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Pszczolkowski VL, Hu H, Zhang J, Connelly MK, Munsterman AS, Arriola Apelo SI. Effects of methionine, leucine, and insulin on circulating concentrations and mammary extraction of energy substrates and amino acids in lactating dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2022; 81:106730. [PMID: 35580513 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to test whether insulin potentiates the effects of two abomasally infused amino acids (AA), leucine and methionine (LM), on mammary extraction efficiency of energetic and nitrogenous nutrients. Six lactating Holstein cows (155 ± 9 DIM) were ruminally-cannulated and had the right carotid artery subcutaneously transposed. Cows were fed a 20% metabolizable protein-restricted diet and abomasally infused with water (8 L/d) or AA (Met 26 g/d, Leu 70 g/d) for 8 h/d, for 7 days. On the last day of each period, cows were intravenously infused with saline (0.9% NaCl, 110 mL/h) or subjected to 8 h hyperinsulinemic clamp (IC) alongside abomasal infusions. For IC, insulin was infused at 1 µg/kg/h. Normoglycemia was maintained by varying glucose (50% w/v in water) infusion rate based on coccygeal vein glucose concentration. Carotid arterial and subcutaneous abdominal (mammary) vein blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h from the start of infusions. Milk weights and samples for baseline measurements of production were taken on day 5 PM, day 6 AM and PM, and day 7 AM of the experimental period. A final milk weight and sample was taken immediately after abomasal and intravenous infusions on day 7 PM for assessing the interaction between insulin and the infused AA. The experiment had an incompletely replicated Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (abomasal and intravenous infusion). Baseline milk production when cows were only receiving abomasal infusions was largely unaffected by LM, but milk protein yield tended to be decreased. On day 7, LM tended to positively increase milk fat and de novo fatty acid content, and IC tended to decrease milk protein content. Both milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen were decreased by IC. Circulating AA concentrations in plasma were decreased by both LM and IC, but mammary extraction efficiency was affected by neither. Infusion of LM had no effect on any energy metabolite analyzed. Circulating non-esterified fatty acid concentration was decreased by IC, with no effect on mammary extraction efficiency. Mammary extraction efficiency of both acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate were decreased by IC. Overall, while both circulating concentrations of energy metabolites and amino acids were decreased in response to treatments, this was not due to improved mammary extraction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Pszczolkowski
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Haowen Hu
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, China
| | - Meghan K Connelly
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Vita Plus Corporation, Madison, WI, 53713, USA
| | - Amelia S Munsterman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA; Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sebastian I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, 1675 Observatory Dr, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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van Hoeij RJ, Dijkstra J, Bruckmaier RM, Gross JJ, Lam TJGM, Remmelink GJ, Kemp B, van Knegsel ATM. Consequences of dietary energy source and energy level on energy balance, lactogenic hormones, and lactation curve characteristics of cows after a short or omitted dry period. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8544-8564. [PMID: 28822552 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omitting the dry period (DP) generally reduces milk production in the subsequent lactation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary energy source-glucogenic (G) or lipogenic (L)-and energy level-standard (std) or low-on milk production; energy balance (EB); lactogenic hormones insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), and growth hormone (GH); and lactation curve characteristics between wk 1 and 44 postpartum in cows after a 0-d or 30-d DP. Cows (n = 110) were assigned randomly to 3 transition treatments: a 30-d DP with a standard energy level required for expected milk yield [30-d DP(std)], a 0-d DP with the same energy level as cows with a 30-d DP [0-d DP(std)], and a 0-d DP with a low energy level [0-d DP(low)]. In wk 1 to 7, cows were fed the same basal ration but the level of concentrate increased to 6.7 kg/d for cows fed the low energy level and to 8.5 kg/d for cows fed the standard energy level in wk 4. From wk 8 postpartum onward, cows received a G ration (mainly consisting of corn silage and grass silage) or an L ration (mainly consisting of grass silage and sugar beet pulp) with the same energy level contrast (low or std) as in early lactation. Cows fed the G ration had greater milk, lactose, and protein yields, lower milk fat percentage, greater dry matter and energy intakes, and greater plasma IGF-1 concentration compared with cows fed the L ration. Dietary energy source did not affect EB or lactation curve characteristics. In cows with a 0-d DP, the reduced energy level decreased energy intake, EB, and weekly body weight gain, but did not affect milk production or lactation curve characteristics. A 30-d DP resulted in a greater total predicted lactation yield, initial milk yield after calving, peak milk yield, energy intake, energy output in milk, days to conception [only when compared with 0-d DP(low)], plasma GH concentration [only when compared with 0-d DP(std)], and decreased weekly body weight gain compared with a 0-d DP. A 30-d DP decreased both the increasing and the declining slope parameters of the lactation curve and the relative rate of decline in milk yield (indicating greater lactation persistency) compared with a 0-d DP, and decreased plasma insulin and IGF-1 concentration, and EB. In conclusion, feeding a G ration after wk 7 in milk improved energy intake and milk production, but did not affect EB compared with an L ration. For cows without a DP, a reduced dietary energy level did not affect milk production and lactation curve characteristics, but did decrease EB and weekly body weight gain. A 30-d DP increased milk yield and lactation persistency, but decreased milk fat and protein content, EB, and plasma insulin and IGF-1, compared with a 0-d DP.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J van Hoeij
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - J Dijkstra
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - J J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - T J G M Lam
- Department Farm Animal Health, Utrecht University, PO Box 80151, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands; GD Animal Health, PO Box 9, 7400 AA, Deventer, the Netherlands
| | - G J Remmelink
- Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - B Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A T M van Knegsel
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Corl BA, Butler ST, Butler WR, Bauman DE. Short communication: Regulation of milk fat yield and fatty acid composition by insulin. J Dairy Sci 2008; 89:4172-5. [PMID: 17033003 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(06)72462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diet-induced milk fat depression in dairy cows has been known for many years and several theories have been proposed. One that continues to receive support is the glucogenic-insulin theory. Previous studies testing this theory using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp have had variable results attributable to variability in the use of body fat reserves as a source of milk fatty acids. Our objective was to test the glucogenic-insulin theory using cows immediately postpartum, a period when the use of body fat for milk fat synthesis is greatest. During wk 2 postpartum, 5 cows were given a 2-d baseline period and then clamped for 4 d. Insulin was increased more than 2-fold during the clamp while the blood glucose concentration was maintained. Milk yield was not altered by administration of the clamp (38.7 vs. 39.0 +/- 1.4 kg/d); however, the milk fat percentage and yield were reduced by 27% and plasma nonesterified fatty acids were reduced by 68%. Analysis of the milk fatty acid composition revealed that the decrease in milk fat yield during use of the clamp was almost exclusively due to reductions in preformed fatty acids; this is the exact opposite of what is observed with diet-induced milk fat depression. Therefore, our results do not support the glucogenic-insulin theory of diet-induced milk fat depression. The results further indicated that reductions in milk fat observed previously with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps or with glucose or propionate infusions were most likely consequences of the ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis, thereby limiting the mammary availability of preformed fatty acids mobilized from body reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Corl
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, USA.
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Grünberg W, Morin DE, Drackley JK, Barger AM, Constable PD. Effect of continuous intravenous administration of a 50% dextrose solution on phosphorus homeostasis in dairy cows. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2006; 229:413-20. [PMID: 16881835 DOI: 10.2460/javma.229.3.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effect of continuous IV administration of 50% dextrose solution on phosphorus homeostasis in lactating dairy cows. DESIGN Clinical trial. ANIMALS 4 multiparous Jersey cows. PROCEDURES Cows were administered 50% dextrose solution IV (0.3 g/kg/h [0.14 g/lb/h]) for 5 days. Plasma concentrations of glucose, immune-reactive insulin (IRI), and phosphorus were determined before, during, and for 72 hours after dextrose infusion. Phosphorus intake and losses of phosphorus in urine, feces, and milk were determined. Each cow received a sham treatment that included instrumentation and sampling but not administration of dextrose. RESULTS Plasma glucose, IRI, and phosphorus concentrations were stable during sham treatment. Plasma phosphorus concentration decreased rapidly after onset of dextrose infusion, reaching a nadir in 24 hours and remaining less than baseline value for 36 hours. Plasma phosphorus concentration increased after dextrose infusion was stopped, peaking in 6 hours. Urinary phosphorus excretion did not change during dextrose infusion, but phosphorus intake decreased because of reduced feed intake, followed by decreased fecal phosphorus loss and milk yield. Rapid changes in plasma phosphorus concentration at the start and end of dextrose infusion were temporally associated with changes in plasma glucose and IRI concentrations and most likely caused by compartmental shifts of phosphorus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Hypophosphatemia developed in response to hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia in dairy cows administered dextrose via continuous IV infusion. Veterinarians should monitor plasma phosphorus concentration when administering dextrose in this manner, particularly in cows with decreased appetite or preexisting hypophosphatemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Grünberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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Ingvartsen KL, Friggens NC. To what extent do variabilities in hormones, metabolites and energy intake explain variability in milk yield? Domest Anim Endocrinol 2005; 29:294-304. [PMID: 15961269 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present paper is to describe the extent to which variability in milk yield can be explained by variability in plasma hormones, metabolites and DE intake. Results from a study including 317 cows and 634 lactations were used. Detailed registration of performance was carried out on these cows and 10,809 plasma samples analyzed for selected hormones and metabolites. Univariate analysis was carried out on energy-corrected milk yield and concentrations of selected plasma hormones (insulin, growth hormone (GH) and triiodothyronine (T3)), metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA)), glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BOHB) and urea nitrogen (BUN), and digestible energy intake (DE intake) to estimate between-cow variation through lactations. Partial least square (PLS) models were subsequently run to estimate the extent to which between-cow differences in energy-corrected milk yield could be explained by between-cow differences in hormone concentrations, metabolite concentration or DE intake. The between-cow variability in energy-corrected milk yield and the hormones and metabolites were generally found to be considerable and total variance changed through lactation, particularly for GH, T3, NEFA and BOHB. In this study, the total variance was highest in third lactation cows. When analyzed separately using partial least square models, hormones, metabolites and DE intake accounted for 24, 25 and 26% of the variability in ECM, respectively. Insulin and glucose were the single most important predictors among the selected hormones and metabolites. When including both the hormones and metabolites, the model explained 36% of the between-cow variability in ECM and this figure was increased to 53% if DE intake was also included. The lack of additivity in the variability explained shows that hormones, metabolites and DE intake were correlated illustrating the integration and orchestration of metabolism and intake. Perspectives of the analysis for use in prevention of diseases and reproduction are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Lønne Ingvartsen
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Research Centre Foulum, P.O. Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Nielsen NI, Ingvartsen KL, Larsen T. Diurnal variation and the effect of feed restriction on plasma and milk metabolites in TMR-fed dairy cows. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2003; 50:88-97. [PMID: 12667199 DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to study the diurnal variation in metabolites in plasma and milk of dairy cows fed total mixed rations (TMR) with a low-energy (LE) or high-energy content (HE) expected to give a minor and a major diurnal variation, respectively. Further, the purpose was to quantify and compare the responses in plasma and milk parameters when cows changed from ad libitum to restrictive feeding. Eight multiparous, early-lactating Danish Holstein cows were used in a cross-over design with two consecutive 14-day periods. Blood and milk samples were collected hourly on day 11 of each period and on days 12-14 of each period, the cows were fed restrictively (65% of ad libitum dry-matter intake). The concentration of beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in plasma was significantly higher in the evening for cows fed the HE TMR, than for cows fed the LE TMR. There was a significant diurnal variation in BHB in milk, with the highest concentrations between milkings and the lowest concentrations at milking. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in plasma showed significant diurnal variation that was caused by high concentrations in the morning. Plasma glucose did not show any diurnal variation. It has been argued that feeding a TMR removes diurnal changes related to feeding, which is contrary to earlier diurnal studies where concentrates have been fed twice daily. Feed restriction increased (P < 0.001) NEFA and BHB in plasma by 121 and 90%, respectively, while the glucose concentration decreased (P < 0.001) by 19%. Milk concentrations of BHB, citrate and fat increased (P < 0.001) by 163, 11 and 26%, respectively, because of feed restriction, while there were no changes in milk protein and lactose. The relatively high increase in BHB during feed restriction suggests that BHB is more advantageous as a milk indicator of metabolic status in dairy cows than citrate and fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- N I Nielsen
- Section of Production Diseases and Immunology in Ruminants, Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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