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Li LH, Biagi E, Allen C, Shivakumar R, Weiss JM, Feller S, Yvon E, Fratantoni JC, Liu LN. Rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery of CD154 to primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2006; 13:215-24. [PMID: 16082377 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) are essential in the regulation of both humoral and cellular immune responses. Forced expression of human CD154 in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells can upregulate costimulatory and adhesion molecules and restore antigen-presenting capacity. Unfortunately, B-CLL cells are resistant to direct gene manipulation with most currently available gene transfer systems. In this report, we describe the use of a nonviral, clinical-grade, electroporation-based gene delivery system and a standard plasmid carrying CD154 cDNA, which achieved efficient (64+/-15%) and rapid (within 3 h) transfection of primary B-CLL cells. Consistent results were obtained from multiple human donors. Transfection of CD154 was functional in that it led to upregulated expression of CD80, CD86, ICAM-I and MHC class II (HLA-DR) on the B-CLL cells and induction of allogeneic immune responses in MLR assays. Furthermore, sustained transgene expression was demonstrated in long-term cryopreserved transfected cells. This simple and rapid gene delivery technology has been validated under the current Good Manufacturing Practice conditions, and multiple doses of CD154-expressing cells were prepared for CLL patients from one DNA transfection. Vaccination strategies using autologous tumor cells manipulated ex vivo for patients with B-CLL and perhaps with other hematopoietic malignancies could be practically implemented using this rapid and efficient nonviral gene delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Li
- MaxCyte, Inc., Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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Hettich E, Janz A, Zeidler R, Pich D, Hellebrand E, Weissflog B, Moosmann A, Hammerschmidt W. Genetic design of an optimized packaging cell line for gene vectors transducing human B cells. Gene Ther 2006; 13:844-56. [PMID: 16421600 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral gene vectors often rely on packaging cell lines, which provide the necessary factors in trans for the formation of virus-like particles. Previously, we reported on a first-generation packaging cell line for gene vectors, which are based on the B-lymphotropic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a human gamma-herpesvirus. This 293HEK-derived packaging cell line harbors a helper virus genome with a genetic modification that prevents the release of helper virions, but efficiently packages vector plasmids into virus-like particles with transducing capacity for human B cells. Here, we extended this basic approach towards a non-transforming, virus-free packaging cell line, which harbors an EBV helper virus genome with seven genetic alterations. In addition, we constructed a novel gene vector plasmid, which is devoid of a prokaryotic antibiotic resistance gene, and thus more suitable for in vivo applications in human gene therapy. We demonstrate in this paper that EBV-based gene vectors can be efficiently generated with this much-improved packaging cell line to provide helper virus-free gene vector stocks with transducing capacity for established human B-cell lines and primary B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hettich
- Department of Gene Vectors, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, München, Germany
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3
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Adhikary D, Behrends U, Moosmann A, Witter K, Bornkamm GW, Mautner J. Control of Epstein-Barr virus infection in vitro by T helper cells specific for virion glycoproteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:995-1006. [PMID: 16549597 PMCID: PMC2118290 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes lifelong persistent infections in humans by latently infecting B cells, with occasional cycles of reactivation, virus production, and reinfection. Protective immunity against EBV is mediated by T cells, but the role of EBV-specific T helper (Th) cells is still poorly defined. Here, we study the Th response to the EBV lytic cycle proteins BLLF1 (gp350/220), BALF4 (gp110), and BZLF1 and show that glycoprotein-specific Th cells recognize EBV-positive cells directly; surprisingly, a much higher percentage of target cells than those expressing lytic cycle proteins were recognized. Antigen is efficiently transferred to bystander B cells by receptor-mediated uptake of released virions, resulting in recognition of target cells incubated with <1 virion/cell. T cell recognition does not require productive infection and occurs early after virus entry before latency is established. Glycoprotein-specific Th cells are cytolytic and inhibit proliferation of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) and the outgrowth of LCL after infection of primary B cells with EBV. These results establish a novel role for glycoprotein-specific Th cells in the control of EBV infection and identify virion proteins as important immune targets. These findings have implications for the treatment of diseases associated with EBV and potentially other coated viruses infecting MHC class II–positive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Adhikary
- Clinical Cooperation Group, Institute for Clinical and Molecular Biology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Technical University Munich, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Palena C, Foon KA, Panicali D, Yafal AG, Chinsangaram J, Hodge JW, Schlom J, Tsang KY. Potential approach to immunotherapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): enhanced immunogenicity of CLL cells via infection with vectors encoding for multiple costimulatory molecules. Blood 2005; 106:3515-23. [PMID: 16081691 PMCID: PMC1895050 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a disease of CD5(+) B lymphocytes (designated as CLL cells) that are inefficient antigen-presenting cells. Their poor ability to present antigens to the T cells, largely due to an inadequate costimulatory capacity, is manifested as a failure to stimulate proliferation of both allogeneic and autologous T cells. We have investigated the ability of in vitro manipulated CLL cells, via hyperexpression of a triad of costimulatory molecules (B7-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1], and leukocyte-function-associated antigen 3 [LFA-3], designated TRICOM), to stimulate effective antitumor T-cell responses. A recombinant modified vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA), which is a highly attenuated, replication-impaired virus variant, was successfully used to infect and deliver the simultaneous expression of the 3 human costimulatory molecules in TRICOM on the surface of the CLL cells. Proliferation of allogeneic and autologous T cells was observed when MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells were used as stimulators in proliferation assays. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, generated in vitro by stimulation of autologous T cells with MVA-TRICOM-infected CLL cells, showed cytotoxicity against unmodified/uninfected CLL cells. Therefore, our findings suggest that the use of CLL cells infected ex vivo with MVA-TRICOM or direct injection of MVA-TRICOM in patients with CLL has potential for the immunotherapy of CLL.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vaccinia virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Palena
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Ebert O, Wilbert D, Buttgereit P, Ziske C, Flieger D, Schmidt-Wolf IGH. Effects of recombinant adenovirus-mediated expression of IL-2 and IL-12 in human B lymphoma cells on co-cultured PBMC. GENETIC VACCINES AND THERAPY 2004; 2:15. [PMID: 15485577 PMCID: PMC526758 DOI: 10.1186/1479-0556-2-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Modulation of the immune system by genetically modified lymphoma cell vaccines is of potential therapeutic value in the treatment of B cell lymphoma. However, the anti-tumor effect of any single immunogene transfer has so far been limited. Combination treatment of recombinant IL-2 and IL-12 has been reported to be synergistic for inducing anti-tumor responses in solid tumors but the potential of IL-2/IL-12 gene modified B cell lymphoma cells has not been explored yet. Methods Using three different human B cell lymphoma cell lines and primary samples from patients with B cell neoplasms, expression levels of the coxsackie B-adenovirus receptor (CAR) and alpha (v) integrins were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). Adenoviral transduction efficiencies were determined by GFP expression analysis and IL-2 and IL-12 cytokine production was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assays. Proliferative activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with either cytokine derived from supernatants of transduced lymphoma cells were measured by cell proliferation (MTT) assays. An EuTDA cytotoxicity assay was used to compare cytotoxic activities of IL-2 and/or IL-12 stimulated PBMC against unmodified lymphoma cells. Results We found that B cell lymphoma cell lines could be transduced with much higher efficiency than primary tumor samples, which appeared to correlate with the expression of CAR. Adenoviral-expressed IL-2 and IL-12 similarly led to dose-dependent increases in proliferation rates of PBMC obtained from healthy donors. IL-2 and/or IL-12 transduced lymphoma cells were co-cultured with PBMC, which were assayed for their cytolytic activity against unmodified lymphoma cells. We found that IL-2 stimulated PBMC elicited a significant anti-tumor effect but not the combined effect of IL-2/IL-12 or IL-12 alone. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the generation of recombinant adenovirus modified lymphoma cell vaccines based on lymphoma cell lines expressing IL-2 and IL-12 cytokine genes is technically feasible, induces increases in proliferation rates and cytotoxic activity of co-cultured PBMC, and warrants further development for the treatment of lymphoma patients in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Ebert
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Gene and Cell Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dorothee Wilbert
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Buttgereit
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carsten Ziske
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ingo GH Schmidt-Wolf
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
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Kofler DM, Büning H, Mayr C, Bund D, Baumert J, Hallek M, Wendtner CM. Engagement of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) allows efficient transduction of ZAP-70-positive primary B-CLL cells by recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors. Gene Ther 2004; 11:1416-24. [PMID: 15269708 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Engagement of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) by crosslinking of the surface immunoglobulin (sIg) homodimer was studied for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated gene transfer into B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells. Leukemic cells obtained from 20 patients were stimulated with anti-sIg-directed antibodies and transduced with rAAV vectors coding for enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) (AAV/EGFP) or CD40L (AAV/CD40L). Transduction of B-CLL cells was enhanced after BCR engagement compared to unstimulated controls (P=0.0356). BCR crosslinking induced a significant, dose- and time-dependent upregulation of heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), the primary receptor for AAV, on B-CLL cells (mean: 38.2 versus 1.7%; P=0.0006). A correlation of HSPG expression after BCR crosslinking with transduction efficiency by AAV/EGFP (P=0.0153) and AAV/CD40L (P=0.0347) was observed. High expression of zeta-associated protein 70 (ZAP-70) in B-CLL cells correlated with a better transduction efficiency by AAV/EGFP (P<0.0001) and AAV/CD40L (P=0.002), respectively: 48 h after transduction of ZAP-70-positive samples, transgene expression was seen in a mean of 33.8% (s.e.m. 3.7%) and 28.9% (s.e.m. 6.7%) of cells, respectively, and could be specifically blocked by heparin, a soluble competitor of HSPG (P<0.0001). In summary, engagement of the BCR on ZAP-70 positive B-CLL cells allows efficient rAAV-mediated gene delivery.
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MESH Headings
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dependovirus/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors/administration & dosage
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/metabolism
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/genetics
- Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/metabolism
- Heparin/metabolism
- Heparin/pharmacology
- Humans
- Immunophenotyping/methods
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, B-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kofler
- KKG Gene Therapy, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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Theiss HD, Kofler DM, Büning H, Aldenhoff AL, Kaess B, Decker T, Baumert J, Hallek M, Wendtner CM. Enhancement of gene transfer with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors into primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells by CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides. Exp Hematol 2004; 31:1223-9. [PMID: 14662328 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2003.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transduction of primary B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors is dependent on preactivation of leukemic cells by CD40L. CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODNs) are able to activate cytokine production and proliferation of B-CLL cells. Therefore CpG-ODNs were tested for their potential to enhance transgene expression in CLL cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an optimized adenovirus-free packaging system, rAAV vectors coding for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (AAV/EGFP) were packaged and highly purified resulting in infectious titers up to 5 x 10(9)/mL. Cells obtained from patients with B-CLL were infected with AAV/EGFP at a multiplicity of infection of 100 while being stimulated with CpG-ODNs and/or CD40L-expressing HeLa/SF cells. Transgene expression was assessed after 48 hours by flow cytometry. RESULTS Stimulation of B-CLL cells by CpG-ODNs resulted in up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and G(1)/S-phase transition at similar levels compared to activation by HeLa/SF cells, but use of CpG-ODNs alone did not result in any efficient AAV/EGFP transduction. Combined stimulation of B-CLL cells with HeLa/SF cells and CpG-ODNs during AAV/EGFP transduction significantly enhanced transgene expression compared to feeder stimulation alone (p=0.004). In addition, the copy number per single cell was significantly increased by addition of CpG-ODNs as detected by quantitative real-time PCR (p=0.04). Use of self-complementary AAV vectors that are not dependent on target cell DNA synthesis did not result in increased transgene expression compared to single-stranded AAV vectors (p=0.30). CONCLUSION Stimulation by CD40L is crucial for efficient gene transfer into B-CLL cells by rAAV vectors, whereas transduction efficiency can be significantly enhanced by CpG-ODNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans D Theiss
- KKG Gene Therapy, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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Humme S, Reisbach G, Feederle R, Delecluse HJ, Bousset K, Hammerschmidt W, Schepers A. The EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) enhances B cell immortalization several thousandfold. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10989-94. [PMID: 12947043 PMCID: PMC196914 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1832776100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2003] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is one of the earliest viral proteins expressed after infection and is the only latent protein consistently expressed in viral-associated tumors. EBNA1's crucial role in viral DNA replication, episomal maintenance, and partitioning is well examined whereas its importance for the immortalization process and the tumorgenicity of EBV is unclear. To address these open questions, we generated, based on the maxi-EBV system, an EBNA1-deficient EBV mutant and used this strain to infect primary human B cells. Surprisingly, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL) emerged from these experiments, although with very low frequency. These cell lines were indistinguishable from normal LCLs with respect to proliferation and growth conditions. A detailed analysis indicated that the entire viral DNA was integrated into the cellular genome. At least 5 of the 11 latent EBV proteins were expressed, indicating the integrity of the EBV genome. EBNA1-positive and DeltaEBNA1-EBV-LCLs were injected into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice to examine their tumorgenicity in comparison. Both groups supported tumor growth, indicating that EBNA1 is not mandatory for EBV's oncogenic potential. The results shown provide genetic evidence that EBNA1 is not essential to establish LCLs but promotes the efficiency of this process significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibille Humme
- Department of Gene Vectors, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Marchioninistrasse 25, 81377 Munich, Germany
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