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Saxena S, Singh RK. Chemokines orchestrate tumor cells and the microenvironment to achieve metastatic heterogeneity. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:447-476. [PMID: 33959849 PMCID: PMC9863248 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines, a subfamily of the cell cytokines, are low molecular weight proteins known to induce chemotaxis in leukocytes in response to inflammatory and pathogenic signals. A plethora of literature demonstrates that chemokines and their receptors regulate tumor progression and metastasis. With these diverse functionalities, chemokines act as a fundamental link between the tumor cells and their microenvironment. Recent studies demonstrate that the biology of chemokines and their receptor in metastasis is complex as numerous chemokines are involved in regulating site-specific tumor growth and metastasis. Successful treatment of disseminated cancer is a significant challenge. The most crucial problem for treating metastatic cancer is developing therapy regimes capable of overcoming heterogeneity problems within primary tumors and among metastases and within metastases (intralesional). This heterogeneity of malignant tumor cells can be related to metastatic potential, response to chemotherapy or specific immunotherapy, and many other factors. In this review, we have emphasized the role of chemokines in the process of metastasis and metastatic heterogeneity. Individual chemokines may not express the full potential to address metastatic heterogeneity, but chemokine networks need exploration. Understanding the interplay between chemokine-chemokine receptor networks between the tumor cells and their microenvironment is a novel approach to overcome the problem of metastatic heterogeneity. Recent advances in the understanding of chemokine networks pave the way for developing a potential targeted therapeutic strategy to treat metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA
| | - Rakesh K Singh
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5900, USA.
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Long bone mesenchymal stem cells (Lb-MSCs): clinically reliable cells for osteo-diseases. Cell Tissue Bank 2017; 18:489-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-017-9652-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Abstract
The ischemia-induced death of cardiomyocytes results in scar formation and reduced contractility of the ventricle. Several preclinical and clinical studies have supported the notion that cell therapy may be used for cardiac regeneration. Most attempts for cardiomyoplasty have considered the bone marrow as the source of the “repair stem cell(s),” assuming that the hematopoietic stem cell can do the work. However, bone marrow is also the residence of other progenitor cells, including mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Since 1995 it has been known that under in vitro conditions, MSCs differentiate into cells exhibiting features of cardiomyocytes. This pioneer work was followed by many preclinical studies that revealed that ex vivo expanded, bone marrow–derived MSCs may represent another option for cardiac regeneration. In this work, we review evidence and new prospects that support the use of MSCs in cardiomyoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Minguell
- Laboratorio de Trasplante de Médula Osea, Clínica Las Condes, Lo Fontecilla 441, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile.
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Katsiani E, Garas A, Skentou C, Tsezou A, Messini CI, Dafopoulos K, Daponte A, Messinis IE. Chorionic villi derived mesenchymal like stem cells and expression of embryonic stem cells markers during long-term culturing. Cell Tissue Bank 2016; 17:517-29. [PMID: 27139894 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-016-9559-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be obtained from a variety of human tissues. MSCs derived from placental chorionic villi of the first trimester are likely to resemble, biologically, embryonic stem cells (ESC), due to the earlier development stage of placenta. In the present study long-term cultures of MSC-like cells were assessed in order to evaluate MSCs multipotent characteristics and molecular features during the period of culture. CV-cells obtained from 10 samples of chorionic villus displayed typical fibroblastoid morphology, undergone 20 passages during a period of 120 days, maintaining a stable karyotype throughout long term expansion. The cells were positive, for CD90, CD73, CD105, CD29, CD44, HLA ABC antigens and negative for CD14, CD34, AC133, and HLA DR antigens as resulted from the flow cytometry analysis. CV-cells were differentiated in adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and neuronal cells under specific culture conditions. The expression of the ESC-gene markers POU5F1 (Oct-4) and NANOG was observed at earliest stages (4-12 passages) and not at the late stages (14-20 passages) by RT-PCR analysis. ZFP42 and SOX2 expression were not detected. Moreover, CV-cells were found to express GATA4 but not NES (Nestin). Chorionic villi-derived cells possess multipotent properties, display high proliferation rate and self-renew capacity, share common surface antigens with adult MSCs and express certain embryonics stem cells gene markers. These characteristics highlight chorionic villi as an attractive source of MSCs for the needs of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Katsiani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - A Garas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - C Skentou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - A Tsezou
- Department of Biology and Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - C I Messini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - K Dafopoulos
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - A Daponte
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - I E Messinis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, University Hospital, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41110, Viopolis, Larissa, Greece.
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Muzzioli M, Stecconi R, Moresi R, Provinciali M. Zinc improves the development of human CD34+ cell progenitors towards NK cells and increases the expression of GATA-3 transcription factor in young and old ages. Biogerontology 2008; 10:593-604. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9201-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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In vitro study of CD133 human stem cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2008; 4:330-9. [PMID: 18656426 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are applied in stem cell labeling because of their high magnetic susceptibility as compared with ordinary paramagnetic species, their low toxicity, and their ease of magnetic manipulation. The present work is the study of CD133+ stem cell labeling by SPIONs coupled to a specific antibody (AC133), resulting in the antigenic labeling of the CD133+ stem cell, and a method was developed for the quantification of the SPION content per cell, necessary for molecular imaging optimization. Flow cytometry analysis established the efficiency of the selection process and helped determine that the CD133 cells selected by chromatographic affinity express the transmembrane glycoprotein CD133. The presence of antibodies coupled to the SPION, expressed in the cell membrane, was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Quantification of the SPION concentration in the marked cells using the ferromagnetic resonance technique resulted in a value of 1.70 x 10(-13) mol iron (9.5 pg) or 7.0 x 10(6) nanoparticles per cell (the measurement was carried out in a volume of 2 muL containing about 6.16 x 10(5) pg iron, equivalent to 4.5 x 10(11) SPIONs).
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Campioni D, Lanza F, Moretti S, Ferrari L, Cuneo A. Loss of Thy-1 (CD90) antigen expression on mesenchymal stromal cells from hematologic malignancies is induced by in vitro angiogenic stimuli and is associated with peculiar functional and phenotypic characteristics. Cytotherapy 2008; 10:69-82. [PMID: 18202976 DOI: 10.1080/14653240701762364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about human mesenchymal stromal cell (hMSC) phenotypic and functional subsets in response to environmental stimuli. The strategy used in this study focused on defining hMSC functional subpopulations based in particular on their Thy-1 (CD90) antigen (Ag) surface expression. METHODS The effect of different in vitro microenvironmental conditions on the isolation and expansion of bone marrow-derived (BM) hMSC from hematologic malignancies (HM) and normal samples (NS) was assayed. hMSC clonogenic and differentiation potential, phenotypic profile and long-term capacity to sustain in vitro hemopoiesis were considered in relation to the different expansion protocols. RESULTS The results showed that angiogenic supplements used in combination with low serum content gave rise to the appearance of Thy-1(-) HM-MSC with high proliferative potential, capable of restoring the typical HM stromal impairment. The expression of the CD271 was partially maintained. We further report an enhancement towards the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation capacity by the Thy-1(-) HM-MSC subset. Despite the angiogenic treatment, the Thy-1(-) MSC stopped short of full endothelial differentiation. DISCUSSION In this paper we provide evidence that in vitro angiogenic stimuli generate HM-MSC lacking CD90 Ag expression. The Thy-1(-) MSC subset is characterized by peculiar functional and phenotypic characteristics, thus supporting the role played by the microenvironment in selecting particular hMSC subsets maintaining normal tissue homeostasis or inducing pathologic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campioni
- Department of Biomedical Science and Advanced Therapy, Hematology Section, University of Ferrara-St Anna Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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Narasipura SD, Wojciechowski JC, Charles N, Liesveld JL, King MR. P-Selectin–Coated Microtube for Enrichment of CD34+ Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells from Human Bone Marrow. Clin Chem 2008; 54:77-85. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.089896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Enrichment and purification of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is important in transplantation therapies for hematologic disorders and in basic stem cell research. Primitive CD34+ HSPCs have demonstrated stronger rolling adhesion on selectins than mature CD34− mononuclear cells (MNCs). We have exploited this differential rolling behavior to capture and purify HSPCs from bone marrow by perfusing MNCs through selectin-coated microtubes.
Methods: Bone marrow MNCs were perfused through the cell-capture microtubes coated with adhesion molecules. We washed the device lumen and visualized and estimated captured cells by video microscopy. Adherent cells were eluted by high shear, calcium-free buffer, and air embolism. We used immunofluorescence staining followed by flow cytometry to analyze CD34+ HSPCs.
Results: CD34+ HSPC purity of cells captured in adhesion molecule–coated devices was significantly higher than the fraction of CD34+ cells found in bone marrow MNCs [mean (SE) 2.5% (0.8%)]. P-selectin–coated surfaces yielded 16% to 20% CD34+ cell purity, whereas antibody-coated surfaces yielded 12% to 18%. Although CD34+ cell purity was comparable between selectin and antibody surfaces, the total number of CD34+ HSPCs captured was significantly higher in P-selectin devices (approximately 5.7 × 104 to 7.1 × 104) than antibody devices (approximately 1.74 × 104 to 2.61 × 104).
Conclusions: P-selectin can be used in a compact flow device to capture HSPCs. Selectin-mediated capture of CD34+ HSPCs resulted in enrichment approximately 8-fold higher than the CD34+ cell population from bone marrow MNCs. This study supports the hypothesis that flow-based, adhesion molecule–mediated capture may be a viable alternative approach to the capture and purification of HSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jane L Liesveld
- Department of Medicine, Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester
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Flotte TR, Ng P, Dylla DE, McCray PB, Wang G, Kolls JK, Hu J. Viral Vector–mediated and Cell-based Therapies for Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis. Mol Ther 2007; 15:229-41. [PMID: 17235299 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene and cell-based therapies are considered to be potentially powerful new approaches for the management of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease. Despite tremendous efforts that have been made, especially in studies to understand the obstacles to gene delivery, major challenges to the application of these approaches remain to be solved. This article will review the advancements made and challenges remaining in the development of viral vector-mediated and cell-based approaches to treat patients with CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence R Flotte
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Moresi R, Tesei S, Costarelli L, Viticchi C, Stecconi R, Bernardini G, Provinciali M. Age- and gender-related alterations of the number and clonogenic capacity of circulating CD34+ progenitor cells. Biogerontology 2006; 6:185-92. [PMID: 16041622 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-005-7954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the peripheral representation and the clonogenic capacity of CD34(+) progenitor cells from 130 healthy subjects (80 females and 50 males) ranging in age from 16 to 100 years. We demonstrated that the absolute number of circulating CD34(+) cells progressively and significantly decreased with advancing age, with a 2-fold reduction in subjects aged more than 80 years. The number of granulocyte-macrophagic (CFU-GM), erytroid (BFU-E), and mixed (CFU-GEMM) colonies which developed from the number of CD34(+) purified cells per ml, progressively and significantly decreased with advancing age. The reduction of both CD34(+) cell number and clonogenic capacity during aging was statistically significant in males but not in females. When evaluated on a per cell bases, a significant age-related decrease in the number of CFU-GM colonies was observed in female but not in male subjects. Our study demonstrates the influence of gender on age-related alterations of the number and clonogenic capacity of CD34(+) cells in the peripheral blood. This evidence deserves particular consideration for the future planning of stem cell therapy in age-associated debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Moresi
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, INRCA Gerontol. Res. Dept., Immunology Center, Ancona, Italy
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Romanov YA, Darevskaya AN, Merzlikina NV, Buravkova LB. Mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow and adipose tissue: isolation, characterization, and differentiation potentialities. Bull Exp Biol Med 2006; 140:138-43. [PMID: 16254640 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-005-0430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Comparative study of cultured human bone marrow and adipose tissue (lipoaspirate) mesenchymal stem cells was carried out. The main morphological parameters, proliferative activity, expression of surface and intracellular markers of these cells were characterized. Flow cytofluorometry and histological staining showed that both cell types exhibited similar expression of CD105, CD54, CD106, HLA-I markers, were positively stained for vimentin, ASMA, collagen-1, and fibronectin, but not HLA-DR, CD117, and hemopoietic cell markers. The cells underwent differentiation into adipocytes and osteoblasts under appropriate conditions of culturing. Incubation under neuroinductive conditions led to the appearance of a cell population positively stained for type III beta-tubulin (neuronal differentiation marker).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu A Romanov
- Research and Practical Laboratory of Human Stem Cells, National Complex of Cardiology Research and Practice, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow.
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Richardson GD, Arnott EC, Whitehouse CJ, Lawrence CM, Reynolds AJ, Hole N, Jahoda CAB. Plasticity of rodent and human hair follicle dermal cells: implications for cell therapy and tissue engineering. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2005; 10:180-3. [PMID: 16382659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The dermal components of the hair follicle exhibit a number of stem cell properties, including regenerative potential, roles in wound healing and the ability to produce a functional dermis. Here we examine the stem cell phenomenon of plasticity, focusing on recent observations of in vitro plasticity of dermal papilla and sheath cells, including previously unpublished data of neuronal-like differentiation. We then briefly address the implications of the stem cell potential of hair follicle dermal cells for the field of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin D Richardson
- School of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, NC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest A McCulloch
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada.
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Anglani F, Forino M, Del Prete D, Tosetto E, Torregrossa R, D'Angelo A. In search of adult renal stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2005; 8:474-87. [PMID: 15601576 PMCID: PMC6740109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2004.tb00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of adult stem cells in the treatment of chronic degenerative diseases has becoming increasingly evident over the last few years. Significant attention is currently being paid to the development of novel treatments for acute and chronic kidney diseases too. To date, promising sources of stem cells for renal therapies include adult bone marrow stem cells and the kidney precursors present in the early embryo. Both cells have clearly demonstrated their ability to differentiate into the kidney's specialized structures. Adult renal stem cells have yet to be identified, but the papilla is where the stem cell niche is probably located. Now we need to isolate and characterize the fraction of papillary cells that constitute the putative renal stem cells. Our growing understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind kidney regeneration and repair processes - together with a knowledge of the embryonic origin of renal cells - should induce us, however, to bear in mind that in the kidney, as in other mesenchymal tissues, the need for a real stem cell compartment might be less important than the phenotypic flexibility of tubular cells. Thus, by displaying their plasticity during kidney maintenance and repair, terminally differentiated cells may well function as multipotent stem cells despite being at a later stage of maturation than adult stem cells. One of the major tasks of Regenerative Medicine will be to disclose the molecular mechanisms underlying renal tubular plasticity and to exploit its biological and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anglani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Laboratory of Histomorphology and Molecular Biology of the Kidney, Division of Nephrology, University of Padua, Italy.
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Abstract
Our forefathers in pathology, on observing cancer tissue under the microscope in the mid-19th century, noticed the similarity between embryonic tissue and cancer, and suggested that tumors arise from embryo-like cells [Recherches dur le Traitement du Cancer, etc. Paris. (1829); Editoral Archiv fuer pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und fuer klinische Medizin 8 (1855) 23]. The concept that adult tissues contain embryonic remnants that generally lie dormant, but that could be activated to become cancer was later formalized by Cohnheim [Path. Anat. Physiol. Klin. Med. 40 (1867) 1-79; Virchows Arch. 65 (1875) 64] and Durante [Arch. Memori ed Osservazioni di Chirugia Practica 11 (1874) 217-226], as the "embryonal rest" theory of cancer. An updated version of the embryonal rest theory of cancer is that cancers arise from tissue stem cells in adults. Analysis of the cellular origin of carcinomas of different organs indicates that there is, in each instance, a determined stem cell required for normal tissue renewal that is the most likely cell of origin of carcinomas [Lab. Investig. 70 (1994) 6-22]. In the present review, the nature of normal stem cells (embryonal, germinal and somatic) is presented and their relationships to cancer are further expanded. Cell signaling pathways shared by embryonic cells and cancer cells suggest a possible link between embryonic cells and cancer cells. Wilm's tumors (nephroblastomas) and neuroblastomas are presented as possible tumors of embryonic rests in children. Teratocarcinoma is used as the classic example of the totipotent cancer stem cell which can be influenced by its environment to differentiate into a mature adult cell. The observation that "promotion" of an epidermal cancer may be accomplished months or even years after the initial exposure to carcinogen ("initiation"), implies that the original carcinogenic event occurs in a long-lived epithelial stem cell population. The cellular events during hepatocarcinogenesis illustrate that cancers may arise from cells at various stages of differentiation in the hepatocyte lineage. Examples of genetic mutations in epithelial and hematopoietic cancers show how specific alterations in gene expression may be manifested as maturation arrest of a cell lineage at a specific stage of differentiation. Understanding the signals that control normal development may eventually lead us to insights in treating cancer by inducing its differentiation (differentiation therapy). Retinoid acid (RA) induced differentiation therapy has acquired a therapeutic niche in treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia and the ability of RA to prevent cancer is currently under examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart Sell
- Center and Ordway Research Institute, New York State Health Department, Wadsworth Center, P.O. Box 509, Room C-400, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12201, USA.
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Abe S, Lauby G, Boyer C, Rennard SI, Sharp JG. Transplanted BM and BM side population cells contribute progeny to the lung and liver in irradiated mice. Cytotherapy 2004; 5:523-33. [PMID: 14660048 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310003576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND BM cells have been shown to give rise to progeny of various cell lineages, including cells in lung and liver. This investigation evaluated whether purified BM mononuclear cells and side population (SP) cells that have hematopoietic stem-cell activity also had this property; whether a TBI preparative regimen was necessary for engraftment; and where BM-derived cells were engrafted. METHODS Either 1-3 million BM mononuclear cells or 2000 BM SP cells from transgenic enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing (EGFP) mice were transplanted i.v. to unirradiated or 7-9.5 Gy irradiated recipients. RESULTS Flow cytometric analysis showed that lung cells (mean 45%, range 4-70%) and liver cells (mean 4%, range 0.4-8.3%) from irradiated, but not unirradiated recipients, were EGFP donor-derived. Similar results were obtained transplanting BM mononuclear cells or SP cells. Morphologically, donor-derived cells in the lung were primarily monocytes and macrophages. Additionally, lung fibroblasts and Type I, but not Type II, alveolar cells and rare cells in the bronchial epithelium were donor BM derived. In the liver, Kupffer cells, inflammatory cells and small clusters of hepatocytes, but not bile duct cells, were donor-derived. DISCUSSION BM mononuclear and SP cells generated progeny in some compartments of the lung and liver, but only in TBI recipients. Stem cells in BM can contribute to repair of tissue injury in some compartments, but not to the same extent in the lung and liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine Pulmonary Section, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 986395, USA
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Abstract
The fundamental principle of stem cell biology is that cells with the potential for both self-renewal and terminal differentiation into one or more cell types may be found in a given tissue. The corollary of this principle is that the stem cells give rise to tissues in which they reside, the so-called expected tissues. Many exciting discoveries reported over the last several years challenge this paradigm by showing that there are not only tissue-specific stem cells that differentiate to the expected mature cells, but also that tissue stem cells can differentiate into unexpected cell lineages, suggesting an enormous plasticity of differentiation. Hematopoietic stem cells, which have drawn the most attention, mesenchymal stem cells, and neural stem cells have been the focus of many investigations. However, recent studies directed toward hematopoietic stem cells have disputed the concept of stem cell plasticity, suggesting that experimental artifact or somatic cell fusion may account for reported observations of plasticity. Although the data are mounting, stem cell plasticity, strictly defined, has yet to be rigorously proven. Animal models to meticulously define the biology and potential plasticity of stem cells and pilot clinical trials to begin to explore the biology and therapeutic potential of human stem cells will both be vital to advance the field over the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Horwitz
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Divisions of Stem Cell Transplantation and Experimental Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Bonanno G, Perillo A, Rutella S, De Ritis DG, Mariotti A, Marone M, Meoni F, Scambia G, Leone G, Mancuso S, Pierelli L. Clinical isolation and functional characterization of cord blood CD133+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. Transfusion 2004; 44:1087-97. [PMID: 15225252 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2004.03252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human cord blood is a relevant source of CD133+ HPCs. Clinical-scale isolation of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD133+ HPCs using immunomagnetic microbeads and the CliniMACS clinical cell isolator is reported. CD133+ HPCs isolated after large-scale processing were functionally characterized. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Closed disposable sets were used to process nine different samples of RBC-reduced UCB nucleated cells. In-vitro hematopoietic assays and human xenografts in NOD/SCID mice were performed to assess the functional properties of isolated CD133+ cells. Different mixtures of human cytokines were tested for the ability to expand nascent CD133+ HPCs. Furthermore, freshly isolated CD133+ cells were conditioned in culture medium specifically tested to support in-vitro myogenesis or osteogenesis. RESULTS Isolation procedures yielded the recovery of an average of 2.53 x 10(6) CD133+ HPCs with a mean recovery of 96 percent (referred to as RBC-reduced samples) and a final sample purity of 82 percent. Purified CD133+ cells had high cloning efficiency, had relevant long-term activity, and were capable of repopulating irradiated NOD/SCID mice. In 10-day stroma-free cultures, a 2-fold and 8.3-fold expansion of colony-forming cells (CFCs) and extended long-term culture-initiating cells, respectively, was obtained. Freshly isolated CD133+ cells differentiated into large nucleated cells expressing either myosin D or osteopontin (as revealed by RT-PCR and immuno-cytochemistry), with a protein/mRNA expression comparable to or even higher than that observed in UCB CD133- nucleated cells in identical culture conditions. CONCLUSION Collectively, clinical-scale isolation of UCB CD133+ cells provides a relevant amount of primitive HPCs with high hematopoietic activity and in-vitro mesenchymal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Bonanno
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and UNICATT Cord Blood Bank, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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Sackstein R. The bone marrow is akin to skin: HCELL and the biology of hematopoietic stem cell homing. J Invest Dermatol 2004; 9:215-23. [PMID: 15369216 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2004.09301.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent findings that adult stem cells are capable of generating new blood vessels and parenchymal cells within tissues they have colonized has raised immense optimism that these cells may provide functional recovery of damaged organs. The use of adult stem cells for regenerative therapy poses the challenging task of getting these cells into the requisite sites with minimum morbidity and maximum efficiency. Ideally, tissue-specific colonization could be achieved by introducing the stem cells intravascularly and exploiting the native physiologic processes governing cell trafficking. Critical to the success of this approach is the use of stem cells bearing appropriate membrane molecules that mediate homing from vascular to tissue compartments. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) express a novel glycoform of CD44 known as hematopoietic cell E-/L-selectin ligand (HCELL). This molecule is the most potent E-selectin ligand natively expressed on any human cell. This article reviews our current understanding of the molecular basis of HSC homing and will describe the fundamental "roll" of HCELL in opening the avenues for efficient HSC trafficking to the bone marrow, the skin and other extramedullary sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Departments of Dermatology and Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Cancedda R, Bianchi G, Derubeis A, Quarto R. Cell therapy for bone disease: a review of current status. Stem Cells 2004; 21:610-9. [PMID: 12968115 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-5-610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow is a reservoir of pluripotent stem/progenitor cells for mesenchymal tissues. Upon in vitro expansion, in vivo bone-forming efficiency of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is dramatically lower in comparison with fresh bone marrow, and their in vitro multidifferentiation potentials are gradually lost. Nevertheless, when BMSCs are isolated and expanded in the presence of fibroblast growth factor 2, the percentage of cells able to differentiate into the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages is greater. Osteogenic progenitors are not exclusive to skeletal tissues. We could also think of cells in different adult tissues as potentially capable of following an osteochondrogenic differentiation pathway, but, under normal physiological conditions, they are inhibited in this process by the environment and/or the adjacent cell populations. When, for some reason such as pathology, the environment changes dramatically and the inhibiting condition is removed, these cells could become osteoblasts. Bone is repaired via local delivery of cells within a scaffold. Bone formation was first assessed in small animal models. Large animal models were successively developed to prove the feasibility of the tissue engineering approach in a model closer to a real clinical situation. Eventually, pilot clinical studies were performed. Extremely appealing is the possibility of using mesenchymal progenitors in the therapy of genetic bone diseases via systemic infusion. There is experimental evidence to suggest that mesenchymal progenitors delivered by this route engraft with a very low efficiency and do not produce relevant and durable clinical effects. Under some conditions, where the local microenvironment is either altered (i.e., injury) or under important remodeling processes (i.e., fetal growth), engraftment of stem and progenitor cells seems to be enhanced. A better understanding of their engraftment mechanisms will, hopefully, extend the field of therapeutic applications of mesenchymal progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Cancedda
- Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate and Dipartimento di Oncologia, Biologia e Genetica, Universitá di Genova, Genova, Italy.
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Migliaccio AR, Quarto R, Piacibello W. Cell therapy: filling the gap between basic science and clinical trials October 15-17, 2001, Rome, Italy. Stem Cells 2004; 21:348-56. [PMID: 12743329 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-3-348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Summarized here, and in forthcoming issues of, are the concepts that emerged at a recent international workshop on cell therapy organized by The Istituto Superiore di Sanità in Rome in collaboration with Istituto Dermatopatico dell'Immacolata, Rome; Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Cancro-Centro Biotecnologie Avanzate, Genova; and University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti. The meeting intent was to provide an overview of the most recent developments in cell therapy, the future perspectives for these clinical trials, and the regulatory issues they involve, as well as a progress report on the clinical protocols that have been approved up to now in Italy. The meeting included six scientific sessions (Immunotherapy, Epithelium, Osteoregeneration, Hematopoiesis, Future Perspectives, and Overview of the National and International Regulations) and involved lectures from Italian and foreign scientists.
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Abstract
One of the most extensively studied of mammalian cells is the oligodendrocyte, the myelin-forming cell of the central nervous system. The ancestry and development of this cell have been studied with every approach utilized by developmental biologists. Such detailed efforts have the potential of providing paradigms of relevance to those interested in analyzing the ancestry and development of any cell type. One of the striking features of studies on the development of oligodendrocytes is that different analytical approaches have led to strikingly different theoretical views regarding the ancestry of these cells. On one extreme is the hypothesis that the steps leading to the generation of oligodendrocytes begin with the generation of a glial-restricted precursor (GRP) cell from neuroepithelial stem cells. GRP cells are thought to be capable of giving rise to all glial cells (including oligodendrocytes and multiple astrocyte populations), but not to neurons, a process that appears to require progression through further stages of greater lineage restriction. On the other extreme is the hypothesis that oligodendrocytes are derived from a precursor cell that generates only motor neurons and oligodendrocytes, with astrocytes being generated through a separate lineage. In this review, we critically consider the various contributions to understanding the ancestry of oligodendrocytes, with particular attention to the respective merits of the GRP cell vs. the motor neuron-oligodendrocyte precursor (MNOP) cell hypothesis. We draw the conclusion that, at present, the strengths of the GRP cell hypothesis outweigh those of the MNOP hypothesis and other hypotheses suggesting oligodendrocytes are developmentally more related to motor neurons than to astrocytes. Moreover, it is clear from existing data that, following the period of motor neuron generation, the major glial precursor cell in the embryonic spinal cord is the GRP cell, and that multiple previous studies on the earliest stages of oligodendrocyte generation in the developing spinal cord have been focused on a differentiation stage of GRP cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Abstract
The study of embryo stem cells began in 1963, initially using disaggregates of cleaving rabbit and mouse embryos. Their differentiation in vitro was modest, and usually curtailed at best to the formation of trophectoderm cells, which attached to plastic. Rabbit morulae and blastocysts adhered more readily, trophectoderm forming a sheet of cells which was overgrown by stem cells from inner cell mass. Whole-blastocyst cultures on collagen-coated surfaces produced a pile of cells, and its outgrowths included neural, blood, neuronal, phagocytic and many other types of cell. When inner cell mass was freed and cultured intact or as cell disaggregates, lines of embryo stem cells (ES) were established which possessed good rates of cleavage, and immense stability in their secretion of enzymes, morphology and chromosomal complement. Developmental capacities of single mouse embryo stem cells were measured by injecting one or more into a recipient blastocyst, and extent of colonization in resulting chimaeras measured their pluripotency. In mouse, cell clumps were termed embryoid bodies, which produced similar outgrowths as in rabbit. Component cells again differentiated widely, depending to a limited extent on their exposure to various cytokines or substrates. Markers for differentiation or pluripotency were established, which revealed how neural, cardiac, haematological and other ES lines could be established in vitro. These have proved useful to study early differentiation and their use in grafting to sick recipients. Displaying similar properties, human ES cells emerged in the late 1990s. Models for the clinical use of ES cells showed how they colonized rapidly, travelled to target tissues via fetal pathways, differentiated and colonized target organs. No signs of inflammation or tissue damage were noted; injured tissues could be repaired including remyelination, and no cancers were formed. ES cells offer wide therapeutic potentials for humans, although extensive clinical trials are still awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Edwards
- Reproductive BioMedicine Online, Duck End Farm, Dry Drayton, Cambridge CB3 8DB, UK.
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Gao C, Kang EM, Kuramoto K, Agricola BA, Metzger M, von Kalle C, Donahue RE, Tisdale JF. Retrovirally transduced muscle-derived cells contribute to hematopoiesis at very low levels in the nonhuman primate model. Mol Ther 2003; 8:974-80. [PMID: 14664800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2003.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a remarkable potential of adult stem cells from a variety of organs to give rise to cells of disparate organs, but evidence of such potential at a clonal level is lacking in most if not all studies to date. To assess directly the hematopoietic potential of muscle-derived cells in a relevant large animal, we initiated retroviral-tagging studies in the rhesus macaque to allow tracking at the clonal level by integration site analysis. Four rhesus macaques underwent transplantation with transduced muscle-derived cells after lethal irradiation followed by delayed infusion of an autologous hematopoietic graft. The first animal showed no evidence of hematopoietic recovery and, despite infusion of the backup hematopoietic graft, succumbed due to complications of prolonged cytopenias. In the remaining three animals, the overall contribution of retrovirally tagged muscle-derived cells toward hematopoiesis was exceedingly low. Retroviral integration site analysis among clonally derived muscle cells and bone marrow cells in vivo in one animal suggests a common source. These results demonstrate that harvesting disparate organs for cellular therapy is currently highly inefficient at best.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunji Gao
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Campioni D, Lanza F, Moretti S, Dominici M, Punturieri M, Pauli S, Hofmann T, Horwitz E, Castoldi GL. Functional and immunophenotypic characteristics of isolated CD105(+) and fibroblast(+) stromal cells from AML: implications for their plasticity along endothelial lineage. Cytotherapy 2003; 5:66-79. [PMID: 12745588 DOI: 10.1080/14653240310000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In vitro cultures of BM cells from newly diagnosed patients with AML displayed a defective BM stromal compartment, with a reduced number of fibroblast-colony-forming unit (CFU-F: 1 +/- 1.25 SD) and a decreased proliferative ability. The purposes of our study were: 1). to select BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and BM-derived stromal cells (BMDSCs) from AML patients at diagnosis and from healthy subjects, using an immunomagnetic system and either anti-CD105 or anti-fibroblast MAbs; 2). to study the immunophenotypic and functional properties of freshly isolated and cultured mesenchymal cells; 3). to test the in vitro plasticity of the selected cells to differentiate towards an endothelial phenotype. METHODS Fresh mononuclear cells obtained from BM of 20 patients newly diagnosed with AML and from eight healthy subjects were selected by using anti-fibroblast and anti-CD105 MAbs. Freshly isolated cells were analyzed, characterized by flow cytometry using a wide panel of MAbs and seeded in long-term culture medium to assess CFU-F formation. The level of confluence after 30 days and functional capacity in a long-term colony-forming cell culture (LTC-CFC) were tested. Furthermore, the cultured selected cell populations were assayed for their ability to differentiate into an endothelial-like cell phenotype with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEFG) and endothelial cell growth supplement (ECGS). RESULTS In normal subjects the selection produced an increase of the CFU-F number of 2.6-fold with anti-fibroblast MAb and 2.7-fold with the anti-CD105 MAb. Anti-fibroblast and anti-CD105 MAb selection from AML BM cells resulted in a statistically significant greater count of CFU-F that was respectively 10.6-fold (P = 0.04) and 14.4-fold (P = 0.00001) higher in comparison with the unselected AML samples. Interestingly, in 80% of AML samples immunoselection was also able to restore the capacity of the CFU-F to proliferate and form confluent stromal layers. The isolation of those layers sustained the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in the LTC-CFC. The phenotypic profile of cultured BMDSCs was different from that of the freshly isolated cells, and changed in relation to the culture conditions: CD105+ selected cells cultured with VEGF and ECGS expressed endothelial markers, a finding that suggests that this cell subpopulation may have the potential to differentiate toward an endothelial-like phenotype. DISCUSSION We report that immunomagnetic selection represents a valid tool for the selection of BM mesenchymal cells in samples obtained from both healthy subjects and patients with AML. This technique was able to rescue two functional and immunophenotypic compartments related to two different selected populations. In particular, the CD105+ cells isolated in AML displayed, after stimulation with VEGF and ECGS, the ability to change towards an endothelial-like cell phenotype, thus revealing an unexpected plasticity. Both CD105+ and fibroblast+ cells once successfully isolated might represent sources of mesenchymal cells populations useful for in vitro investigations and, above all, as therapeutic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campioni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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26
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D'Amour KA, Gage FH. Genetic and functional differences between multipotent neural and pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100 Suppl 1:11866-72. [PMID: 12923297 PMCID: PMC304100 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1834200100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells (SCs) are functionally defined by their abilities to self-renew and generate differentiated cells. Although much effort has been focused on defining the common characteristics among various types of SCs, the genetic and functional differences between multipotent and pluripotent SCs have garnered less attention. We report a direct genetic and functional comparison of molecularly defined and clonally related populations of neural SCs (NSCs) and embryonic SCs (ESCs), using the Sox2 promoter for isolation of purified populations by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A stringent expression profile comparison of promoter-defined NSCs and ESCs revealed a striking dissimilarity, and subsequent chimera analyses confirmed the fundamental differences in cellular potency between these populations. This direct comparison elucidates the molecular basis for the functional differences in pluripotent ESCs and multipotent NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A D'Amour
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Krause
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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28
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Abstract
Considerable effort has been made in recent years in defining the embryonic origin of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). Using transgenic mouse models, a number of genes that regulate the formation, self-renewal, or differentiation of HSCs have been identified. Of particular interest, it has recently been shown that key regulators of definitive blood formation played a crucial role in adult HSC development. Specifically, the use of some of these regulatory molecules has dramatically improved the potential of adult HSC expansion. Furthermore, the elucidation of the molecular phenotype of the HSC has just begun. Finally, unexpected degrees of HSC developmental or differentiation plasticity have emerged. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances made in the human HSC field, and we will examine the impacts these discoveries may have clinically and on our understanding of the organization of the human hematopoietic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A3PX, UK.
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Maurer MH, Feldmann RE, Fütterer CD, Kuschinsky W. The proteome of neural stem cells from adult rat hippocampus. Proteome Sci 2003; 1:4. [PMID: 12818002 PMCID: PMC165415 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2003] [Accepted: 06/12/2003] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Hippocampal neural stem cells (HNSC) play an important role in cerebral plasticity in the adult brain and may contribute to tissue repair in neurological disease. To describe their biological potential with regard to plasticity, proliferation, or differentiation, it is important to know the cellular composition of their proteins, subsumed by the term proteome. RESULTS: Here, we present for the first time a proteomic database for HNSC isolated from the brains of adult rats and cultured for 10 weeks. Cytosolic proteins were extracted and subjected to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by protein identification through mass spectrometry, database search, and gel matching. We could map about 1141 PlusMinus; 209 (N = 5) protein spots for each gel, of which 266 could be identified. We could group the identified proteins into several functional categories including metabolism, protein folding, energy metabolism and cellular respiration, as well as cytoskeleton, Ca2+ signaling pathways, cell cycle regulation, proteasome and protein degradation. We also found proteins belonging to detoxification, neurotransmitter metabolism, intracellular signaling pathways, and regulation of DNA transcription and RNA processing. CONCLUSIONS: The HNSC proteome database is a useful inventory which will allow to specify changes in the cellular protein expression pattern due to specific activated or suppressed pathways during differentiation or proliferation of neural stem cells. Several proteins could be identified in the HNSC proteome which are related to differentiation and plasticity, indicating activated functional pathways. Moreover, we found a protein for which no expression has been described in brain cells before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Maurer
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert E Feldmann
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carsten D Fütterer
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuschinsky
- Dept. of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- E A McCulloch
- The Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Lögdberg L, Sgan SL, Larsen CP, Hillyer CD. Islet transplantation, stem cells, and transfusion medicine. Transfus Med Rev 2003; 17:95-109. [PMID: 12733103 DOI: 10.1053/tmrv.2003.50006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of exogenous insulin, morbidity and mortality caused by type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) continue to place a significant burden on society, both in terms of human suffering and cost. The transplantation of vascularized pancreas, usually performed concurrently with renal transplantation, can cure type 1 DM, as shown by results in more than 15000 such transplants over about 30 years. Transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets, instead of the whole organ, however, offers an attractive alternative that minimizes surgery and its complications. Although islet transplantation initially met with only modest success (only about 9% insulin independence at 1 year posttransplant), recent changes in patient selection criteria, number and treatment of islets transplanted, and better immunosuppressive regimens dramatically improved the results; spawning widespread enthusiasm for islet transplantation. Despite this promise, organ/islet availability remains an important limitation to this technology. A solution to the problem of limited materials for transplantation may be in the use of stem/progenitor cells. This article reviews the background of the current enthusiasm for pancreatic islet cell transplantation, highlights future research trends in the field, and suggests that the new islet-related cellular therapies belong within the domain of transfusion medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Lögdberg
- Department of Pathology, The Carlos and Marguerite Mason Transplantation Biology Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta 30322, GA, USA.
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Abstract
Stem cells still lack integral and exhaustive legislation in Italy and in the European Union. The use of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESC) for cell therapy seems to be encumbered with several disadvantages, such as the frequency of aneuploidy and the risk of tumour development (i.e. formation of teratomes). In addition, the capacity for indefinite growth of ESC, which first seems to confer them an advantage, may become potentially harmful if some ESC contaminate the transplantation of their derived differentiated cells. This is, in part, contrasted by the ease of obtaining and expanding adult or cord blood-derived stem cells in vitro, and by their transdifferentiation capacity (the so-called somatic stem cell 'plasticity'). Moreover, ethical considerations make us plead against the use of human embryos for stem cell research. First and foremost, there is the ethical position that it is never permissible to stop human life in order to prolong human life, except in self-defence. We must maintain that a human embryo certainly constitutes a new human life with the direct potential of one day becoming a human infant. Therefore, human embryo should not be considered just a 'cluster of cells' but a 'person'. Humanity is at a philosophical crossroads and we need to speak up in favour of the dignity of human life from its very inception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Mancuso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
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Abstract
The central tenet of stem cell biology is that within tissues there reside stem cells with the capacity for both self-renewal and terminal differentiation to the multiple lineages of that tissue. Over the last few years, numerous studies have challenged this paradigm by showing that tissue stem cells can differentiate to unexpected cell lineages, suggesting an enormous plasticity of differentiation. The hematopoietic stem cell, which resides within bone marrow and gives rise to all blood cells, has been the focal point of these efforts. However, recent studies have disputed the notion of hematopoietic stem cell plasticity. In truth, stem cell plasticity, strictly defined, has yet to be rigorously proven. Both animal models to carefully address outstanding issues and pilot clinical trials to explore the therapeutic potential will be key elements to advance science for the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin M Horwitz
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA.
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Mayani H. A glance into somatic stem cell biology: basic principles, new concepts, and clinical relevance. Arch Med Res 2003; 34:3-15. [PMID: 12604368 DOI: 10.1016/s0188-4409(02)00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Somatic stem cells are undifferentiated cells with a high capacity for self-renewal that can give rise to one or more specialized cell types with specific functions in the body. Profound characterization of these cells has been difficult due to the fact that their frequency in different tissues of the body is extremely low; furthermore, their identification is not based on their morphology but on immunophenotypic and functional assays. Nevertheless, significant advances in the study of these cells at both cellular and molecular levels have been achieved during the last decade. The majority of what we know concerning somatic stem cell biology has come from work on hematopoietic stem cells. More recently, however, there has been a great amount of information on neural and epithelial stem cells. The importance of stem cell research has gone beyond basic biology and is currently contributing to the development of new medical approaches for treatment of hematologic, neurologic, autoimmune, and metabolic disorders (cellular therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Mayani
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Oncología, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico.
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Daley GQ, Goodell MA, Snyder EY. Realistic prospects for stem cell therapeutics. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2003; 2003:398-418. [PMID: 14633792 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2003.1.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies of the regenerating hematopoietic system have led to the definition of many of the fundamental principles of stem cell biology. Therapies based on a range of tissue stem cells have been widely touted as a new treatment modality, presaging an emerging new specialty called regenerative medicine that promises to harness stem cells from embryonic and somatic sources to provide replacement cell therapies for genetic, malignant, and degenerative conditions. Insights borne from stem cell biology also portend development of protein and small molecule therapeutics that act on endogenous stem cells to promote repair and regeneration. Much of the newfound enthusiasm for regenerative medicine stems from the hope that advances in the laboratory will be followed soon thereafter by breakthrough treatments in the clinic. But how does one sort through the hype to judge the true promise? Are stem cell biologists and the media building expectations that cannot be met? Which diseases can be treated, and when can we expect success? In this review, we outline the realms of investigation that are capturing the most attention, and consider the current state of scientific understanding and controversy regarding the properties of embryonic and somatic (adult) stem cells. Our objective is to provide a framework for appreciating the promise while at the same time understanding the challenges behind translating fundamental stem cell biology into novel clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Q Daley
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Children's Hospital, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Zhang F, Chen Y, Yang Z, Gao X, Ma W, Li C, Kao RL. Cellular cardiomyoplasty for a patient with heart failure. CARDIOVASCULAR RADIATION MEDICINE 2003; 4:43-6. [PMID: 12892773 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-1865(03)00111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 73-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction and hypertension for 5 years suffered heart failure (NYHA III-IV). METHODS 2D echo indicated hypokinesia at septal, left ventricular anterior wall and apical regions. Coronary angiograms demonstrated 60% stenosis in distal left main and 99% stenosis in proximal and distal left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD). Both proximal artery and middle left circumflex coronary artery (LC) had 90% stenosis, and diffuse stenosis of right coronary artery (RC) was found. Myocardial perfusion imaging using 99mTc-MIBI indicated defective perfusion of left ventricular apex, anterior wall and septal region and severe reduced perfusion of posterior inferior wall. Myocardial metabolic activities (18F-deoxyglucose) also showed comparable reductions. After exposing the heart, LAD, LC, and RC were all completely occluded and bypass procedure could not be completed. Autologous satellite cells were implanted without any complication and the patient had an uneventful recovery. RESULTS During the first 2 months, he remained in heart failure, and by the third month, he gradually improved and reached NYHA II. At fifth month after the procedure, significant increased ejection fraction (37.1-48.6%) and wall movement with modest reduction of left ventricular systolic diameter (48-45 mm) were observed. Imaging with 18F-deoxyglucose showed dramatic improvement in myocardial metabolic activity with similar improvement in myocardial perfusion (99mTc-MIBI). CONCLUSION This is the first successful case of cellular cardiomyoplasty without any conjunctional procedure for patient with severe coronary heart disease and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Gu G, Brown JR, Melton DA. Direct lineage tracing reveals the ontogeny of pancreatic cell fates during mouse embryogenesis. Mech Dev 2003; 120:35-43. [PMID: 12490294 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4773(02)00330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lineage tracing follows the progeny of labeled cells through development. This technique identifies precursors of mature cell types in vivo and describes the cell fate restriction steps they undergo in temporal order. In the mouse pancreas, direct cell lineage tracing reveals that Pdx1- expressing progenitors in the early embryo give rise to all pancreatic cells. The progenitors for the mature pancreatic ducts separate from the endocrine/exocrine tissues before E12.5. Expression of Ngn3 and pancreatic polypeptide marks endocrine cell lineages during early embryogenesis, and these cells behave as transient progenitors rather than stem cells. In adults, Ngn3 is expressed within the endocrine islets, and the NGN3+ cells seem to contribute to pancreatic islet renewal. These results indicate the stage at which each progenitor population is restricted to a particular fate and provide markers for isolating progenitors to study their growth, differentiation, and the genes necessary for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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38
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Zhang F, Gao X, Yiang ZJ, Ma W, Li C, Kao RL. Cellular cardiomyoplasty: a preliminary clinical report. CARDIOVASCULAR RADIATION MEDICINE 2003; 4:39-42. [PMID: 12892772 DOI: 10.1016/s1522-1865(03)00116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular cardiomyoplasty is the method of transplanting myogenic cells into injured myocardium to restore the lost heart muscle cells and to improve ventricular function. METHOD Three patients, all with a history of coronary heart disease, underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and implantation of autologous satellite cells. A muscle biopsy of 2-4 g from the right vastus lateralis muscle was obtained for satellite cell (myogenic stem cell from skeletal muscle) isolation and proliferation before implanted into the donor's heart. The cells were suspended in serum-free medium and injected into 30-40 sites at and around the ischemic areas just before reversing the hypothermic cardioplegia to eliminate arrhythmia and to improve retention. After recovery, each patient was maintained at the intensive care unit for 3-4 days with ECG monitoring before transferring to the patient floor. RESULTS All patients survived the procedure with an uneventful recovery and were discharged from the hospital. At 3-4 months follow-up examination, increased left ventricular ejection fraction of 11% (35-46%), 5.4% (40-45.4%) and 1% (40-41%) and decreased left ventricular diastolic diameter of 4, 2 and 9 mm were observed for the patients, respectively. Arrhythmia was not detected during the follow-up evaluation by ECG. Improved perfusion (99mTC-MIBI) and increased metabolic activity (18F-deoxyglucose) were found at the sites of satellite cell implantation. Significant increase of wall thickness and movement at the areas of cell injection was also observed using 2D-echo. CONCLUSION Cellular cardiomyoplasty using autologous satellite cells is a safe procedure with encouraging beneficial outcomes in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumin Zhang
- The First Affiliate Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR China
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Peters R, Leyvraz S, Faes-Van't Hull E, Jaunin P, Gerber S, Rollini P. Long-term ex vivo expansion of human fetal liver primitive haematopoietic progenitor cells in stroma-free cultures. Br J Haematol 2002; 119:792-802. [PMID: 12437662 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2002.03873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Successful expansion of haematopoietic cells in ex vivo cultures will have important applications in transplantation, gene therapy, immunotherapy and potentially also in the production of non-haematopoietic cell types. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), with their capacity to both self-renew and differentiate into all blood lineages, represent the ideal target for expansion protocols. However, human HSC are rare, poorly characterized phenotypically and genotypically, and difficult to test functionally. Defining optimal culture parameters for ex vivo expansion has been a major challenge. We devised a simple and reproducible stroma-free liquid culture system enabling long-term expansion of putative haematopoietic progenitors contained within frozen human fetal liver (FL) crude cell suspensions. Starting from a small number of total nucleated cells, a massive haematopoietic cell expansion, reaching > 1013-fold the input cell number after approximately 300 d of culture, was consistently achieved. Cells with a primitive phenotype were present throughout the culture and also underwent a continuous expansion. Moreover, the capacity for multilineage lymphomyeloid differentiation, as well as the recloning capacity of primitive myeloid progenitors, was maintained in culture. With its better proliferative potential as compared with adult sources, FL represents a promising alternative source of HSC and the culture system described here should be useful for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowayda Peters
- Centre Pluridisciplinaire d'Oncologie, University Hospital, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
It has been known for decades that stem cells with limited differentiation potential are present in post-natal tissues of mammals, and adult stem cells are already used clinically. For instance, hematopoietic stem cells can reestablish the hematopoietic system following myeloablation, and stem cells are being used to regenerate corneal and skin tissue. But recent studies report that adult tissues might contain cells with pluripotent characteristics. These have evoked significant excitement, given the medical implications, but have also met with much skepticism. Indeed, most studies still await independent confirmation, there is a low frequency with which the apparent lineage switching occurs, and importantly such lineage switching defies established developmental biology and stem cell principles. Here, I critically review the published data indicating that postnatal stem cells persist that have greater differentiation potential than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Verfaillie
- Stem Cell Institute and Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 716, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Warren SM, Hedrick MH, Sylvester K, Longaker MT, Chen CM. New directions in bioabsorbable technology. J Neurosurg 2002; 97:481-9. [PMID: 12449205 DOI: 10.3171/spi.2002.97.4.0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Generating replacement tissues requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines developmental, cell, and molecular biology with biochemistry, immunology, engineering, medicine, and the material sciences. Because basic cues for tissue engineering may be derived from endogenous models, investigators are learning how to imitate nature. Endogenous models may provide the biological blueprints for tissue restoration, but there is still much to learn. Interdisciplinary barriers must be overcome to create composite, vascularized, patient-specific tissue constructs for replacement and repair. Although multistep, multicomponent tissue fabrication requires an amalgamation of ideas, the following review is limited to the new directions in bioabsorbable technology. The review highlights novel bioabsorbable design and therapeutic (gene, protein, and cell-based) strategies currently being developed to solve common spine-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Warren
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Generating replacement tissues requires an interdisciplinary approach that combines developmental, cell, and molecular biology with biochemistry, immunology, engineering, medicine, and the material sciences. Since the basic cues for tissue engineering may be derived from endogenous models, investigators are learning how to imitate nature. Endogenous models may provide the biologic blueprints for tissue restoration, but there is still much to learn. Interdisciplinary barriers must be overcome to create composite, vascularized, patient-specific tissue constructs for replacement and repair. Although multistep, multicomponent tissue fabrication requires an amalgamation of ideas, the following review is limited to the new directions in bioabsorbable technology. The review highlights novel bioabsorbable design and therapeutic (gene, protein, and cell-based) strategies that are currently being developed to solve common spinal problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Warren
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass, USA
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Miyazaki H, Imai M, Hirayama T, Saburi S, Tanaka M, Maruyama M, Matsuo C, Meguro H, Nishibashi K, Inoue F, Djiane J, Gertler A, Tachi S, Imakawa K, Tachi C. Establishment of feeder-independent cloned caprine trophoblast cell line which expresses placental lactogen and interferon tau. Placenta 2002; 23:613-30. [PMID: 12361681 DOI: 10.1053/plac.2002.0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A feeder-independent cloned trophoblast cell line, HTS-1, was established from a mature placenta of Shiba goat (Capra hircus). During the growth phase, single HTS-1 cells exhibited ruffled membranes or lamellipodia often accompanied by elongated cell shape, indicating highly motile nature of the cells. At or near confluence, HTS-1 cells formed monolayers with few sign of cellular overlapping. Binucleate cells were found at a high frequency especially in the peripheral regions of monolayers. In small colonies and the monolayers, majority of HTS-1 cells assumed polygonally shaped cobble-stone like morphology characteristic to epithelial cells, although considerable variations in cellular morphology were observed despite of repeated cloning. Time-lapse video recordings of HTS-1 cells during culture revealed that not only the small colonies but also the monolayers near or at confluence were remarkably motile, often causing extreme elongation of the cells within them. The extremely plastic nature of HTS-1 cells in vitro is likely to be the reflection of the extraordinary capacity of caprine trophoblast cells to be stretched to extreme thinness in vivo as shown by electron microscopy. HTS-1 cells cultured on matrigel are highly invasive, and express MT1-MMP which, in the mouse, has been known to be expressed at the invasive edge of trophoblast both in vitro and in vivo. HTS-1 cells express placental lactogen (PL) and interferon-tau (IFNtau), as confirmed by immunocytochemistry, Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis. Both PL and IFNtau expression in the cells appeared to be down-regulated by cell-cell contact. In the medium conditioned by HTS-1 cells, the presence of secretory form of PL and IFNtau was confirmed by Western blotting. The HTS-1 cell line will serve as a useful in vitro model for the analysis of the molecular and/or cellular mechanisms underlying synepitheliochorial placentation in bovidae animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Miyazaki
- Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Wako-shi, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihor Lemischka
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA.
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Dell'Agnola C, Rabascio C, Mancuso P, Capillo M, Pruneri G, Gobbi A, Minucci S, Ronzoni S, Volorio S, Calabrese L, Tradati N, Martinelli G, Shultz L, Bertolini F. In vitro and in vivo hematopoietic potential of human stem cells residing in muscle tissue. Exp Hematol 2002; 30:905-14. [PMID: 12160842 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-472x(02)00866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the in vitro and in vivo hematopoietic potential of human stem cells residing in muscle tissue collected from adults with head and neck cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adherent muscle cells were cultured in F12 medium with 10% fetal bovine serum and transplanted into immunodeficient mice. RESULTS On day 12 we obtained a median of 500,000 adherent cells per gram muscle sample. Thy-1, endoglin, HER2/neu, and P1H12 were expressed in the majority of cells. CD34, VEGFR2, c-kit, VCAM-1, and CXCR4 were expressed in 0.5-1.5%, 1-5%, 1-15%, 9-15%, and 30% of cells, respectively. Immunodeficient mice transplanted with fresh muscle cells or less than 500,000 cultured cells showed little or no human engraftment. In mice transplanted with more than 500,000 cultured cells, up to 14% human CD45(+) hematopoietic cells (including myeloid and lymphoid subsets) were detected by flow cytometry. Engraftment was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, Southern blotting, and DNA sequencing. Liver, muscle, and spleen evaluated for human DNA were positive in the majority of mice showing hematopoietic engraftment in the bone marrow. In vivo hematopoietic engraftment potential was maintained in cultured CD45(-) muscle cells transduced with the green fluorescence protein gene. CONCLUSIONS Human stem cells residing in muscle tissue can generate multilineage hematopoiesis in immunodeficient mice. Surprisingly, this hematopoietic potential increased in cultured versus fresh cells from muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dell'Agnola
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Experimental Oncology/IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Pathology-Laboratory Medicine, and Head & Neck Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
It has long been believed that mammalian stem cells are irreversibly committed to the individual tissue in which they reside; however, several recent studies have challenged this assertion and suggest a remarkable plasticity of stem cells derived from various adult tissues. Hematopoietic stem cells have been central to this paradigm shift, and in this review, the authors discuss the recent advances in this rapidly growing field. Although several exciting findings in rodents have already led to clinical trials in humans, true stem cell plasticity has not rigorously been established in most, if not all, studies to date, and a number of issues remain unresolved. Large animal models should prove invaluable to the progress of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Tisdale
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made in recent years in determining the composition of the cell types that constitute the human haematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. These studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of the human HSC in terms of proliferative and self-renewal capacities. Recent studies have indicated that CD34 is not the universal marker of all human HSCs. New markers for purifying HSCs have been described. A number of genes that regulate the formation, self-renewal, or differentiation of HSCs has been identified. The elucidation of the molecular phenotype of the HSC has just begun. Finally, an unexpected degree of developmental or differentiation plasticity of HSC has emerged. This review summarizes all the recent advances made in the human HSC field and examines the impacts that these discoveries may have both clinically and in understanding the organization of the human haematopoietic system.
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Lechner A, Leech CA, Abraham EJ, Nolan AL, Habener JF. Nestin-positive progenitor cells derived from adult human pancreatic islets of Langerhans contain side population (SP) cells defined by expression of the ABCG2 (BCRP1) ATP-binding cassette transporter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:670-4. [PMID: 12054520 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The disease diabetes mellitus arises as a consequence of a failure of the beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas to produce insulin in the amounts required to meet the needs of the body. Whole pancreas or islet transplants in patients with severe diabetes effectively restore insulin production. A lack of availability of donor pancreata requires the development of alternative sources of islets such as the ex vivo culture and differentiation of stem/progenitor cells. Earlier we discovered multipotential progenitor cells in islets isolated from adult human pancreata that express the neural stem cell marker nestin: nestin-positive islet-derived progenitor cells (NIPs). Recently it was shown that the exclusion of the Hoechst 33342 dye, which defines the pluripotential side population (SP) of hematopoietic stem cells, is mediated by the ATP-binding cassette transporter, ABCG2. Here we report that the human islet-derived NIPs contain a substantial subpopulation of SP cells that co-express ABCG2, MDR1, and nestin. Thus NIPs may be a potential source of adult pluripotential stem/progenitor cells useful for the production of islet tissue for transplantation into diabetic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Lechner
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street-WEL320, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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