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Youn EK, Cho HM, Jung JK, Yoon GE, Eto M, Kim JI. Pathologic HDAC1/c-Myc signaling axis is responsible for angiotensinogen transcription and hypertension induced by high-fat diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114926. [PMID: 37244179 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity is a cause of resistant hypertension. We have shown a possible link between histone deacetylases (HDACs) and renal angiotensinogen (Agt) upregulation in the HFD-induced hypertension, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, using a HDAC1/2 inhibitor romidepsin (FK228) and siRNAs, we determined roles of HDAC1 and HDAC2 in HFD-induced hypertension and found the pathologic signaling axis between HDAC1 and Agt transcription. Treatment with FK228 canceled the increased blood pressure of male C57BL/6 mice induced by HFD. FK228 also blocked upregulation of renal Agt mRNA, protein, angiotensin II (Ang II) or serum Ang II. Activation and nuclear accumulation of both HDAC1 and HDAC2 occurred in the HFD group. The HFD-induced HDAC activation was associated with an increase in deacetylated c-Myc transcription factor. Silencing of HDAC1, HDAC2 or c-Myc in HRPTEpi cells decreased Agt expression. However, only HDAC1 knockdown, but not HDAC2, increased c-Myc acetylation, suggesting selective roles in two enzymes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HFD induced the binding of HDAC1 and deacetylated c-Myc at the Agt gene promoter. A putative c-Myc binding sequence in the promotor region was necessary for Agt transcription. Inhibition of c-Myc downregulated Agt and Ang II levels in kidney and serum, ameliorating HFD-induced hypertension. Thus, the abnormal HDAC1/2 in the kidney may be responsible for the upregulation of the Agt gene expression and hypertension. The results expose the pathologic HDAC1/c-myc signaling axis in kidney as a promising therapeutic target for obesity-associated resistant hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Kyung Youn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Min Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ki Jung
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Masumi Eto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Jee In Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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Hu C, Peng K, Wu Q, Wang Y, Fan X, Zhang DM, Passerini AG, Sun C. HDAC1 and 2 regulate endothelial VCAM-1 expression and atherogenesis by suppressing methylation of the GATA6 promoter. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5605-5619. [PMID: 33859766 PMCID: PMC8039941 DOI: 10.7150/thno.55878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 on the activated arterial endothelial cell (EC) surface critically contributes to atherosclerosis which may in part be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. This study investigated whether and how the clinically available histone deacetylases 1 and 2 (HDAC1/2) inhibitor drug Romidepsin epigenetically modulates VCAM-1 expression to suppress atherosclerosis. Methods: VCAM-1 expression was analyzed in primary human aortic EC (HAEC) treated with Romidepsin or transfected with HDAC1/2-targeting siRNA. Methylation of GATA6 promoter region was examined with methylation-specific PCR assay. Enrichment of STAT3 to GATA6 promoter was detected with chromatin immunoprecipitation. Lys685Arg mutation was constructed to block STAT3 acetylation. The potential therapeutic effect of Romidepsin on atherosclerosis was evaluated in Apoe-/- mice fed with a high-fat diet. Results: Romidepsin significantly attenuated TNFα-induced VCAM-1 expression on HAEC surface and monocyte adhesion through simultaneous inhibition of HDAC1/2. This downregulation of VCAM-1 was attributable to reduced expression of transcription factor GATA6. Romidepsin enhanced STAT3 acetylation and its binding to DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1), leading to hypermethylation of the GATA6 promoter CpG-rich region at +140/+255. Blocking STAT3 acetylation at Lys685 disrupted DNMT1-STAT3 interaction, decreased GATA6 promoter methylation, and reversed the suppressive effects of HDAC1/2 inhibition on GATA6 and VCAM-1 expression. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of Romidepsin reduced diet-induced atherosclerotic lesion development in Apoe-/- mice, accompanied by a reduction in GATA6/VCAM-1 expression in the aorta. Conclusions: HDAC1/2 contributes to VCAM-1 expression and atherosclerosis by suppressing STAT3 acetylation-dependent GATA6 promoter methylation. These findings may provide a rationale for HDAC1/2-targeting therapy in atherosclerotic heart disease.
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Conforti F, Davies ER, Calderwood CJ, Thatcher TH, Jones MG, Smart DE, Mahajan S, Alzetani A, Havelock T, Maher TM, Molyneaux PL, Thorley AJ, Tetley TD, Warner JA, Packham G, Ganesan A, Skipp PJ, Marshall BJ, Richeldi L, Sime PJ, O'Reilly KMA, Davies DE. The histone deacetylase inhibitor, romidepsin, as a potential treatment for pulmonary fibrosis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48737-48754. [PMID: 28467787 PMCID: PMC5564721 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease that usually affects elderly people. It has a poor prognosis and there are limited therapies. Since epigenetic alterations are associated with IPF, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors offer a novel therapeutic strategy to address the unmet medical need. This study investigated the potential of romidepsin, an FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor, as an anti-fibrotic treatment and evaluated biomarkers of target engagement that may have utility in future clinical trials. The anti-fibrotic effects of romidepsin were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo together with any harmful effect on alveolar type II cells (ATII). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from IPF or control donors was analyzed for the presence of lysyl oxidase (LOX). In parallel with an increase in histone acetylation, romidepsin potently inhibited fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and LOX expression. ATII cell numbers and their lamellar bodies were unaffected. In vivo, romidepsin inhibited bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in association with suppression of LOX expression. LOX was significantly elevated in BALF of IPF patients compared to controls. These data show the anti-fibrotic effects of romidepsin, supporting its potential use as novel treatment for IPF with LOX as a companion biomarker for evaluation of early on-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Conforti
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth R Davies
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire J Calderwood
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Department of Medicine/Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mark G Jones
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - David E Smart
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | | | - Tom Havelock
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Toby M Maher
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Philip L Molyneaux
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.,National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Thorley
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Jane A Warner
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Ganesan
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul J Skipp
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
| | | | - Luca Richeldi
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Medicine/Pulmonary & Critical Care, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Katherine M A O'Reilly
- NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Respiratory Medicine, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donna E Davies
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, UK
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4
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Kong Y, Barisone GA, Sidhu RS, O'Donnell RT, Tuscano JM. Efficacy of Combined Histone Deacetylase and Checkpoint Kinase Inhibition in a Preclinical Model of Human Burkitt Lymphoma. Mol Med 2015; 21:824-832. [PMID: 26322845 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint kinase inhibition has been studied as a way of enhancing the effectiveness of DNA-damaging agents. More recently, histone deacetylase inhibitors have shown efficacy in several cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma. To evaluate the effectiveness of this combination for the treatment of lymphoma, we examined the combination of AR42, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and checkpoint kinase 2 (CHEK2) inhibitor II in vitro and in vivo. The combination resulted in up to 10-fold increase in potency in five Burkitt lymphoma cell lines when compared with either drug alone. Both drugs inhibited tumor progression in xenograft models, but the combination was more effective than either agent alone, resulting in regression of established tumors. No toxicity was observed. These results suggest that the combination of histone deacetylase inhibition and checkpoint kinase inhibition represent an effective and nontoxic treatment option that should be further explored in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanGuo Kong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.,Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gustavo A Barisone
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ranjit S Sidhu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Robert T O'Donnell
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph M Tuscano
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, United States of America.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Northern California Healthcare System, Sacramento, California, United States of America
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Abstract
New, next-generation targeted treatment strategies are required to improve outcomes in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Monoclonal antibodies, cell signaling inhibitors, and selective therapies targeting the bone marrow microenvironment have demonstrated encouraging results with generally manageable toxicity in therapeutic trials of patients with relapsed and refractory disease, each critically informed by preclinical studies. A combination approach of these newer agents with immunomodulators and/or proteasome inhibitors as part of a treatment platform seems to improve the efficacy of anti-MM regimens, even in heavily pretreated patients. Future studies are required to better understand the complex mechanisms of drug resistance in MM.
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6
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Richardson PG, Mitsiades CS, Laubach JP, Hajek R, Spicka I, Dimopoulos MA, Moreau P, Siegel DS, Jagannath S, Anderson KC. Preclinical data and early clinical experience supporting the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors in multiple myeloma. Leuk Res 2013; 37:829-37. [PMID: 23582718 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediate protein acetylation states, which in turn regulate normal cellular processes often dysregulated in cancer. These observations led to the development of HDAC inhibitors that target tumors through multiple effects on protein acetylation. Clinical evidence demonstrates that treatment with HDAC inhibitors (such as vorinostat, panobinostat, and romidepsin) in combination with other antimyeloma agents (such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs) has promising antitumor activity in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients. This mini-review highlights the role of protein acetylation in the development of cancers and the rationale for the use of HDAC inhibitors in this patient population.
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Salvador LA, Luesch H. Discovery and mechanism of natural products as modulators of histone acetylation. Curr Drug Targets 2012; 13:1029-47. [PMID: 22594471 DOI: 10.2174/138945012802008973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that modulate histone acetylation by targeting key enzymes mediating this posttranslational modification - histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases - are validated chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. This area of research has seen a rapid increase in interest in the past decade, with the structurally diverse natural products-derived compounds at its forefront. These secondary metabolites from various biological sources target this epigenetic modification through distinct mechanisms of enzyme regulation by utilizing a diverse array of pharmacophores. We review the discovery of these compounds and discuss their modes of inhibition together with their downstream biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilibeth A Salvador
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32610, USA
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8
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Kanno SI, Maeda N, Tomizawa A, Yomogida S, Katoh T, Ishikawa M. Characterization of cells resistant to the potent histone deacetylase inhibitor spiruchostatin B (SP-B) and effect of overexpressed p21waf1/cip1 on the SP-B resistance or susceptibility of human leukemia cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:862-8. [PMID: 22684370 PMCID: PMC3582725 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that the B cell leukemia cell line NALM-6 had the highest susceptibility among a number of leukemia cell lines to spiruchostatin B (SP-B), a potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor. We also showed that SP-B-induced cytotoxicity depended on induction of apoptosis that was mediated by p21waf1/cip1 expression. In the present study, we generated and characterized a stable, SP-B-resistant NALM-6 cell line (NALM-6/SP-B) by continuous exposure to SP-B, starting with a low SP-B concentration. NALM-6/SP-B cells were also more resistant to FK228, which has a similar chemical structure to SP-B, and were slightly more resistant to the P-gp substrates doxorubicin and vincristine than parental cells, but displayed similar susceptibility to other HDAC inhibitors and to paclitaxel as the parental cells. There was little change in the basal mRNA expression of HDAC1, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Fas, caspase-3, c-Myc and MDR1 in NALM-6/SP-B compared to parental cells, but the mRNA expression of p21waf1/cip1 was decreased. The introduction of an exogenous p21waf1/cip1 expression vector restored SP-B induction of NALM-6/SP-B cell apoptosis. Moreover, overexpressed p21waf1/cip1 enhanced SP-B induction of the apoptosis of the human erythroleukemia leukemia cell line K562 which is less susceptible to SP-B than NALM-6 cells. These results suggest that downregulation of p21waf1/cip1, which is a characteristic feature of NALM-6/SP-B cells, was important for their resistance to SP-B, and that this SP-B resistance could be overcome by the introduction of exogenous p21waf1/cip1. Furthermore, introduction of p21waf1/cip1 to other leukemia cells such as K562 may enhance their susceptibility to SP-B. This is the first report of the characterization of SP-B-resistant cells and of the effect of overexpressed p21waf1/cip1 on the resistance or susceptibility of human leukemia cells to SP-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syu-Ichi Kanno
- Department of Clinical Pharmacotherapeutics, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
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9
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Jacob A, Oblinger J, Bush ML, Brendel V, Santarelli G, Chaudhury AR, Kulp S, La Perle KMD, Chen CS, Chang LS, Welling DB. Preclinical validation of AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, as treatment for vestibular schwannomas. Laryngoscope 2011; 122:174-89. [PMID: 22109824 DOI: 10.1002/lary.22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies indicate that vestibular schwannomas (VSs) rely on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT activation to promote cell proliferation and survival; therefore, targeting AKT may provide new therapeutic options. We have previously shown that AR42, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, potently suppresses VS growth in vitro at doses correlating with AKT inactivation. The objectives of the current study were translational: 1) to examine the end biologic effects of AR42 on tumor growth in vivo, 2) to validate AKT as its in vivo molecular target, 3) to determine whether AR42 penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and 4) to study the pharmacotoxicity profile of AR42. STUDY DESIGN In vivo mouse studies. METHODS AR42 was dosed orally in murine schwannoma allografts and human VS xenografts. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to quantify changes in tumor volume, and intracellular molecular targets were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. BBB penetration was assayed, and both blood-chemistry measurements and histology studies were used to evaluate toxicity. RESULTS Growth of schwannoma implants was dramatically decreased by AR42 at doses correlating with AKT dephosphorylation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. AR42 penetrated the BBB, and wild-type mice fed AR42 for 6 months behaved normally and gained weight appropriately. Blood-chemistry studies and organ histology performed after 3 and 6 months of AR42 treatment demonstrated no clinically significant abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS AR42 suppresses schwannoma growth at doses correlating with AKT pathway inhibition. This orally bioavailable drug penetrates the BBB, is well tolerated, and represents a novel candidate for translation to human VS clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Jacob
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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10
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Abstract
The central component of hypoxia sensing in the cell is the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcriptional complex. HIF activity is deregulated in many human cancers, especially those that are highly hypoxic. Hypoxic tumour cells are usually resistant to radiotherapy and most conventional chemotherapeutic agents, rendering them highly aggressive and metastatic. Overexpression of HIF-alpha, the regulatory subunit of HIF, is associated with increased vascular density, severity of tumour grade, treatment failure and a poor prognostic outcome with conventional therapies. Therefore HIF is an attractive, although challenging, therapeutic target, and several different strategies have been developed to target HIF directly or indirectly in recent years. This review outlines the preclinical and clinical advances in this arena and discusses which cancers may benefit from HIF-targeted therapy.
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Demestre M, Messerli SM, Celli N, Shahhossini M, Kluwe L, Mautner V, Maruta H. CAPE (caffeic acid phenethyl ester)-based propolis extract (Bio 30) suppresses the growth of human neurofibromatosis (NF) tumor xenografts in mice. Phytother Res 2009; 23:226-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Abstract
Epigenetic modifications play a key role in the patho-physiology of prostate cancer. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play major roles in prostate cancer progression. HDACs are part of a transcriptional co-repressor complex that influences various tumor suppressor genes. Because of the significant roles played by HDACs in various human cancers, HDAC inhibitors are emerging as a new class of chemotherapeutic agents. HDAC inhibitors have been shown to induce cell growth arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis in prostate cancer. The combined use of HDAC inhibitors with other chemotherapeutic agents or radiotherapy in cancer treatment has shown promising results. Various HDAC inhibitors are in different stages of clinical trials. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism(s) through which HDACs influence prostate cancer progression and the potential roles of HDAC inhibitors in prostate cancer prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ata Abbas
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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13
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Lawless MW, Norris S, O'Byrne KJ, Gray SG. Targeting histone deacetylases for the treatment of disease. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:826-52. [PMID: 19175682 PMCID: PMC3823402 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ‘histone code’ is a well-established hypothesis describing the idea that specific patterns of post-translational modifications to histones act like a molecular ‘code’ recognized and used by non-histone proteins to regulate specific chromatin functions. One modification, which has received significant attention, is that of histone acetylation. The enzymes that regulate this modification are described as lysine acetyltransferases or KATs, and histone deacetylases or HDACs. Due to their conserved catalytic domain HDACs have been actively targeted as a therapeutic target. The pro-inflammatory environment is increasingly being recognized as a critical element for both degenerative diseases and cancer. The present review will discuss the current knowledge surrounding the clinical potential and current development of histone deacetylases for the treatment of diseases for which a pro-inflammatory environment plays important roles, and the molecular mechanisms by which such inhibitors may play important functions in modulating the pro-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lawless
- Centre for Liver Disease, School of Medicine and Medical Science, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital - University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Walton TJ, Li G, Seth R, McArdle SE, Bishop MC, Rees RC. DNA demethylation and histone deacetylation inhibition co-operate to re-express estrogen receptor beta and induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cell-lines. Prostate 2008; 68:210-22. [PMID: 18092350 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epigenetic silencing mechanisms are increasingly thought to play a major role in the development of human cancers, including prostate cancer. Promoter CpG island hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), respectively, are associated with transcriptional repression in a number of cancers. Evidence is accumulating the two mechanisms are dynamically linked, yet few studies have examined a potential interaction in prostate cancer. METHODS LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells were co-treated with a DNMT inhibitor, 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZAC), and an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA). Following treatment cells were processed for cell proliferation/apoptosis assays, or harvested for real-time RT-PCR. Assessed target genes were estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta), estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), androgen receptor (AR), progesterone receptor (PGR), and prostate specific antigen (PSA). RESULTS In all cell-lines, co-treatment was associated with reduced cell proliferation compared with control groups (P<0.05). A reciprocal rise in caspase activation was identified, indicating apoptosis was the major mechanism of cell death. Most marked effects were seen in the androgen-dependent, AR-positive LNCaP cell-line. In all cell-lines, an additive re-expression of ERbeta was identified in the co-treatment group, a finding not seen for either AR or PSA. CONCLUSION At concentrations associated with gene re-expression, the DNA demethylating agent 5-AZAC and the HDAC inhibitor TSA co-operate to induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cell-lines. Increased apoptosis in the co-treatment group was associated with marked re-expression of ERbeta, raising the possibility of further targeting of prostate cancer cells with ERbeta-selective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Walton
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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15
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Goldsmith ME, Aguila A, Steadman K, Martinez A, Steinberg SM, Alley MC, Waud WR, Bates SE, Fojo T. The histone deacetylase inhibitor FK228 given prior to adenovirus infection can boost infection in melanoma xenograft model systems. Mol Cancer Ther 2007; 6:496-505. [PMID: 17308048 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A major limitation of adenovirus type 5-mediated cancer gene therapy is the inefficient infection of many cancer cells. Previously, we showed that treatment with low doses of the histone deacetylase inhibitor FK228 (FR901228, depsipeptide) increased coxsackie adenovirus receptor (CAR) levels, histone H3 acetylation, and adenovirus infection efficiencies as measured by viral transgene expression in cancer cell lines but not in cultured normal cells. To evaluate FK228 in vivo, the effects of FK228 therapy in athymic mice bearing LOX IMVI or UACC-62 human melanoma xenografts were examined. Groups of mice were treated with FK228 using several dosing schedules and the differences between treated and control animals were determined. In mice with LOX IMVI xenografts (n = 6), maximum CAR induction was observed 24 h following a single FK228 dose of 3.6 mg/kg with a 13.6 +/- 4.3-fold (mean +/- SD) increase in human CAR mRNA as determined by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis. By comparison, mouse CAR levels in liver, kidney, and lung from the same animals showed little to no change. Maximum CAR protein induction of 9.2 +/- 4.8-fold was achieved with these treatment conditions and was associated with increased histone H3 acetylation. Adenovirus carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgene (2 x 10(9) viral particles) was injected into the xenografts and GFP mRNA levels were determined. A 7.4 +/- 5.2-fold increase in GFP mRNA was found 24 h following adenovirus injection into optimally FK228-treated mice (n = 10). A 4-fold increase in GFP protein-positive cells was found following FK228 treatment. These studies suggest that FK228 treatment prior to adenovirus infection could increase the efficiency of adenovirus gene therapy in xenograft model systems.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation
- Adenoviridae Infections/drug therapy
- Adenoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Adenoviridae Infections/virology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor-Like Membrane Protein
- Depsipeptides/pharmacology
- Female
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Melanoma/metabolism
- Melanoma/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/virology
- Transgenes/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrill E Goldsmith
- Experimental Therapeutics Section, Medical Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room 13N240, MSC 1903, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Rasheed WK, Johnstone RW, Prince HM. Histone deacetylase inhibitors in cancer therapy. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:659-78. [PMID: 17461739 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.5.659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histones are a family of nuclear proteins that interact with DNA, resulting in DNA being wrapped around a core of histone octamer within the nucleosome. Acetylation/deacetylation of histones is an important mechanism that regulates gene expression and chromatin remodeling. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a new class of chemotherapeutic drugs that regulate gene expression by enhancing the acetylation of histones, and thus inducing chromatin relaxation and altering gene expression. HDAC inhibitors have been shown in preclinical studies to have potent anticancer activities. A range of structurally diverse HDAC inhibitors have been purified as natural products or synthetically produced. Due to the promising preclinical activity of these agents, numerous clinical trials have been initiated. In this review, the results of published data of single agent and combination trials of these drugs are reviewed, with a focus on dosing, scheduling and toxicity. Although still early in drug development, there is a picture that is starting to develop as to the common toxicities and which tumors seem to be the most susceptible to this class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid K Rasheed
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Locked Bag 1, A'Beckett St, Melbourne, Victoria 8006, Australia
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17
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Harms KL, Chen X. Histone Deacetylase 2 Modulates p53 Transcriptional Activities through Regulation of p53-DNA Binding Activity. Cancer Res 2007; 67:3145-52. [PMID: 17409421 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are emerging as promising cancer therapeutics. HDAC inhibitors have been found to induce cellular activities that are strikingly similar to p53-mediated responses to genotoxic stress. For example, HDAC inhibitors induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Because at least 11 HDACs are affected by the current HDAC inhibitors, the HDAC critical for tumor cell survival and proliferation remains unknown. Thus, we sought to characterize the distinct roles of HDACs in the p53 pathway. Through the use of stable MCF7 cell lines which inducibly express short hairpin RNA targeting HDAC2, we found that HDAC2 plays important roles in the p53 pathway. Specifically, we found that knockdown of HDAC2 inhibited cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner which was also partly p53-dependent. Furthermore, knockdown of HDAC2 induced cellular senescence. Importantly, we found that knockdown of HDAC2 enhanced p53-dependent trans-repression and trans-activation of a subset of target genes. We found that the enhancement was due to increased p53-DNA binding activity but not alterations in p53 stability or posttranslational modification(s). Thus, for the first time, our data suggest that HDAC inhibitors function through the p53 pathway, at least in part, by activating p53-DNA binding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lynn Harms
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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18
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Zhang Z, Karam J, Frenkel E, Sagalowsky A, Hsieh JT. The application of epigenetic modifiers on the treatment of prostate and bladder cancer. Urol Oncol 2006; 24:152-60. [PMID: 16520279 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of bladder are the 2 most common malignancies in the male adult urogenital system. Epigenetic gene silencing, particularly tumor suppressor genes, has become a new area of cancer research. Agents such as deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferase inhibitors or histone deacetylase inhibitors are epigenetic modifiers that can restore gene expression and alter the malignant phenotype of cancer. They provide a new therapeutic avenue for prostate cancer and TCC. It is also likely that combination regimens using epigenetic modifiers with other classes of agents may have higher therapeutic efficacy for prostate cancer and TCC, especially metastatic and/or refractory cases. We review current knowledge of epigenetic event in prostate cancer and TCC, and discuss the possible clinical implications for these 2 diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwang Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA
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19
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Abstract
Myc expression is deregulated in a wide range of human cancers and is often associated with aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors. The Myc protein is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation, cell-cycle progression, transcription, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell motility. Potential strategies that either inhibit the growth promoting effect of Myc and/or activate its pro-apoptotic function are presently being explored. In this review, we give an overview of Myc activation in human tumors and discuss current strategies aimed at targeting Myc for cancer treatment. Such therapies could have potential in combination with mechanistically different cytotoxic drugs to combat and eradicate tumors cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vita
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Hirokawa Y, Levitzki A, Lessene G, Baell J, Xiao Y, Zhu H, Maruta H. Signal therapy of human pancreatic cancer and NF1-deficient breast cancer xenograft in mice by a combination of PP1 and GL-2003, anti-PAK1 drugs (Tyr-kinase inhibitors). Cancer Lett 2006; 245:242-51. [PMID: 16540233 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2005] [Revised: 12/01/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cancers are caused by mutations of a few signal transducers such as the GTPase RAS, the kinase Src and the tumor suppressor p53. Thus, a group of specific chemical compounds called 'signal therapeutics', that block or reverse selectively these abnormally activated signaling pathways would be very useful for the treatment of these signally disordered cancers. More than 90% of human pancreatic cancers are associated with oncogenic mutations of RAS, in particular K-RAS at codon 12. We have previously shown that, PAK1, the Rac/CDC42-dependent Ser/Thr kinase, is essential for RAS/estrogen-induced transformation and neurofibromatosis (NF). Furthermore, we and others have demonstrated that the growth of mouse RAS-induced sarcomas allografts in mice is almost completely suppressed by either FK228 or a combination of two complimentary Tyr-kinase inhibitors, PP1 and AG 879, all of which block the RAS-induced activation of PAK1. Since, so far no effective therapeutic is available for the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients, we have examined the therapeutic potential of either FK228, the combination of these two Tyr-kinase inhibitors or GL-2003, a water-soluble derivative of AG 879, on human pancreatic cancer (Capan-1) xenograft in mice. Among these PAK1-blocking approaches, the PP1/GL-2003 combination is the most effective in the therapy of this cancer xenograft model. Its therapeutic potential is equivalent to those of gemcitabine and kigamicin D which suppress by 70-80% the growth of a similar human pancreatic cancer xenograft model. Also, this PP1/GL-2003 combination therapy has been proven to be very effective to suppress the estrogen-independent growth of an NF1-deficient multidrug/FK228-resistant human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) xenograft in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hirokawa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Branch, P.O. Box 2008, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville/Melbourne 3050, Australia
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21
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Hirsch CL, Smith-Windsor EL, Bonham K. Src family kinase members have a common response to histone deacetylase inhibitors in human colon cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2006; 118:547-54. [PMID: 16094635 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) induce cell cycle arrest, differentiation and/or apoptosis in numerous cancer cell types and have shown promise in clinical trials. These agents are particularly novel, given their ability to selectively influence gene expression. Previously, we demonstrated that the HDIs butyrate and trichostatin A (TSA) directly repress c-Src proto-oncogene expression in many cancer cell lines. Activation and/or overexpression of c-Src have been frequently observed in numerous malignancies, especially of the colon. Therefore, our observation was particularly interesting since butyrate is a naturally abundant component of the large intestine and has been suggested to be a cancer-preventive agent. However, c-Src is not the only Src family kinase (SFK) member to be implicated in the development of human cancers, including those of the colon. Therefore, the relative expression levels of known SFKs were examined in a panel of human colon cancer cell lines. We found a surprisingly diverse expression pattern but noted that most cell lines expressed relatively high levels of at least 2 SFKs. When the effects of butyrate and TSA were examined in representative cell lines, the expression of all SFKs was repressed in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Further, detailed examination of Lck, Yes and Lyn demonstrated that this repression had a direct effect on transcription and was independent of new protein synthesis. These results mirror our earlier data obtained with c-Src and suggest that SFKs are a major target of HDIs and likely account in part for the anticancer effects of these promising new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calley L Hirsch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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22
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Xu J, Hershman JM. Histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide represses nicotinamide N-methyltransferase and hepatocyte nuclear factor-1beta gene expression in human papillary thyroid cancer cells. Thyroid 2006; 16:151-60. [PMID: 16676400 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2006.16.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes N-methylation of nicotinamide and other structural analogues. NNMT gene expression is enhanced in many papillary thyroid cancer cells and activated by hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-1beta. In this work, we studied the effects of depsipeptide, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, on NNMT gene expression in BHP 18-21 papillary thyroid cancer cells. Depsipeptide reduced NNMT mRNA level in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner as determined by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In contrast, expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS), a gene with differentiated function, waas enhanced in the treated cells. NNMT protein level determined by Western blot analysis and NNMT catalytic activity was also reduced significantly in the depsipeptide-treated cells. To study the mechanism of NNMT gene repression by depsipeptide, effects of depsipeptide on NNMT promoter activity were determined by luciferase reporter gene assay. NNMT promoter activity was significantly reduced in the HNF-1beta-positive BHP 18-21 cells but not in the HNF-1beta-negative BHP 14-9 papillary cancer cells. A mutant reporter construct with mutations in a HNF-1 site in the NNMT basal promoter region did not respond to depsipeptide in both HNF-1beta protein levels, and abolished activity of DNA binding to the HNF-1 site in the NNMT promoter region. Protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and proteasome inhibitor MG-132 enhanced HNF-1beta stability in the depsipeptide-treated cells. In summary, depsipeptide represses NNMT and HNF-1beta gene expression in some papillary thyroid cancer cells. the repression of NNMT by depsipeptide is at the transcription level through downregulation of transcription activator HNF-1beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Xu
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Division, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, CA, USA
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23
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Abstract
Due to an increase in the understanding of molecular radiobiology, strategies for enhancing tumor radiosensitivity have begun to focus on targeting the molecules and processes that regulate cellular radioresponse. Toward this end, histone acetylation has begun to receive considerable attention as a potential target for radiosensitization. Histone acetylation, which is determined by the competing actions of histone acetylases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), plays a role in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression--two parameters that have long been considered determinants of radioresponse. As a means of modifying histone acetylation status, considerable effort has been put into the development of inhibitors of HDAC activity, which is often aberrant in tumor cells. This has led to the generation of a relatively large number of structurally diverse compounds that inhibit HDAC activity and result in histone hyperacetylation, and importantly, are applicable to patient treatment. Whereas a number of these HDAC inhibitors have antitumor activity in preclinical cancer models when delivered as single agents, recent studies have indicated that these compounds also significantly enhance tumor cell radiosensitivity. A structurally diverse set of HDAC inhibitors have been shown to enhance the in vitro radiosensitivity of human tumor cell lines generated from a spectrum of solid tumors. Moreover, HDAC inhibitors increased the radiosensitivity of human tumor xenografts. Although the mechanism responsible for this radiosensitization has not been definitely elucidated, data suggest that inhibiting the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage may be involved. Whereas HDAC inhibitors are currently in clinical trials as single modalities and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, recent results suggest that these compounds may also enhance the antitumor effectiveness of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cerna
- Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda Maryland 20892, USA
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24
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Acharya MR, Sparreboom A, Venitz J, Figg WD. Rational development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents: a review. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:917-32. [PMID: 15955865 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.014167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The epigenome is defined by DNA methylation patterns and the associated post-translational modifications of histones. This histone code determines the expression status of individual genes dependent upon their localization on the chromatin. The histone deacetylases (HDACs) play a major role in keeping the balance between the acetylated and deacetylated states of chromatin and eventually regulate gene expression. Recent developments in understanding the cancer cell cycle, specifically the interplay with chromatin control, are providing opportunities for developing mechanism-based therapeutic drugs. Inhibitors of HDACs are under considerable exploration, in part because of their potential roles in reversing the silenced genes in transformed tumor cells by modulating transcriptional processes. This review is an effort to summarize the nonclinical and clinical status of HDAC inhibitors currently under development in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milin R Acharya
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Core, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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25
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Frønsdal K, Saatcioglu F. Histone deacetylase inhibitors differentially mediate apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2005; 62:299-306. [PMID: 15389787 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have shown significant anti-proliferative and apoptotic properties on various cancer cells, including prostate cancer, and are therefore being evaluated as treatment modalities. However, the specific effect of HDAC inhibitors on androgen-sensitive and androgen-independent cell lines have not been thoroughly studied which we hypothesized could be different. We therefore assessed whether three structurally unrelated HDAC inhibitors, trichostatin A (TSA), depsipeptide (FR901228), and sodium butyrate, affect cell death in the prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP, DU-145, and PC-3. METHODS To investigate the extent and the nature of cell death, we used Trypan blue exclusion assay, phase-contrast light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and Western blot analyses. RESULTS At concentrations where they potentiate transcriptional activation, all three HDAC inhibitors induced cell death in LNCaP and DU-145 cells, but not in PC-3 cells, within the timeline of the experiments. HDAC inhibitor-induced cell death in LNCaP and DU-145 cells showed several characteristic apoptotic features, such as cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, and poly(ADP) ribose polymerase cleavage. However, there were differences in the way LNCaP and DU-145 cells responded to treatment with various HDAC inhibitors. For example, whereas TSA and FR901228 were more effective in inducing apoptosis in LNCaP cells compared with DU-145 cells, the reverse was true for sodium butyrate. Moreover, within the same cell line, TSA, FR901228, and sodium butyrate exhibited different potencies for induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results suggest that the response of prostate cancer cells to HDAC inhibitors is not uniform, but cell line and inhibitor specific. Given that prostate cancer is generally a multiclonal disease representing different cell lineages, it is important to develop HDAC inhibitors that will be effective against all of these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Frønsdal
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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26
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Li LC, Carroll PR, Dahiya R. Epigenetic changes in prostate cancer: implication for diagnosis and treatment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97:103-15. [PMID: 15657340 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death among men in the United States. DNA methylation and histone modifications are important epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation and play essential roles both independently and cooperatively in tumor initiation and progression. Aberrant epigenetic events such as DNA hypo- and hypermethylation and altered histone acetylation have both been observed in prostate cancer, in which they affect a large number of genes. Although the list of aberrantly epigenetically regulated genes continues to grow, only a few genes have, so far, given promising results as potential tumor biomarkers for early diagnosis and risk assessment of prostate cancer. Thus, large-scale screening of aberrant epigenetic events such as DNA hypermethylation is needed to identify prostate cancer-specific epigenetic fingerprints. The reversibility of epigenetic aberrations has made them attractive targets for cancer treatment with modulators that demethylate DNA and inhibit histone deacetylases, leading to reactivation of silenced genes. More studies into the mechanism and consequence of demethylation are required before the cancer epigenome can be safely manipulated with therapeutics as a treatment modality. In this review, we examine the current literature on epigenetic changes in prostate cancer and discuss the clinical potential of cancer epigenetics for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Cheng Li
- Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and University of California San Francisco, 94121, USA
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27
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Drummond DC, Noble CO, Kirpotin DB, Guo Z, Scott GK, Benz CC. Clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors as anticancer agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005; 45:495-528. [PMID: 15822187 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acetylation is a key posttranslational modification of many proteins responsible for regulating critical intracellular pathways. Although histones are the most thoroughly studied of acetylated protein substrates, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and deacetylases (HDACs) are also responsible for modifying the activity of diverse types of nonhistone proteins, including transcription factors and signal transduction mediators. HDACs have emerged as uncredentialed molecular targets for the development of enzymatic inhibitors to treat human cancer, and six structurally distinct drug classes have been identified with in vivo bioavailability and intracellular capability to inhibit many of the known mammalian members representing the two general types of NAD+-independent yeast HDACs, Rpd3 (HDACs 1, 2, 3, 8) and Hda1 (HDACs 4, 5, 6, 7, 9a, 9b, 10). Initial clinical trials indicate that HDAC inhibitors from several different structural classes are very well tolerated and exhibit clinical activity against a variety of human malignancies; however, the molecular basis for their anticancer selectivity remains largely unknown. HDAC inhibitors have also shown preclinical promise when combined with other therapeutic agents, and innovative drug delivery strategies, including liposome encapsulation, may further enhance their clinical development and anticancer potential. An improved understanding of the mechanistic role of specific HDACs in human tumorigenesis, as well as the identification of more specific HDAC inhibitors, will likely accelerate the clinical development and broaden the future scope and utility of HDAC inhibitors for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl C Drummond
- Hermes Biosciences, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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28
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Sasakawa Y, Naoe Y, Sogo N, Inoue T, Sasakawa T, Matsuo M, Manda T, Mutoh S. Marker genes to predict sensitivity to FK228, a histone deacetylase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2004; 69:603-16. [PMID: 15670579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we detected genes sensitive to an histone deacetylase inhibitor, FK228 [(E)-(1S,4S,10S,21R)-7-[(Z)-ethylidene]-4,21-diisopropyl-2-oxa-12,13-dithia-5,8,20,23-tetraazabicyclo-[8,7,6]-tricos-16-ene-3,6,9,19,22-pentanone; FR901228, depsipeptide] in vitro and identified marker genes to predict sensitivity to FK228 in vivo using Affymetrix GeneChip. Three percent of genes (205/7070) were sensitive to FK228 in vitro, 105 and 100 genes, were up- and down-regulated, respectively, by FK228. Commonly up-regulated genes included p21(WAF1/Cip1), interleukin-8 (IL-8), histone family, JunB, caspase 9, mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, and commonly down-regulated genes included cyclin A and MAPK family. One percent of genes (76/7070) showed native differences in patterns of expression, when FK228-sensitive (PC-3 prostate and SC-6-JCK (SC-6) stomach) and FK228-resistant (ACHN and A-498 renal) tumors implanted in BALB/c nu/nu mice were compared. Twenty-seven and forty nine of those genes were expressed at high or low levels, respectively, in FK228-sensitive tumors. Caspase 9 and MKP-1 genes showed distinct differences in patterns of expression between FK228-sensitive and resistant tumors and have been known to have roles in apoptosis and chromatin remodeling. The expression of caspase 9 gene was higher in FK228-sensitive tumors and the expression of MKP-1 gene was higher in FK228-resistant tumors. Caspase 9 and MKP-1 genes in the other FK228-sensitive tumors had the same patterns of expression as they did in PC-3 and SC-6 tumors. Our results present profiles of gene expression related to FK228 and marker genes to predict sensitivity to FK228, such as caspase 9 and MKP-1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sasakawa
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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29
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Villar-Garea A, Esteller M. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: understanding a new wave of anticancer agents. Int J Cancer 2004; 112:171-8. [PMID: 15352027 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is as much an epigenetic disease as it is a genetic and cytogenetic disease. The discovery that drastic changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications are commonly found in human tumors has inspired various laboratories and pharmaceutical companies to develop and study epigenetic drugs. One of the most promising groups of agents is the inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs), which have different biochemical and biologic properties but have a single common activity: induction of acetylation in histones, the key proteins in nucleosome and chromatin structure. One of the main mechanisms of action of HDAC inhibitors is the transcriptional reactivation of dormant tumor-suppressor genes, such as p21WAF1. However, their pleiotropic nature leaves open the possibility that their well-known differentiation, cell-cycle arrest and apoptotic properties are also involved in other functions associated with HDAC inhibition. Many phase I clinical trials indicate that HDAC inhibitors appear to be well-tolerated drugs. Thus, the field is ready for rigorous biologic and clinical scrutiny to validate the therapeutic potential of these drugs. Our current data indicate that the use of HDAC inhibitors, probably in association with classical chemotherapy drugs or in combination with DNA-demethylating agents, could be promising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Villar-Garea
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Spanish National Cancer Centre, Madrid, Spain
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30
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Kuefer R, Hofer MD, Altug V, Zorn C, Genze F, Kunzi-Rapp K, Hautmann RE, Gschwend JE. Sodium butyrate and tributyrin induce in vivo growth inhibition and apoptosis in human prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:535-41. [PMID: 14735205 PMCID: PMC2409572 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) are known to exhibit antiproliferative effects on various carcinoma cells. In this study, the in vivo efficiency of two HDACs, sodium butyrate and tributyrin, on prostate cancer growth inhibition were investigated. To gain an insight into the possible underlying pathways, cell culture experiments were performed focusing on the expression of p21, Rb and c-myc. For in vivo testing, prostate cancer cell lines (PC3 and TSU-Pr1) were seeded on the chorioallantois membrane (CAM) and implanted in a xenograft model using nude mice. Standard Western blot analysis was performed for protein expression of p21, Rb and c-myc in HDAC-treated vs untreated prostate cancer cells. Both sodium butyrate and tributyrin had a considerable treatment effect on microtumours on the chicken egg at already very low concentrations of 0.1 mM. Tributyrin-treated tumours showed the strongest effect with 38% apoptotic nuclei in the prostate cancer cell line PC3. In the mouse model, there was almost no difference between sodium butyrate and tributyrin. In untreated animals the tumours were almost double the size 4 weeks after implantation. Tumours of the treatment groups had a significantly lower percentage of Ki-67-positive-stained nuclei. As demonstrated by Western blot analysis, these effects seem to be independent of p53 status and a pathway via p21–Rb–c-myc is possibly involved. In this study we have demonstrated a substantial in vivo treatment effect, which can be induced by the application of sodium butyrate or the orally applicable tributyrin in human prostate cancer. The given results may provide the rationale to apply these drugs in well-controlled clinical trials in patients being at high risk of recurrence after specific therapy or in patients with locally or distant advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuefer
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - M D Hofer
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - V Altug
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - C Zorn
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - F Genze
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Lasertechnology in Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - K Kunzi-Rapp
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Lasertechnology in Medicine, University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - R E Hautmann
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - J E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany
- Department of Urology, University of Ulm, Prittwitz-Strasse 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany. E-mail:
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31
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Sasakawa Y, Naoe Y, Noto T, Inoue T, Sasakawa T, Matsuo M, Manda T, Mutoh S. Antitumor efficacy of FK228, a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor, depends on the effect on expression of angiogenesis factors. Biochem Pharmacol 2003; 66:897-906. [PMID: 12963476 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(03)00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED It has been recently demonstrated that histone deacetylase inhibitors inhibit angiogenesis, but their mechanism of action has not been characterized well. In this study, we examined the in vitro and in vivo effects of FK228 [(E)-(1S,4S,10S,21R)-7-[(Z)-ethylidene]-4,21-diisopropyl-2-oxa-12,13-dithia-5,8,20,23-tetraazabicyclo-[8,7,6]-tricos-16-ene-3,6,9,19,22-pentanone; FR901228, depsipeptide], an HDAC inhibitor, on the expression of angiogenesis factors in FK228-sensitive PC-3 prostate and FK228-resistant ACHN renal cancer cells. FK228 suppressed the expression of VEGF mRNA in PC-3 cells, but not in ACHN cells. FK228 also suppressed the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA in both PC-3 and ACHN cells. Under conditions of hypoxia, FK228 suppressed the expression of VEGF mRNA without modulating the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha mRNA in PC-3 cells. FK228 induced the highest acetylation of histone H3 and H4 in the P2 region of the VEGF promoter, which includes the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha binding site that plays an important role in regulating the expression of VEGF gene. Moreover, FK228 reduced the amount of VEGF and bFGF protein, and their mRNA levels in PC-3 xenograft implanted in nude mice, but did not reduce them in ACHN xenograft. IN CONCLUSION (i) FK228 showed a suppressive effect on the expression of angiogenesis factors, such as VEGF and bFGF, in PC-3 xenograft but not in ACHN xenograft, which suggests that the effect on the expression of angiogenesis factors is important for the antitumor efficacy of FK228; (ii) FK228 caused histone acetylation of the VEGF promoter regions, which may contribute to the suppression of VEGF gene expression.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylation/drug effects
- Angiogenesis Inducing Agents
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/therapeutic use
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Depsipeptides
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 2/metabolism
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Peptides, Cyclic/pharmacology
- Peptides, Cyclic/therapeutic use
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Transcription Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Sasakawa
- Medicinal Biology Research Laboratories, Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 2-1-6 Kashima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8514, Japan.
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