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Netherer S, Kandasamy D, Jirosová A, Kalinová B, Schebeck M, Schlyter F. Interactions among Norway spruce, the bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal symbionts in times of drought. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2021; 94:591-614. [PMID: 34720785 PMCID: PMC8550215 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-021-01341-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Resilience and functionality of European Norway spruce forests are increasingly threatened by mass outbreaks of the bark beetle Ips typographus promoted by heat, wind throw and drought. Here, we review current knowledge on Norway spruce and I. typographus interactions from the perspective of drought-stressed trees, host selection, colonisation behaviour of beetles, with multi-level effects of symbiotic ophiostomatoid fungi. By including chemo-ecological, molecular and behavioural perspectives, we provide a comprehensive picture on this complex, multitrophic system in the light of climate change. Trees invest carbon into specialised metabolism to produce defence compounds against biotic invaders; processes that are strongly affected by physiological stress such as drought. Spruce bark contains numerous terpenoid and phenolic substances, which are important for bark beetle aggregation and attack success. Abiotic stressors such as increased temperatures and drought affect composition, amounts and emission rates of volatile compounds. Thus, drought events may influence olfactory responses of I. typographus, and further the pheromone communication enabling mass attack. In addition, I. typographus is associated with numerous ophiostomatoid fungal symbionts with multiple effects on beetle life history. Symbiotic fungi degrade spruce toxins, help to exhaust tree defences, produce beetle semiochemicals, and possibly provide nutrition. As the various fungal associates have different temperature optima, they can influence the performance of I. typographus differently under changing environmental conditions. Finally, we discuss why effects of drought on tree-killing by bark beetles are still poorly understood and provide an outlook on future research on this eruptive species using both, field and laboratory experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Netherer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dineshkumar Kandasamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Jirosová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Blanka Kalinová
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Schebeck
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, BOKU, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fredrik Schlyter
- ETM Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, CULS, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic
- Chemical Ecology Plant Protection Department, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SLU, Alnarp, Sweden
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Ellis JR, Petrovskaya NB. A computational study of density-dependent individual movement and the formation of population clusters in two-dimensional spatial domains. J Theor Biol 2020; 505:110421. [PMID: 32735993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The patterns of collective behaviour in a population emerging from individual animal movement have long been of interest to ecologists, as has the emergence of heterogeneous patterns among a population. In this paper we will consider these phenomena by using an individual-based modelling approach to simulate a population whose individuals undergo density-dependent movement in 2D spatial domains. We first show that the introduction of density-dependent movement in the form of two parameters, a perception radius and a probability of directed movement, leads to the formation of clusters. We then show that the properties of the clusters and their stability over time are different between populations of Brownian and non-Brownian walkers and are also dependent on the choice of parameters. Finally, we consider the effect of the probability of directed movement on the temporal stability of clusters and show that while clusters formed by Brownian and non-Brownian walkers may have similar properties with certain parameter sets, the spatio-temporal dynamics remain different.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Ellis
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Ellis J, Petrovskaya N, Petrovskii S. Effect of density-dependent individual movement on emerging spatial population distribution: Brownian motion vs Levy flights. J Theor Biol 2018; 464:159-178. [PMID: 30576692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual animal movement has been a focus of intense research and considerable controversy over the last two decades, however the understanding of wider ecological implications of various movement behaviours is lacking. In this paper, we consider this issue in the context of pattern formation. Using an individual-based modelling approach and computer simulations, we first show that density dependence ("auto-taxis") of the individual movement in a population of random walkers typically results in the formation of a strongly heterogeneous population distribution consisting of clearly defined animal clusters or patches. We then show that, when the movement takes place in a large spatial domain, the properties of the clusters are significantly different in the populations of Brownian and non-Brownian walkers. Whilst clusters tend to be stable in the case of Brownian motion, in the population of Levy walkers clusters are dynamical so that the number of clusters fluctuates in the course of time. We also show that the population dynamics of non-Brownian walkers exhibits two different time scales: a short time scale of the relaxation of the initial condition and a long time scale when one type of dynamics is replaced by another. Finally, we show that the distribution of sample values in the populations of Brownian and non-Brownian walkers is significantly different.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- School of Mathematics, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Taerum SJ, Konečný A, de Beer ZW, Cibrián-Tovar D, Wingfield MJ. Population genetics and symbiont assemblages support opposing invasion scenarios for the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Taerum
- Department of Genetics; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria 0002 South Africa
| | - Adam Konečný
- Department of Botany and Zoology; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Kotlářská 2 Brno 61137 Czech Republic
| | - Z. Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria 0002 South Africa
| | - David Cibrián-Tovar
- División de Ciencias Forestales; Universidad Autónoma Chapingo; Km 38.5 Carretera México-Texcoco Chapingo Estado de México México
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics; Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI); University of Pretoria; Pretoria 0002 South Africa
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Lusebrink I, Erbilgin N, Evenden ML. The Effect of Water Limitation on Volatile Emission, Tree Defense Response, and Brood Success of Dendroctonus ponderosae in Two Pine Hosts, Lodgepole, and Jack Pine. Front Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kautz M, Imron MA, Dworschak K, Schopf R. Dispersal variability and associated population-level consequences in tree-killing bark beetles. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2016; 4:9. [PMID: 27087978 PMCID: PMC4832482 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-016-0074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dispersal is a key process in the response of insect populations to rapidly changing environmental conditions. Variability among individuals, regarding the timing of dispersal initiation and travelled distance from source, is assumed to contribute to increased population success through risk spreading. However, experiments are often limited in studying complex dispersal interactions over space and time. By applying a local-scaled individual-based simulation model we studied dispersal and emerging infestation patterns in a host - bark beetle system (Picea abies - Ips typgraphus). More specifically, we (i) investigated the effect of individual variability in beetle physiology (flight capacity) and environmental heterogeneity (host susceptibility level) on population-level dispersal success, and (ii) elucidated patterns of spatial and/or temporal variability in individual dispersal success, host selectivity, and the resulting beetle density within colonized hosts in differently susceptible environments. RESULTS Individual variability in flight capacity of bark beetles causes predominantly positive effects on population-level dispersal success, yet these effects are strongly environment-dependent: Variability is most beneficial in purely resistant habitats, while positive effects are less pronounced in purely susceptible habitats, and largely absent in habitats where host susceptibility is spatially scattered. Despite success rates being highest in purely susceptible habitats, scattered host susceptibility appeared most suitable for dispersing bark beetle populations as it ensures population spread without drastically reducing success rates. At the individual level, dispersal success generally decreases with distance to source and is lowest in early flight cohorts, while host selectivity increased and colonization density decreased with increasing distance across all environments. CONCLUSIONS Our modelling approach is demonstrated to be a powerful tool for studying movement ecology in bark beetles. Dispersal variability largely contributes to risk spreading among individuals, and facilitates the response of populations to changing environmental conditions. Higher mortality risk suffered by a small part of the dispersing population (long-distance dispersers, pioneers) is likely paid off by reduced deferred costs resulting in fitness benefits for subsequent generations. Both, dispersal variability in space and time, and environmental heterogeneity are characterized as key features which require particular emphasis when investigating dispersal and infestation patterns in tree-killing bark beetles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kautz
- />Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354 Germany
- />Present address: Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467 Germany
| | - Muhammad Ali Imron
- />Department of Forest Resource Conservation, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, 55281 Indonesia
| | - Kai Dworschak
- />Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354 Germany
| | - Reinhard Schopf
- />Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, Technische Universität München, Freising, 85354 Germany
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Petrovskii S, Petrovskaya N, Bearup D. Multiscale approach to pest insect monitoring: Random walks, pattern formation, synchronization, and networks. Phys Life Rev 2014; 11:467-525. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chen Y, Seybold SJ. Crepuscular flight activity of an invasive insect governed by interacting abiotic factors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105945. [PMID: 25157977 PMCID: PMC4144967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal and diurnal flight patterns of the invasive walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, were assessed between 2011 and 2014 in northern California, USA in the context of the effects of ambient temperature, light intensity, wind speed, and barometric pressure. Pityophthorus juglandis generally initiated flight in late January and continued until late November. This seasonal flight could be divided approximately into three phases (emergence: January-March; primary flight: May-July; and secondary flight: September-October). The seasonal flight response to the male-produced aggregation pheromone was consistently female-biased (mean of 58.9% females). Diurnal flight followed a bimodal pattern with a minor peak in mid-morning and a major peak at dusk (76.4% caught between 1800 and 2200 h). The primarily crepuscular flight activity had a Gaussian relationship with ambient temperature and barometric pressure but a negative exponential relationship with increasing light intensity and wind speed. A model selection procedure indicated that the four abiotic factors collectively and interactively governed P. juglandis diurnal flight. For both sexes, flight peaked under the following second-order interactions among the factors when: 1) temperature between was 25 and 30 °C and light intensity was less than 2000 lux; 2) temperature was between 25 and 35 °C and barometric pressure was between 752 and 762 mba (and declined otherwise); 3) barometric pressure was between 755 and 761 mba and light intensity was less than 2000 lux (and declined otherwise); and 4) temperature was ca. 30 °C and wind speed was ca. 2 km/h. Thus, crepuscular flight activity of this insect can be best explained by the coincidence of moderately high temperature, low light intensity, moderate wind speed, and low to moderate barometric pressure. The new knowledge provides physical and temporal guidelines for the application of semiochemical-based control techniques as part of an IPM program for this invasive pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigen Chen
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Steven J. Seybold
- USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, Chemical Ecology of Forest Insects, Davis, California, United States of America
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Individual traits as drivers of spatial dispersal and infestation patterns in a host–bark beetle system. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Spruce Beetle Biology, Ecology and Management in the Rocky Mountains: An Addendum to Spruce Beetle in the Rockies. FORESTS 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/f5010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fahse L, Heurich M. Simulation and analysis of outbreaks of bark beetle infestations and their management at the stand level. Ecol Modell 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cheung A. The fourth moment of the radial displacement of a discrete correlated/persistent random walk. J Theor Biol 2010; 264:641-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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The non-pest Australasian fungivore Cis bilamellatus Wood (Coleoptera: Ciidae) in northern Europe: spread dynamics, invasion success and ecological impact. Biol Invasions 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-009-9455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Santos MJ, Whitham TG. Predictors of Ips confusus outbreaks during a record drought in southwestern USA: implications for monitoring and management. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2010; 45:239-49. [PMID: 20033160 PMCID: PMC2819475 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-009-9413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In many ecosystems the effects of disturbance can be cryptic and disturbance may vary in subtle spatiotemporal ways. For instance, we know that bark beetle outbreaks are more frequent in temperate forests during droughts; however, we have little idea about why they occur in some locations and not others. Understanding biotic and abiotic factors promoting bark beetle outbreaks can be critical to predicting and responding to pest outbreaks. Here we address the environmental factors which are associated with Ips confusus outbreaks during the 2002 widespread drought within the distribution range of pinyon pine woodlands in Arizona. We used univariate statistics to test if whether tree characteristics, other herbivores, stand properties, soil type, wind, and topography were associated with I. confusus outbreak, and logistic regression to create a predictive model for the outbreaks. We found that I. confusus attacks occur in low elevation stands on steeper slopes, where favorable winds for I. confusus dispersion occur. I. confusus select larger trees, in high density stands with understory shrubs that exhibit phenotypic traits characteristic of resistance to stem-boring moths. The model was highly accurate, and explained 95% of the variability in occurrence (98% of the absences and 95% of the presences). Accurate prediction of the impacts of disturbance allow us to anticipate, minimize or mitigate for and eventually counteract its effects, especially those affecting diversity and ecosystem function. Identification of outbreak risk areas can guide regional and national management towards the reduction of infestation risk and enhancing conservation of pinyon-juniper woodlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Santos
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Education, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001-5694, USA.
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Saint-Germain M, Drapeau P, Buddle CM. Persistence of pyrophilous insects in fire-driven boreal forests: population dynamics in burned and unburned habitats. DIVERS DISTRIB 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2007.00452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Tran JK, Ylioja T, Billings RF, Régnière J, Ayres MP. Impact of minimum winter temperatures on the population dynamics of Dendroctonus frontalis. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2007; 17:882-99. [PMID: 17494404 DOI: 10.1890/06-0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Predicting population dynamics is a fundamental problem in applied ecology. Temperature is a potential driver of short-term population dynamics, and temperature data are widely available, but we generally lack validated models to predict dynamics based upon temperatures. A generalized approach involves estimating the temperatures experienced by a population, characterizing the demographic consequences of physiological responses to temperature, and testing for predicted effects on abundance. We employed this approach to test whether minimum winter temperatures are a meaningful driver of pestilence from Dendroctonus frontalis (the southern pine beetle) across the southeastern United States. A distance-weighted interpolation model provided good, spatially explicit, predictions of minimum winter air temperatures (a putative driver of beetle survival). A Newtonian heat transfer model with empirical cooling constants indicated that beetles within host trees are buffered from the lowest air temperatures by approximately 1-4 degrees C (depending on tree diameter and duration of cold bout). The life stage structure of beetles in the most northerly outbreak in recent times (New Jersey) were dominated by prepupae, which were more cold tolerant (by >3 degrees C) than other life stages. Analyses of beetle abundance data from 1987 to 2005 showed that minimum winter air temperature only explained 1.5% of the variance in interannual growth rates of beetle populations, indicating that it is but a weak driver of population dynamics in the southeastern United States as a whole. However, average population growth rate matched theoretical predictions of a process-based model of winter mortality from low temperatures; apparently our knowledge of population effects from winter temperatures is satisfactory, and may help to predict dynamics of northern populations, even while adding little to population predictions in southern forests. Recent episodes of D. frontalis outbreaks in northern forests may have been allowed by a warming trend from 1960 to 2004 of 3.3 degrees C in minimum winter air temperatures in the southeastern United States. Studies that combine climatic analyses, physiological experiments, and spatially replicated time series of population abundance can improve population predictions, contribute to a synthesis of population and physiological ecology, and aid in assessing the ecological consequences of climatic trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Khai Tran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, USA
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Yamanaka T, Tatsuki S, Shimada M. An individual-based model for sex-pheromone-oriented flight patterns of male moths in a local area. Ecol Modell 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3800(02)00291-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Sorting can be an important mechanism for the transfer of information from one level of biological organization to another. Here we study the algorithm underlying worker sorting in Leptothorax ant colonies. Worker sorting is related to task allocation and therefore to the adaptive advantages associated with an efficient system for the division of labour in ant colonies. We considered four spatially explicit individual-based models founded on two-dimensional correlated random walk. Our aim was to establish whether sorting at the level of the worker population could occur with minimal assumptions about the behavioural algorithm of individual workers. The behaviour of an individual worker in the models could be summarized by the rule "move if you can, turn always". We assume that the turning angle of a worker is individually specific and negatively dependent on the magnitude of an internal parameter micro which could be regarded as a measure of individual experience or task specialization. All four models attained a level of worker sortedness that was compatible with results from experiments onLeptothorax ant colonies. We found that the presence of a sorting pivot, such as the nest wall or an attraction force towards the centre of the worker population, was crucial for sorting. We make a distinction between such pivots and templates and discuss the biological implications of their difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Sendova-Franks
- Faculty of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol, BS16 1QY, U.K.
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