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Silvestri R, Zallocco L, Corrado A, Ronci M, Aceto R, Ricci B, Cipollini M, Dell’Anno I, De Simone C, De Marco G, Ferrarini E, Beghelli D, Mazzoni MR, Lucacchini A, Gemignani F, Giusti L, Landi S. Polymorphism Pro64His within galectin-3 has functional consequences at proteome level in thyroid cells. Front Genet 2024; 15:1380495. [PMID: 38933925 PMCID: PMC11199678 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1380495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs4644 at codon 64 of galectin-3 (gal-3, gene name: LGALS3), specifying the variant proline (P64) to histidine (H64), is known to affect the protein's functions and has been associated with the risk of several types of cancer, including differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). Materials and methods To deepen our understanding of the biological effects of this SNP, we analyzed the proteome of two isogenic cell lines (NC-P64 vs. NA-H64) derived from the immortalized non-malignant thyrocyte cell line Nthy-Ori, generated through the CRISPR-Cas9 technique to differ by rs4644 genotype. We compared the proteome of these cells to detect differentially expressed proteins and studied their proteome in relation to their transcriptome. Results Firstly, we found, consistently with previous studies, that gal-3-H64 could be detected as a monomer, homodimer, and heterodimer composed of one cleaved and one uncleaved monomer, whereas gal-3-P64 could be found only as a monomer or uncleaved homodimer. Moreover, results indicate that rs4644 influences the expression of several proteins, predominantly upregulated in NA-H64 cells. Overall, the differential protein expression could be attributed to the altered mRNA expression, suggesting that rs4644 shapes the function of gal-3 as a transcriptional co-regulator. However, this SNP also appeared to affect post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms for proteins whose expression was oppositely regulated compared to mRNA expression. It is conceivable that the rs4644-dependent activities of gal-3 could be ascribed to the different modalities of self-dimerization. Conclusion Our study provided further evidence that rs4644 could affect the gal-3 functions through several routes, which could be at the base of differential susceptibility to diseases, as reported in case-control association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Silvestri
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alda Corrado
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ronci
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G.D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- COIIM, Interuniversitary Consortium for Engineering and Medicine, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Romina Aceto
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ricci
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Cipollini
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Dell’Anno
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Simone
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G.D’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Marco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Ferrarini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniela Beghelli
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, Via Gentile III da Varano, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Lucacchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, Genetic Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Fujimoto N, Matsuu-Matsuyama M, Nakashima M. Single neonatal irradiation induces long-term gene expression changes in the thyroid gland, which may be involved in the tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23620. [PMID: 34880333 PMCID: PMC8655036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation in childhood has been recognized as a risk factor for thyroid cancer. We previously demonstrated that neonatal X-irradiation induced specific deformation of the thyroid follicles. Here, we further analyzed this model to understand the possible relationship with thyroid carcinogenesis. Wistar rats were subjected to cervical X-irradiation at different ages of 1–8 weeks old and at different doses of 1.5–12 Gy. For tumor promotion, rats were fed with an iodine-deficient diet (IDD). In cervically X-irradiated neonatal rats, the size of thyroid follicles decreased, accompanied by an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Fas and Lgals3 mRNA levels increased, while Mct8 and Lat4 expressions decreased. The co-administration of IDD induced the proliferation and the upregulation in Lgals3 expression, resulting in thyroid adenoma development at 28 weeks post-exposure. Our data demonstrated that single neonatal X-irradiation induced continuous apoptotic activity in the thyroid with the long-term alternation in Fas, Mct8, Lat4, and Lgals3 mRNA expressions. Some of these changes were similar to those induced by IDD, suggesting that neonatal X-irradiation may partially act as a thyroid tumor promoter. These radiation-induced thyroidal changes may be enhanced by the combined treatment with IDD, resulting in the early development of thyroid adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nariaki Fujimoto
- Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM), Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Mutsumi Matsuu-Matsuyama
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakashima
- Tissue and Histopathology Section, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Tumor and Diagnostic Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Corrado A, Aceto R, Silvestri R, Dell'Anno I, Ricci B, Miglietta S, Romei C, Giovannoni R, Poliseno L, Evangelista M, Vitiello M, Cipollini M, Garritano S, Giusti L, Zallocco L, Elisei R, Landi S, Gemignani F. Pro64His (rs4644) Polymorphism Within Galectin-3 Is a Risk Factor of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma and Affects the Transcriptome of Thyrocytes Engineered via CRISPR/Cas9 System. Thyroid 2021; 31:1056-1066. [PMID: 33308024 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Galectin-3 (LGALS3) is an important glycoprotein involved in the malignant transformation of thyrocytes acting in the extracellular matrix, cytoplasm, and nucleus where it regulates TTF-1 and TCF4 transcription factors. Within LGALS3 gene, a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (c.191C>A, p.Pro64His; rs4644) encoding for the variant Proline to Histidine at codon 64 has been extensively studied. However, data on rs4644 in the context of thyroid cancer are lacking. Thus, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the role of the rs4644 SNP as risk factor for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and to determine the effect on the transcriptome in thyrocytes. Methods: A case/control association study in 1223 controls and 1142 unrelated consecutive DTC patients was carried out to evaluate the association between rs4644-P64H and the risk of DTC. We used the nonmalignant cell line Nthy-Ori (rs4644-C/A) and the CRISPR/Cas9 technique to generate isogenic cells carrying either the rs4644-A/A or rs4644-C/C homozygosis. Then, the transcriptome of the derivative and unmodified parental cells was analyzed by RNA-seq. Genes differentially expressed were validated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR and further tested in the parental Nthy-Ori cells after LGALS3 gene silencing, to investigate whether the expression of target genes was dependent on galectin-3 levels. Results: rs4644 AA genotype was associated with a reduced risk of DTC (compared with CC, ORadj = 0.66; 95% confidence interval = 0.46-0.93; Pass = 0.02). We found that rs4644 affects galectin-3 as a transcriptional coregulator. Among 34 genes affected by rs4644, HES1, HSPA6, SPC24, and NHS were of particular interest since their expression was rs4644-dependent (CC>AA for the first and AA>CC for the others), also in 574 thyroid tissues of Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) biobank. Moreover, the expression of these genes was regulated by LGALS3-silencing. Using the proximity ligation assay in Nthy-Ori cells, we found that the TTF-1 interaction was genotype dependent. Conclusions: Our data show that in thyroid, rs4644 is a trans-expression quantitative trait locus that can modify the transcriptional expression of downstream genes, through the modulation of TTF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Corrado
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Romina Aceto
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Silvestri
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Irene Dell'Anno
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Benedetta Ricci
- Fondazione I.R.C.C.S., Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Miglietta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Romei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Laura Poliseno
- Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Monica Cipollini
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Garritano
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Laura Giusti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zallocco
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rossella Elisei
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Landi
- Genetic Unit, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Kim SJ, Chun KH. Non-classical role of Galectin-3 in cancer progression: translocation to nucleus by carbohydrate-recognition independent manner. BMB Rep 2021. [PMID: 32172730 PMCID: PMC7196190 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2020.53.4.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a carbohydrate-binding protein and regulates diverse functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, mRNA splicing, apoptosis induction, immune surveillance and inflammation, cell adhesion, angiogenesis, and cancer-cell metastasis. Galectin-3 is also recommended as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker of various diseases, including heart disease, kidney disease, and cancer. Galectin-3 exists as a cytosol, is secreted in extracellular spaces on cells, and is also detected in nuclei. It has been found that galectin-3 has different functions in cellular localization: (i) Extracellular galectin-3 mediates cell attachment and detachment. (ii) cytosolic galectin-3 regulates cell survival by blocking the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, and (iii) nuclear galectin-3 supports the ability of the transcriptional factor for target gene expression. In this review, we focused on the role of galectin-3 on translocation from cytosol to nucleus, because it happens in a way independent of carbohydrate recognition and accelerates cancer progression. We also suggested here that intracellular galecin-3 could be a potent therapeutic target in cancer therapy. [BMB Reports 2020; 53(4): 173-180].
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Natural Science, Chosun University; Department of Life Science & Brain Korea 21 Plus Research Team for Bioactive Control Technology, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Yonsei University College of Medicine; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Lee JJ, Hsu YC, Li YS, Cheng SP. Galectin-3 Inhibitors Suppress Anoikis Resistance and Invasive Capacity in Thyroid Cancer Cells. Int J Endocrinol 2021; 2021:5583491. [PMID: 34035807 PMCID: PMC8124007 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5583491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that galectin-3 is a histologic marker of thyroid cancer. However, the pharmacological lectin-based approach has not been well studied. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of novel galectin-3 inhibitors by treating thyroid cancer cells with different concentrations of GB1107 or TD139. At high doses, TD139, but not GB1107, reduced cell viability and clonogenicity of thyroid cancer cells. TD139 induced apoptosis of thyroid cancer cells, as evident by an increase in the percentage of sub-G1 cells on cell cycle analysis, caspase-3 activation, and PARP1 cleavage. Either GB1107 or TD139 significantly inhibited cell coherence and counteracted anoikis resistance. Both inhibitors decreased migratory and invasive abilities in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GB1107 and TD139 treatment attenuated AKT phosphorylation and decreased the expression of β-catenin and MMP2. In conclusion, these novel galectin-3 inhibitors suppressed the anoikis resistance, motility, and invasive capacity of thyroid cancer cells at least partly through the AKT/β-catenin pathway. Galectin-3 inhibitors are potentially suitable for preclinical evaluation of treatment and/or prevention of metastatic spread in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Jen Lee
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 104215, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiung Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Syuan Li
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104215, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ping Cheng
- Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei 104215, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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Bartolazzi A, Sciacchitano S, D'Alessandria C. Galectin-3: The Impact on the Clinical Management of Patients with Thyroid Nodules and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020445. [PMID: 29393868 PMCID: PMC5855667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins (S-type lectins) are an evolutionarily-conserved family of lectin molecules, which can be expressed intracellularly and in the extracellular matrix, as well. Galectins bind β-galactose-containing glycoconjugates and are functionally active in converting glycan-related information into cell biological programs. Altered glycosylation notably occurring in cancer cells and expression of specific galectins provide, indeed, a fashionable mechanism of molecular interactions able to regulate several tumor relevant functions, among which are cell adhesion and migration, cell differentiation, gene transcription and RNA splicing, cell cycle and apoptosis. Furthermore, several galectin molecules also play a role in regulating the immune response. These functions are strongly dependent on the cell context, in which specific galectins and related glyco-ligands are expressed. Thyroid cancer likely represents the paradigmatic tumor model in which experimental studies on galectins' glycobiology, in particular on galectin-3 expression and function, contributed greatly to the improvement of cancer diagnosis. The discovery of a restricted expression of galectin-3 in well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTC), compared to normal and benign thyroid conditions, contributed also to promoting preclinical studies aimed at exploring new strategies for imaging thyroid cancer in vivo based on galectin-3 immuno-targeting. Results derived from these recent experimental studies promise a further improvement of both thyroid cancer diagnosis and therapy in the near future. In this review, the biological role of galectin-3 expression in thyroid cancer, the validation and translation to a clinical setting of a galectin-3 test method for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules and a galectin-3-based immuno-positron emission tomography (immuno-PET) imaging of thyroid cancer in vivo are presented and discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Blood Proteins
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Galectin 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Galectin 3/genetics
- Galectin 3/immunology
- Galectins
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Neoplastic Cells, Circulating
- Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/immunology
- Thyroid Nodule/diagnostic imaging
- Thyroid Nodule/drug therapy
- Thyroid Nodule/genetics
- Thyroid Nodule/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Pathology Research Laboratory, Saint Andrea University Hospital, via di Grottarossa 1035, 00189 Rome, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy.
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research, Niccolò Cusano University Foundation, via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166 Rome, Italy.
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Nuklearmedizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 München, Germany.
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Galectin-3 induced by hypoxia promotes cell migration in thyroid cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:101475-101488. [PMID: 29254179 PMCID: PMC5731889 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the role of Galectin-3 in human thyroid cancer migration. Methods The expression of Galectin-3 in surgical specimens was investigated using immunohistochemistry and western blot. A papillary thyroid cancer cell line (B-cpap) and an anaplastic thyroid cancer cell line (8305c) were transfected with short-hairpin RNA against Galectin-3 (Gal-3-shRNA). Low-molecular citrus pectin (LCP) was also used to antagonize Galectin-3. The migration and invasion of the cell lines were examined. The related signaling pathways were investigated to explore the Galectin-3 mechanism of action. Results Galectin-3 was highly expressed in metastasized thyroid cancers. Knocking down and antagonizing Galectin-3 significantly suppressed the migration of thyroid cancer cells. Knocking down Galectin-3 inhibited the activity of Wnt, MAPK, Src and Rho signaling pathways. Galectin-3 was up-regulated via HIF-1α in a hypoxic environment. Galectin-3 knockdown could reduce cell motility in hypoxic environments. Conclusion This study suggests that Galectin-3 could act as a modulator of thyroid cancer migration, especially in hypoxic microenvironments. This regulation function of Galectin-3 may work through multiple signaling pathways.
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Sciacchitano S, Lavra L, Ulivieri A, Magi F, Porcelli T, Amendola S, De Francesco GP, Bellotti C, Trovato MC, Salehi LB, Bartolazzi A. Combined clinical and ultrasound follow-up assists in malignancy detection in Galectin-3 negative Thy-3 thyroid nodules. Endocrine 2016; 54:139-147. [PMID: 26475496 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0774-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The use of galectin-3 ThyroTest in the preoperative evaluation of cytologically indeterminate (Thy-3) thyroid nodules has been largely validated by retrospective and prospective multicentre studies. Here we report the results of galectin-3 ThyroTest routinely applied in the management of Thy-3 nodules in combination with clinical and ultrasonography (US) examination, in which galectin-3 positive nodules were directly referred to surgery whereas galectin-3 negative lesions were considered for clinical and US long-term follow-up. A cohort of 331 patients, bearing 340 thyroid Thy-3 nodules, was enrolled and subjected to galectin-3 expression analysis. A total of 256 galectin-3 negative nodules were directed to periodical clinical and US examination, while 84 galectin-3 positive cases were referred to surgery. Excluding 63 dropout patients plus 15 patients that were operated because of clinical reasons the remaining 176 galectin-3 negative nodules were followed with clinical and US examination for an average period of 31 months. During the follow-up, the volume of galectin-3 negative nodules was unchanged in 85 cases (48 %), reduced in 47 (27 %), and increased in 44 (25 %). Based on combined clinical features and US follow-up results, a total of 36 out of 191 galectin-3 negative nodules (19 %) were referred to surgery, with a final histological finding of 28 benign lesions, three follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP), and five malignant lesions, corresponding to a 7 % false negative rate. In the group of 84 galectin-3 positive nodules, we detected 65 thyroid cancers with a prevalence of 77 %, 12 FT-UMPs, and 7 false positive lesions, corresponding to a 4 % false positive rate. A total of 150 patients were not operated and are still under clinical and US monitoring while surgery was performed in 118 patients with a final 70 thyroid cancers diagnosed, corresponding to a 59 % prevalence of malignancy detected at surgery and to a 26 % prevalence of malignancy among the entire Thy-3 nodule population. Galectin-3 ThyroTest is an easy and cheap diagnostic procedure that integrates conventional fine-needle-aspiration cytology, reduces the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies and increases the rate of malignancy at surgery. Clinical and US follow-up of galectin-3 negative lesions allows to further reduce false negative cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Sciacchitano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luca Lavra
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ulivieri
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorenza Magi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Amendola
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Policlinico Umberto I, Viale Regina Elena n. 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo De Francesco
- Department of Oncological Science, Breast Unit, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Bellotti
- Operative Unit Surgery of Thyroid and Parathyroid, Sapienza University of Rome, S. Andrea Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Trovato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario "G. Martino", via Consolare Valeria, Gazzi, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Leila B Salehi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca Biomedica, Fondazione Università Niccolò Cusano per la Ricerca Medico Scientifica, Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, 00166, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biopathology and Diagnostic Imaging, Tor Vergata University, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Laboratory of Surgical and Experimental Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa, 1035/39, 00189, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset Solna, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden
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Radosavljevic GD, Pantic J, Jovanovic I, Lukic ML, Arsenijevic N. The Two Faces of Galectin-3: Roles in Various Pathological Conditions. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Galectin-3, a unique chimaera-type member of the lectin family, displays a wide range of activities. This versatile molecule is involved in fundamental biological processes, including cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, apoptosis and immune responses.
This review is aimed at providing a general overview of the biological actions and diverse effects of Galectin-3 in many pathological conditions, with a specific focus on autoimmunity, inflammation and tumour progression. We report herein that Galectin-3 exerts deleterious functions determined by promotion of tumour progression and liver inflammation or aggravation of T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. On the other hand, Galectin-3 exhibits a protective role in metabolic abnormalities and primary biliary cirrhosis.
The paradoxical “yin and yang” functions of Galectin-3 depend not only on its tissue and cellular localization but also on its availability, glycosylation status and the expression level of its ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana D. Radosavljevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena Pantic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Jovanovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Miodrag L. Lukic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Serbia
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Bychkov A, Sampatanukul P, Shuangshoti S, Keelawat S. TROP-2 immunohistochemistry: a highly accurate method in the differential diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Pathology 2016; 48:425-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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D'Alessandria C, Braesch-Andersen S, Bejo K, Reder S, Blechert B, Schwaiger M, Bartolazzi A. Noninvasive In Vivo Imaging and Biologic Characterization of Thyroid Tumors by ImmunoPET Targeting of Galectin-3. Cancer Res 2016; 76:3583-92. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Esmailiejah AA, Taheriazam A, Golbakhsh MR, Jamshidi M, Shakeri M, Yahaghi E, Moghtadaei M. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Analysis of serum levels and tissue expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 as noninvasive biomarkers in osteosarcoma patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:10.1007/s13277-015-4194-4. [PMID: 26453117 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4194-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Akbar Esmailiejah
- Department of Orthopedics, Akhtar Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Department of Orthopedics, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Golbakhsh
- Department of Orthopedics, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jamshidi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Shakeri
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Emad Yahaghi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- Department of Orthopedic, Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Circulating Galectin-1 and 90K/Mac-2BP Correlated with the Tumor Stages of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:306964. [PMID: 26448934 PMCID: PMC4584037 DOI: 10.1155/2015/306964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background. The simultaneous correlation of serum galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP levels with clinical stages of patients with colorectal cancer has not yet been clarified. We plan to measure the serum levels of galectin-1, galectin-3, and 90K/Mac-2BP of patients at different stages of colorectal cancer and analyze the correlation of these galectins with stages of colorectal cancers. Methods. 198 colorectal cancer patients (62 ± 13 (range 31–85) years old, 43.6% female) were recruited for this study. Subjects' blood samples were checked for serum galectin-1, galectin-3, 90K/Mac-2BP, and carcinoembryonic antigen by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We determined the correlation between plasma concentrations with clinical tumor stages. Results. Colorectal cancer patients with larger cancer sizes (stages T3, T4 rather than T1, T2) have higher serum 90K/Mac-2BP (P = 0.014) and patients with lymph node metastasis have higher serum galectin-1 (P = 0.002) but there was not a significant correlation between galectin-3 and tumor staging of colon cancer. In colorectal cancer patients even with normal carcinoembryonic antigen, serum galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis. Conclusions. We found 90K/Mac-2BP correlated with the size of colorectal cancer. Galectin-1 but not galectin-3 was associated with lymph node metastasis. Galectin-1 could predict more lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients with normal serum carcinoembryonic antigen.
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Galectin-3 leads to attenuation of apoptosis through Bax heterodimerization in human thyroid carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9992-10001. [PMID: 25393982 PMCID: PMC4259453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells survive escaping normal apoptosis and the blocks in apoptosis that keep cancer cells alive are promising candidates for targeted therapy. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is, a member of the lectin family, which is involved in cell growth, adhesion, proliferation and apoptosis. It remains elusive to understand the role of Gal-3 on apoptosis in thyroid carcinoma cells. Here, we report that Gal-3 heterodimerizes Bax, mediated by the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of Gal-3, leading to anti-apoptotic characteristic. Gal-3/Bax interaction was suppressed by an antagonist of Gal-3, in which in turn cells became sensitive to apoptosis. The data presented here highlight that Gal-3 is involved in the anti-apoptosis of thyroid carcinoma cells. Thus, it suggests that targeting Gal-3 may lead to an improved therapeutic modality for thyroid cancer.
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Gendy HE, Madkour B, Abdelaty S, Essawy F, Khattab D, Hammam O, Nour HH. Diagnostic and Prognostic Significance of Serum and Tissue Galectin 3 Expression in Patients with Carcinoma of the Bladder. Curr Urol 2014. [PMID: 26195948 DOI: 10.1159/000365673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectins are group of proteins found in the cytoplasm, nucleus, cell surface and extracellular matrix. Galectin 3 (Gal-3) displays pathological expression in a variety of processes such as tumorigenesis. PATIENTS AND METHOD 70 patients classified into the control group, cystitis group, transitional cell carcinoma group, and squamous cell carcinoma group were enrolled in this study which aimed to detect the serum level and the intensity of tissue expression of Gal-3. RESULTS Both serum level and tissue expression of Gal-3 were statistically higher in bladder cancer patients compared to the other groups. Gal-3 level expression increased from low to high grade urothelial tumors, with a statistically significant increase of its level and expression between muscle invasive and non-muscle invasive Ta urothelial tumors. CONCLUSION The serum Gal-3 level is sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. The prognostic significance of tissue expression is to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El Gendy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bothina Madkour
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdelaty
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Essawy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Dina Khattab
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Hani H Nour
- Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
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16
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Expression and clinical significance of galectin-3 in osteosarcoma. Gene 2014; 546:403-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Fortuna-Costa A, Gomes AM, Kozlowski EO, Stelling MP, Pavão MSG. Extracellular galectin-3 in tumor progression and metastasis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:138. [PMID: 24982845 PMCID: PMC4058817 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3, the only chimera galectin found in vertebrates, is one of the best-studied galectins. It is expressed in several cell types and is involved in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes, such as cell adhesion, cell activation and chemoattraction, cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell growth and differentiation. However, this molecule raises special interest due to its role in regulating cancer cell activities. Galectin-3 has high affinity for β-1,6-N-acetylglucosamine branched glycans, which are formed by the action of the β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (Mgat5). Mgat5-related changes in protein/lipid glycosylation on cell surface lead to alterations in the clustering of membrane proteins through lattice formation, resulting in functional advantages for tumor cells. Galectin-3 presence enhances migration and/or invasion of many tumors. Galectin-3-dependent clustering of integrins promotes ligand-induced integrin activation, leading to cell motility. Galectin-3 binding to mucin-1 increases transendothelial invasion, decreasing metastasis-free survival in an experimental metastasis model. Galectin-3 also affects endothelial cell behavior by regulating capillary tube formation. This lectin is found in the tumor stroma, suggesting a role for microenvironmental galectin-3 in tumor progression. Galectin-3 also seems to be involved in the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, possibly contributing to angiogenesis and tumor growth. This lectin can be a relevant factor in turning bone marrow in a sanctuary for leukemia cells, favoring resistance to therapy. Finally, galectin-3 seems to play a relevant role in orchestrating distinct cell events in tumor microenvironment and for this reason, it can be considered a target in tumor therapies. In conclusion, this review aims to describe the processes of tumor progression and metastasis involving extracellular galectin-3 and its expression and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese Fortuna-Costa
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Angélica M Gomes
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Eliene O Kozlowski
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Mariana P Stelling
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Mauro S G Pavão
- Programa de Glicobiologia, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Celular de Glicoconjugados, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Carvalho RS, Fernandes VC, Nepomuceno TC, Rodrigues DC, Woods NT, Suarez-Kurtz G, Chammas R, Monteiro AN, Carvalho MA. Characterization of LGALS3 (galectin-3) as a player in DNA damage response. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:840-50. [PMID: 24755837 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair (DDR) is an orchestrated process encompassing the injury detection to its complete resolution. DNA double-strand break lesions are repaired mainly by two distinct mechanisms: the error-free homologous recombination (HR) and the error-prone non-homologous end-joining. Galectin-3 (GAL3) is the unique member of the chimeric galectins subfamily and is reported to be involved in several cancer development and progression related events. Recently our group described a putative protein interaction between GAL3 and BARD1, the main partner of breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene product BRCA1, both involved in HR pathway. In this report we characterized GAL3/BARD1 protein interaction and evaluated the role of GAL3 in DDR pathways using GAL3 silenced human cells exposed to different DNA damage agents. In the absence of GAL3 we observed a delayed DDR response activation, as well as a decrease in the G 2/M cell cycle checkpoint arrest associated with HR pathway. Moreover, using a TAP-MS approach we also determined the protein interaction network of GAL3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Carvalho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | - Deivid C Rodrigues
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nicholas T Woods
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | | | - Roger Chammas
- Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de São Paulo; São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alvaro N Monteiro
- Cancer Epidemiology Program; H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute; Tampa, FL USA
| | - Marcelo A Carvalho
- Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ); Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Programa de Farmacologia; Instituto Nacional de Câncer; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Vladoiu MC, Labrie M, St-Pierre Y. Intracellular galectins in cancer cells: potential new targets for therapy (Review). Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1001-14. [PMID: 24452506 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of galectin expression is frequently observed in cancer tissues. Such an abnormal expression pattern often correlates with aggressiveness and relapse in many types of cancer. Because galectins have the ability to modulate functions that are important for cell survival, migration and metastasis, they also represent attractive targets for cancer therapy. This has been well-exploited for extracellular galectins, which bind glycoconjugates expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Although the existence of intracellular functions of galectins has been known for many years, an increasing number of studies indicate that these proteins can also alter tumor progression through their interaction with intracellular ligands. In fact, in some instances, the interactions of galectins with their intracellular ligands seem to occur independently of their carbohydrate recognition domain. Such findings call for a change in the basic assumptions, or paradigms, concerning the activity of galectins in cancer and may force us to revisit our strategies to develop galectin antagonists for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
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Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing all around the world in the past decades. Early detection is one of the keys to reduce the mortality. Currently, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) guides the management of patients with a thyroid nodule. The use of FNA can reduce unnecessary thyroid surgery by twenty-five percent. However, the prevalence of non-diagnostic and indeterminate cytology from FNA is still high, approximately thirty percent. Many biomarkers were developed to differentiate between the benign and malignant thyroid nodule. This review summarizes each diagnostic biomarker of differentiated thyroid cancer. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of individual cytological laboratory need to be considered before implementation of each biomarker. Moreover, follow-up is still mandatory in negative biomarker tests because all genomic and proteomic alterations in thyroid cancer are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tada Kunavisarut
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Prannok Road, Bangkoknoi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand,
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El Gendy H, Madkour B, Abdelaty S, Essawy F, Khattab D, Hammam O, El Kholy A, Nour HH. Galectin 3 for the diagnosis of bladder cancer. Arab J Urol 2013; 12:178-81. [PMID: 26019945 PMCID: PMC4434779 DOI: 10.1016/j.aju.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate serum levels of galectin-3 (G-3) in patients with bladder cancer and a control group, as a potential diagnostic and prognostic serum tumour marker. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between November 2012 and January 2013, 55 patients (median age 58 years) were enrolled into three groups, i.e., a control, those with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) or those with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The serum G-3 level was measured the night before cystoscopy. The levels of G-3 levels were correlated with tumour type, stage and grade, and in relation to levels in normal urothelium. The results were analysed statistically using the Mann-Whitney U-test, the Kruskal-Wallis test and the receiver operating characteristic curve, as appropriate. RESULTS The median serum G-3 level was 100, 720 and 920 pg/mL in the control, TCC and SCC groups, respectively, with very significantly greater G-3 levels in both the TCC and SCC groups than in the control group. Patients with high-grade TCC had a statistically significantly greater serum G-3 level than those with low-grade tumours, as did those with muscle-invasive TCC than those with Ta tumours. CONCLUSIONS The level of G-3 can aid as a diagnostic marker in patients with either TCC or SCC of the bladder, but the prognostic significance of G-3 remains to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda El Gendy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bothina Madkour
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Sara Abdelaty
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Fayza Essawy
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Dina Khattab
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Amr El Kholy
- Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
| | - Hani H Nour
- Department of Urology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Guiza, Egypt
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22
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Papale F, Cafiero G, Grimaldi A, Marino G, Rosso F, Mian C, Barollo S, Pennelli G, Sorrenti S, De Antoni E, Barbarisi A. Galectin-3 expression in thyroid fine needle cytology (t-FNAC) uncertain cases: validation of molecular markers and technology innovation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:968-74. [PMID: 23042505 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid cancer is not very common, accounting for 1-2% of all cancers, with a population incidence of about 0.004%. Currently, the ability to discriminate between follicular adenoma and carcinoma represents the major challenge in preclinical diagnosis of thyroid proliferative lesions. Better discrimination between the two would help avoid unnecessary thyroidectomy and save valuable resources. Over the years, galectin-3 (Gal-3) has been proposed as a diagnostic marker with varied success. In this paper, we used Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy Immunogold Labelling (ESEM-IGL) to investigate the expression of Gal-3 on Thin-Prep fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We optimized the ESEM-IGL method on thyroid cell lines (RO-82 and FTC-133) comparing our membrane Gal-3 labeling data with Western blot. We evaluated 183 thyroid FNAC from Italian patients with a uncertain pre-surgical diagnosis. ESEM-IGL method marker sensitivity is 71.2%, while specificity is 53.3% and diagnostic efficacy is 61.2%. Our results confirmed that Gal-3 expression is associated with situations of hypertrophy and/or cellular hyperproliferation, pathophysiological situations common both to adenomas and to thyroid carcinomas. The innovation of thyroid FNAC Thin-Prep ESEM-IGL shows the levels of Gal-3 immunolabeling clearly, even through the individual cells of a thyroid nodule. However, Gal-3 alone, as a molecular marker of thyroid cancer, can still have a limited application in pre-surgery diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Papale
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Department of Anaesthesiological, Surgical and Emergency Sciences, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
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Comodo AN, Lacerda Bachi AL, Soares MF, Franco M, Castro Teixeira VDP. Galectin-3 expression favors metastasis in murine melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.410a3007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Veschi V, Petroni M, Cardinali B, Dominici C, Screpanti I, Frati L, Bartolazzi A, Gulino A, Giannini G. Galectin-3 impairment of MYCN-dependent apoptosis-sensitive phenotype is antagonized by nutlin-3 in neuroblastoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49139. [PMID: 23152863 PMCID: PMC3494673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MYCN amplification occurs in about 20–25% of human neuroblastomas and characterizes the majority of the high-risk cases, which display less than 50% prolonged survival rate despite intense multimodal treatment. Somehow paradoxically, MYCN also sensitizes neuroblastoma cells to apoptosis, understanding the molecular mechanisms of which might be relevant for the therapy of MYCN amplified neuroblastoma. We recently reported that the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN is linked to stabilization of p53 and its proapoptotic kinase HIPK2. In MYCN primed neuroblastoma cells, further activation of both HIPK2 and p53 by Nutlin-3 leads to massive apoptosis in vitro and to tumor shrinkage and impairment of metastasis in xenograft models. Here we report that Galectin-3 impairs MYCN-primed and HIPK2-p53-dependent apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. Galectin-3 is broadly expressed in human neuroblastoma cell lines and tumors and is repressed by MYCN to induce the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype. Despite its reduced levels, Galectin-3 can still exert residual antiapoptotic effects in MYCN amplified neuroblastoma cells, possibly due to its specific subcellular localization. Importantly, Nutlin-3 represses Galectin-3 expression, and this is required for its potent cell killing effect on MYCN amplified cell lines. Our data further characterize the apoptosis-sensitive phenotype induced by MYCN, expand our understanding of the activity of MDM2-p53 antagonists and highlight Galectin-3 as a potential biomarker for the tailored p53 reactivation therapy in patients with high-risk neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Veschi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Cardinali
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, National Research Council, Monterotondo Scalo, Italy
| | - Carlo Dominici
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- School of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Liverpool University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luigi Frati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Armando Bartolazzi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratory, S. Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
- Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK) R8∶04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Gulino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Yamaki S, Fujii T, Yajima R, Hirakata T, Yamaguchi S, Fujisawa T, Tsutsumi S, Asao T, Yanagita Y, Iijima M, Kuwano H. Clinicopathological significance of decreased galectin-3 expression and the long-term prognosis in patients with breast cancer. Surg Today 2012; 43:901-5. [PMID: 23090139 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-012-0378-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Galectin-3 expression is modulated in cancer cells, and that finding has led to the recognition of galectin-3 as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for various cancers, including breast cancer. This study investigated the correlation between galectin-3 expression and the clinicopathological features in patients with breast cancer, in order to determine the relevance and role of galectin-3 in breast cancer progression. METHODS Galectin-3 expression was investigated immunohistochemically in 116 patients with breast cancer, and a statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Galectin-3 expression in breast cancer was significantly associated with tumor vascular invasion. However, galectin-3 expression was not associated with Ki-67 expression, which reflects tumor proliferation. Disease-free survival and long-term overall survival were significantly shorter for patients with reduced galectin-3 expression. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the galectin-3 expression was associated with tumor vascular invasion and metastasis, suggesting that galectin-3 plays a critical role in tumor progression via an invasive mechanism but not via proliferation in breast cancer. Furthermore, reduced expression of galectin-3 is useful for predicting a long-term poor prognosis in patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Yamaki
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Shankar J, Wiseman SM, Meng F, Kasaian K, Strugnell S, Mofid A, Gown A, Jones SJM, Nabi IR. Coordinated expression of galectin-3 and caveolin-1 in thyroid cancer. J Pathol 2012; 228:56-66. [PMID: 22513979 DOI: 10.1002/path.4041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal3) is the single most accurate marker for the diagnosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Gal3 overrides the tumour suppressor activity of caveolin-1 (Cav1) and functions in concert with Cav1 to promote focal adhesion turnover and tumour cell migration and invasion. To study their coordinated role in progression of a human cancer, we investigated the expression of Gal3 and Cav1 in specimens of human benign thyroid lesions, DTC and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Gal3 and Cav1 expression is significantly associated with DTC and ATC, but not benign nodules. Essentially all Cav1-positive DTC cancers express Gal3, supporting the synergistic activity of these two proteins in DTC progression. Similarly, coordinated elevated Gal3/Cav1 expression was observed in three DTC-derived cell lines (papillary TCP1 and KTC1 and follicular FTC133) but only one (ACT1) of five ATC-derived cell lines. Using siRNA knockdown, Gal3 and Cav1 were shown to be required for RhoA GTPase activation, stabilization of focal adhesion kinase (FAK; a measure of focal adhesion signalling and turnover) and increased migration of the DTC cell lines studied, but not the ATC cell lines, including ACT1, which expresses elevated levels of Gal3 and Cav1. Co-expression of Gal3 and Cav1 in the T238 anaplastic cell line stabilized FAK-GFP in focal adhesions. Gal3 and Cav1 therefore function synergistically to promote focal adhesion signalling, migration and progression of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Shankar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Galectins testing: New promises for the diagnosis and risk stratification of chronic diseases? Clin Biochem 2012; 45:719-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bartolazzi A, Bellotti C, Sciacchitano S. Methodology and technical requirements of the galectin-3 test for the preoperative characterization of thyroid nodules. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 20:2-7. [PMID: 21691201 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e31821ee9bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the β-galactosyl binding protein galectin-3 has been the object of extensive molecular, structural, and functional studies aimed to clarify its biological role in cancer. Multicenter studies also contributed to discover the potential clinical value of galectin-3 expression analysis in distinguishing, preoperatively, benign from malignant thyroid nodules. As a consequence galectin-3 is receiving significant attention as tumor marker for thyroid cancer diagnosis, but some conflicting results mostly owing to methodological problems have been published. The possibility to apply preoperatively a reliable galectin-3 test method on fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)-derived thyroid cells represents an important achievement. When correctly applied, the method reduces consistently the gray area of thyroid FNA cytology, contributing to avoid unnecessary thyroid surgery. Although the efficacy and reliability of the galectin-3 test method have been extensively proved in several studies, its translation in the clinical setting requires well-standardized reagents and procedures. After a decade of experimental work on galectin-3-related basic and translational research projects, the major methodological problems that may potentially impair the diagnostic performance of galectin-3 immunotargeting are highlighted and discussed in detail. A standardized protocol for a reliable galectin-3 expression analysis is finally provided. The aim of this contribution is to improve the clinical management of patients with thyroid nodules, promoting the preoperative use of a reliable galectin-3 test method as ancillary technique to conventional thyroid FNA cytology. The final goal is to decrease unnecessary thyroid surgery and its related social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Newlaczyl AU, Yu LG. Galectin-3--a jack-of-all-trades in cancer. Cancer Lett 2011; 313:123-8. [PMID: 21974805 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein that is expressed by various types of human cells. Changes in galectin-3 expression and subcellular and intercellular localizations are commonly seen in cancer and pre-cancerous conditions. It is increasingly recognized that galectin-3 is an important regulator of a broad range of cancer cell activities and plays important roles in cancer cell growth, transformation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion and metastasis. Such a divergent influence of galectin-3 on cancer cell activities derives from its multiple inter- and sub-cellular localizations where it interacts with a range of different binding partners. This mini-review summaries the diverse influences of galectin-3 on cancer cell behaviours with particular emphasis on its role in tumorigenesis and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna U Newlaczyl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
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Shin MK, Kim JW, Ju YS. CD56 and High Molecular Weight Cytokeratin as Diagnostic Markers of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2011.45.5.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyung Shin
- Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Won Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Su Ju
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Korea
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de Faria PR, Chammas R, de Melo TL, Hsu DK, Liu FT, Nonogaki S, Cardoso SV, Loyola AM. Absence of galectin-3 does not affect the development of experimental tongue carcinomas in mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 90:189-93. [PMID: 21194530 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectin-3 is a lectin that presents pivotal roles in tumor biology and there are no studies evaluating their expression in dysplasias and carcinomas developed from tongue carcinogenesis models. AIMS To investigate the role of galectin-3 in the development of tongue carcinomas using a mouse model of oral carcinogenesis. METHODS Galectin-3-deficient (gal3(-/-)) and wild-type (gal3(+/+)) mice were challenged with 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in drinking water for 16weeks and killed at different times. Tongues were removed and the number of dysplasias and carcinomas was counted. An immunohistochemical study for galectin-3 was performed only in the tongue from gal3(+/+) mice. RESULTS In both groups, a reduction of dysplasias and an increase of carcinomas from week 16 to week 32 (p>0.05) were observed. A predominance of high cytoplasmic and nuclear galectin-3 expression was observed in carcinomas (64.7%) and dysplasias (55.5%), respectively (p>0.05). The perilesional areas always presented a statistical cytoplasmic and nuclear galectin-3 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS Absence of galectin-3 did not directly affect the process of carcinogenesis and a cytoplasm shift of galectin-3 seems to be associated with development of tongue carcinomas.
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Importance of Hormones and Proteins Determination in the Material Obtained by Fine-Needle Aspiration. J Med Biochem 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/v10011-010-0047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance of Hormones and Proteins Determination in the Material Obtained by Fine-Needle AspirationMore than a half century of experience with aspiration punch of nodal changes in the thyroid gland has confirmed this procedure as a golden standard in the examination of thyroid nodal disease. Although sensitivity, specificity, reliability and reproducibility are incontestably high, this procedure cannot give a simple answer on whether the change examined is benign or malignant. Numerous attempts to improve the procedure resulted in considerably advanced findings. Besides refining the cytopathologic examination techniques, confirmation or determination of hormones, proteins and other substances in the material obtained by fine-needle aspiration are actually the greatest contribution to improvement the of procedure's diagnostic value. These markers are actually followed, in most medical centers, in aspirates of thyroid nodal changes but also surrounding lymph nodes in order to evaluate with greater certainty the type, volume and spread; this is important to establish treatment procedures and to evaluate the residual disease after accomplishing the treatment.
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Chiu CG, Strugnell SS, Griffith OL, Jones SJM, Gown AM, Walker B, Nabi IR, Wiseman SM. Diagnostic utility of galectin-3 in thyroid cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010; 176:2067-81. [PMID: 20363921 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), which has received significant recent attention for its utility as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer, represents the most well-studied molecular candidate for thyroid cancer diagnosis. Gal-3 is a protein that binds to beta-galactosidase residues on cell surface glycoproteins and has also been identified in the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartment. This marker has been implicated in regulation of normal cellular proliferation and apoptosis, as well as malignant transformation and the metastasis of cancer cells. We here present a mechanistic review of Gal-3 and its role in cancer development and progression. Gal-3 expression studies in thyroid tissue and cytologic tumor specimens and their methodological considerations are also discussed in this article. Despite great variance in their methodology, the majority of immunohistochemical studies found that Gal-3 was differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma compared with benign and normal thyroid specimens, suggesting that Gal-3 is a good diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer. Recent studies have also demonstrated improved methodological reliability. On the other hand, Gal-3 genomic expression studies have shown inconsistent results for diagnostic utility and are not recommended. Overall, the development of Gal-3 as a diagnostic marker for thyroid cancer represents a promising avenue for future study, and its clinical application could significantly reduce the number of diagnostic thyroid operations performed for cases of indeterminant fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology, and thus positively impact the current management of thyroid nodular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie G Chiu
- Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Paulis YWJ, Soetekouw PMMB, Verheul HMW, Tjan-Heijnen VCG, Griffioen AW. Signalling pathways in vasculogenic mimicry. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:18-28. [PMID: 20079807 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumour growth is dependent on the development of an adequate blood supply. For years, sprouting angiogenesis has been considered an exclusive mechanism of tumour vascularization. However, over the last years, several other mechanisms have been identified, including vessel-co-option, intussusception, recruitment of endothelial precursor cells (EPCs) and even mechanisms that do not involve endothelial cells, a process called vasculogenic mimicry (VM). The latter describes a mechanism by which highly aggressive tumour cells can form vessel-like structures themselves, by virtue of their high plasticity. VM has been observed in several tumour types and its occurrence is strongly associated with a poor prognosis. This review will focus on signalling molecules and cascades involved in VM. In addition, we will discuss the presence of VM in relation to ongoing cancer research. Finally, we describe the clinical significance of VM regarding anti-angiogenesis treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette W J Paulis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology (GROW), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kim D, Kim H, Kwak J, Kim M, Jung HJ, Koo JS, Lim BJ, Jung C, Hong S. Galectin-3 Expression and BRAF Mutation in Cases of Cytologically Suspicious Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2010. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2010.44.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dokyung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunki Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kwak
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minju Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Jae Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Jin Lim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chankwon Jung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - SoonWon Hong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Although fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) remains the mainstay of the preoperative workup of thyroid nodules, it does not provide a diagnosis in up to 20% of nodules. This group of indeterminate lesions, including lesions with cellular atypia, suspicious cytology, and demonstrating a follicular pattern, provides one of the greatest challenges to researchers in thyroid cancer today. Over the last 2 decades, considerable work has been done to find molecular markers to resolve this diagnostic dilemma. This article explores some of the markers including galectin-3, HBME-1, BRAF, RET/PTC, PAX8-PPARgamma, hTERT, telomerase, miRNA, and microarray and multigene assays. Although no one marker has proven to be a panacea, several combinations of markers have shown great promise as an adjunct to FNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Kato
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10068, USA.
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Zhang HY, Jin L, Stilling GA, Ruebel KH, Coonse K, Tanizaki Y, Raz A, Lloyd RV. RUNX1 and RUNX2 upregulate Galectin-3 expression in human pituitary tumors. Endocrine 2009; 35:101-11. [PMID: 19020999 PMCID: PMC2927870 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-008-9129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is expressed in a cell-type specific manner in human pituitary tumors and may have a role in pituitary tumor development. In this study, we hypothesized that Galectin-3 is regulated by RUNX proteins in pituitary tumors. Transcription factor prediction programs revealed several putative binding sites in the LGALS3 (Galectin-3 gene) promoter region. A human pituitary cell line HP75 was used as a model to study LGALS3 and RUNX interactions using Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and electrophoresis mobility shift assay. Two binding sites for RUNX1 and one binding site for RUNX2 were identified in the LGALS3 promoter region. LGALS3 promoter was further cloned into a luciferase reporter, and the experiments showed that both RUNX1 and RUNX2 upregulated LGALS3. Knock-down of either RUNX1 or RUNX2 by siRNA resulted in a significant downregulation of Galectin-3 expression and decreased cell proliferation in the HP 75 cell line. Immunohistochemistry showed a close correlation between Galectin-3 expression and RUNX1/RUNX2 level in pituitary tumors. These results demonstrate a novel binding target for RUNX1 and RUNX2 proteins and suggest that Galectin-3 is regulated by RUNX1 and RUNX2 in human pituitary tumor cells by direct binding to the promoter region of LGALS3 and thus may contribute to pituitary tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Long Jin
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gail A. Stilling
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katharina H. Ruebel
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kendra Coonse
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yoshinori Tanizaki
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ricardo V. Lloyd
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200, 1 Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Bartolazzi A, D'Alessandria C, Parisella MG, Signore A, Del Prete F, Lavra L, Braesch-Andersen S, Massari R, Trotta C, Soluri A, Sciacchitano S, Scopinaro F. Thyroid cancer imaging in vivo by targeting the anti-apoptotic molecule galectin-3. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3768. [PMID: 19020658 PMCID: PMC2582451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of thyroid nodules increases with age, average 4–7% for the U.S.A. adult population, but it is much higher (19–67%) when sub-clinical nodules are considered. About 90% of these lesions are benign and a reliable approach to their preoperative characterization is necessary. Unfortunately conventional thyroid scintigraphy does not allow the distinction among benign and malignant thyroid proliferations but it provides only functional information (cold or hot nodules). The expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule galectin-3 is restricted to cancer cells and this feature has potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications. We show here the possibility to obtain thyroid cancer imaging in vivo by targeting galectin-3. Methods The galectin-3 based thyroid immuno-scintigraphy uses as radiotracer a specific 99mTc-radiolabeled mAb. A position-sensitive high-resolution mini-gamma camera was used as imaging capture device. Human galectin-3 positive thyroid cancer xenografts (ARO) and galectin-3 knockout tumors were used as targets in different experiments in vivo. 38 mice with tumor mass of about 1 gm were injected in the tail vein with 100 µCi of 99mTc-labeled mAb to galectin-3 (30 µg protein/in 100 µl saline solution). Tumor images were acquired at 1 hr, 3 hrs, 6 hrs, 9 hrs and 24 hrs post injection by using the mini-gamma camera. Findings Results from different consecutive experiments show an optimal visualization of thyroid cancer xenografts between 6 and 9 hours from injection of the radiotracer. Galectin-3 negative tumors were not detected at all. At 6 hrs post-injection galectin-3 expressing tumors were correctly visualized, while the whole-body activity had essentially cleared. Conclusions These results demonstrate the possibility to distinguish preoperatively benign from malignant thyroid nodules by using a specific galectin-3 radio-immunotargeting. In vivo imaging of thyroid cancer may allow a better selection of patients referred to surgery. The possibility to apply this method for imaging and treatment of other galectin-3 expressing tumors is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Bartolazzi
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pathology Research Laboratory, St. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AB); (FS)
| | - Calogero D'Alessandria
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Gemma Parisella
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Del Prete
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Pathology Research Laboratory, St. Andrea University Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lavra
- S. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AfaR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, II Faculty of Medicine, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Massari
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Carlo Trotta
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soluri
- Istituto di Ingegneria Biomedica (ISIB) – National Council of Research, Sezione di Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sciacchitano
- S. Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital – Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca (AfaR), Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, II Faculty of Medicine, University “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Scopinaro
- Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, St. Andrea University Hospital, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (AB); (FS)
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Mourad-Zeidan AA, Melnikova VO, Wang H, Raz A, Bar-Eli M. Expression profiling of Galectin-3-depleted melanoma cells reveals its major role in melanoma cell plasticity and vasculogenic mimicry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:1839-52. [PMID: 18988806 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a beta-galactoside-binding protein that is involved in cancer progression and metastasis. Using a progressive human melanoma tissue microarray, we previously demonstrated that melanocytes accumulate Gal-3 during the progression from benign to dysplastic nevi to melanoma and further to metastatic melanoma. Herein, we show that silencing of Gal-3 expression with small hairpin RNA results in a loss of tumorigenic and metastatic potential of melanoma cells. In vitro, Gal-3 silencing resulted in loss of tumor cell invasiveness and capacity to form tube-like structures on collagen ("vasculogenic mimicry"). cDNA microarray analysis after Gal-3 silencing revealed that Gal-3 regulates the expression of multiple genes, including endothelial cell markers that appear to be aberrantly expressed in highly aggressive melanoma cells, causing melanoma cell plasticity. These genes included vascular endothelial-cadherin, which plays a pivotal role in vasculogenic mimicry, as well as interleukin-8, fibronectin-1, endothelial differentiation sphingolipid G-protein receptor-1, and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and promoter analyses revealed that Gal-3 silencing resulted in a decrease of vascular endothelial-cadherin and interleukin-8 promoter activities due to enhanced recruitment of transcription factor early growth response-1. Moreover, transient overexpression of early growth response-1 in C8161-c9 cells resulted in a loss of vascular endothelial-cadherin and interleukin-8 promoter activities and protein expression. Thus, Gal-3 plays an essential role during the acquisition of vasculogenic mimicry and angiogenic properties associated with melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra A Mourad-Zeidan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Bartolazzi A, Orlandi F, Saggiorato E, Volante M, Arecco F, Rossetto R, Palestini N, Ghigo E, Papotti M, Bussolati G, Martegani MP, Pantellini F, Carpi A, Giovagnoli MR, Monti S, Toscano V, Sciacchitano S, Pennelli GM, Mian C, Pelizzo MR, Rugge M, Troncone G, Palombini L, Chiappetta G, Botti G, Vecchione A, Bellocco R. Galectin-3-expression analysis in the surgical selection of follicular thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology: a prospective multicentre study. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9:543-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(08)70132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sakaki M, Oka N, Nakanishi R, Yamaguchi K, Fukumori T, Kanayama HO. Serum level of galectin-3 in human bladder cancer. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2008; 55:127-32. [PMID: 18319555 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.55.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We examine serum level of galectin-3 in patients with bladder cancer. We used serum samples of 67 patients with urological diseases and classified these patients into bladder cancer group (n=43) and control group (n=24). Galectin-3 concentration was measured by ELISA (Human Galectin-3 Assay Kit, IBL). And we selected the patient with high serum galectin-3 concentration (Urothelial Carcinoma, G3, pT3a pN0M0), we performed immunohistochemical staining with the VECTASTAIN ABC (Avidin Biotinylated enzyme Complex) system. Median value of serum galectin-3 concentration was 1068 pg/ml (range 551-2028) in the cancer group vs 584 pg/ml (range 259-1262) in controls. Serum galectin-3 concentration of the bladder cancer patients was statistically higher than that of controls (p<0.0005). There was no apparent correlation in serum galectin-3 concentration with the clinico-pathological features such as stage and grade. Higher expression of galectin-3 was observed in bladder cancer tissue than in normal bladder tissue. We suggest the measurement of serum galectin-3 is useful for diagnosis of bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Sakaki
- Department of Urology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Shalom-Feuerstein R, Levy R, Makovski V, Raz A, Kloog Y. Galectin-3 regulates RasGRP4-mediated activation of N-Ras and H-Ras. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2008; 1783:985-93. [PMID: 18413234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a pleiotropic beta-galactoside-binding protein expressed at relatively high levels in human neoplasms. Its carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) contains a hydrophobic pocket that can accommodate the farnesyl moiety of K-Ras. Binding of K-Ras to Gal-3 stabilizes K-Ras in its active (GTP-bound) state. Gal-3, which does not interact with N-Ras, was nevertheless shown to reduce N-Ras-GTP in BT-549 cells by an unknown mechanism that we explored here. First, comparative analysis of various cancer cell lines (glioblastomas, breast cancer cells and ovarian carcinomas) showed a positive correlation between low N-Ras-GTP/high K-Ras-GTP phenotype and Gal-3 expression levels. Next we found that epidermal growth factor-stimulated GTP loading of N-Ras, but not of K-Ras, is blocked in cells expressing high levels of Gal-3. Activation of Ras guanine nucleotide releasing proteins (RasGRPs) by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or downregulation of Gal-3 by Gal-3 shRNA increased the levels of N-Ras-GTP in Gal-3 expressing cells. We further show that the N-terminal domain of Gal-3 interacts with and inhibits RasGRP4-mediated GTP loading on N-Ras and H-Ras proteins. Growth of BT-549 cells stably expressing the Gal-3 N-terminal domain was strongly attenuated. Overall, these experiments demonstrate a new control mechanism of Ras activation in cancer cells whereby the Gal-3 N-terminal domain inhibits activation of N-Ras and H-Ras proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Shalom-Feuerstein
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Nakahara S, Raz A. Regulation of cancer-related gene expression by galectin-3 and the molecular mechanism of its nuclear import pathway. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2008; 26:605-10. [PMID: 17726578 PMCID: PMC3613988 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9095-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a member of the beta-galactoside-binding gene family, distributes inside and outside the cell and has pleiotropic biological functions such as cell growth, cell adhesion, cell-cell interaction, and mRNA processing in a specific situation. In particular, Gal-3 in the nucleus plays a pivotal role in the regulation of cancer-related gene expression, including cyclin D1, TTF-1 and MUC2, presumably associated with tumor progression. Therefore, to understand the mechanism of nuclear import of Gal-3 is very significant and might be developed to the new approach for the cancer treatment. In this review, we focus on the role of Gal-3 in the nucleus and the molecular mechanism of nuclear import pathways of Gal-3, providing the hints for the inhibition of Gal-3 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Nakahara
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Suita Municipal Hospital, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Avraham Raz
- Tumor Progression and Metastasis Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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Ramasamy S, Duraisamy S, Barbashov S, Kawano T, Kharbanda S, Kufe D. The MUC1 and galectin-3 oncoproteins function in a microRNA-dependent regulatory loop. Mol Cell 2007; 27:992-1004. [PMID: 17889671 PMCID: PMC4217170 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The MUC1 heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein is aberrantly overexpressed by diverse human carcinomas. Galectin-3 is a beta-galactoside binding protein that has also been associated with the development of human cancers. The present results demonstrate that MUC1 induces galectin-3 expression by a posttranscriptional mechanism. We show that the MUC1 C-terminal subunit is glycosylated on Asn-36 and that this modification is necessary for upregulation of galectin-3. N-glycosylated MUC1-C increases galectin-3 mRNA levels by suppressing expression of the microRNA miR-322 and thereby stabilizing galectin-3 transcripts. The results show that, in turn, galectin-3 binds to MUC1-C at the glycosylated Asn-36 site. The significance of the MUC1-C-galectin-3 interaction is supported by the demonstration that galectin-3 forms a bridge between MUC1 and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and that galectin-3 is essential for EGF-mediated interactions between MUC1 and EGFR. These findings indicate that MUC1 and galectin-3 function as part of a miR-322-dependent regulatory loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvi Ramasamy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sekhar Duraisamy
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sergei Barbashov
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Takeshi Kawano
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Surender Kharbanda
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald Kufe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ferrazzo KL, Alves SM, Santos E, Martins MT, de Sousa SM. Galectin-3 immunoprofile in adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma of salivary glands. Oral Oncol 2007; 43:580-5. [PMID: 16996782 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Accepted: 06/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) and polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) are malignant neoplasms of salivary glands, which are similar in histologic patterns but very different in clinical behavior, treatment and prognosis. Galectin-3 is a multifunctional protein of a growing family of beta-galactoside-binding animal lectins, which is implicated in a variety of biological events such as tumor cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis. This protein was found to be implicated in cellular transformation and a correlation between its expression and cancer progression and metastasis has been described. The aim of this study was to determine the galectin-3 immunoprofile in 14 cases of ACC (2 cases of tubular subtype, 4 cases of solid subtype and 8 cases of cribriform subtype) and in 12 cases of PLGA with different histologic patterns, including lobular, tubular and cribriform aspects. Moreover, slides of normal salivary glands were included. In normal salivary glands there was strong nuclear and cytoplasmic staining for galectin-3 in ductal luminal cells. ACC showed specific staining in luminal cells mainly in the nuclei. In the tubular subtype of ACC, galectin-3 strongly stained luminal cells of the ductiform structures. The cribriform and solid subtypes showed a few positive luminal cells of small ducts present in the cribriform structures and in solid nests respectively. In the cases of PLGA, independent of the histologic architecture, all tumor cells revealed a positive cytoplasmic reaction. Galectin-3 expression seems to be related to cell differentiation more than to tumor progression and prognosis in the neoplasms studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kivia Linhares Ferrazzo
- School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Department of Oral Pathology, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2227, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Prieto VG, Mourad-Zeidan AA, Melnikova V, Johnson MM, Lopez A, Diwan AH, Lazar AJF, Shen SS, Zhang PS, Reed JA, Gershenwald JE, Raz A, Bar-Eli M. Galectin-3 expression is associated with tumor progression and pattern of sun exposure in melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:6709-15. [PMID: 17121890 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most studies accept a multistep pathogenic process in melanoma that may include the phases of benign nevi and dysplastic nevi, melanoma, and metastatic melanoma. Dysregulation of cellular proliferation and apoptosis is probably involved in melanoma progression and response to therapy. We have studied the expression of galectin-3, a beta-galactoside-binding protein involved in apoptosis, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation, in a large series of melanocytic lesions, and correlated the expression with clinical and histologic features. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Tissue microarray blocks of 94 melanocytic lesions were semiquantitatively evaluated by immunohistochemistry for the cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of galectin-3. RESULTS Primary and metastatic melanomas expressed galectin-3 at a significantly higher level than nevi in both cytoplasm and nuclei (P<0.0073). There was a significant association between anatomic source (as indirect indication of level of sun-exposure) and cytoplasmic and nuclear expression. Lymph node and visceral metastases had a higher level of expression than s.c. lesions (P<0.004). Interestingly, there was an almost significant finding of worse survival in those patients with lesions showing higher levels of cytoplasmic than nuclear galectin-3 expression (log-rank test, P=0.06). CONCLUSIONS Melanocytes accumulate galectin-3 with tumor progression, particularly in the nucleus. The strong association of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression in lesions of sun-exposed areas suggests an involvement of UV light in activation of galectin-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The Methodist Hospital, Houston 77030, USA.
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Gimm O, Krause U, Brauckhoff M, Hoang-Vu C, Dralle H. Distinct Expression of Galectin-3 in Pheochromocytomas. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1073:571-7. [PMID: 17102125 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1353.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Unless distant metastases or local invasion are present, the diagnosis of malignant pheochromocytoma is challenging. Hence, biological markers are sought after and we thought to examine galectin-3 in such a role. Four malignant and 24 benign (10 sporadic, 14 hereditary) pheochromocytomas were analyzed for the expression of galectin-3. One malignant pheochromocytoma with distant metastases showed strong and one malignant undifferentiated pheochromocytoma with local invasion showed partly strong cytoplasmic staining. Nine of 10 sporadic and all hereditary benign pheochromocytomas had absent/weak staining. One benign sporadic pheochromocytoma had moderate cytoplasmic staining. The distinct expression in various types of pheochromocytomas is intriguing and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Gimm
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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Carpi A, Naccarato AG, Iervasi G, Nicolini A, Bevilacqua G, Viacava P, Collecchi P, Lavra L, Marchetti C, Sciacchitano S, Bartolazzi A. Large needle aspiration biopsy and galectin-3 determination in selected thyroid nodules with indeterminate FNA-cytology. Br J Cancer 2006; 95:204-9. [PMID: 16804521 PMCID: PMC2360621 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA)-cytology is widely used for the preoperative characterisation of thyroid nodules but this task is difficult for follicular lesions, which often remain undefined. We propose a strategy for improving the preoperative characterisation of selected follicular thyroid proliferations, which is based on large needle aspiration biopsy (LNAB) and galectin-3 expression analysis. Eighty-five thyroid specimens were obtained by LNAB (20-gauge needles) from thyroid nodules with indeterminate follicular FNA-cytology. Aspirated material was processed as a tissue microbiopsy to obtain cell blocks for both cyto/histo-morphological evaluation and galectin-3 expression analysis, by using a purified monoclonal antibody to galectin-3 and a biotin-free immunoperoxidase staining method. Preoperative diagnosis was compared to the final histology. LNAB and cell-block technique allow a preliminary distinction between nodules with a homogeneous microfollicular/trabecular structure, as frequently observed in tumours, and lesions with mixed normo-micro-macrofollicular architecture, as observed in goitre. Furthermore, LNAB provides optimal substrates for galectin-3 expression analysis. Among 85 cases tested, 14 galectin-3-positive cases were discovered preoperatively (11 thyroid cancers and three adenomas confirmed at the final histology), whereas galectin-3-negative cases were 71 (one carcinoma and 70 benign proliferations at the final histology). Sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of this integrated morphologic and phenotypic diagnostic approach were 91.6, 97.2 and 95.3%, respectively. In conclusion, LNAB plus galectin-3 expression analysis when applied preoperatively to selected thyroid nodules candidate to surgery can potentially reduce unnecessary thyroid resections.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carpi
- Departments of Reproduction and Ageing, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - A G Naccarato
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Iervasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa Italy
| | - A Nicolini
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - G Bevilacqua
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Viacava
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - P Collecchi
- Department of Oncology, Divisions of Surgical, Molecular and Ultrastructural Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56024, Italy
| | - L Lavra
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - C Marchetti
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
| | - S Sciacchitano
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, University La Sapienza, and Ospedale San Pietro Fatebenefratelli, Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca, Rome 00158 Italy
| | - A Bartolazzi
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy
- Cellular and Molecular Tumor Pathology Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, CCK R8:04, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm S-17176, Sweden
- Department of Pathology, St Andrea University Hospital, Via di Grottarossa 1035, Rome 00158, Italy. E-mail:
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Abstract
Thyroid cancer is one of the few malignancies that are increasing in incidence. Recent advances have improved our understanding of its pathogenesis; these include the identification of genetic alterations that activate a common effector pathway involving the RET-Ras-BRAF signalling cascade, and other unique chromosomal rearrangements. Some of these have been associated with radiation exposure as a pathogenetic mechanism. Defects in transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of adhesion molecules and cell-cycle control elements seem to affect tumour progression. This information can provide powerful ancillary diagnostic tools and can also be used to identify new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kondo
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network and Toronto Medical Laboratories, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2C4
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Mazurek N, Sun YJ, Price JE, Ramdas L, Schober W, Nangia-Makker P, Byrd JC, Raz A, Bresalier RS. Phosphorylation of galectin-3 contributes to malignant transformation of human epithelial cells via modulation of unique sets of genes. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10767-75. [PMID: 16322222 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a multifunctional beta-galactoside-binding protein implicated in apoptosis, malignant transformation, and tumor progression. The mechanisms by which galectin-3 contributes to malignant progression are not fully understood. In this study, we found that the introduction of wild-type galectin-3 into nontumorigenic, galectin-3-null BT549 human breast epithelial cells conferred tumorigenicity and metastatic potential in nude mice, and that galectin-3 expressed by the cells was phosphorylated. In contrast, BT549 cells expressing galectin-3 incapable of being phosphorylated (Ser6-->Glu Ser6-->Ala) were nontumorigenic. A microarray analysis of 10,000 human genes, comparing BT549 transfectants expressing wild-type and those expressing phosphomutant galectin-3, identified 188 genes that were differentially expressed (>2.5-fold). Genes affected by introduction of wild-type phosphorylated but not phosphomutant galectin-3 included those involved in oxidative stress, a novel noncaspase lysosomal apoptotic pathway, cell cycle regulation, transcriptional activation, cytoskeleton remodeling, cell adhesion, and tumor invasion. The reliability of the microarray data was validated by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and by Western blot analysis, and clinical relevance was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR screening of a panel of matched pairs of breast tumors. Differentially regulated genes in breast cancers that are also predicted to be associated with phospho-galectin-3 in transformed BT549 cells include C-type lectin 2, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5, cathepsins L2, and cyclin D1. These data show the functional diversity of galectin-3 and suggest that phosphorylation of the protein is necessary for regulation (directly or indirectly) of unique sets of genes that play a role in malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachman Mazurek
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medicine and Nutrition, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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