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Castillo-Vazquez SK, Massieu L, Rincón-Heredia R, García-de la Torre P, Quiroz-Baez R, Gomez-Verjan JC, Rivero-Segura NA. Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Potential Target to Improve Cognitive Impairment in Aging. Arch Med Res 2024; 55:103039. [PMID: 38981341 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2024.103039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Aging is characterized by the decline in many of the individual's capabilities. It has been recognized that the brain undergoes structural and functional changes during aging that are occasionally associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In this sense, altered glutamatergic neurotransmission, which involves the release, binding, reuptake, and degradation of glutamate (Glu) in the brain, has been widely studied in physiological and pathophysiological aging. In particular, changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission are exacerbated during neurodegenerative diseases and are associated with cognitive impairment, characterized by difficulties in memory, learning, concentration, and decision-making. Thus, in the present manuscript, we aim to highlight the relevance of glutamatergic neurotransmission during cognitive impairment to develop novel strategies to prevent, ameliorate, or delay cognitive decline. To achieve this goal, we provide a comprehensive review of the changes reported in glutamatergic neurotransmission components, such as Glu transporters and receptors during physiological aging and in the most studied neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we describe the current therapeutic strategies developed to target glutamatergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Karime Castillo-Vazquez
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Massieu
- Departamento de Neuropatología Molecular, División de Neurociencias, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ruth Rincón-Heredia
- Unidad de Imagenología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Paola García-de la Torre
- 4 Unidad de Investigación Epidemiológica y en Servicios de Salud, Área de Envejecimiento, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Ricardo Quiroz-Baez
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Leipnitz G, da Rosa JS, Wajner M. The Role of Excitotoxicity, Oxidative Stress and Bioenergetics Disruption in the Neuropathology of Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia. Neurotox Res 2024; 42:32. [PMID: 38949693 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-024-00711-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) is an inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism biochemically characterized by the accumulation of glycine (Gly) predominantly in the brain. Affected patients usually manifest with neurological symptoms including hypotonia, seizures, epilepsy, lethargy, and coma, the pathophysiology of which is still not completely understood. Treatment is limited and based on lowering Gly levels aiming to reduce overstimulation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Mounting in vitro and in vivo animal and human evidence have recently suggested that excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and bioenergetics disruption induced by Gly are relevant mechanisms involved in the neuropathology of NKH. This brief review gives emphasis to the deleterious effects of Gly in the brain of patients and animal models of NKH that may offer perspectives for the development of novel adjuvant treatments for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline Santana da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
| | - Moacir Wajner
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-003, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2600-Anexo, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 90035-003, Brazil
- Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, RS, Brazil
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3
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Lee P, Kim J, Choi IY, Pal R, Hui D, Marcario JK, Michaelis ML, Michaelis EK. Increases in anterograde axoplasmic transport in neurons of the hyper-glutamatergic, glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (Glud1) transgenic mouse: Effects of glutamate receptors on transport. J Neurochem 2024; 168:719-727. [PMID: 38124277 PMCID: PMC11102336 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate has a role in neuronal migration and process elongation in the central nervous system (CNS). The effects of chronic glutamate hyperactivity on vesicular and protein transport within CNS neurons, that is, processes necessary for neurite growth, have not been examined previously. In this study, we measured the effects of lifelong hyperactivity of glutamate neurotransmission on axoplasmic transport in CNS neurons. We compared wild-type (wt) to transgenic (Tg) mice over-expressing the glutamate dehydrogenase gene Glud1 in CNS neurons and exhibiting increases in glutamate transmitter formation, release, and synaptic activation in brain throughout the lifespan. We found that Glud1 Tg as compared with wt mice exhibited increases in the rate of anterograde axoplasmic transport in neurons of the hippocampus measured in brain slices ex vivo, and in olfactory neurons measured in vivo. We also showed that the in vitro pharmacologic activation of glutamate synapses in wt mice led to moderate increases in axoplasmic transport, while exposure to selective inhibitors of ion channel forming glutamate receptors very significantly suppressed anterograde transport, suggesting a link between synaptic glutamate receptor activation and axoplasmic transport. Finally, axoplasmic transport in olfactory neurons of Tg mice in vivo was partially inhibited following 14-day intake of ethanol, a known suppressor of axoplasmic transport and of glutamate neurotransmission. The same was true for transport in hippocampal neurons in slices from Glud1 Tg mice exposed to ethanol for 2 h ex vivo. In conclusion, endogenous activity at glutamate synapses regulates and glutamate synaptic hyperactivity increases intraneuronal transport rates in CNS neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil Lee
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - In-Young Choi
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Ranu Pal
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Dongwei Hui
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Joanne K. Marcario
- Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160 USA
| | - Mary L. Michaelis
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
| | - Elias K. Michaelis
- Higuchi Biosciences Center, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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4
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Takahashi K, Sato K. The Conventional and Breakthrough Tool for the Study of L-Glutamate Transporters. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:77. [PMID: 38668105 PMCID: PMC11052088 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14040077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
In our recent report, we clarified the direct interaction between the excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT) 1/2 and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by applying electrophysiological and molecular biological techniques to Xenopus oocytes. Xenopus oocytes have a long history of use in the scientific field, but they are still attractive experimental systems for neuropharmacological studies. We will therefore summarize the pharmacological significance, advantages (especially in the study of EAAT2), and experimental techniques that can be applied to Xenopus oocytes; our new findings concerning L-glutamate (L-Glu) transporters and PUFAs; and the significant outcomes of our data. The data obtained from electrophysiological and molecular biological studies of Xenopus oocytes have provided us with further important questions, such as whether or not some PUFAs can modulate EAATs as allosteric modulators and to what extent docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) affects neurotransmission and thereby affects brain functions. Xenopus oocytes have great advantages in the studies about the interactions between molecules and functional proteins, especially in the case when the expression levels of the proteins are small in cell culture systems without transfections. These are also proper to study the mechanisms underlying the interactions. Based on the data collected in Xenopus oocyte experiments, we can proceed to the next step, i.e., the physiological roles of the compounds and their significances. In the case of EAAT2, the effects on the neurotransmission should be examined by electrophysiological approach using acute brain slices. For new drug development, pharmacokinetics pharmacodynamics (PKPD) data and blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration data are also necessary. In order not to miss the promising candidate compounds at the primary stages of drug development, we should reconsider using Xenopus oocytes in the early phase of drug development.
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Grants
- a Research Grant on Regulatory Harmonization and Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals, Medical Devices, Regenerative and Cellular Therapy Products, Gene Therapy Products, and Cosmetics from AMED, Japan Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development
- KAKENHI 18700373, 21700422, 17K08330 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- a Grant for the Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences of NIBIO National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition
- a grant for Research on Risks of Chemicals, a Labor Science Research Grant for Research on New Drug Development MHLW
- a Grant-in-Aid from Hoansha Foundation Hoansha Foundation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan;
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5
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Takahashi K, Ishibashi Y, Chujo K, Suzuki I, Sato K. Neuroprotective Potential of L-Glutamate Transporters in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells against Excitotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12605. [PMID: 37628787 PMCID: PMC10454411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural cells have started to be used in safety/toxicity tests at the preclinical stage of drug development. As previously reported, hiPSC-derived neurons exhibit greater tolerance to excitotoxicity than those of primary cultures of rodent neurons; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We here investigated the functions of L-glutamate (L-Glu) transporters, the most important machinery to maintain low extracellular L-Glu concentrations, in hiPSC-derived neural cells. We also clarified the contribution of respective L-Glu transporter subtypes. At 63 days in vitro (DIV), we detected neuronal circuit functions in hiPSC-derived neural cells by a microelectrode array system (MEA). At 63 DIV, exposure to 100 μM L-Glu for 24 h did not affect the viability of neural cells. 100 µM L-Glu in the medium decreased to almost 0 μM in 60 min. Pharmacological inhibition of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (EAAT1) and EAAT2 suppressed almost 100% of L-Glu decrease. In the presence of this inhibitor, 100 μM L-Glu dramatically decreased cell viability. These results suggest that in hiPSC-derived neural cells, EAAT1 and EAAT2 are the predominant L-Glu transporters, and their uptake potentials are the reasons for the tolerance of hiPSC-derived neurons to excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanako Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (K.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Yuto Ishibashi
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Miyagi 982-8577, Japan; (Y.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Kaori Chujo
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (K.T.); (K.C.)
| | - Ikuro Suzuki
- Department of Electronics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Miyagi 982-8577, Japan; (Y.I.); (I.S.)
| | - Kaoru Sato
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-city, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan; (K.T.); (K.C.)
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6
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de Melo AD, Freire VAF, Diogo ÍL, Santos HDL, Barbosa LA, de Carvalho LED. Antioxidant Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress, Restores Na,K-ATPase Function and Induces Neuroprotection in Rodent Models of Seizure and Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1397. [PMID: 37507936 PMCID: PMC10376594 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by epileptic seizures resulting from neuronal hyperexcitability, which may be related to failures in Na,K-ATPase activity and oxidative stress participation. We conducted this study to investigate the impact of antioxidant therapy on oxidative stress, Na,K-ATPase activity, seizure factors, and mortality in rodent seizure/epilepsy models induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), pilocarpine (PILO), and kainic acid (KA). After screening 561 records in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases, 22 were included in the systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis included 14 studies and showed that in epileptic animals there was an increase in the oxidizing agents nitric oxide (NO) and malondialdehyde (MDA), with a reduction in endogenous antioxidants reduced glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SO). The Na,K-ATPase activity was reduced in all areas evaluated. Antioxidant therapy reversed all of these parameters altered by seizure or epilepsy induction. In addition, there was a percentage decrease in the number of seizures and mortality, and a meta-analysis showed a longer seizure latency in animals using antioxidant therapy. Thus, this study suggests that the use of antioxidants promotes neuroprotective effects and mitigates the effects of epilepsy. The protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) CRD42022356960.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Dutra de Melo
- Departamento de Ciências e Linguagens, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Bambui 38900-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Antonio Ferreira Freire
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ítalo Leonardo Diogo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hérica de Lima Santos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Augusto Barbosa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Celular, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, Divinopolis 35501-296, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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7
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Liu D, Wang J, Zhou L, Tian E, Chen J, Kong W, Lu Y, Zhang S. Differential Modulation of Cerebellar Flocculus Unipolar Brush Cells during Vestibular Compensation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051298. [PMID: 37238967 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vestibular compensation is a natural behavioral recovery process following unilateral vestibular injury. Understanding the mechanism can considerably enhance vestibular disorder therapy and advance the adult central nervous system functional plasticity study after injury. The cerebellum, particularly the flocculonodular lobe, tightly modulates the vestibular nucleus, the center for vestibular compensation; however, it is still unclear if the flocculus on both sides is involved in vestibular compensation. Here we report that the unipolar brush cells (UBCs) in the flocculus are modulated by unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL). UBCs are excitatory interneurons targeting granule cells to provide feedforward innervation to the Purkinje cells, the primary output neurons in the cerebellum. According to the upregulated or downregulated response to the mossy fiber glutamatergic input, UBC can be classified into ON and OFF forms of UBCs. Furthermore, we discovered that the expression of marker genes of ON and OFF UBCs, mGluR1α and calretinin, was increased and decreased, respectively, only in ipsilateral flocculus 4-8 h after UL. According to further immunostaining studies, the number of ON and OFF UBCs was not altered during UL, demonstrating that the shift in marker gene expression level in the flocculus was not caused by the transformation of cell types between UBCs and non-UBCs. These findings imply the importance of ipsilateral flocculus UBCs in the acute response of UL, and ON and OFF UBCs may be involved in vestibular compensation in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liuqing Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - E Tian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingyu Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Weijia Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Sulin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
- Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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8
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Cognitive Healthy Aging in Mice: Boosting Memory by an Ergothioneine-Rich Hericium erinaceus Primordium Extract. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020196. [PMID: 36829475 PMCID: PMC9953177 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain aging is a crucial risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders and dementia. The most affected cognitive function is memory, worsening early during aging. Inflammation and oxidative stress are known to have a role in pathogenesis of cognitive impairments, and a link exists between aging/frailty and immunosenescence/inflammaging. Based on anti-aging properties, medicinal mushrooms represent a source to develop medicines and functional foods. In particular, Hericium erinaceus (He) displays several actions ranging from boosting the immune system to fighting senescence, due to its active ingredients/metabolites. Among these, Ergothioneine (ERGO) is known as the longevity vitamin. Currently, we demonstrated the efficacy of an ERGO-rich He primordium extract (He2) in preventing cognitive decline in a murine model of aging. We focused on recognition memory deterioration during aging, monitored through spontaneous behavioral tests assessing both memory components and frailty index. A parallel significant decrease in key markers of inflammation and oxidative stress, i.e., IL6, TGFβ1, GFAP, Nrf2, SOD1, COX2, NOS2, was revealed in the hippocampus by immunohistochemistry, accompanied by an enhancement of NMDAR1and mGluR2, crucially involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. In summary, we disclosed a selective, preventive and neuroprotective effect of He2 on aged hippocampus, both on recognition memory as well on inflammation/oxidative stress/glutamate receptors expression.
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9
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Abhari AP, Etemadifar M, Yazdanpanah N, Rezaei N. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA)-Type Glutamate Receptors and Demyelinating Disorders: A Neuroimmune Perspective. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2624-2640. [PMID: 35507747 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220504135853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors, highly important in regulating substantial physiologic processes in the brain and the nervous system, and disturbance in their function could contribute to different pathologies. Overstimulation and hyperactivity of NMDARs, termed as glutamate toxicity, could promote cell death and apoptosis. Meanwhile, their blockade could lead to dysfunction of the brain and nervous system as well. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the prominent role of NMDARs in demyelinating disorders and anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Herein, we provide an overview of the role of NMDARs' dysfunction in the physiopathology of demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Parsa Abhari
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Isfahan, Iran.,School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yazdanpanah
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children\'s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Zhang Y, Chu JMT, Wong GTC. Cerebral Glutamate Regulation and Receptor Changes in Perioperative Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Dysfunction. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040597. [PMID: 35454185 PMCID: PMC9029551 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and is intricately linked to learning and memory. Its activity depends on the expression of AMPA and NMDA receptors and excitatory amino transporters on neurons and glial cells. Glutamate transporters prevent the excess accumulation of glutamate in synapses, which can lead to aberrant synaptic signaling, excitotoxicity, or cell death. Neuroinflammation can occur acutely after surgical trauma and contributes to the development of perioperative neurocognitive disorders, which are characterized by impairment in multiple cognitive domains. In this review, we aim to examine how glutamate handling and glutamatergic function are affected by neuroinflammation and their contribution to cognitive impairment. We will first summarize the current data regarding glutamate in neurotransmission, its receptors, and their regulation and trafficking. We will then examine the impact of inflammation on glutamate handling and neurotransmission, focusing on changes in glial cells and the effect of cytokines. Finally, we will discuss these changes in the context of perioperative neuroinflammation and the implications they have for perioperative neurocognitive disorders.
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11
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Świetlik D, Kusiak A, Krasny M, Białowąs J. The Computer Simulation of Therapy with the NMDA Antagonist in Excitotoxic Neurodegeneration in an Alzheimer's Disease-like Pathology. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1858. [PMID: 35407465 PMCID: PMC8999931 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The use of uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists results in neuroprotective benefits in patients with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we demonstrated mathematical and computer modelling of the excitotoxicity phenomenon and performed virtual memantine therapy. (2) Methods: A computer simulation environment of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor combining biological mechanisms of channel activation by means of excessive extracellular glutamic acid concentration in three models of excitotoxicity severity. The simulation model is based on sliding register tables, where each table is associated with corresponding synaptic inputs. Modelling of the increase in extracellular glutamate concentration, through over-stimulation of NMDA receptors and exacerbation of excitotoxicity, is performed by gradually increasing the parameters of phenomenological events by the power function. Pathological models were virtually treated with 3−30 µM doses of memantine compared to controls. (3) Results: The virtual therapy results of memantine at doses of 3−30 µM in the pathological models of excitotoxicity severity show statistically significant neuroprotective benefits in AD patients with moderate severity, 1.25 (95% CI, 1.18−1.32) vs. 1.76 (95% CI, 1.71−1.80) vs. 1.53 (95% CI, 1.48−1.59), (p < 0.001), to severe, 1.32 (95% CI, 1.12−1.53) vs. 1.77 (95% CI, 1.72−1.82) vs. 1.73 (95% CI, 1.68−1.79), (p < 0.001), in the area of effects on memory. A statistically significant benefit of memantine was demonstrated for all neuronal parameters in pathological models. In the mild severity model, a statistically significant increase in frequency was obtained relative to virtual memantine treatment with a dose of 3 µM, which was 23.5 Hz (95% CI, 15.5−28.4) vs. 38.8 Hz (95% CI, 34.0−43.6), (p < 0.0001). In the intermediate excitotoxicity severity model, a statistically significant increase in frequency was obtained relative to virtual memantine therapy with a 3 µM dose of 26.0 Hz (95% CI, 15.7−36.2) vs. 39.0 Hz (95% CI, 34.2−43.8) and a 10 µM dose of 26.0 Hz (95% CI, 15.7−36.2) vs. 30.9 Hz (95% CI, 26.4−35.4), (p < 0.0001). A statistically significant increase in frequency was obtained in the advanced excitotoxicity severity model as in the medium. (4) Conclusions: The NMDA antagonist memantine causes neuroprotective benefits in patients with moderate to severe AD. One of the most important benefits of memantine is the improvement of cognitive function and beneficial effects on memory. On the other hand, memantine provides only symptomatic and temporary support for AD patients. Memantine is prescribed in the US and Europe if a patient has moderate to severe AD. Memantine has also been approved for mild to moderate AD patients. However, its very modest effect provides motivation for further research into new drugs in AD. We are the first to present a mathematical model of the NMDA receptor that allows the simulation of excitotoxicity and virtual memantine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Świetlik
- Division of Biostatistics and Neural Networks, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aida Kusiak
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdansk, Debowa 1a, 80-204 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Marta Krasny
- Medicare Dental Clinic, Popieluszki 17a/102, 01-595 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Białowąs
- Division of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Debinki 1, 80-211 Gdansk, Poland;
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12
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Sahraei M, Sahraei H, Rahimi M, Khosravi M, Ganjkhani M, Meftahi GH. Anxiogenic and anxiolytic effects of memantine injected into the ventral hippocampus in male stressed mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 19:581-589. [PMID: 34533006 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2021-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effects of intra-ventral hippocampal memantine administration in male NMRI stressed mice were studied. METHODS Two stainless steel gauge 23 guide cannulas were placed in the middle part of the mice ventral hippocampus using stereotaxic coordination. Seven days later, the animals were undergone to the stress protocol as follows: They experience four consecutive electro-foot shock stress sessions lasting for 10 min. Five or 30 min before each stress session, the animals received intra-ventral hippocampal (0.1, 1 and, 5 µg/mouse) or intraperitoneal (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg) memantine respectively. Eight days after stress termination, the animals were tested either for the maintenance of either anxiety (elevated plus maze) or depression (forced swimming test). RESULTS Animals show anxiety eight days after stress termination. Intra-ventral hippocampal infusion of memantine (5 µg/mouse) 5 min before stress inhibited the anxiety-like behaviors. However, other doses of the drug exacerbate the stress effect. The drug, when injected peripherally exacerbated the stress effect in all doses. The drug by itself had no effect. In addition, animals also show depression nine days after stress termination and memantine (0.1, 1, and 5 µg/mouse) reduced the stress effect. The drug (0.1 µg/mouse) by itself induced depression in the animals. However, the drug when injected peripherally reduced the stress effect in all doses. CONCLUSIONS It could be concluded that NMDA glutamate receptors in the ventral hippocampus may play a pivotal role in the mediation of maintenance of anxiety and depression induced by stress in the mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sahraei
- School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Sahraei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Rahimi
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Khosravi
- Department of Biology, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahin Ganjkhani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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13
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Neuroprotection Mediated by Human Blood Plasma in Mouse Hippocampal Slice Cultures and in Oxidatively Stressed Human Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179567. [PMID: 34502475 PMCID: PMC8430756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroprotection from oxidative stress is critical during neuronal development and maintenance but also plays a major role in the pathogenesis and potential treatment of various neurological disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence in the murine system suggests neuroprotective effects of blood plasma on the aged or diseased brain. However, little is known about plasma-mediated effects on human neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate the neuroprotective effect mediated by human plasma and the most abundant plasma–protein human serum albumin against oxidative stress in glutamatergic neurons differentiated from human neural crest-derived inferior turbinate stem cells. We observed a strong neuroprotective effect of human plasma and human serum albumin against oxidative stress-induced neuronal death on the single cell level, similar to the one mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Moreover, we detected neuroprotection of plasma and human serum albumin against kainic acid-induced excitatory stress in ex vivo cultured mouse hippocampal tissue slices. The present study provides deeper insights into plasma-mediated neuroprotection ultimately resulting in the development of novel therapies for a variety of neurological and, in particular, neurodegenerative diseases.
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14
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Xiang Z, Jiang X, Ji R, Yuan H. Enhanced expression of P2X4 purinoceptors in pyramidal neurons of the rat hippocampal CA1 region may be involved ischemia-reperfusion injury. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:425-438. [PMID: 33966147 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most serious disease that harms human beings. In principle, its treatment is to restore blood flow supply as soon as possible. However, after the blood flow is restored, it will lead to secondary brain injury, that is, ischemia-reperfusion injury. The mechanism of ischemia-reperfusion injury is very complicated. This study showed that P2X4 receptors in the pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampus were significantly upregulated in the early stage of ischemia-reperfusion injury. Neurons with high expression of P2X4 receptors are neurons that are undergoing apoptosis. Intraventricular injection of the P2X4 receptor antagonist 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) and PSB-12062 can partially block neuronal apoptosis, to promote the survival of neurons, indicating that ATP through P2X4 receptors is involved in the process of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, identifying the mechanism of neuronal degeneration induced by extracellular ATP via P2X4 receptors after ischemia-reperfusion will likely find new targets for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury, and will provide a useful theoretical basis for the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Rihui Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
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15
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Shahsavani N, Kataria H, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Mechanisms and repair strategies for white matter degeneration in CNS injury and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166117. [PMID: 33667627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
White matter degeneration is an important pathophysiological event of the central nervous system that is collectively characterized by demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal degeneration and parenchymal changes that can result in sensory, motor, autonomic and cognitive impairments. White matter degeneration can occur due to a variety of causes including trauma, neurotoxic exposure, insufficient blood flow, neuroinflammation, and developmental and inherited neuropathies. Regardless of the etiology, the degeneration processes share similar pathologic features. In recent years, a plethora of cellular and molecular mechanisms have been identified for axon and oligodendrocyte degeneration including oxidative damage, calcium overload, neuroinflammatory events, activation of proteases, depletion of adenosine triphosphate and energy supply. Extensive efforts have been also made to develop neuroprotective and neuroregenerative approaches for white matter repair. However, less progress has been achieved in this area mainly due to the complexity and multifactorial nature of the degeneration processes. Here, we will provide a timely review on the current understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of white matter degeneration and will also discuss recent pharmacological and cellular therapeutic approaches for white matter protection as well as axonal regeneration, oligodendrogenesis and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Shahsavani
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hardeep Kataria
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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16
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Xiang Z, Xu XH, Knight GE, Burnstock G. Transient expression of thyrotropin releasing hormone peptide and mRNA in the rat hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Int J Neurosci 2020; 132:787-801. [PMID: 33080155 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2020.1840374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of extra-hypothalamic thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) has been investigated by pharmacological studies using TRH or its analogues and found to produce a wide array of effects in the central nervous system. METHODS Immunofluorescence, In situ labeling of DNA (TUNEL), in situ hybridization chain reaction and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction were used in this study. RESULTS We found that the granular cells of the dentate gyrus expressed transiently a significant amount of TRH-like immunoreactivity and TRH mRNA during the 6-24 h period following global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. TUNEL showed that apoptosis of neurons in the CA1 region occurred from 48 h and almost disappeared at 7 days. TRH administration 30 min before or 24 h after the injury could partially inhibit neuronal loss, and improve the survival of neurons in the CA1 region. CONCLUSION These data suggest that endogenous TRH expressed transiently in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus may play an important role in the survival of neurons during the early stage of ischemia/reperfusion injury and that delayed application of TRH still produced neuroprotection. This delayed application of TRH has a promising therapeutic significance for clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Xiang
- Department of Neurobiology, MOE Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hui Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Gillian E Knight
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London
| | - Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Ferrari CZ, Ribeiro R, Lima AM, Soares AM, Cavalcante WLG, Vieira LB. Gyroxin, a toxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom, induces a calcium dependent increase in glutamate release in mice brain cortical synaptosomes. Neuropeptides 2020; 83:102081. [PMID: 32839009 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gyroxin is a thrombin-like toxin obtained from the venom of the South American rattlesnake, Crotalus durissus terrificus. Literature has reported "gyroxin syndrome" characterized, in mice, as series of aberrant motor behavior, known as barrel rotation, mainly after intraperitoneal administration. Despites several studies, a physiological mechanism of "gyroxin syndrome" are still not completely understood. In this context, alterations on the central nervous system (CNS), especially causing neurotoxic events, are pointed out as likely candidates. Then, we decided to investigate whether gyroxin induces alterations in glutamate release, one of the most important neurotransmitter involved in neurotoxicity. For that, we performed all experiments, in vitro, using a model of mice brain cortical synaptosomes. Notably, our results indicate that the administration of gyroxin on purified presynaptic brain cortical terminals resulted in an extracellular Ca2+- dependent raise in glutamate release. Indeed, our results also showed that gyroxin increases intrasynaptosomal calcium (Ca2+) levels through acting on voltage gated calcium channels (VGCC), specifically N and P/Q subtypes. Moreover, our data show that gyroxin increases exocytosis rate. Interestingly, these data suggest that gyroxin might induce neurotoxicity by increasing glutamate levels. However, future investigations are needed in order to elucidate the nature of the following events.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Z Ferrari
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - R Ribeiro
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - A M Lima
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - A M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos da Amazônia Ocidental, LaBioProt, Centro de Estudos de Biomoléculas Aplicadas à Saúde, CEBio, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Fiocruz Rondônia e Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil; Centro Universitário São Lucas, UniSL, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - W L G Cavalcante
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| | - L B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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18
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Kang JB, Park DJ, Son HK, Koh PO. Decrease of protein phosphatase 2A subunit B by glutamate exposure in the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:34. [PMID: 32995332 PMCID: PMC7501672 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00064-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate induces neurotoxicity during brain development, causing nerve damage. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a type of serine/threonine phosphatase that regulates various biological functions. Among the PP2A subunit types, subunit B is abundant in brain tissue and plays an essential role in the nervous system. This study investigated changes in PP2A subunit B expression through glutamate exposure in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Sprague-Dawley rat pups (7 days after birth) were injected intraperitoneally with vehicle or glutamate (10 mg/kg). After 4 h of drug treatment, the brain tissue was isolated and fixed for morphological study. In addition, the cerebral cortex was collected for RNA and protein works. We observed severe histopathological changes including swollen neuron and atrophied dendrite in the glutamate exposed cerebral cortex. Glutamate exposure leads to a decrease in PP2A subunit B. Reverse-transcription PCR and Western blot analyses confirmed that glutamate induces a decrease of PP2A subunit B in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Moreover, immunohistochemical study showed a decrease in PP2A subunit B positive cells. The reduction of PP2A subunit B expression is considered an indicator of neurodegenerative damage. These results suggest that glutamate exposure causes neuronal damage in the cerebral cortex of new born rats through a decrease in PP2A subunit B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyoung Son
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
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19
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Aizawa H, Sun W, Sugiyama K, Itou Y, Aida T, Cui W, Toyoda S, Terai H, Yanagisawa M, Tanaka K. Glial glutamate transporter GLT-1 determines susceptibility to spreading depression in the mouse cerebral cortex. Glia 2020; 68:2631-2642. [PMID: 32585762 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cortical spreading depression (CSD) is a pathological neural excitation that underlies migraine pathophysiology. Since glutamate receptor antagonists impair CSD propagation, susceptibility to CSD might be determined by any of the neuronal (excitatory amino acid carrier 1 [EAAC1]) and glial (GLutamate ASpartate Transporter [GLAST] and glial glutamate transporter 1 [GLT-1]) glutamate transporters, which are responsible for clearing extracellular glutamate. To investigate this hypothesis, we performed electrophysiological, hemodynamic, and electrochemical analyses using EAAC1- (EAAC1 KO), GLAST- (GLAST KO), and conditional GLT1-1-knockout mice (GLT-1 cKO) to assess altered susceptibility to CSD. Despite the incomplete deletion of the gene in the cerebral cortex, GLT-1 cKO mice exhibited significant reduction of GLT-1 protein in the brain without apparent alteration of the cytoarchitecture in the cerebral cortex. Physiological analysis revealed that GLT-1 cKO showed enhanced susceptibility to CSD elicited by chemical stimulation with increased CSD frequency and velocity compared to GLT-1 control. In contrast, the germ-line EAAC1 and GLAST KOs showed no such effect. Intriguingly, both field potential and cerebral blood flow showed faster dynamics with narrower CSD than the controls. An enzyme-based biosensor revealed more rapid accumulation of glutamate in the extracellular space in GLT-1 cKO mice during the early phase of CSD than in GLT-1 control, resulting in an increased susceptibility to CSD. These results provided the first evidence for a novel role of GLT-1 in determining susceptibility to CSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Aizawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Weinan Sun
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Itou
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Aida
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanpeng Cui
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Saori Toyoda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruhi Terai
- Department of Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiko Yanagisawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Tanaka
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Kabir MT, Sufian MA, Uddin MS, Begum MM, Akhter S, Islam A, Mathew B, Islam MS, Amran MS, Md Ashraf G. NMDA Receptor Antagonists: Repositioning of Memantine as a Multitargeting Agent for Alzheimer's Therapy. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:3506-3518. [PMID: 31604413 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666191011102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that causes problems with memory, thinking, and behavior. Currently, there is no drug that can reduce the pathological events of this degenerative disease but symptomatic relief is possible that can abate the disease condition. N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors exert a critical role for synaptic plasticity as well as transmission. Overstimulation of glutamate receptors, predominantly NMDA type, may cause excitotoxic effects on neurons and is recommended as a mechanism for neurodegeneration. Atypical activation of the NMDA receptor has been suggested for AD by synaptic dysfunction. NMDA receptor antagonists especially memantine block the NMDA receptor and can reduce the influx of calcium (Ca2+) ions into neuron, thus, toxic intracellular events are not activated. This review represents the role of NMDA receptors antagonists as potential therapeutic agents to reduce AD. Moreover, this review highlights the repositioning of memantine as a potential novel therapeutic multitargeting agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.,Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Shammi Akhter
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ariful Islam
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, United States
| | - Bijo Mathew
- Division of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ahalia School of Pharmacy, Palakkad, India
| | | | - Md Shah Amran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Kang JB, Lee SY, Park DJ, Koh PO. Decrease of 14-3-3 proteins by glutamate exposure in the cerebral cortex of newborn rats. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:8. [PMID: 32257920 PMCID: PMC7119159 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is a representative excitatory neurotransmitter. However, excessive glutamate exposure causes neuronal cell damage by generating neuronal excitotoxicity. Excitotoxicity in neonates caused by glutamate treatment induces neurological deficits in adults. The 14-3-3 family proteins are conserved proteins that are expressed ubiquitously in a variety of tissues. These proteins contribute to cellular processes, including signal transduction, protein synthesis, and cell cycle control. We proposed that glutamate induces neuronal cell damage by regulating 14-3-3 protein expression in newborn animals. In this study, we investigated the histopathological changes and 14-3-3 proteins expressions as a result of glutamate exposure in the neonatal cerebral cortex. Rat pups at post-natal day 7 were intraperitoneally administrated with vehicle or glutamate (10 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed 4 h after treatment, and brain tissues were fixed for histological study. Cerebral cortices were isolated and frozen for proteomic study. We observed serious histopathological damages including shrunken dendrites and atypical neurons in glutamate-treated cerebral cortices. In addition, we identified that 14-3-3 family proteins decreased in glutamate-exposed cerebral cortices using a proteomic approach. Moreover, Western blot analysis provided results that glutamate treatment in neonates decreased 14-3-3 family proteins expressions, including the β/α, ζ/δ, γ, ε, τ, and η isoforms. 14-3-3 proteins are involved in signal transduction, metabolism, and anti-apoptotic functions. Thus, our findings suggest that glutamate induces neonatal neuronal cell damage by modulating 14-3-3 protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Seung-Yun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
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22
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Griego E, Galván EJ. Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors at the Aged Mossy Fiber - CA3 Synapse of the Hippocampus. Neuroscience 2020; 456:95-105. [PMID: 31917351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are a group of G-protein-coupled receptors that exert a broad array of modulatory actions at excitatory synapses of the central nervous system. In the hippocampus, the selective activation of the different mGluRs modulates the intrinsic excitability, the strength of synaptic transmission, and induces multiple forms of long-term plasticity. Despite the relevance of mGluRs in the normal function of the hippocampus, we know very little about the changes that mGluRs functionality undergoes during the non-pathological aging. Here, we review data concerning the physiological actions of mGluRs, with particular emphasis on hippocampal area CA3. Later, we examine changes in the expression and functionality of mGluRs during the aging process. We complement this review with original data showing an array of electrophysiological modifications observed in the synaptic transmission and intrinsic excitability of aged CA3 pyramidal cells in response to the pharmacological stimulation of the different mGluRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Griego
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, México City, Mexico
| | - Emilio J Galván
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav Sede Sur, México City, Mexico.
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23
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Kang JB, Park DJ, Koh PO. Identification of proteins differentially expressed by glutamate treatment in cerebral cortex of neonatal rats. Lab Anim Res 2019; 35:24. [PMID: 32257912 PMCID: PMC7081608 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0026-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate leads to neuronal cell damage by generating neurotoxicity during brain development. The objective of this study is to identify proteins that differently expressed by glutamate treatment in neonatal cerebral cortex. Sprague-Dawley rat pups (post-natal day 7) were intraperitoneally injected with vehicle or glutamate (10 mg/kg). Brain tissues were isolated 4 h after drug treatment and fixed for morphological study. Moreover, cerebral cortices were collected for protein study. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were carried out to identify specific proteins. We observed severe histopathological changes in glutamate-exposed cerebral cortex. We identified various proteins that differentially expressed by glutamate exposure. Identified proteins were thioredoxin, peroxiredoxin 5, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, proteasome subunit alpha proteins, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and heat shock protein 60. Heat shock protein 60 was increased in glutamate exposed condition. However, other proteins were decreased in glutamate-treated animals. These proteins are related to anti-oxidant, protein degradation, metabolism, signal transduction, and anti-apoptotic function. Thus, our findings can suggest that glutamate leads to neonatal cerebral cortex damage by regulation of specific proteins that mediated with various functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828 South Korea
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24
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Rana S, Sieck GC, Mantilla CB. Heterogeneous glutamatergic receptor mRNA expression across phrenic motor neurons in rats. J Neurochem 2019; 153:586-598. [PMID: 31563147 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The diaphragm muscle comprises various types of motor units that are recruited in an orderly fashion governed by the intrinsic electrophysiological properties (membrane capacitance as a function of somal surface area) of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs). Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter at PhMNs and acts primarily via fast acting AMPA and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors. Differences in receptor expression may also contribute to motor unit recruitment order. We used single cell, multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization to determine glutamatergic receptor mRNA expression across PhMNs based on their somal surface area. In adult male and female rats (n = 9) PhMNs were retrogradely labeled for analyses (n = 453 neurons). Differences in the total number and density of mRNA transcripts were evident across PhMNs grouped into tertiles according to somal surface area. A ~ 25% higher density of AMPA (Gria2) and NMDA (Grin1) mRNA expression was evident in PhMNs in the lower tertile compared to the upper tertile. These smaller PhMNs likely comprise type S motor units that are recruited first to accomplish lower force, ventilatory behaviors. In contrast, larger PhMNs with lower volume densities of AMPA and NMDA mRNA expression presumably comprise type FInt and FF motor units that are recruited during higher force, expulsive behaviors. Furthermore, there was a significantly higher cytosolic NMDA mRNA expression in small PhMNs suggesting a more important role for NMDA-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission at smaller PhMNs. These results are consistent with the observed order of motor unit recruitment and suggest a role for glutamatergic receptors in support of this orderly recruitment. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14747.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabhya Rana
- Departments of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gary C Sieck
- Departments of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Carlos B Mantilla
- Departments of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,Departments of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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25
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Heck SO, Zborowski VA, Quines CB, Nogueira CW. 4,4'-Dichlorodiphenyl diselenide reverses a depressive-like phenotype, modulates prefrontal cortical oxidative stress and dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission induced by subchronic dexamethasone exposure to mice. J Psychiatr Res 2019; 116:61-68. [PMID: 31200328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) is a synthetic agonist of glucocorticoid receptors that has been associated with neurotoxicity and neuropsychiatric diseases. (p-ClPhSe)2 is an organoselenium compound reported to have antioxidant, antidepressant-like, and neuroprotective actions. This study investigated whether antioxidant activity and modulation of the glutamatergic system contribute to the antidepressant-like effect of (p-ClPhSe)2 in mice subchronically exposed to DEX. Swiss mice received intraperitoneal injections of DEX (2 mg/kg) or saline (vehicle) once a day for 21 days. After, the mice received (p-ClPhSe)2 (1-10 mg/kg) or mineral oil (vehicle) by the intragastric route (i.g.) for 7 days. The mice exposed to DEX were treated with fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, i.g.) once a day for 7 days. 24 h after the last treatment, the animals performed the locomotor activity (LMA), tail suspension, and forced swimming tests. Ex vivo assays were performed in samples of prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results show that (p-ClPhSe)2 reversed depressive-like behavioral phenotype induced by DEX without affecting LMA. Further, (p-ClPhSe)2 at all doses reduced ROS levels and increased CAT activity in the PFC of DEX-exposed mice. The highest dose of (p-ClPhSe)2 was effective against the decrease of SOD activity in the PFC of mice exposed to DEX. (p-ClPhSe)2 increased the [3H] glutamate uptake/release and decreased the Na+/K+-ATPase activity as well as the EAAT1 and NMDA R2A protein contents in the PFC of DEX-exposed mice. Regarding the NMDA R2B levels, there was no difference among experimental groups. In conclusion, this study reveals the effectiveness of (p-ClPhSe)2 in reversing the depressive-like phenotype of DEX-exposed mice. In addition, (p-ClPhSe)2 modulated oxidative stress and glutamate neurotransmission in the PFC of mice subchronically exposed to DEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suélen Osório Heck
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Angonesi Zborowski
- Laboratory of Synthesis, Reactivity, Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Organochalcogen Compounds, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Caroline Brandão Quines
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology of Caenorhabditis Elegans, Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wayne Nogueira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil.
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26
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Jiménez-González V, Ogalla-García E, García-Quintanilla M, García-Quintanilla A. Deciphering GRINA/Lifeguard1: Nuclear Location, Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Vesicle Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164005. [PMID: 31426446 PMCID: PMC6719933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Glutamate Receptor Ionotropic NMDA-Associated Protein 1 (GRINA) belongs to the Lifeguard family and is involved in calcium homeostasis, which governs key processes, such as cell survival or the release of neurotransmitters. GRINA is mainly associated with membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endosome, and the cell surface, but its presence in the nucleus has not been explained yet. Here we dissect, with the help of different software tools, the potential roles of GRINA in the cell and how they may be altered in diseases, such as schizophrenia or celiac disease. We describe for the first time that the cytoplasmic N-terminal half of GRINA (which spans a Proline-rich domain) contains a potential DNA-binding sequence, in addition to cleavage target sites and probable PY-nuclear localization sequences, that may enable it to be released from the rest of the protein and enter the nucleus under suitable conditions, where it could participate in the transcription, alternative splicing, and mRNA export of a subset of genes likely involved in lipid and sterol synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, or cell cycle progression. To support these findings, we include additional evidence based on an exhaustive review of the literature and our preliminary data of the protein–protein interaction network of GRINA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Ogalla-García
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Meritxell García-Quintanilla
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBiS), University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Albert García-Quintanilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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27
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Paz ML, Barrantes FJ. Autoimmune Attack of the Neuromuscular Junction in Myasthenia Gravis: Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors and Other Targets. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:2186-2194. [PMID: 30916550 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) family, the archetype member of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channels, is ubiquitously distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, and its members are the targets for both genetic and acquired forms of neurological disorders. In the central nervous system, nAChRs contribute to the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. In the peripheral nerve-muscle synapse, the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, "classical" myasthenia gravis (MG) and other forms of neuromuscular transmission disorders are antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases. In MG, antibodies to the nAChR bind to the postsynaptic receptors and activate the classical complement pathway culminating in the formation of the membrane attack complex, with the subsequent destruction of the postsynaptic apparatus. Divalent nAChR-antibodies also cause internalization and loss of the nAChRs. Loss of receptors by either mechanism results in the muscle weakness and fatigability that typify the clinical manifestations of the disease. Other targets for antibodies, in a minority of patients, include muscle specific kinase (MuSK) and low-density lipoprotein related protein 4 (LRP4). This brief Review analyzes the current status of muscle-type nAChR in relation to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases affecting the peripheral cholinergic synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela L. Paz
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, IDEHU-CONICET, University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, C1113AAD Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francisco J. Barrantes
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), UCA-CONICET, Av. Alicia Moreau de Justo 1600, C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina
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28
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Kim JE, Choi HC, Song HK, Kang TC. Perampanel Affects Up-Stream Regulatory Signaling Pathways of GluA1 Phosphorylation in Normal and Epileptic Rats. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:80. [PMID: 30881292 PMCID: PMC6405474 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the pharmacological properties of perampanel [2-(2-oxo-1-phenyl-5-pyridin-2-yl-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl)benzonitrile, a novel non-competitive antagonist of AMPA receptor], we investigated its effects on the up-stream regulatory pathways of GluA1 phosphorylation including protein kinase C (PKC), Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CAMKII), protein kinase A (PKA), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), protein phosphatase (PP) 1, PP2A, and PP2B in normal and pilocarpine-induced epileptic rat model using Western blot analysis. In normal animals, perampanel affected GluA1 expression/phosphorylation, PKC, CAMKII, PKA, ERK1/2, JNK, and PPs activities. In epileptic rats, perampanel effectively inhibited spontaneous seizure activities. Perampanel enhanced phospho (p)-GluA1-S831 and -S845 ratios (phosphoprotein/total protein), while it reduced GluA1 expression. Perampanel also increased pCAMKII and pPKA ratios, which phosphorylate GluA1-S831 and -S845 site, respectively. Perampanel elevated pJNK and pPP2B ratios, which phosphorylates and dephosphorylates both GluA1-S831 and -S845 sits. Perampanel also increased pERK1/2 ratio in epileptic animals, while U0126 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) did not affect pGluA1 ratios. Perampanel did not influence PKC, PP1, and PP2A expression levels and their phosphorylation ratios. In addition, perampanel did not have a detrimental impact on cognitive abilities of epileptic and normal rats in Morris water maze test. These findings suggest that perampanel may regulate AMPA receptor functionality via not only blockade of AMPA receptor but also the regulations of multiple molecules (CAMKII, PKA, JNK, and pPP2B)-mediated GluA1 phosphorylations without negative effects on cognition, although the effects of perampanel on PKC, PP1, and PP2A activities were different between normal and epileptic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hui-Chul Choi
- College of Medicine, Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hong-Ki Song
- College of Medicine, Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Tae-Cheon Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea.,College of Medicine, Institute of Epilepsy Research, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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29
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Tsoka P, Barbisan PR, Kataoka K, Chen XN, Tian B, Bouzika P, Miller JW, Paschalis EI, Vavvas DG. NLRP3 inflammasome in NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity. Exp Eye Res 2019; 181:136-144. [PMID: 30707890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced excitotoxicity is an acute form of experimental retinal injury as a result of overactivation of glutamate receptors. NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-repeat containing family, pyrin domain containing-3) inflammasome, one of the most studied sensors of innate immunity, has been reported to play a critical role in retinal neurodegeneration with controversial implications regarding neuroprotection and cell death. Thus far, it has not been elucidated whether NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity can trigger NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo. Moreover, it is unknown if NLRP3 is beneficial or detrimental to NMDA-mediated retinal cell death. Here, we employed a murine model of NMDA-induced retinal excitotoxicity by administering 100 nmoles of NMDA intravitreally, which resulted in massive TUNEL+ (TdT-dUTP terminal nick-end labelling) cell death in all retinal layers and especially in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) 24 h post injection. NMDA insult in the retina potentiates macrophage/microglia cell infiltration, primes the NLRP3 inflammasome in a transcription-dependent manner and induces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). However, despite NLRP3 inflammasome upregulation, systemic deletion of Nlrp3 or Casp1 (caspase-1) did not significantly alter the NMDA-induced, excitotoxicity-mediated TUNEL+ retinal cell death at 24 h (acute phase). Similarly, the deletion of the two aforementioned genes did not alter the survival of the Brn3a+ (brain-specific homeobox/POU domain protein 3A) RGCs in a significant way at 3- or 7-days post injection (long-term phase). Our results indicate that NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity induces immune cell recruitment and NLRP3 inflammasome activity even though inflammasome-mediated neuroinflammation is not a leading contributing factor to cell death in this type of retinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Tsoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo R Barbisan
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keiko Kataoka
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaohong Nancy Chen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bo Tian
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peggy Bouzika
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joan W Miller
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eleftherios I Paschalis
- Boston Keratoprosthesis Laboratory, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Retina Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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30
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Vecchio LM, Meng Y, Xhima K, Lipsman N, Hamani C, Aubert I. The Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise: Maintaining a Healthy Brain Throughout Aging. Brain Plast 2018; 4:17-52. [PMID: 30564545 PMCID: PMC6296262 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity plays an essential role in maintaining a healthy body, yet it also provides unique benefits for the vascular and cellular systems that sustain a healthy brain. While the benefit of exercise has been observed in humans of all ages, the availability of preclinical models has permitted systematic investigations into the mechanisms by which exercise supports and protects the brain. Over the past twenty-five years, rodent models have shown that increased physical activity elevates neurotrophic factors in the hippocampal and cortical areas, facilitating neurotransmission throughout the brain. Increased physical activity (such as by the voluntary use of a running wheel or regular, timed sessions on a treadmill) also promotes proliferation, maturation and survival of cells in the dentate gyrus, contributing to the process of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this way, rodent studies have tremendous value as they demonstrate that an 'active lifestyle' has the capacity to ameliorate a number of age-related changes in the brain, including the decline in adult neurogenesis. Moreover, these studies have shown that greater physical activity may protect the brain health into advanced age through a number of complimentary mechanisms: in addition to upregulating factors in pro-survival neurotrophic pathways and enhancing synaptic plasticity, increased physical activity promotes brain health by supporting the cerebrovasculature, sustaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, increasing glymphatic clearance and proteolytic degradation of amyloid beta species, and regulating microglia activation. Collectively, preclinical studies demonstrate that exercise initiates diverse and powerful neuroprotective pathways that may converge to promote continued brain health into old age. This review will draw on both seminal and current literature that highlights mechanisms by which exercise supports the functioning of the brain, and aids in its protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Vecchio
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Meng
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristiana Xhima
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nir Lipsman
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physical Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
| | - Clement Hamani
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Biological Sciences, Hurvitz Brain Sciences Research Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Gambino G, Allegra M, Sardo P, Attanzio A, Tesoriere L, Livrea MA, Ferraro G, Carletti F. Brain Distribution and Modulation of Neuronal Excitability by Indicaxanthin From Opuntia Ficus Indica Administered at Nutritionally-Relevant Amounts. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:133. [PMID: 29867444 PMCID: PMC5954040 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have recently investigated the role of nutraceuticals in complex pathophysiological processes such as oxidative damages, inflammatory conditions and excitotoxicity. In this regard, the effects of nutraceuticals on basic functions of neuronal cells, such as excitability, are still poorly investigated. For this reason, the possible modulation of neuronal excitability by phytochemicals (PhC) could represent an interesting field of research given that excitotoxicity phenomena are involved in neurodegenerative alterations leading, for example, to Alzheimer’s disease. The present study was focused on indicaxanthin from Opuntia ficus indica, a bioactive betalain pigment, with a proven antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, previously found to cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and to modulate the bioelectric activity of hippocampal neurons. On this basis, we aimed at detecting the specific brain areas where indicaxanthin localizes after oral administration at dietary-achievable amounts and highlighting eventual local effects on the excitability of single neuronal units. HPLC analysis of brain tissue 1 h after ingestion of 2 μmol/kg indicaxanthin indicated that the phytochemical accumulates in cortex, hippocampus, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum, but not in the striato-pallidal complex. Then, electrophysiological recordings, applying the microiontophoretic technique, were carried out with different amounts of indicaxanthin (0.34, 0.17, 0.085 ng/neuron) to assess whether indicaxanthin influenced the neuronal firing rate. The data showed that the bioelectric activity of neurons belonging to different brain areas was modulated after local injection of indicaxanthin, mainly with dose-related responses. A predominating inhibitory effect was observed, suggesting a possible novel beneficial effect of indicaxanthin in reducing cell excitability. These findings can constitute a new rationale for exploring biological mechanisms through which PhC could modulate neuronal function with a relapse on complex cognitive brain process and related neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuditta Gambino
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (Bio.Ne.C.), Sezione di Fisiologia Umana G. Pagano, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Allegra
- Post-graduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pierangelo Sardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (Bio.Ne.C.), Sezione di Fisiologia Umana G. Pagano, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Post-graduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Attanzio
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luisa Tesoriere
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria A Livrea
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ferraro
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (Bio.Ne.C.), Sezione di Fisiologia Umana G. Pagano, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,Post-graduate School of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Carletti
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience (Bio.Ne.C.), Sezione di Fisiologia Umana G. Pagano, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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32
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Zambrano P, Suwalsky M, Jemiola-Rzeminska M, Strzalka K. Studies on the interaction of NMDA receptor antagonist memantine with cell membranes: A mini-review. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 283:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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33
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Lee M, Lee HJ, Park IS, Park JA, Kwon YJ, Ryu YH, Kim CH, Kang JH, Hyun IY, Lee KC, Choi JY. Aβ pathology downregulates brain mGluR5 density in a mouse model of Alzheimer. Neuropharmacology 2018; 133:512-517. [PMID: 29427650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate functional changes of mGluR5 expression in advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) using positron emission tomography (PET) with an mGluR5 specific radiotracer ([18F]FPEB) in 5xFAD AD model. Subsequently, in the same animal, mGluR5 expression was quantified by immunoassay techniques. The non-displaceable binding potential values for mGluR5 was estimated by the Logan's graphical analysis. Brain PET imaging revealed that radioactivities in the hippocampus and the striatum were significantly lower in 5xFAD mice compared to control animals. Binding values were also significantly lowered in 5xFAD mice. This decline was validated by immunoblotting of protein isolates from brain tissues, as the mean band density for 5xFAD mice had a lower mGluR5 intensity than for wild type mice. These results indicated that mGluR5 levels in 5xFAD mice were down regulated in the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Suh Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ji-Ae Park
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Kwon
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Kang
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Young Hyun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyo Chul Lee
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of RI-Convergence Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
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Mechanism of Neuroprotection Against Experimental Spinal Cord Injury by Riluzole or Methylprednisolone. Neurochem Res 2017; 44:200-213. [PMID: 29290040 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Any spinal cord injury carries the potential for persistent disability affecting motor, sensory and autonomic functions. To prevent this outcome, it is highly desirable to block a chain of deleterious reactions developing in the spinal areas immediately around the primary lesion. Thus, early timing of pharmacological neuroprotection should be one major strategy whose impact may be first studied with preclinical models. Using a simple in vitro model of the rat spinal cord it is possible to mimic pathological processes like excitotoxicity that damages neurons because of excessive glutamate receptor activation due to injury, or hypoxic/dysmetabolic insult that preferentially affects glia following vascular dysfunction. While ongoing research is exploring the various components of pathways leading to cell death, current treatment principally relies on the off-label use of riluzole (RLZ) or methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS). The mechanism of action of these drugs is diverse as RLZ targets mainly neurons and MPSS targets glia. Even when applied after a transient excitotoxic stimulus, RLZ can provide effective prevention of secondary excitotoxic damage to premotoneurons, although not to motoneurons that remain very vulnerable. This observation indicates persistent inability to express locomotor activity despite pharmacological treatment conferring some histological protection. MPSS can protect glia from dysmetabolic insult, yet it remains poorly effective to prevent neuronal death. In summary, it appears that these pharmacological agents can produce delayed protection for certain cell types only, and that their combined administration does not provide additional benefit. The search should continue for better, mechanism-based neuroprotective agents.
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Motaghinejad M, Motevalian M, Fatima S. Mediatory role of NMDA, AMPA/kainate, GABA A and Alpha 2 receptors in topiramate neuroprotective effects against methylphenidate induced neurotoxicity in rat. Life Sci 2017; 179:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Bettio LEB, Rajendran L, Gil-Mohapel J. The effects of aging in the hippocampus and cognitive decline. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:66-86. [PMID: 28476525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that is associated with cognitive decline as well as functional and social impairments. One structure of particular interest when considering aging and cognitive decline is the hippocampus, a brain region known to play an important role in learning and memory consolidation as well as in affective behaviours and mood regulation, and where both functional and structural plasticity (e.g., neurogenesis) occur well into adulthood. Neurobiological alterations seen in the aging hippocampus including increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, altered intracellular signalling and gene expression, as well as reduced neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, are thought to be associated with age-related cognitive decline. Non-invasive strategies such as caloric restriction, physical exercise, and environmental enrichment have been shown to counteract many of the age-induced alterations in hippocampal signalling, structure, and function. Thus, such approaches may have therapeutic value in counteracting the deleterious effects of aging and protecting the brain against age-associated neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Luckshi Rajendran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; UBC Island Medical program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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Alleviation of Oxidative Damage and Involvement of Nrf2-ARE Pathway in Mesodopaminergic System and Hippocampus of Status Epilepticus Rats Pretreated by Intranasal Pentoxifylline. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:7908072. [PMID: 28386312 PMCID: PMC5366206 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7908072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The current studies were aimed at evaluating the efficacy of intranasal pentoxifylline (Ptx) pretreatment in protecting mesodopaminergic system and hippocampus from oxidative damage of lithium-pilocarpine induced status epilepticus (SE) and the involvement of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2- (Nrf2-) antioxidant response elements pathway. Pentoxifylline was administered to rats intranasally or intraperitoneally 30 minutes before inducing SE. Our results showed the impaired visuospatial memory, the defected mesodopaminergic system, and the oxidative damage and the transient activation of Nrf2 in SE rats. The transient activation of Nrf2 in SE rats was enhanced by Ptx pretreatment, which was followed by the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1. Ptx pretreatment to SE rats significantly suppressed the epileptic seizures, decreased the levels of lipid peroxide and malondialdehyde, and elevated the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione. Compared with intraperitoneal injection, intranasal Ptx delivery completely restored the visuospatial memory and the activity of mesodopaminergic system in SE rats. Intranasal administration of Ptx may hopefully become a noninvasive, painless, and easily administered option for epileptic patients.
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Foran L, Blackburn K, Kulesza RJ. Auditory hindbrain atrophy and anomalous calcium binding protein expression after neonatal exposure to monosodium glutamate. Neuroscience 2017; 344:406-417. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Tu YC, Yang YC, Kuo CC. Modulation of NMDA channel gating by Ca 2+ and Cd 2+ binding to the external pore mouth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37029. [PMID: 27848984 PMCID: PMC5111045 DOI: 10.1038/srep37029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor channels are characterized by high Ca2+ permeability. It remains unclear whether extracellular Ca2+ could directly modulate channel gating and control Ca2+ influxes. We demonstrate a pore-blocking site external to the activation gate for extracellular Ca2+ and Cd2+, which has the same charge and radius as Ca2+ but is impermeable to the channel. The apparent affinity of Cd2+ or Ca2+ is higher toward the activated (a steady-state mixture of the open and desensitized, probably chiefly the latter) than the closed states. The blocking effect of Cd2+ is well correlated with the number of charges in the DRPEER motif at the external pore mouth, with coupling coefficients close to 1 in double mutant cycle analyses. The effect of Ca2+ and especially Cd2+ could be allosterically affected by T647A mutation located just inside the activation gate. A prominent "hook" also develops after wash-off of Cd2+ or Ca2+, suggesting faster unbinding rates of Cd2+ and Ca2+ with the mutation. We conclude that extracellular Ca2+ or Cd2+ directly binds to the DRPEER motif to modify NMDA channel activation (opening as well as desensitization), which seems to involve essential regional conformational changes centered at the bundle crossing point A652 (GluN1)/A651(GluN2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Chi Tu
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chin Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences,College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.,Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chin Kuo
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Filippini A, Bonini D, La Via L, Barbon A. The Good and the Bad of Glutamate Receptor RNA Editing. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6795-6805. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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41
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Effects of NMDA and non-NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors in the medial preoptic area on body temperature in awake rats. J Therm Biol 2016; 61:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lee DS, Nam TG, Jeong BS, Jeong GS. BJ-1103, 6-aminopyridin-3-ol skeletal compound, modulates neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects in murine hippocampal and microglial cells via Nrf2-mediated heme oxygenase-1 expression. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:42-50. [PMID: 27238747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BJ-1103, as a 6-aminopyridin-3-ol skeletal compound, was originally developed as an antioxidant against free radicals and oxidative stress was prepared from pyridoxine·HCl by the reported procedure. In the present study, we examined the effect of BJ-1103 on neuroprotection and neuroinflammation. Our data showed that BJ-1103 can protect HT22 cells against glutamate-induced cell cytotoxicity. And, BJ-1103 also inhibited LPS-induced inflammatory action. In addition, BJ-1103-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression and elevated HO-1 activities in the two cell lines studied. Additionally, BJ-1103 treatment induced nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and increased the promoter activity of antioxidant response elements (AREs). We have demonstrated using the Nrf2 siRNA, HO inhibitor or HO-1 siRNA that BJ-1103 suppressed neurotoxicity and neuroinflammation through the Nrf2-mediated HO-1 expression. These results demonstrated that BJ-1103 may have good therapeutic agent against neurodegenerative diseases that are induced by oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy and Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Seon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Sex-specific effects of prenatal chronic mild stress on adult spatial learning capacity and regional glutamate receptor expression profiles. Exp Neurol 2016; 281:66-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dopamine D2 receptor availability is linked to hippocampal-caudate functional connectivity and episodic memory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:7918-23. [PMID: 27339132 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606309113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (D1DRs and D2DRs) may contribute differently to various aspects of memory and cognition. The D1DR system has been linked to functions supported by the prefrontal cortex. By contrast, the role of the D2DR system is less clear, although it has been hypothesized that D2DRs make a specific contribution to hippocampus-based cognitive functions. Here we present results from 181 healthy adults between 64 and 68 y of age who underwent comprehensive assessment of episodic memory, working memory, and processing speed, along with MRI and D2DR assessment with [(11)C]raclopride and PET. Caudate D2DR availability was positively associated with episodic memory but not with working memory or speed. Whole-brain analyses further revealed a relation between hippocampal D2DR availability and episodic memory. Hippocampal and caudate D2DR availability were interrelated, and functional MRI-based resting-state functional connectivity between the ventral caudate and medial temporal cortex increased as a function of caudate D2DR availability. Collectively, these findings indicate that D2DRs make a specific contribution to hippocampus-based cognition by influencing striatal and hippocampal regions, and their interactions.
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Lee DS, Nam TG, Jeong BS, Jeong GS. The Aminopyridinol Derivative BJ-1201 Protects Murine Hippocampal Cells against Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity via Heme Oxygenase-1. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21050594. [PMID: 27164069 PMCID: PMC6274493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21050594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. It can cause neuronal cell damage in the context of oxidative stress. BJ-1201 is a derivative of the compound aminopyridinol, which is known for its antioxidant activity. In this study, we examined the effect of BJ-1201, a 6-(diphenylamino)-2,4,5-trimethylpyridin-3-ol compound, on neuroprotection in HT22 cells. Our data showed that BJ-1201 can protect HT22 cells against glutamate-induced cell cytotoxicity. In addition, BJ-1201 upregulated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) to levels comparable to those of the CoPP-treated group. BJ-1201 treatment induced phosphorylation of JNK, but not p38-MAPK or ERK. It also increased the signal in the reporter assay based on β-galactosidase activity driven by the nuclear transcription factor erythroid-2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) promoter harboring antioxidant response elements (AREs) and induced the translocation of Nrf2. These results demonstrate that BJ-1201 may be a good therapeutic platform against neurodegenerative diseases induced by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea.
| | - Tae-Gyu Nam
- Department of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea.
| | | | - Gil-Saeng Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea.
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Fang J, Pang X, Yan R, Lian W, Li C, Wang Q, Liu AL, Du GH. Discovery of neuroprotective compounds by machine learning approaches. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra23035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The classification models were constructed to discover neuroprotective compounds against glutamate or H2O2-induced neurotoxicity through machine learning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology
| | - Xiaocong Pang
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
| | - Rong Yan
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
| | - Wenwen Lian
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology
- Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Guangzhou 510006
- China
| | - Ai-Lin Liu
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research
| | - Guan-Hua Du
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research
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Bonini D, Filippini A, La Via L, Fiorentini C, Fumagalli F, Colombi M, Barbon A. Chronic glutamate treatment selectively modulates AMPA RNA editing and ADAR expression and activity in primary cortical neurons. RNA Biol 2015; 12:43-53. [PMID: 25625181 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2015.1008365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing is a post-transcriptional process, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, with an important role in diversifying the number of proteins derived from a single gene. In neurons, editing of ionotropic AMPA glutamate receptors has been shown to be altered under several experimental conditions, including severe pathologies, thus highlighting the potential significance of its modulation. In this study, we treated rat primary cortical cell cultures with a sub-lethal dose of glutamate (10 μM), focusing on RNA editing and ADAR activity. We found that chronic glutamate treatment down-regulates RNA editing levels at the R/G site of GluA2-4 subunits of AMPA receptors and at the K/E site of CYFIP2. These changes are site-specific since they were not observed either for the GluA2 Q/R site or for other non-glutamatergic sites. Glutamate treatment also down-regulates the protein expression levels of both ADAR1 and ADAR2 enzymes, through a pathway that is Ca(2+)- and calpain-dependent. Given that AMPA receptors containing unedited subunits show a slower recovery rate from desensitization compared to those containing edited forms, the reduced editing at the R/G site may, at least in part, compensate for glutamate over-stimulation, perhaps through the reduced activation of postsynaptic receptors. In summary, our data provide direct evidence of the involvement of ADAR1 and ADAR2 activity as a possible compensatory mechanism for neuronal protection following glutamate over-stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bonini
- a Biology and Genetic Division; Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine; National Institute of Neuroscience; University of Brescia ; Brescia , Italy
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Tian K, Shibata-Germanos S, Pahlitzsch M, Cordeiro MF. Current perspective of neuroprotection and glaucoma. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:2109-18. [PMID: 26635467 PMCID: PMC4646599 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s80445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and is most notably characterized by progressive optic nerve atrophy and advancing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The main concomitant factor is the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Existing treatments are focused generally on lowering IOP. However, both RGC loss and optic nerve atrophy can independently occur with IOP at normal levels. In recent years, there has been substantial progress in the development of neuroprotective therapies for glaucoma in order to restore vital visual function. The present review intends to offer a brief insight into conventional glaucoma treatments and discuss exciting current developments of mostly preclinical data in novel neuroprotective strategies for glaucoma that include recent advances in noninvasive diagnostics going beyond IOP maintenance for an enhanced global view. Such strategies now target RGC loss and optic nerve damage, opening a critical therapeutic window for preventative monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Tian
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ; Eye Centre, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shannon Shibata-Germanos
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Milena Pahlitzsch
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - M Francesca Cordeiro
- Glaucoma and Retinal Neurodegeneration Research Group, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK ; Western Eye Hospital, ICORG, Imperial College NHS Trust, London, UK
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Smesny S, Gussew A, Biesel NJ, Schack S, Walther M, Rzanny R, Milleit B, Gaser C, Sobanski T, Schultz CC, Amminger P, Hipler UC, Sauer H, Reichenbach JR. Glutamatergic dysfunction linked to energy and membrane lipid metabolism in frontal and anterior cingulate cortices of never treated first-episode schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2015; 168:322-9. [PMID: 26255566 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamatergic dysfunction and altered membrane lipid and energy metabolism have been repeatedly demonstrated in the frontal/prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in schizophrenia. Though having been already studied in animals, the presumed link between glutamatergic function and structural plasticity has not been investigated directly in the human brain yet. We measured glutamate (Glu), focal energy metabolism, and membrane phospholipid turnover to investigate main pathologies in those key brain regions of schizophrenia. METHODS (1)H- and (31)P-Chemical Shift Imaging (CSI) was combined in a single session to assess Glu and markers of energy (PCr, ATP) and membrane lipid (PME, PDE) metabolism in 31 neuroleptic-naïve first acute onset psychosis patients and 31 matched healthy controls. Multivariate analyses of covariance were used to assess disease effects on Glu and to investigate the impact of Glu alterations on phospholipid and energy metabolites. RESULTS Glu levels of patients were increased in the frontal and prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the ACC. Higher Glu was associated with increased left frontal/prefrontal PME and right frontal/prefrontal PDE in patients, which was not observed in healthy controls. In contrast, higher Glu levels were associated with lower PCr or ATP values in the frontal/prefrontal cortex bilaterally and in the right ACC of controls. This was not observed in the right ACC and left frontal/prefrontal cortex of patients. CONCLUSION Frontal glutamatergic hyperactivity is disconnected from physiologically regulated energy metabolism and is associated with increased membrane breakdown in right and increased membrane restoration in left frontal and prefrontal cortical regions. As indicated by previous findings, this pathology is likely dynamic during the course of first acute illness and possibly associated with negative symptoms and cognitive impairment. Our findings underline the importance of further research on neuroprotective treatment options during the early acute or even better for the ultra-high risk state of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Alexander Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Natalie Joan Biesel
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Schack
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mario Walther
- Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer Sciences and Documentation (IMSID), Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Bachstraße 18, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Rzanny
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Christian Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry, Thüringen-Kliniken "Georgius Agricola" GmbH Rainweg 68, D-07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Carl Christoph Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Amminger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Victoria 3052, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, Jena University Hospital, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Philosophenweg 3, D-07740 Jena, Germany
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Wenner MI, Maker GL, Dawson LF, Drummond PD, Mullaney I. The potential of metabolomic analysis techniques for the characterisation of α1-adrenergic receptors in cultured N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells. Cytotechnology 2015; 68:1561-75. [PMID: 26408527 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-015-9915-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies of neuropathic pain have linked abnormal adrenergic signalling to the development and maintenance of pain, although the mechanisms underlying this are not yet fully understood. Metabolomic analysis is a technique that can be used to give a snapshot of biochemical status, and can aid in the identification of the mechanisms behind pathological changes identified in cells, tissues and biological fluids. This study aimed to use gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling in combination with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry to identify functional α1-adrenergic receptors on cultured N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells. The study was able to confirm the presence of mRNA for the α1D subtype, as well as protein expression of the α1-adrenergic receptor. Furthermore, metabolomic data revealed changes to the metabolite profile of cells when exposed to adrenergic pharmacological intervention. Agonist treatment with phenylephrine hydrochloride (10 µM) resulted in altered levels of several metabolites including myo-inositol, glucose, fructose, alanine, leucine, phenylalanine, valine, and n-acetylglutamic acid. Many of the changes observed in N1E-115 cells by agonist treatment were modulated by additional antagonist treatment (prazosin hydrochloride, 100 µM). A number of these changes reflected what is known about the biochemistry of α1-adrenergic receptor activation. This preliminary study therefore demonstrates the potential of metabolomic profiling to confirm the presence of functional receptors on cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Wenner
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Garth L Maker
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Metabolomics Australia, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia. .,Separation Science and Metabolomics Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Linda F Dawson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia.,School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ian Mullaney
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
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