1
|
Clerici S, Boletta A. Role of the KEAP1-NRF2 Axis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3458. [PMID: 33233657 PMCID: PMC7699726 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
NRF2 is a transcription factor that coordinates the antioxidant response in many different tissues, ensuring cytoprotection from endogenous and exogenous stress stimuli. In the kidney, its function is essential in appropriate cellular response to oxidative stress, however its aberrant activation supports progression, metastasis, and resistance to therapies in renal cell carcinoma, similarly to what happens in other nonrenal cancers. While at the moment direct inhibitors of NRF2 are not available, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate its hyperactivation in specific tumor types is crucial as it may open new therapeutic perspectives. Here, we focus our attention on renal cell carcinoma, describing how NRF2 hyperactivation can contribute to tumor progression and chemoresistance. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanism whereby the many pathways that are generally altered in these tumors converge to dysregulation of the KEAP1-NRF2 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Molecular Basis of Cystic Kidney Diseases, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, 20132 Milan, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Identification of Key Genes and Prognostic Analysis between Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma and Renal Oncocytoma by Bioinformatic Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4030915. [PMID: 31998788 PMCID: PMC6977339 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4030915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present techniques of clinical and histopathological diagnosis hardly distinguish chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) from renal oncocytoma (RO). To identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as effective biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of ChRCC and RO, three mRNA microarray datasets (GSE12090, GSE19982, and GSE8271) were downloaded from the GEO database. Functional enrichment analysis of DEGs was performed by DAVID. STRING and Cytoscape were applied to construct the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and key modules of DEGs. Visualized plots were conducted by the R language. We downloaded clinical data from the TCGA database and the influence of key genes on the overall survival of ChRCC was performed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox analyses. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was utilized in exploring the function of key genes. A total of 79 DEGs were identified. Enrichment analyses revealed that the DEGs are closely related to tissue invasion and metastasis of cancer. Subsequently, 14 hub genes including ESRP1, AP1M2, CLDN4, and CLDN7 were detected. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that the low expression of CLDN7 and GNAS was related to the worse overall survival in patients with ChRCC. Univariate Cox analysis showed that CLDN7 might be a helpful biomarker for ChRCC prognosis. Subgroup analysis revealed that the expression of CLDN7 showed a downtrend with the development of the clinical stage, topography, and distant metastasis of ChRCC. GSEA analysis identified that cell adhesion molecules cams, B cell receptor signaling pathway, T cell receptor signaling pathway, RIG-I like receptor signaling pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and apoptosis pathway were associated with the expression of CLDN7. In conclusion, ESRP1, AP1M2, CLDN4, PRSS8, and CLDN7 were found to distinguish ChRCC from RO. Besides, the low expression of CLDN7 was closely related to ChRCC progression and could serve as an independent risk factor for the overall survival in patients with ChRCC.
Collapse
|
3
|
Cerqueira AV, Lemos B. Ribosomal DNA and the Nucleolus as Keystones of Nuclear Architecture, Organization, and Function. Trends Genet 2019; 35:710-723. [PMID: 31447250 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The multicopy ribosomal DNA (rDNA) array gives origin to the nucleolus, a large nonmembrane-bound organelle that occupies a substantial volume within the cell nucleus. The rDNA/nucleolus has emerged as a coordinating hub in which seemingly disparate cellular functions converge, and from which a variety of cellular and organismal phenotypes emerge. However, the role of the nucleolus as a determinant and organizer of nuclear architecture and other epigenetic states of the genome is not well understood. We discuss the role of rDNA and the nucleolus in nuclear organization and function - from nucleolus-associated domains (NADs) to the regulation of imprinted loci and X chromosome inactivation, as well as rDNA contact maps that anchor and position the rDNA relative to the rest of the genome. The influence of the nucleolus on nuclear organization undoubtedly modulates diverse biological processes from metabolism to cell proliferation, genome-wide gene expression, maintenance of epigenetic states, and aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda V Cerqueira
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bernardo Lemos
- Department of Environmental Health, Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuan YH, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Xu MD, Wu J, Li W, Wu MY, Li DM. Identification of key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells using bioinformatics analysis. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:1117-1132. [PMID: 31423172 PMCID: PMC6607041 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a key component of the Wnt signaling pathway, the β-catenin-transcription factor 7 like 1 (TCF7L1) complex activates transcription and regulates downstream target genes that serve important roles in the pathology of pancreatic cancer. To identify associated key genes and pathways downstream of the β-catenin-TCF7L1 complex in pancreatic cancer cells, the current study used the gene expression profiles GSE57728 and GSE90926 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus. GSE57728 is an array containing information regarding β-catenin knockdown and GSE90926 was developed by high throughput sequencing to provide information regarding TCF7L1 knockdown. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were sorted separately and the shared 88 DEGs, including 37 upregulated and 51 downregulated genes, were screened. Clustering analysis of these DEGs was performed by heatmap analysis. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses were then performed using FunRich software and Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery, which revealed that the DEGs were predominantly enriched in terms associated with transport, transcription factor activity, and cytokine and chemokine mediated signaling pathway process. A DEG-associated protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, consisting of 58 nodes and 171 edges, was then constructed using Cytoscape software and the 15 genes with top node degrees were selected as the hub genes. Overall survival (OS) analysis of the 88 DEGs was performed and the relevant gene expression datasets were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Consequently, three upregulated and seven downregulated genes were identified to be associated with prognosis. Furthermore, high expression levels of five downregulated genes, including CXCL5, CYP27C1, FUBP1, CDK14 and TRIM24, were associated with worse OS. In addition, CDK14 and TRIM24 were revealed as hub genes in the PPI network and both were confirmed to be involved in the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Promoter analysis was also applied to the five downregulated DEGs associated with prognosis, which revealed that TCF7L1 may serve as a transcription factor of the DEGs. In conclusion, the genes and pathways identified in the current study may provide potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hang Yuan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Dan Xu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,PREMED Key Laboratory for Precision Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215021, P.R. China.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Suzhou Xiangcheng People's Hospital, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Yao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Dao-Ming Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen W, Zhang H, Chen Z, Jiang H, Liao L, Fan S, Xing J, Xie Y, Chen S, Ding H, Chen K, Jiang H, Luo C, Zheng M, Yao Z, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Development and evaluation of a novel series of Nitroxoline-derived BET inhibitors with antitumor activity in renal cell carcinoma. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:83. [PMID: 30385738 PMCID: PMC6212493 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecular inhibitors targeting BRD4 family proteins are emerging as promising therapies in many types of human malignancies. However, whether BRD4, as well as other BET family members, may serve as therapeutic targets in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) remains unknown. In this study, we found that both BRD2 and BRD4 were over-expressed in RCC tissues, knock-down both of which achieved potent anti-proliferative effects in RCC cells. A novel category of BET inhibitors, originated from an approved drug Nitroxoline, were synthesized and evaluated with biochemical and cellular assays, as well as the method of crystallography. The complex crystal structures of several compounds in this category with the first bromodomain of BRD4 (BRD4-BD1) were solved, revealing the binding mechanism and facilitating further structural optimizations. Among them, compound BDF-1253 showed an approximately four-fold improvement in BRD4 inhibition compared with the prototype Nitroxoline and had good selectivity for BET proteins against other bromodomain proteins or epi-enzymes in biochemical assays. Compound BDF-1253 efficiently suppressed the expression of BET downstream genes, impaired RCC cells viability via inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and decreased tumor growth in RCC xenografts. In summary, these results suggest that inhibition of BET family members has great therapeutic potentials in the treatment of RCC, and the novel series of BET inhibitors reported here are promising to become RCC drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifeng Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liping Liao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shijie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yiqian Xie
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Shijie Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 210032, China
| | - Yiran Huang
- Department of Urology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Evaluation of EGFR, KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in renal cell carcinoma. J Kidney Cancer VHL 2014; 1:40-45. [PMID: 28326248 PMCID: PMC5345528 DOI: 10.15586/jkcvhl.2014.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients has been shown to respond to anti-EGFR therapy. As KRAS and BRAF mutations are associated with poor response to anti-EGFR therapy in some cancers, it has been suggested that screening for KRAS and BRAF mutations in RCC may be a promising strategy to identify patients who might respond to EGFR-targeted therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutation status of EGFR, KRAS and BRAF in RCC patients. Renal tumors and normal renal samples from forty-eight patients who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy for kidney cancer were used in this study. Histological classification of the tumors was performed according to International Union against Cancer (UICC) / American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification. Seventeen patients (48%) had clear-cell RCC, 7 (20%) had chromophobe RCC, and 11 patients (32%) had papillary RCC. DNA isolated from the samples was subjected to melting curve mutation analysis for EGFR, BRAF and KRAS using ABI-3130 DNA sequencer. DNA sequencing analysis of RCC samples, when compared with morphologically normal matched regions, did not show any exon mutations. Our results do not support the notion that EGFR, KRAS and BRAF might be mutated in RCC.
Collapse
|
7
|
Dupasquier S, Delmarcelle AS, Marbaix E, Cosyns JP, Courtoy PJ, Pierreux CE. Validation of housekeeping gene and impact on normalized gene expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: critical reassessment of YBX3/ZONAB/CSDA expression. BMC Mol Biol 2014; 15:9. [PMID: 24885929 PMCID: PMC4045873 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-15-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background YBX3/ZONAB/CSDA is an epithelial-specific transcription factor acting in the density-based switch between proliferation and differentiation. Our laboratory reported overexpression of YBX3 in clear cell renal cell arcinoma (ccRCC), as part of a wide study of YBX3 regulation in vitro and in vivo. The preliminary data was limited to 5 cases, of which only 3 could be compared to paired normal tissue, and beta-Actin was used as sole reference to normalize gene expression. We thus decided to re-evaluate YBX3 expression by real-time-PCR in a larger panel of ccRCC samples, and their paired healthy tissue, with special attention on experimental biases such as inter-individual variations, primer specificity, and reference gene for normalization. Results Gene expression was measured by RT-qPCR in 16 ccRCC samples, each compared to corresponding healthy tissue to minimize inter-individual variations. Eight potential housekeeping genes were evaluated for expression level and stability among the 16-paired samples. Among tested housekeeping genes, PPIA and RPS13, especially in combination, proved best suitable to normalize gene expression in ccRCC tissues as compared to classical reference genes such as beta-Actin, GAPDH, 18S or B2M. Using this pair as reference, YBX3 expression level among a collection of 16 ccRCC tumors was not significantly increased as compared to normal adjacent tissues. However, stratification according to Fuhrman grade disclosed higher YBX3 expression levels in low-grade tumors and lower in high-grade tumors. Immunoperoxidase confirmed homogeneous nuclear staining for YBX3 in low-grade but revealed nuclear heterogeneity in high-grade tumors. Conclusions This paper underlines that special attention to reference gene products in the design of real-time PCR analysis of tumoral tissue is crucial to avoid misleading conclusions. Furthermore, we found that global YBX3/ZONAB/CSDA mRNA expression level may be considered within a “signature” of RCC grading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dupasquier
- CELL Unit, de Duve Institute and Université catholique de Louvain UCL-ICP, Avenue Hippocrate 75, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schütte U, Bisht S, Heukamp LC, Kebschull M, Florin A, Haarmann J, Hoffmann P, Bendas G, Buettner R, Brossart P, Feldmann G. Hippo signaling mediates proliferation, invasiveness, and metastatic potential of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:309-21. [PMID: 24913676 PMCID: PMC4101344 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work has identified dysfunctional Hippo signaling to be involved in maintenance and progression of various human cancers, although data on clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) have been limited. Here, we provide evidence implicating aberrant Hippo signaling in ccRCC proliferation, invasiveness, and metastatic potential. Nuclear overexpression of the Hippo target Yes-associated protein (YAP) was found in a subset of patients with ccRCC. Immunostaining was particularly prominent at the tumor margins and highlighted neoplastic cells invading the tumor-adjacent stroma. Short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of YAP significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and anchorage-independent growth of ccRCC cells in soft agar and led to significantly reduced murine xenograft growth. Microarray analysis of YAP knockdown versus mock-transduced ccRCC cells revealed down-regulation of endothelin 1, endothelin 2, cysteine-rich, angiogenic inducer, 61 (CYR61), and c-Myc in ccRCC cells as well as up-regulation of the cell adhesion molecule cadherin 6. Signaling pathway impact analysis revealed activation of the p53 signaling and cell cycle pathways as well as inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling on YAP down-regulation. Our data suggest CYR61 and c-Myc as well as signaling through the endothelin axis as bona fide downstream effectors of YAP and establish aberrant Hippo signaling as a potential therapeutic target in ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Schütte
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Savita Bisht
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas C Heukamp
- Institute of Pathology, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Moritz Kebschull
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Florin
- Institute of Pathology, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Haarmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; Division of Medical Genetics, University Hospital and Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gerd Bendas
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Buettner
- Institute of Pathology, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Georg Feldmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne-Bonn, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Klatte T, Kroeger N, Rampersaud EN, Birkhäuser FD, Logan JE, Sonn G, Riss J, Rao PN, Kabbinavar FF, Belldegrun AS, Pantuck AJ. Gain of chromosome 8q is associated with metastases and poor survival of patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer 2012; 118:5777-82. [PMID: 22605478 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.27607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of chromosome 8q gain in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC) and to correlate the findings with tumor phenotype and disease-specific survival (DSS). METHODS The tumor karyotypes of 336 consecutive patients with CCRCC were prospectively evaluated with classical cytogenetic analysis. Chromosome 8q status was correlated with clinicopathological variables, and its impact on DSS was evaluated. RESULTS Gain of 8q occurred in 28 tumors (8.3%). Gain of 8q was associated with a higher risk of regional lymph node (21.4% vs 6.2%, P = .011) and distant metastases (50.0% vs 24.4%, P = .006), and greater tumor sizes (P = .030). Patients with gain of 8q had a 3.22-fold increased risk of death from CCRCC (P < .001). In multivariable analysis, gain of 8q was identified as an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.37; P = .006). The concordance index of a multivariable base model increased significantly following inclusion of 8q gain (P = .0015). CONCLUSIONS Gain of chromosome 8q occurs in a subset of CCRCCs and is associated with an increased risk of metastases and death from CCRCC. Because the proto-oncogene c-MYC is among the list of candidate genes located on 8q, our data suggest that these tumors may have unique pathways activated, which are associated with an aggressive tumor phenotype. If confirmed, defining tumors with gain of 8q may assist in identifying patients who would benefit for specific c-MYC inhibitors or agents that target the MAPK/ERK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Klatte
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urologic Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-7384, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Full-Length Enrich c-DNA Libraries-Clear Cell-Renal Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:680796. [PMID: 22545051 PMCID: PMC3321460 DOI: 10.1155/2012/680796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the most common subtype of RCC, is characterized by high metastasis potential and strong resistance to traditional therapies, resulting in a poor five-year survival rate of patients. Several therapies targeted to VEGF pathway for advanced RCC have been developed, however, it still needs to discover new therapeutic targets for treating RCC. Genome-wide gene expression analyses have been broadly used to identify unknown molecular mechanisms of cancer progression. Recently, we applied the oligo-capping method to construct the full-length cDNA libraries of ccRCC and adjacent normal kidney, and analyzed the gene expression profiles by high-throughput sequencing. This paper presents a review for recent findings on therapeutic potential of MYC pathway and nicotinamide N-methyltransferase for the treatment of RCC.
Collapse
|
11
|
Immunoexpression status and prognostic value of mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members in primary and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35:1549-56. [PMID: 21881486 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31822895e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The need for effective targeted therapies for renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) has fueled the interest for understanding molecular pathways involved in the oncogenesis of kidney tumors. Aiming to analyze the expression status and prognostic significance of mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members in patients with clear cell RCC (ccRCC), tissue microarrays were constructed from 135 primary and 41 metastatic ccRCCs. Immunoexpression levels were compared and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters and outcome. PTEN levels were significantly lower in primary and metastatic ccRCCs compared with benign tissues (P<0.001). Levels of phos-AKT, phos-S6, and 4E-binding protein-1 (4EBP1) were higher in metastatic ccRCC (P≤0.001). For phos-S6 and 4EBP1, levels were higher in primary ccRCC compared with benign tissues (P<0.001). c-MYC levels were higher in metastatic ccRCC (P<0.0001), and incremental p27 levels were observed in benign, primary ccRCC, and metastatic ccRCC (P<0.0001). HIF-1α levels were significantly higher in primary and metastatic ccRCCs compared with benign tissues (P<0.0001). In primary ccRCC, levels of all mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathway members were significantly associated with pT stage (P≤0.036), p27 levels with Fuhrman grade (P=0.031), and 4EBP1, p27, and HIF-1α levels with tumor size (P≤0.025). Tumor size, HIF-1α, and phos-S6 levels were associated with disease-specific survival (DSS) (P≤0.032) and tumor progression (P≤0.043). In conclusion, both mTOR and hypoxia-induced pathways were activated in primary and metastatic ccRCC. PTEN loss seems to be an early event during tumorigenesis. Tumor size, HIF-1α, and phos-S6 expression were found to be independent predictors of both DSS and tumor progression in primary ccRCC.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gril B, Palmieri D, Qian Y, Anwar T, Ileva L, Bernardo M, Choyke P, Liewehr DJ, Steinberg SM, Steeg PS. The B-Raf status of tumor cells may be a significant determinant of both antitumor and anti-angiogenic effects of pazopanib in xenograft tumor models. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25625. [PMID: 21998674 PMCID: PMC3187787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pazopanib is an FDA approved Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor inhibitor. We previously reported that it also inhibits tumor cell B-Raf activity in an experimental brain metastatic setting. Here, we determine the effects of different B-Raf genotypes on pazopanib efficacy, in terms of primary tumor growth and anti-angiogenesis. A panel of seven human breast cancer and melanoma cell lines harboring different mutations in the Ras-Raf pathway was implanted orthotopically in mice, and tumor growth, ERK1/2, MEK1/2 and AKT activation, and blood vessel density and permeability were analyzed. Pazopanib was significantly inhibitory to xenografts expressing either exon 11 mutations of B-Raf, or HER2 activated wild type B-Raf; no significant inhibition of a xenograft expressing the common V600E B-Raf mutation was observed. Decreased pMEK staining in the responsive tumors confirmed that B-Raf was targeted by pazopanib. Interestingly, pazopanib inhibition of tumor cell B-Raf also correlated with its anti-angiogenic activity, as quantified by vessel density and area. In conclusion, using pazopanib, tumor B-Raf status was identified as a significant determinant of both tumor growth and angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brunilde Gril
- Women's Cancers Section, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frequency and clinicopathologic correlates of KRAS amplification in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Lung Cancer 2011; 74:118-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
14
|
|
15
|
Szanyi I, Bauer M, Gerlinger I, Járai T, Gobel G, Lujber L, Szabadi E, Fehér K, Émber A, Ember I, Kiss I. Changes in expression of oncogenes and TP53 tumour suppressor gene as biomarkers in head and neck cancers. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2010; 268:1041-6. [PMID: 21120662 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-010-1425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite modern diagnostic procedures and up-to-date therapy, the survival of head and neck tumour patients is unfavourable. This can be explained by several factors, one of which is the late recognition of the tumour. This study related to the changes in expression of the c-myc and Ha-ras oncogenes and the p53 tumour suppressor gene as biomarkers in head and neck cancer cases. The gene expressions were investigated on RNA gained from peripheral white blood cells of head and neck cancers patients before and after definitive treatment. The results were compared with those on a control group of patients with non-tumorous diseases. The gene expressions were significantly higher in the cancer group than that in the control group (volunteer medical staff and medical students). After definitive treatment, the expressions of all these genes were decreased in patients in whom there was no recurrence of the tumour, but enhanced in the event of recurrence. Such measurement may serve as reliable biomarkers to monitor tumour development and the efficiency of therapy. The method may also be useful for the early identification of populations exposed to noxe, which may lead to the development of head and neck cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- István Szanyi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Pécs University, Munkácsy Str 2, Pécs 7621, Hungary.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wagner PL, Perner S, Rickman DS, LaFargue CJ, Kitabayashi N, Johnstone SF, Weir BA, Meyerson M, Altorki NK, Rubin MA. In situ evidence of KRAS amplification and association with increased p21 levels in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:500-5. [PMID: 19762526 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpf10zunsolifg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the characterization of the lung cancer genome have suggested that KRAS may frequently be amplified, although little is known regarding the significance of this finding. This is in contrast with activating mutations of KRAS, which occur in approximately 20% of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs). We used fluorescence in situ hybridization to provide direct evidence of KRAS amplification for the first time in clinical specimens. We detected amplification in 7 of 100 consecutive NSCLCs, with a concurrent activating KRAS mutation in 4 cases. KRAS amplification was associated with greater expression of p21 as assessed by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis (P = .015). Our data indicate that a sizable subgroup of NSCLCs harbor KRAS amplification, some of which also contain point mutations, and suggest that an increased KRAS copy number may drive p21 overexpression. KRAS amplification may define a unique clinicopathologic subset of NSCLCs with potentially altered responsiveness to targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Sven Perner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - David S. Rickman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Christopher J. LaFargue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Naoki Kitabayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Stephen F. Johnstone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Barbara A. Weir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Nasser K. Altorki
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Mark A. Rubin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tang SW, Chang WH, Su YC, Chen YC, Lai YH, Wu PT, Hsu CI, Lin WC, Lai MK, Lin JY. MYC pathway is activated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and essential for proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 273:35-43. [PMID: 18809243 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the major and aggressive subtype of RCC. Previously, we identified 383 differentially expressed genes by analyzing full-length cDNA libraries of ccRCC and normal kidney tissues. In this study, we applied functional network analysis to the differentially expressed genes for identifying deregulated molecular pathways in ccRCC, and the results indicated that MYC showed a prominent role in the highest scoring network. The upregulation of MYC expression was validated in ccRCC tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, Knockdown of MYC expression by MYC-specific siRNA significantly inhibited the abilities of uncontrolled proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and arrested cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase in ccRCC cells. Moreover, we found that 37 differentially expressed genes were shown to be MYC-target genes, and the upregulation of the MYC-target genes BCL2, CCND1, PCNA, PGK1, and VEGFA were demonstrated. The expression of these MYC-target genes was significantly correlated with the expression of MYC in ccRCC tissues, and knockdown of MYC also suppressed the expression of these MYC-target genes in ccRCC cells. The recruitment of MYC to the promoter regions of BCL2, CCND1, PCNA, PGK1, and VEGFA was shown by Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. These results suggest that MYC pathway is activated and plays an essential role in the proliferation of ccRCC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Wen Tang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li H, Cao HF, Li Y, Zhu ML, Wan J. Changes in gene-expression profiles of colon carcinoma cells induced by wild type K-ras2. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:4620-5. [PMID: 17729418 PMCID: PMC4611839 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i34.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To further elucidate the possible molecular biological activity of wild type K-ras2 gene by detecting changes in wild type K-ras2 gene-induced gene-expression profiles of colon carcinoma cells using cDNA microarray techniques.
METHODS: Total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood of health volunteers. Reverse transcription of RNA and polymerase chain reaction were used to synthesize wild type K-ras2 cDNA. K-ras2 cDNA fragment was cloned into a T easy vector and sequenced. A eukaryotic expression vector pCI-neo-K-ras2 was constructed and transfected to Caco2 cell line using the liposome method. Finally, mRNA was isolated, reverse-transcribed to cDNA from pCI-neo-K-ras2 or pCI-neo blank vector-transfected Caco cells, and analyzed by cDNA microarray assay.
RESULTS: Restriction enzyme analysis and DNA sequencing verified that the constructed expression vector was accurate. High-quality RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNA for microarray assay. Among the 135 genes, the expression was up-regulated in 24 and down-regulated in 121. All these differentially expressed genes were related to cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and signal transduction.
CONCLUSION: Differentially expressed genes can be successfully screened from wild type K-ras2-transfected colon carcinoma cells using microarray techniques. The results of our study suggest that wild type K-ras2 is related to the negative regulation of cell proliferation, metabolism and transcriptional control, and provide new clues to the further elucidation of its possible biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Inpatient Department of Special Need Treatment, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Myc expression is deregulated in a wide range of human cancers and is often associated with aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors. The Myc protein is a transcription factor that regulates a variety of cellular processes including cell growth and proliferation, cell-cycle progression, transcription, differentiation, apoptosis, and cell motility. Potential strategies that either inhibit the growth promoting effect of Myc and/or activate its pro-apoptotic function are presently being explored. In this review, we give an overview of Myc activation in human tumors and discuss current strategies aimed at targeting Myc for cancer treatment. Such therapies could have potential in combination with mechanistically different cytotoxic drugs to combat and eradicate tumors cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vita
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li H, Cao HF, Wan J, Li Y, Zhu ML, Han WD. Screening of genes differentially expressed in Caco2 cells transfected with wild type K-ras2 by cDNA microarray. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2006; 14:1970-1976. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v14.i20.1970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the genes differentially expressed in human colon carcinoma cell line Caco2 transfected with wild type K-ras2-expressing plasmid and further elucidate the potential molecular biological function of wild type K-ras2.
METHODS: Sequence specific primers were designed and synthesized, and the wild type K-ras2 DNA fragment was amplified with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. The expressive vector of pCI-neo-K-ras2 was constructed by routine molecular biological methods. cDNA microarray technique was employed to detect the mRNA expression in Caco2 cells transfected with pCI-neo-K-ras2 and pCI-neo, respectively, using lipofectamine.
RESULTS: The expressive vector was constructed and confirmed by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing analysis. High quality RNA and cDNA were prepared and successful microarray screening was conducted. The scanning results indicated that among 8568 genes which were obtained from gene expression profile analysis, there were 135 different ones of which 121 were down-regulated and 24 were up-regulated in the wild type K-ras2-expressing Caco2 cells. These genes differentially regulated by wild type K-ras2 included human genes encoding proteins involved in cell signal transduction, cell apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation.
CONCLUSION: cDNA microarray is successfully used to screen the genes differentially expressed in wild type K-ras2-expressing Caco2 cells, and the alteration of expression profile induced by the wide-type K-ras2 suggested the negatively regulatory function of wild type K-ras2 for cell signal transduction, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wan J, Li H, Li Y, Zhu ML, Zhao P. Loss of heterozygosity of Kras2 gene on 12p12-13 in Chinese colon carcinoma patients. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:1033-7. [PMID: 16534842 PMCID: PMC4087893 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i7.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 12p12-13 in Chinese colon carcinoma patients.
METHODS: DNA was extracted from 10 specimens of cancer tissue, 10 specimens of adjacent tissue and 10 specimens of normal tissue, respectively. LOH of Kras2 gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using 11 microsatellite markers on 12p-12-13.
RESULTS: LOH of Kras gene was detected at least on one marker of 12p-12-13 in 30% (3/10) of adjacent tissue specimens. The highest frequency of LOH was identified on D12S1034 in 28.57% (2/7) of adjacent tissue specimens. LOH was detected at least on one marker of 12p12-13 in 60% (6/10) of carcinoma tissue specimens, the most frequent LOH was found on D12S1034 and D12S1591 in 42.86% (3/7) of carcinoma tissue specimens. LOH was detected in 30% (3/10) of carcinoma tissue specimens, 30% (3/10) of adjacent tissue specimens, and no signal in 1% (1/0) carcinoma tissue specimen. The occurrence of LOH did not correlate with sex, age, tumor size and lymph node metastasis.
CONCLUSION: Genomic instability may occur on 12p-12-13 of Kras2 gene in the development and progression of colon carcinoma. The high LOH of Kras2 gene may directly influence the transcription and translation of wild type Kras2 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wan
- Department of Grastroenterology, General Hospital of the Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mack FA, Patel JH, Biju MP, Haase VH, Simon MC. Decreased growth of Vhl-/- fibrosarcomas is associated with elevated levels of cyclin kinase inhibitors p21 and p27. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:4565-78. [PMID: 15899860 PMCID: PMC1140627 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.11.4565-4578.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations within the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene predispose patients to develop a variety of highly vascularized tumors. pVHL targets alpha subunits of the heterodimeric transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), a critical regulator of energy metabolism, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and oxygen (O(2)) delivery, for ubiquitin-mediated degradation in an O(2)-dependent manner. To investigate the role of Vhl in cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, we utilized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), a common tool for analyzing cell cycle regulation, and generated Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEF-derived fibrosarcomas. Surprisingly, growth of both Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs and fibrosarcomas was impaired, although tumor vascularity was increased. Decreased proliferation of Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs was correlated with an overexpression of cyclin kinase inhibitors (CKIs) p21 and p27. The transcription of p21 and p27 is inhibited by c-Myc; therefore, the induction of CKIs was attributed to the ability of HIF to antagonize c-Myc activity. Indeed, p21 mRNA levels were elevated under normoxia in Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs, while c-Myc transcriptional activity was markedly reduced. Gene silencing of HIF-1alpha by small interfering RNA reduced p21 and p27 protein and mRNA levels in Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs. The induction of p21 and p27, mediated by constitutive activation of the HIF pathway, provides a mechanism for the decreased proliferation rates of Vhl(-)(/)(-) MEFs and fibrosarcomas. These results demonstrate that a loss of pVHL can induce growth arrest in certain cells types, which suggests that additional genetic mutations are necessary for VHL-associated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A Mack
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cogoi S, Ballico M, Bonora GM, Xodo LE. Antiproliferative activity of a triplex-forming oligonucleotide recognizing a Ki-ras polypurine/polypyrimidine motif correlates with protein binding. Cancer Gene Ther 2005; 11:465-76. [PMID: 15118760 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cgt.7700722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The Ki-ras gene is frequently mutated and/or overexpressed in human cancer. Since it is suspected to play a key role in the pathogenesis of many tumors, there is interest to search for strategies aiming at the specific inhibition of this oncogene. In this paper, we investigated the capacity of a 20 mer G-rich oligonucleotide (ODN20) conjugated to high molecular weight monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (MPEG) to inhibit the expression of the Ki-ras gene and the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. The conjugate, MPEG ODN20, was designed to form a triplex with a critical pur/pyr sequence located in the promoter of the Ki-ras gene. To make the conjugate resistant to endogenous and exogenous nucleases, five phosphorothioate linkages were introduced in its backbone. Confocal microscopy and FACS experiments showed that MPEG ODN20 had a higher capacity to penetrate the cell membranes and accumulate in the nucleus of Panc-1 cells than ODN20. Incubation of Panc-1 cells with MPEG ODN20 reduced specifically the levels of Ki-ras mRNA and RAS protein p21RAS. A single-dose administration of MPEG ODN20 was sufficient to inhibit cell proliferation by about 50% compared with control. By contrast, the antiproliferative activity of the unconjugated ODN20 analog was found to be not significant. Band-shift and footprinting experiments showed that MPEG ODN20 formed a weak triplex (Kd approximately 1.5 microM at 37 degrees C, 50 mM Tris-acetate, pH 7.4, 10 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 5 mM spermidine) with the Ki-ras pyr/pur motif, suggesting that its bioactivity can hardly be mediated by a triplex-based mechanism. Here, we provide evidence that, in vitro, ODN20 and MPEG ODN20 competitively inhibit the binding to the Ki-ras pur/pyr motif of a nuclear protein, suggesting that the activity of MPEG ODN20 occurs with an aptameric mechanism. The biological implications of this study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogoi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Piazzale Kolbe 4, Università di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cogoi S, Quadrifoglio F, Xodo LE. G-rich oligonucleotide inhibits the binding of a nuclear protein to the Ki-ras promoter and strongly reduces cell growth in human carcinoma pancreatic cells. Biochemistry 2004; 43:2512-23. [PMID: 14992588 DOI: 10.1021/bi035754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oligonucleotides are able to recognize both nucleic acids and proteins with a high degree of specificity and are therefore investigated as a new and innovative class of therapeutic anticancer drugs. In the present study, we have constructed from Panc-1 cells a stable transfectant (AG transfectant) generating constitutively a short transcript (T-22AG), which is potentially capable of forming a triplex with a critical polypurine/polypyrimidine (pur/pyr) motif located in the Ki-ras promoter. Because of the presence of a G-rich element in its sequence, transcript T-22AG was also capable, under physiological conditions, of adopting a tetraplex conformation. We found that the levels of Ki-ras mRNA and p21(RAS) protein in the AG transfectant were, respectively, 52 +/- 8 and 40 +/- 4% of those observed in the control cell lines: untransfected Panc-1 cells and stably transfected Panc-1 cells producing a control transcript (T-22SCR). The downregulation of Ki-ras resulted in a strong reduction of colony formation (42 +/- 7% of the control) and cell proliferation (34 +/- 5% of the control) capacity. As in vitro experiments showed that the G-rich element of T-22AG (22AG) formed with the Ki-ras pur/pyr motif a triplex of low thermodynamic stability, it is unlikely that the strong bioactivity exhibited by transcript T-22AG is mediated by a triplex-based mechanism, although we cannot totally exclude that in vivo polyamine levels may increase the triplex stability. We found that 22AG adopted a tetraplex conformation and competitively inhibited the binding of a nuclear factor to the Ki-ras pur/pyr sequence. This effect was specific and virtually entirely abrogated when 22AG was denatured by heating. Our data showed that transcript T-22AG acted as a molecular aptamer, binding specifically to a nuclear factor essential for Ki-ras expression. The biological implications of this study are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Cogoi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Udine, Piazzale Kolbe, 4, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mack FA, Rathmell WK, Arsham AM, Gnarra J, Keith B, Simon MC. Loss of pVHL is sufficient to cause HIF dysregulation in primary cells but does not promote tumor growth. Cancer Cell 2003; 3:75-88. [PMID: 12559177 PMCID: PMC4120823 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(02)00240-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene is associated with the development of highly vascularized tumors. pVHL targets the alpha subunits of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) for ubiquitin-mediated degradation in an oxygen-dependent manner. Although pVHL-deficient tumor cell lines demonstrate constitutive stabilization and activation of HIF, it has yet to be shown that loss of murine Vhl alone is sufficient to dysregulate HIF. We utilized a genetic approach to demonstrate that loss of Vhl is sufficient not only to stabilize HIF-alpha subunits under normoxia, but also fully activate HIF-mediated responses. These studies have implications for the hierarchy of signaling events leading to HIF stabilization, nuclear translocation, and target gene expression. We further demonstrate that loss of murine Vhl does not promote teratocarcinoma growth, indicating that other genetic changes must occur to facilitate Vhl-mediated tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A. Mack
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrew M. Arsham
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - James Gnarra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA 70112
| | - Brian Keith
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - M. Celeste Simon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Correspondence: M. Celeste Simon, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, BRB II/III Rm. 456, 421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, PA 19104, TEL: 215-746-5562, FAX: 215-746-5532,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Tejido Sánchez A, Passas Martínez J, Sánchez Chapado M, Piedra Lara JD, Capitán Manjón C, Ramos Guillén P, Leiva Galvis O. [Expression of p21ras in locally confined renal adenocarcinoma and its prognostic implications]. Actas Urol Esp 2002; 26:408-12. [PMID: 12189735 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-4806(02)72802-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The p21ras protein is encoded by the three ras genes (H-, K- and N-ras) and participate in the regulation of normal cell growth and cell differentiation. The objective of this study is to determine the expression of this protein in locally confined renal cell carcinoma, as well as its relations with different histopathological variables and their prognostic implications. METHOD 58 renal cell carcinomas, in pT1-T3a N0 M0 (TNM 1997) stages, treated by radical or partial nephrectomy with curative intention. We analysed different clinical and anatomopathological variables, as well as expression of p21ras in paraffinated tissue, using immunohistochemical techniques. RESULTS The mean percentage of stained nuclei was 6.1%, with a range lying between 0 and 45%. We did not obtain statistically significant association between expression of p21ras and the tumour size (p = 0.698), the nuclear grade (p = 0.676) or the histopathological stage (p = 0.095). The survival analysis also did not show significant differences when we stratified the patients using the mean value of the sample as reference point (p = 0.134). CONCLUSIONS Expression of p21ras was not demonstrated to be related to any of the histopathological variables analysed: size, grade and stage, or with survival. Therefore, this protein does not appear to be related to the evolution of renal cell carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tejido Sánchez
- Servicio de Urología, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kamai T, Arai K, Koga F, Abe H, Nakanishi K, Kambara T, Furuya N, Tsujii T, Yoshida KI. Higher expression of K-ras is associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein-induced hypercalcaemia in renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2001; 88:960-6. [PMID: 11851621 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-4096.2001.01294.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the K-ras oncogene is associated with parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) production in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and whether the serum value of PTHrP is related to the patients' survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS The serum levels of PTHrP and corrected serum calcium levels were analysed in 51 consecutive patients (29 men and 22 women, mean age 63.7 years, range 33-82) with newly diagnosed RCC. Matched pairs were analysed of the mRNA levels of K-ras and PTHrP in tumour and in corresponding non-tumour tissue originating from the same patient, using the polymerase chain reaction after reverse transcription. RESULTS Seven patients had elevated serum PTHrP values at the diagnosis of RCC. The mRNA expression of K-ras and PTHrP were detected in both tumour and non-tumour tissues, with K-ras mRNA levels being higher in the former than the latter (P < 0.05), and correlated with tumour stage (P < 0.05). There were no differences in PTHrP mRNA levels between the tissues. Furthermore, the mRNA levels of K-ras and PTHrP in seven tumours from patients with high serum values of PTHrP were higher than in tumours from those with normal values (both P < 0.01). The expression of mRNAs of K-ras and PTHrP was positively correlated (r = 0.771, P < 0.001). In seven patients with high serum PTHrP values the mRNA levels of PTHrP correlated with serum values of PTHrP and calcium (r = 0.875, P < 0.01 and r = 0.762, P < 0.05, respectively). Kaplan-Meier plots of survival rate in patients with elevated or normal serum PTHrP showed that high serum PTHrP was associated with a shorter overall survival (P < 0.05). The Cox proportional hazards model showed that serum PTHrP was an independent predictor of overall survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that K-ras may be associated with PTHrP-induced hypercalcaemia and that PTHrP levels may reflect the aggressiveness of tumour cells through the K-ras oncogene in RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Kamai
- Department of Urology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Paradis V, Bièche I, Dargère D, Bonvoust F, Ferlicot S, Olivi M, Lagha NB, Blanchet P, Benoît G, Vidaud M, Bedossa P. hTERT expression in sporadic renal cell carcinomas. J Pathol 2001; 195:209-17. [PMID: 11592100 DOI: 10.1002/path.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase is a specialized reverse transcriptase that catalyses telomeric repeat addition at the ends of chromosomes. Activation of this enzyme is one of the key steps in cell immortalization and carcinogenesis, and one of its components, hTERT, is considered as the rate-limiting factor. While telomerase activity was found to be prognostically relevant in various cancers, results obtained from renal cell carcinomas (RCC) failed to show any correlation with the usual prognostic factors. The aim of the study was to reassess the role of telomerase and its hTERT component in the biological behaviour of RCC using new quantitative techniques, such as the quantitative evaluation of hTERT mRNA level by a real-time RT-PCR procedure and the measuring of telomerase activity by an ELISA TRAP assay. Since experimental evidence supports a relationship between cell proliferation or c-myc expression and telomerase, the proliferation index and c-myc mRNA levels were also studied. Forty-one RCC (29 conventional renal cell carcinomas (CRCC), 10 papillary RCC and two urothelial carcinomas) were studied. In 73% of cases, normalized hTERT mRNA expression was significantly higher in the tumour sample than in the normal tissue. Telomerase activity was detected in 63% of RCC, while corresponding normal tissue was always negative. Analysis of correlations showed firstly that both telomerase activity and hTERT mRNA level were lower in the group of CRCC versus non-CRCC (TRAP: 0.3+/-0.1 versus 0.6+/-0.2, p<0.05; hTERT/PO mRNA: 5+/-3 versus 37+/-8, p<0.001, respectively); secondly, that in the group of CRCC, hTERT mRNA expression level was correlated with the stage of the tumour (p=0.01); and thirdly, that no correlation was observed between c-myc mRNA level and hTERT mRNA level. In conclusion, these results support the involvement of telomerase in RCC and the potential interest of hTERT mRNA quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Paradis
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, UPRES EA 1602, Faculté de Médecine, Paris-sud, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Romanenko A, Morell-Quadreny L, Nepomnyaschy V, Vozianov A, Llombart-Bosch A. Pathology and proliferative activity of renal-cell carcinomas (RCCS) and renal oncocytomas in patients with different radiation exposure after the Chernobyl accident in Ukraine. Int J Cancer 2000; 87:880-3. [PMID: 10956401 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000915)87:6<880::aid-ijc19>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During the 13-year period subsequent to the Chernobyl accident, the morbidity of malignant renal tumors in Ukraine has increased from 4. 7 to 7.5 per 100,000 of total population. Cesium 137 ((137)Cs) accounts for 90% of the incorporated radioactivity in the Ukrainian population, which has been exposed to long-term, low dose ionizing radiation and 90% of the more labile pool of ((137)Cs) is excreted via kidneys. The present study was performed to evaluate the histopathological features and the immunohistochemical status of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and K-ras in renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) of 236 Ukrainian patients (groups I to V), which represents a varying degrees of internal exposure to radiation and were operated in 2 different periods of time after the Chernobyl accident. The control group VI of 112 analog patients with RCCs was selected in Spain. The strong significant differences between the Ukrainian and Spanish groups were found in tumoral nuclear grade, in the percentage of sarcomatoid changes, the level of the peritumoral inflammatory response as well as in the peritumoral lesions. The dramatic increase of aggressivity and proliferative activity supported by strong PCNA and K-ras expression of RCCs from Ukrainian groups, associated with chronic radiation nephropathy of peritumoral kidney tissue, showed good correlation with the duration of radiation exposure and confirmed the influence of chronic but regular and sustained low dose of ionizing radiation on renal carcinogenesis of the Ukrainian population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Romanenko
- Departments of Pathology and Urology, Institute of Urology and Nephrology A.M.S. of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Oh WK, Manola J, Renshaw AA, Brodkin D, Loughlin KR, Richie JP, Shapiro CL, Kantoff PW. Smoking and alcohol use may be risk factors for poorer outcome in patients with clear cell renal carcinoma. Urology 2000; 55:31-5. [PMID: 10654890 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To correlate the clinical outcomes of 148 patients with clear cell renal carcinoma treated at a single institution with a variety of other factors. METHODS Cases were derived from a consecutive series of nephrectomy specimens obtained from 1980 to 1994. A retrospective review of clinical records was performed, with tobacco use, alcohol use, recurrence, and survival noted. RESULTS The median age of the patients was 62 years. The median follow-up was 4.4 years. Of 148 patients, 82% had localized disease (MO), and 18% had suspected metastases (M1) at the time of nephrectomy. Of 121 patients without metastases at diagnosis, T classification was assessed for 117: 48 (41%) had T1 disease, 18 (15%) T2, 46 (39%) T3, and 5 (4%) T4. The Fuhrman grade was 1 or 2 in 51% of patients and 3 or 4 in 45%. Both clinical stage and grade were significantly associated with overall survival (P <0.0001 and P = 0.0028, respectively) and recurrence-free survival (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.0011, respectively). Smoking and alcohol use history was determined in 70% and 63% of patients, respectively. In patients with Stage M0, smokers had a significantly worse overall survival rate compared with nonsmokers (P = 0.039). Also, in patients with Stage M0, a trend toward a worse recurrence-free survival rate was noted in alcohol users compared with those who never used alcohol regularly (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS The prognosis of clear cell renal carcinoma depends on the pathologic stage at diagnosis and the Fuhrman grade. Smoking is a known risk factor for developing renal cancer and may be associated with increased mortality from clear cell carcinoma in patients with Stage M0. Also, regular alcohol use may decrease the recurrence-free survival rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Oh
- Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Department of Adult Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
|