytic and fibrinolytic activity. However, this enzyme acted on fibrinogen to form fibrin with a specific activity of 7,587 NIH equivalent units and also exhibited arginine esterase activity. Amino acid sequencing of the N-terminal region established a primary structure composed of Val-Ile-Gly-Gly-Asp-Glu-Cys-Asn-Ile-Asn-Glu-His-Arg-Phe-Leu-Val-Ala-X -Tyr. This sequence was entirely consistent with that of calobin and showed a high homology with other thrombin-like enzymes, such as ancrod, batroxobin and gyroxin. Based on the biochemical properties such as molecular weight and isoelectric point, we can demonstrate a second thrombin-like protein showing a high potent clotting activity from the venom of Korean viper.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Cho
- Natrual Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, South Korea
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Koh YS, Chung KH, Kim DS. Biochemical characterization of a thrombin-like enzyme and a fibrinolytic serine protease from snake (Agkistrodon saxatilis) venom. Toxicon 2001; 39:555-60. [PMID: 11024495 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(00)00169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A thrombin-like enzyme and a fibrinolytic serine protease were purified to homogeneity from the venom of a Korean snake Agkistrodon saxatilis emelianov. Both the purified enzymes migrated as a single protein band corresponding to 39 kDa in SDS-PAGE. However, the molecular mass was reduced to 28 kDa by enzymatic removal of the N-linked carbohydrates in those two different enzyme species. Although the thrombin-like enzyme and the fibrinolytic protease show homologous features in their molecular sizes and N-terminal amino acid sequences, yet they can be clearly distinguished from each other in terms of substrate specificity, susceptibility to inhibitors and fibrinogen degradation. It is postulated that these two enzymes are capable of functioning in a cooperative manner to effectively remove fibrinogen and consequently to reduce the blood viscosity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science and Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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13
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Abstract
A new protein, salmorin, that inhibits fibrinogen clotting was purified to homogeneity from the snake venom of Agkistrodon halys brevicaudus. Salmorin was characterized to be a heterodimeric protein composed of 15 kDa and 14 kDa subunits. Purified salmorin inhibited not only thrombin-induced fibrinogen clotting but also factor Xa-induced prothrombin activation. Experimental evidence indicated that the hetero-dimeric protein does not bind to the thrombin catalytic site but binds to thrombin and prothrombin exosites. Analyses of the cDNA sequences encoding the two separate polypeptide chains revealed that the mature subunits are composed of 131 and 122 amino acids, respectively. In the isolated cDNAs, N-termini of both chains are preceded by hydrophobic signal peptides of 23 residues. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited considerable identity with other snake venom C-type lectin-like proteins derived from various snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, and Bioproducts Research Center, Yonsei University, 120-749, Seoul, South Korea
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Wu CC, Huang SW, Hwang TL, Kuo SC, Lee FY, Teng CM. YD-3, a novel inhibitor of protease-induced platelet activation. Br J Pharmacol 2000; 130:1289-96. [PMID: 10903968 PMCID: PMC1572197 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0703437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. In the present study, the antiplatelet effects and mechanisms of a new synthetic compound YD-3 [1-benzyl-3(ethoxycarbonylphenyl)-indazole] were examined. 2. YD-3 inhibited the aggregation of washed rabbit platelets caused by thrombin (IC(50)=28.3 microM), but had no or little inhibitory effect on that induced by arachidonic acid, collagen, platelet-activating factor (PAF) or U46619. YD-3 also suppressed generation of inositol phosphates caused by thrombin. On the other hand, thrombin-induced fibrin formation was not affected by YD-3, indicating YD-3 does not inhibit the proteolytic activity of thrombin. 3. In washed human platelets, however, YD-3 had only mild inhibitory effect on the low concentration (0.05 u ml(-1)) of thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation, and did not affect that induced by higher concentrations (> or =0.1 u ml(-1)) of thrombin or SFLLRN, the protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) agonist peptide. By contrast, YD-3 inhibited both human and rabbit platelet aggregation elicited by trypsin with IC(50) values of 38.1 microM and 5.7 microM, respectively. 4. YD-3, at 100 microM, had no effect on ristocetin-induced glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)-dependent aggregation of human platelets. In addition, platelets treated with chymotrypsin, which cleaves GPIb, enhanced rather than attenuated the inhibition of YD-3 on thrombin-induced human platelet aggregation. These data indicate that GPIb plays no role in the antiplatelet effect of YD-3. 5. In SFLLRN-desensitized human platelets, high concentration of thrombin (1 u ml(-1)) could still elicit intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and the rise of [Ca(2+)](i) was prevented by either leupeptin or YD-3. 6. Our results suggest that YD-3 inhibits a non-PAR1 thrombin receptor which mediates the major effect of thrombin in rabbit platelets, but in human platelets, this receptor function becomes significant only when the function of PAR1 has been blocked or attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Tajen Institute of Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Wen Huang
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Chu Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, China Medical College, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Lee
- Yung-Shin Pharmaceutical Industry Co, Ltd, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Che-Ming Teng
- Pharmacological Institute, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Author for correspondence:
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Abstract
Vipera berus berus venom contains several factor X activating enzymes. One of them (VBFXAE) was separated by gel-filtration on Sephadex G-100 superfine and on a bacitracin-agarose column. The enzyme is a single-chain glycoprotein with mol. wt 38,000. The enzyme has several molecular forms with pI 3.5-4.5. After neuraminidase treatment the enzyme has pI 4.5. VBFXAE contains 2 Ca per mole. The activator is inactive on synthetic substrates, on casein, prothrombin, and fibrinogen, and appears to act specifically on factor X. The activator also weakly hydrolyses the insulin B-chain at the positions Ala14-Leu15 and Tyr16-Leu17. The cleavage of the insulin B-chain is inhibited by EDTA, suggesting the metalloproteinase nature of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Samel
- Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn
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16
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Farid T, Nasser H, Zaki K, el-Asmar MF. Low molecular weight factor X activator from Cerastes vipera (Sahara sand viper) venom. Toxicon 1993; 31:1007-17. [PMID: 8212040 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(93)90260-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fraction G from Cerastes vipera venom previously purified on Sephadex G100 was refractionated on DEAE-Sephadex A50 column. A factor X activator was obtained. It had a mol. wt of 12,500 and an isoelectric point of 4.4. It shortened the plasma recalcification time of normal plasma, and plasmas deficient in factors V, VII, VIII, IX, XI and XIII, while it had no effect on plasma deficient in factor X or factor II. It had a serine protease activity and a minimal plasmin activity. PMSF, leupeptin and iodoacetamide exerted a pronounced inhibitory effect on its serine protease activity. Polyantivenin could neutralize the coagulant activity of the activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Farid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Gené JA, Roy A, Rojas G, Gutiérrez JM, Cerdas L. Comparative study on coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms and their neutralization by a polyvalent antivenom. Toxicon 1989; 27:841-8. [PMID: 2781583 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90096-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The coagulant, defibrinating, fibrino lytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of venoms from ten species of Costa Rican crotaline snakes were studied, together with the neutralization of these effects by a polyvalent antivenom. The venoms of Bothrops asper, B. schlegelii, B. nummifer, B. godmani, Lachesis muta and Crotalus durissus induced a coagulant effect in vitro, and all of them, with the exception of B. nummifer, also induced defibrination in vivo. The four non-coagulant venoms (B. lateralis, B. ophryomegas, B. nasuta and B. picadoi) induced a degradation of the alpha (A) chain of fibrinogen, thereby inhibiting coagulation. However, they did not induce defibrination upon i.v. injection. All of the venoms showed fibrinolytic activity in vitro. Polyvalent antivenom was effective in the neutralization of coagulant, defibrinating, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities of these venoms, with the exception of coagulant effect induced by C. durissus venom. Since only three venoms are used in the immunization of horses, these results demonstrate the high degree of immunological cross reactivity between components affecting coagulation in Costa Rican crotaline snake venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gené
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José
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18
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Abstract
Changes in the haemostatic mechanism caused by venoms of Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis snakes from Central and South America in human accidents are reviewed. Changes in the blood coagulation mechanism could be found depending on the action of the venom on clotting factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Kamiguti
- Laboratory of Haematology, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Chaves F, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Cerdas L. Histopathological and biochemical alterations induced by intramuscular injection of Bothrops asper (terciopelo) venom in mice. Toxicon 1989; 27:1085-93. [PMID: 2815106 DOI: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The local and systemic pathological changes induced by an i.m. injection of 100 micrograms of Bothrops asper venom in mice were studied histologically and by following the changes in serum levels of enzymes, proteins, ATP and lactate, as well as alterations in hematocrit and clotting time. B. asper venom induced a rapid and marked increase in serum levels of creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, but not alanine aminotransferase or alkaline phosphatase. A local myonecrosis and hemorrhage was observed, with the lungs collapsing by 24 hr and the kidneys showing glomerular congestion and vacuolar degeneration of tubular cells. Only minor histopathological changes were observed in cardiac muscle and liver. Both ATP and lactate blood levels decreased after venom injection, whereas there were no changes in serum protein concentration. Blood incoagulability was observed 1 and 3 hr after envenomation. Antivenom neutralized venom-induced increases in serum enzyme levels following preincubation with venom, indicating that antivenom contains antibodies against tissue-damaging toxins. However, when antivenom was administered i.v. at different time intervals after venom injection, neutralization was only partial, with the exception of defibrinating activity, which was totally neutralized even after a delay of 1 hr in administering antivenom.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chaves
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José
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20
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Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B, Chaves F, Moreno E, Cerdas L. Pharmacological activities of a toxic phospholipase A isolated from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. C, COMPARATIVE PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 1986; 84:159-64. [PMID: 2873948 DOI: 10.1016/0742-8413(86)90183-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A toxic phospholipase A was isolated from the venom of Bothrops asper. It induced skeletal muscle damage, anticoagulant effects and edema in the foot pad. The toxin had an intravenous LD50 of 95 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt and an intraventricular LD50 of 0.42 micrograms/16-18 g mouse body wt. Upon intramuscular and intravenous injections, the toxin induced a prominent increase in serum creatine kinase (CK) levels; only the CK-MM isozyme increased markedly. The toxin induced CK and creatine release from skeletal muscle incubated in vitro. The rate of efflux of creatine was higher than that of CK, although both markers were partially released as early as 15 min after incubation. The toxin also induced elevation of serum levels of lactic dehydrogenase isozymes. However, histological examination of skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart and lungs revealed cell damage only in skeletal muscle. The toxin was not cytotoxic to erythrocytes, lymphocytes or macrophages. In addition, it did not induce a mitogenic response on lymphocytes. In the absence of albumin in the medium, there was no significant difference between myotoxic activities in Ca2+-free and Ca2+-containing bathing solutions. However, when albumin was added, there was a significantly higher myotoxic effect in the presence of Ca2+. Thus, although phospholipolytic activity of the toxin plays a role in muscle damage when albumin is present, the toxin induces muscle damage even when phospholipase A activity is inhibited.
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