1
|
Dudzik T, Domański I, Makuch S. The impact of photodynamic therapy on immune system in cancer - an update. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1335920. [PMID: 38481994 PMCID: PMC10933008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1335920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic approach that has gained significant attention in recent years with its promising impact on the immune system. Recent studies have shown that PDT can modulate both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. Currently, numerous clinical trials are underway to investigate the effectiveness of this method in treating various types of cancer, as well as to evaluate the impact of PDT on immune system in cancer treatment. Notably, clinical studies have demonstrated the recruitment and activation of immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells, at the treatment site following PDT. Moreover, combination approaches involving PDT and immunotherapy have also been explored in clinical trials. Despite significant advancements in its technological and clinical development, further studies are needed to fully uncover the mechanisms underlying immune activation by PDT. The main objective of this review is to comprehensively summarize and discuss both ongoing and completed studies that evaluate the impact of PDT of cancer on immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Dudzik
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Igor Domański
- Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Makuch
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Selbo PK, Korbelik M. Topical collection on photodynamic therapy-enhanced antitumour immunity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:213-214. [PMID: 38381362 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00549-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Kristian Selbo
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Mladen Korbelik
- Integrative Oncology Department, BC Cancer, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chou W, Sun T, Peng N, Wang Z, Chen D, Qiu H, Zhao H. Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Anti-Tumor Immunity: Influence Factors and Synergistic Enhancement Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2617. [PMID: 38004595 PMCID: PMC10675361 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15112617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an approved therapeutic procedure that exerts cytotoxic activity towards tumor cells by activating photosensitizers (PSs) with light exposure to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Compared to traditional treatment strategies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy, PDT not only kills the primary tumors, but also effectively suppresses metastatic tumors by activating the immune response. However, the anti-tumor immune effects induced by PDT are influenced by several factors, including the localization of PSs in cells, PSs concentration, fluence rate of light, oxygen concentration, and the integrity of immune function. In this review, we systematically summarize the influence factors of anti-tumor immune effects mediated by PDT. Furthermore, an update on the combination of PDT and other immunotherapy strategies are provided. Finally, the future directions and challenges of anti-tumor immunity induced by PDT are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Chou
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Tianzhen Sun
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Nian Peng
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Zixuan Wang
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Defu Chen
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| | - Haixia Qiu
- Department of Laser Medicine, the First Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China;
| | - Hongyou Zhao
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (W.C.); (T.S.); (N.P.); (D.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Penetra M, Arnaut LG, Gomes-da-Silva LC. Trial watch: an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2226535. [PMID: 37346450 PMCID: PMC10281486 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2226535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment used to target solid tumors, where the administration of a photosensitizing agent and light generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus resulting in strong oxidative stress that selectively damages the illuminated tissues. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that PDT can prime the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells throughout the body. However, there is still limited evidence of PDT-mediated anti-tumor immunity in clinical settings. In the last decade, several clinical trials on PDT for cancer treatment have been initiated, indicating that significant efforts are being made to improve current PDT protocols. However, most of these studies disregarded the immunological dimension of PDT. The immunomodulatory properties of PDT can be combined with standard therapy and/or emerging immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), to achieve better disease control. Combining PDT with immunotherapy has shown synergistic effects in some preclinical models. However, the value of this combination in patients is still unknown, as the first clinical trials evaluating the combination of PDT with ICBs are just being initiated. Overall, this Trial Watch provides a summary of recent clinical information on the immunomodulatory properties of PDT and ongoing clinical trials using PDT to treat cancer patients. It also discusses the future perspectives of PDT for oncological indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Penetra
- CQC - Coimbra Chemistry Center, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G. Arnaut
- CQC - Coimbra Chemistry Center, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huis in ‘t Veld RV, Heuts J, Ma S, Cruz LJ, Ossendorp FA, Jager MJ. Current Challenges and Opportunities of Photodynamic Therapy against Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020330. [PMID: 36839652 PMCID: PMC9965442 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established, minimally invasive treatment for specific types of cancer. During PDT, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated that ultimately induce cell death and disruption of the tumor area. Moreover, PDT can result in damage to the tumor vasculature and induce the release and/or exposure of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may initiate an antitumor immune response. However, there are currently several challenges of PDT that limit its widespread application for certain indications in the clinic. METHODS A literature study was conducted to comprehensively discuss these challenges and to identify opportunities for improvement. RESULTS The most notable challenges of PDT and opportunities to improve them have been identified and discussed. CONCLUSIONS The recent efforts to improve the current challenges of PDT are promising, most notably those that focus on enhancing immune responses initiated by the treatment. The application of these improvements has the potential to enhance the antitumor efficacy of PDT, thereby broadening its potential application in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruben V. Huis in ‘t Veld
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Jeroen Heuts
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Sen Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Luis J. Cruz
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry A. Ossendorp
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu B, Wang B, Li X, Feng Z, Ma C, Gao L, Yu Y, Zhang J, Zheng P, Wang Y, Li H, Zhang T, Chen H. Photodynamic therapy improves the clinical efficacy of advanced colorectal cancer and recruits immune cells into the tumor immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050421. [PMID: 36466825 PMCID: PMC9716470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been proven effective in various tumors, it has not been widely used as a routine treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC), and the characteristics of changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after PDT have not been fully elucidated. This study evaluated the efficacy of PDT in patients with advanced CRC and the changes in systemic and local immune function after PDT. METHODS Patients with stage III-IV CRC diagnosed in our hospital from November 2020 to July 2021 were retrospectively analyzed to compare the survival outcomes among each group. Subsequently, short-term efficacy, systemic and local immune function changes, and adverse reactions were assessed in CRC patients treated with PDT. RESULTS A total of 52 CRC patients were enrolled in this retrospective study from November 2020 to July 2021, and the follow-up period ended in March 2022. The overall survival (OS) of the PDT group was significantly longer than that of the non-PDT group (p=0.006). The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate two months after PDT were 44.4% and 88.9%, respectively. Differentiation degree (p=0.020) and necrosis (p=0.039) are two crucial factors affecting the short-term efficacy of PDT. The systemic immune function of stage III patients after PDT decreased, whereas that of stage IV patients increased. Local infiltration of various immune cells such as CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, CD20+ B cells and macrophages in the tumor tissue were significantly increased. No severe adverse reactions associated with PDT were observed. CONCLUSION PDT is effective for CRC without significant side effects according to the available data. It alters the TME by recruiting immune cells into tumor tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Gu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bofang Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zedong Feng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenhui Ma
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yunpeng Wang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haiyuan Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of the Digestive System Tumors of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Department of Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang D, Xie Q, Liu Y, Li Z, Li H, Li S, Li Z, Cui J, Su M, Jiang X, Xue P, Bai M. Photosensitizer IR700DX-6T- and IR700DX-mbc94-mediated photodynamic therapy markedly elicits anticancer immune responses during treatment of pancreatic cancer. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105811. [PMID: 34390852 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 are two chemically synthesized photosensitizers (PSs) that target the translocator protein (TSPO) and type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R), respectively, for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. Recently, we found that IR700DX-6T and IR700DX-mbc94 exhibited high selectivity and efficiency in PDT for breast cancer and malignant astrocytoma. Yet, the phototherapeutic effects of the PSs on pancreatic cancer and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. This study investigated the effect of IR700DX-6T- or IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer and whether the treatment involves eliciting anticancer immune responses in support of superior therapeutic efficacy. METHODS Four pancreatic cancer cell lines were used for in vitro studies. C57BL/6 mice bearing pancreatic cancer cell-derived xenografts were generated for in vivo studies regarding the therapeutic effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT on pancreatic cancer. The immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive effects of IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT were examined by detecting CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and dendritic cells (DCs) using flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS TSPO and CB2R were markedly upregulated in pancreatic cancer cells and tissues. Both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Notably, assessment of anticancer immune responses revealed that both IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT significantly induced CD8+ T cells, promoted maturation of DCs, and suppressed Tregs, with stronger effects exerted by IR700DX-6T-PDT compared to IR700DX-mbc94-PDT. CONCLUSIONS IR700DX-6T-PDT and IR700DX-mbc94-PDT involves eliciting anticancer immune responses. Our study has also implicated that PDT in combination with immunotherapy holds promise to improve therapeutic efficacy for patients with pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Qing Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zongyan Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510650, China
| | - Shiying Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Fourth General Surgery Department, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110000, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan 450003, China
| | - Meng Su
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China
| | - Ping Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, China.
| | - Mingfeng Bai
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Current Prospects for Treatment of Solid Tumors via Photodynamic, Photothermal, or Ionizing Radiation Therapies Combined with Immune Checkpoint Inhibition (A Review). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050447. [PMID: 34068491 PMCID: PMC8151935 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) causes selective damage to tumor cells and vasculature and also triggers an anti-tumor immune response. The latter fact has prompted the exploration of PDT as an immune-stimulatory adjuvant. PDT is not the only cancer treatment that relies on electromagnetic energy to destroy cancer tissue. Ionizing radiation therapy (RT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are two other treatment modalities that employ photons (with wavelengths either shorter or longer than PDT, respectively) and also cause tissue damage and immunomodulation. Research on the three modalities has occurred in different “silos”, with minimal interaction between the three topics. This is happening at a time when immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI), another focus of intense research and clinical development, has opened exciting possibilities for combining PDT, PTT, or RT with ICI to achieve improved therapeutic benefits. In this review, we surveyed the literature for studies that describe changes in anti-tumor immunity following the administration of PDT, PTT, and RT, including efforts to combine each modality with ICI. This information, collected all in one place, may make it easier to recognize similarities and differences and help to identify new mechanistic hypotheses toward the goal of achieving optimized combinations and tumor cures.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang D, Lei S, Pan K, Chen T, Lin J, Ni G, Liu J, Zeng X, Chen Q, Dan H. Application of photodynamic therapy in immune-related diseases. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102318. [PMID: 33940209 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a therapeutic modality that utilizes photodamage caused by photosensitizers and oxygen after exposure to a specific wavelength of light. Owing to its low toxicity, high selectivity, and minimally invasive properties, PDT has been widely applied to treat various malignant tumors, premalignant lesions, and infectious diseases. Moreover, there is growing evidence of its immunomodulatory effects and potential for the treatment of immune-related diseases. This review mainly focuses on the effect of PDT on immunity and its application in immune-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Shangxue Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Keran Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Guangcheng Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Renminnan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rosenzweig B, Corradi RB, Budhu S, Alvim R, Recabal P, La Rosa S, Somma A, Monette S, Scherz A, Kim K, Coleman JA. Neoadjuvant vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy improves survival and reduces recurrence and progression in a mouse model of urothelial cancer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4842. [PMID: 33649388 PMCID: PMC7921650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Locally advanced urothelial cancer has high recurrence and progression rates following surgical treatment. This highlights the need to develop neoadjuvant strategies that are both effective and well-tolerated. We hypothesized that neoadjuvant sub-ablative vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (sbVTP), through its immunotherapeutic mechanism, would improve survival and reduce recurrence and progression in a murine model of urothelial cancer. After urothelial tumor implantation and 17 days before surgical resection, mice received neoadjuvant sbVTP (WST11; Tookad Soluble, Steba Biotech, France). Local and systemic response and survival served as measures of therapeutic efficacy, while immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry elucidated the immunotherapeutic mechanism. Data analysis included two-sided Kaplan-Meier, Mann-Whitney, and Fischer exact tests. Tumor volume was significantly smaller in sbVTP-treated animals than in controls (135 mm3 vs. 1222 mm3, P < 0.0001) on the day of surgery. Systemic progression was significantly lower in sbVTP-treated animals (l7% vs. 30%, P < 0.01). Both median progression-free survival and overall survival were significantly greater among animals that received sbVTP and surgery than among animals that received surgery alone (P < 0.05). Neoadjuvant-treated animals also demonstrated significantly lower local recurrence. Neoadjuvant sbVTP was associated with increased early antigen-presenting cells, and subsequent improvements in long-term memory and increases in effector and active T-cells in the spleen, lungs, and blood. In summary, neoadjuvant sbVTP delayed local and systemic progression, prolonged progression-free and overall survival, and reduced local recurrence, thereby demonstrating therapeutic efficacy through an immune-mediated response. These findings strongly support its evaluation in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barak Rosenzweig
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Urology, Urologic-Oncology Service, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, 5262080, Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Renato B Corradi
- Department of Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sadna Budhu
- Immunology Program, The Jedd Wolchok Lab, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ricardo Alvim
- Department of Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pedro Recabal
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Stephen La Rosa
- Department of Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex Somma
- Department of Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sebastien Monette
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave., New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
De Silva P, Saad MA, Thomsen HC, Bano S, Ashraf S, Hasan T. Photodynamic therapy, priming and optical imaging: Potential co-conspirators in treatment design and optimization - a Thomas Dougherty Award for Excellence in PDT paper. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020; 24:1320-1360. [PMID: 37425217 PMCID: PMC10327884 DOI: 10.1142/s1088424620300098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is a photochemistry-based approach, approved for the treatment of several malignant and non-malignant pathologies. It relies on the use of a non-toxic, light activatable chemical, photosensitizer, which preferentially accumulates in tissues/cells and, upon irradiation with the appropriate wavelength of light, confers cytotoxicity by generation of reactive molecular species. The preferential accumulation however is not universal and, depending on the anatomical site, the ratio of tumor to normal tissue may be reversed in favor of normal tissue. Under such circumstances, control of the volume of light illumination provides a second handle of selectivity. Singlet oxygen is the putative favorite reactive molecular species although other entities such as nitric oxide have been credibly implicated. Typically, most photosensitizers in current clinical use have a finite quantum yield of fluorescence which is exploited for surgery guidance and can also be incorporated for monitoring and treatment design. In addition, the photodynamic process alters the cellular, stromal, and/or vascular microenvironment transiently in a process termed photodynamic priming, making it more receptive to subsequent additional therapies including chemo- and immunotherapy. Thus, photodynamic priming may be considered as an enabling technology for the more commonly used frontline treatments. Recently, there has been an increase in the exploitation of the theranostic potential of photodynamic therapy in different preclinical and clinical settings with the use of new photosensitizer formulations and combinatorial therapeutic options. The emergence of nanomedicine has further added to the repertoire of photodynamic therapy's potential and the convergence and co-evolution of these two exciting tools is expected to push the barriers of smart therapies, where such optical approaches might have a special niche. This review provides a perspective on current status of photodynamic therapy in anti-cancer and anti-microbial therapies and it suggests how evolving technologies combined with photochemically-initiated molecular processes may be exploited to become co-conspirators in optimization of treatment outcomes. We also project, at least for the short term, the direction that this modality may be taking in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pushpamali De Silva
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Saad
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hanna C. Thomsen
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shazia Bano
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Immune Responses Triggered in Oncologic Photodynamic Therapy: Clinical Recommendations. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020333. [PMID: 31991650 PMCID: PMC7074240 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer strategy utilizing light-mediated activation of a photosensitizer (PS) which has accumulated in tumor and/or surrounding vasculature. Upon activation, the PS mediates tumor destruction through the generation of reactive oxygen species and tumor-associated vasculature damage, generally resulting in high tumor cure rates. In addition, a PDT-induced immune response against the tumor has been documented in several studies. However, some contradictory results have been reported as well. With the aim of improving the understanding and awareness of the immunological events triggered by PDT, this review focuses on the immunological effects post-PDT, described in preclinical and clinical studies. The reviewed preclinical evidence indicates that PDT is able to elicit a local inflammatory response in the treated site, which can develop into systemic antitumor immunity, providing long-term tumor growth control. Nevertheless, this aspect of PDT has barely been explored in clinical studies. It is clear that further understanding of these events can impact the design of more potent PDT treatments. Based on the available preclinical knowledge, recommendations are given to guide future clinical research to gain valuable information on the immune response induced by PDT. Such insights directly obtained from cancer patients can only improve the success of PDT treatment, either alone or in combination with immunomodulatory approaches.
Collapse
|
13
|
S. Lobo AC, Gomes-da-Silva LC, Rodrigues-Santos P, Cabrita A, Santos-Rosa M, Arnaut LG. Immune Responses after Vascular Photodynamic Therapy with Redaporfin. J Clin Med 2019; 9:jcm9010104. [PMID: 31906092 PMCID: PMC7027008 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) relies on the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) that is activated, after a certain drug-to-light interval (DLI), by the irradiation of the target tumour with light of a specific wavelength absorbed by the PS. Typically, low light doses are insufficient to eradicate solid tumours and high fluence rates have been described as poorly immunogenic. However, previous work with mice bearing CT26 tumours demonstrated that vascular PDT with redaporfin, using a low light dose delivered at a high fluence rate, not only destroys the primary tumour but also reduces the formation of metastasis, thus suggesting anti-tumour immunity. This work characterizes immune responses triggered by redaporfin-PDT in mice bearing CT26 tumours. Our results demonstrate that vascular-PDT leads to a strong neutrophilia (2-24 h), systemic increase of IL-6 (24 h), increased percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing IFN-γ or CD69+ (2-24 h) and increased CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratio (2-24 h). At the tumour bed, T cell tumour infiltration disappeared after PDT but reappeared with a much higher incidence one day later. In addition, it is shown that the therapeutic effect of redaporfin-PDT is highly dependent on neutrophils and CD8+ T cells but not on CD4+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva
- CQC, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (L.C.G.-d.-S.); (L.G.A.)
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.R.-S.); (M.S.-R.)
- Laboratory of Immunology and Oncology, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Cabrita
- Anatomic Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Santos-Rosa
- Immunology Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; (P.R.-S.); (M.S.-R.)
- Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís G. Arnaut
- CQC, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Correspondence: (L.C.G.-d.-S.); (L.G.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Photodynamic cancer therapy enhances accumulation of nanoparticles in tumor-associated myeloid cells. J Control Release 2019; 320:19-31. [PMID: 31899272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In cancer treatment, nanomedicines may be employed in an attempt to improve the tumor localization of antineoplastic drugs e.g. immunotherapeutic agents either through passive or active targeting, thereby potentially enhancing therapeutic effect and reducing undesired off-target effects. However, a large number of administrated nanocarriers often fail to reach the tumor area. In the present study, we show that photodynamic therapy (PDT) enhances the tumor accumulation of systemically administered lipid-PEG layer coated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NP). Intravital microscopy and histological analysis of the tumor area reveal that the tumor vasculature was disrupted after PDT, disturbing blood flow and coinciding with entrapment of nanocarriers in the tumor area. We observed that the nanoparticles accumulating after treatment do not confine to specific locations within the tumor, but rather localize to various cells present throughout the tumor area. Finally, we show by flow cytometry that NP accumulation occurred mostly in immune cells of the myeloid lineage present in the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as in tumor cells, albeit to a lower extent. These data expose opportunities for combination treatments of clinical PDT with NP-based immunotherapy to modulate the TME and improve antitumor immune responses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Nath S, Obaid G, Hasan T. The Course of Immune Stimulation by Photodynamic Therapy: Bridging Fundamentals of Photochemically Induced Immunogenic Cell Death to the Enrichment of T-Cell Repertoire. Photochem Photobiol 2019; 95:1288-1305. [PMID: 31602649 PMCID: PMC6878142 DOI: 10.1111/php.13173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a potentially immunogenic and FDA-approved antitumor treatment modality that utilizes the spatiotemporal combination of a photosensitizer, light and oftentimes oxygen, to generate therapeutic cytotoxic molecules. Certain photosensitizers under specific conditions, including ones in clinical practice, have been shown to elicit an immune response following photoillumination. When localized within tumor tissue, photogenerated cytotoxic molecules can lead to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of tumor cells, which release damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-specific antigens. Subsequently, the T-lymphocyte (T cell)-mediated adaptive immune system can become activated. Activated T cells then disseminate into systemic circulation and can eliminate primary and metastatic tumors. In this review, we will detail the multistage cascade of events following PDT of solid tumors that ultimately lead to the activation of an antitumor immune response. More specifically, we connect the fundamentals of photochemically induced ICD with a proposition on potential mechanisms for PDT enhancement of the adaptive antitumor response. We postulate a hypothesis that during the course of the immune stimulation process, PDT also enriches the T-cell repertoire with tumor-reactive activated T cells, diversifying their tumor-specific targets and eliciting a more expansive and rigorous antitumor response. The implications of such a process are likely to impact the outcomes of rational combinations with immune checkpoint blockade, warranting investigations into T-cell diversity as a previously understudied and potentially transformative paradigm in antitumor photodynamic immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shubhankar Nath
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Girgis Obaid
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Tayyaba Hasan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yanovsky RL, Bartenstein DW, Rogers GS, Isakoff SJ, Chen ST. Photodynamic therapy for solid tumors: A review of the literature. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2019; 35:295-303. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana W. Bartenstein
- Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Internal Medicine Residency Program Brigham & Women's Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Gary S. Rogers
- Tufts University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven J. Isakoff
- Department of Hematology Oncology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Steven T. Chen
- Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
- Department of Dermatology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston Massachusetts USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ji J, Wang P, Zhou Q, Zhu L, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Zheng Z, Bhatta AK, Zhang G, Wang X. CCL8 enhances sensitivity of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma to photodynamic therapy by recruiting M1 macrophages. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 26:235-243. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
18
|
Liu P, Yang W, Shi L, Zhang H, Xu Y, Wang P, Zhang G, Chen WR, Zhang B, Wang X. Concurrent photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by gold nanoclusters under a single NIR laser irradiation. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:6924-6933. [PMID: 31638633 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01573f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The concurrent photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by a single drug of Au25(Capt)18nanoclusters is demonstrated, together with a preliminary immune response study conducted under a single NIR laser irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Weitao Yang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science
| | - Lei Shi
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yan Xu
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science
| | - Peiru Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Wei R. Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research
- University of Central Oklahoma
- Edmond
- USA
| | - Bingbo Zhang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
- Tongji University Cancer Center, The Institute for Biomedical Engineering & Nano Science
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Institute of Photomedicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chu D, Dong X, Shi X, Zhang C, Wang Z. Neutrophil-Based Drug Delivery Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706245. [PMID: 29577477 PMCID: PMC6161715 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
White blood cells (WBCs) are a major component of immunity in response to pathogen invasion. Neutrophils are the most abundant WBCs in humans, playing a central role in acute inflammation induced by pathogens. Adhesion to vasculature and tissue infiltration of neutrophils are key processes in acute inflammation. Many inflammatory/autoimmune disorders and cancer therapies have been found to be involved in activation and tissue infiltration of neutrophils. A promising strategy to develop novel targeted drug delivery systems is the targeting and exploitation of activated neutrophils. Herein, a new drug delivery platform based on neutrophils is reviewed. There are two types of drug delivery systems: neutrophils as carriers and neutrophil-membrane-derived nanovesicles. It is discussed how nanoparticles hijack neutrophils in vivo to deliver therapeutics across blood vessel barriers and how neutrophil-membrane-derived nanovesicles target inflamed vasculature. Finally, the potential applications of neutrophil-based drug delivery systems in treating inflammation and cancers are presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
| | - Xinyue Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
| | - Xutong Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
| | - Canyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
| | - Zhenjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington 99210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Winoker JS, Anastos H, Rastinehad AR. Targeted Ablative Therapies for Prostate Cancer. Cancer Treat Res 2018; 175:15-53. [PMID: 30168116 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93339-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Men diagnosed with low- to intermediate-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer (PCa) often face a daunting and difficult decision with respect to treatment: active surveillance (AS) or radical therapy. This decision is further confounded by the fact that many of these men diagnosed, by an elevated PSA, will have indolent disease and never require intervention. Radical treatments, including radical prostatectomy and whole-gland radiation, offer greater certainty for cancer control, but at the risk of significant urinary and/or sexual morbidity. Conversely, AS preserves genitourinary function and quality of life in exchange for burdensome surveillance and the psychological impact of living with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Winoker
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Harry Anastos
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Ardeshir R Rastinehad
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Norum OJ, Fremstedal ASV, Weyergang A, Golab J, Berg K. Photochemical delivery of bleomycin induces T-cell activation of importance for curative effect and systemic anti-tumor immunity. J Control Release 2017; 268:120-127. [PMID: 29042319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a technology to enhance intracellular drug delivery by light-induced translocation of endocytosed therapeutics into the cytosol. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of PCI-based delivery of bleomycin and the impact on systemic anti-tumor immunity. Mouse colon carcinoma cells (CT26.CL25), stably expressing the bacterial β-galactosidase, were inoculated into the legs of athymic or immuno-competent BALB/c mice strains. The mice were injected with the photosensitizer AlPcS2a and bleomycin (BLM) prior to tumor light exposure from a 670nm diode laser. Photochemical activation of BLM was found to induce synergistic inhibition of tumor growth as compared to the sum of the individual treatments. However, a curative effect was not observed in the athymic mice exposed to 30J/cm2 of light while >90% of the thymic mice were cured after exposure to only 15J/cm2 light. Cured thymic mice, re-challenged with CT26.CL25 tumor cells on the contralateral leg, rejected 57-100% of the tumor cells inoculated immediately and up to 2months after the photochemical treatment. T-cells from the spleen of PCI-treated mice were found to inhibit the growth of CT26.CL25 cells in naïve thymic mice with a 60% rejection rate. The results show that treatment of CT26.CL25 tumors in thymic mice by PCI of BLM induces a systemic anti-tumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ole-Jacob Norum
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway; Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane Sofie Viset Fremstedal
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anette Weyergang
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw, 1A Banacha Str, F building, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital - Radium Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Muchowicz A, Wachowska M, Stachura J, Tonecka K, Gabrysiak M, Wołosz D, Pilch Z, Kilarski WW, Boon L, Klaus TJ, Golab J. Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis impairs antitumour effects of photodynamic therapy and checkpoint inhibitors in mice. Eur J Cancer 2017; 83:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
23
|
Photodynamic Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Narrative Review and Future Directions. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2016; 13:265-75. [PMID: 26646726 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.201509-650fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an established treatment modality for non-small cell lung cancer. Phototoxicity, the primary adverse event, is expected to be minimized with the introduction of new photosensitizers that have shown promising results in phase I and II clinical studies. Early-stage and superficial endobronchial lesions less than 1 cm in thickness can be effectively treated with external light sources. Thicker lesions and peripheral lesions may be amenable to interstitial PDT, where the light is delivered intratumorally. The addition of PDT to standard-of-care surgery and chemotherapy can improve survival and outcomes in patients with pleural disease. Intraoperative PDT has shown promise in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer with pleural spread. Recent preclinical and clinical data suggest that PDT can increase antitumor immunity. Crosslinking of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 molecules is a reliable biomarker to quantify the photoreaction induced by PDT. Randomized studies are required to test the prognosis value of this biomarker, obtain approval for the new photosensitizers, and test the potential efficacy of interstitial and intraoperative PDT in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer.
Collapse
|
24
|
Korbelik M, Banáth J, Zhang W. Mreg Activity in Tumor Response to Photodynamic Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy-Generated Cancer Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100094. [PMID: 27754452 PMCID: PMC5082384 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloid regulatory cells (Mregs) are, together with regulatory T cells (Tregs), a dominant effector population responsible for restriction of the duration and strength of antitumor immune response. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and cancer vaccines generated by PDT are modalities whose effectiveness in tumor destruction is closely dependent on the associated antitumor immune response. The present study investigated whether the immunodepletion of granulocytic Mregs in host mice by anti-GR1 antibody would improve the response of tumors to PDT or PDT vaccines in these animals. Anti-GR1 administration immediately after Temoporfin-PDT of mouse SCCVII tumors abrogated curative effect of PDT. The opposite effect, increasing PDT-mediated tumor cure-rates was attained by delaying anti-GR1 treatment to 1 h post PDT. With PDT vaccines, multiple anti-GR1 administrations (days 0, 4, and 8 post vaccination) improved the therapy response with SCCVII tumors. The results with PDT suggest that neutrophils (boosting antitumor effect of this therapy) that are engaged immediately after photodynamic light treatment are within one hour replaced with a different myeloid population, presumably Mregs that hampers the therapy-mediated antitumor effect. Anti-GR1 antibody, when used with optimal timing, can improve the efficacy of both PDT of tumors in situ and PDT-generated cancer vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Korbelik
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Judith Banáth
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| | - Wei Zhang
- British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4E6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Boosting Tumor-Specific Immunity Using PDT. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8100091. [PMID: 27782066 PMCID: PMC5082381 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment with a long-standing history. It employs the application of nontoxic components, namely a light-sensitive photosensitizer and visible light, to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). These ROS lead to tumor cell destruction, which is accompanied by the induction of an acute inflammatory response. This inflammatory process sends a danger signal to the innate immune system, which results in activation of specific cell types and release of additional inflammatory mediators. Activation of the innate immune response is necessary for subsequent induction of the adaptive arm of the immune system. This includes the priming of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) that have the capability to directly recognize and kill cells which display an altered self. The past decades have brought increasing appreciation for the importance of the generation of an adaptive immune response for long-term tumor control and induction of immune memory to combat recurrent disease. This has led to considerable effort to elucidate the immune effects PDT treatment elicits. In this review we deal with the progress which has been made during the past 20 years in uncovering the role of PDT in the induction of the tumor-specific immune response, with special emphasis on adaptive immunity.
Collapse
|
26
|
Gabrysiak M, Wachowska M, Barankiewicz J, Pilch Z, Ratajska A, Skrzypek E, Winiarska M, Domagala A, Rygiel TP, Jozkowicz A, Boon L, Golab J, Firczuk M. Low dose of GRP78-targeting subtilase cytotoxin improves the efficacy of photodynamic therapy in vivo. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3151-8. [PMID: 27035643 PMCID: PMC4872279 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) exerts direct cytotoxic effects on tumor cells, destroys tumor blood and lymphatic vessels and induces local inflammation. Although PDT triggers the release of immunogenic antigens from tumor cells, the degree of immune stimulation is regimen-dependent. The highest immunogenicity is achieved at sub-lethal doses, which at the same time trigger cytoprotective responses, that include increased expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78). To mitigate the cytoprotective effects of GRP78 and preserve the immunoregulatory activity of PDT, we investigated the in vivo efficacy of PDT in combination with EGF-SubA cytotoxin that was shown to potentiate in vitro PDT cytotoxicity by inactivating GRP78. Treatment of immunocompetent BALB/c mice with EGF-SubA improved the efficacy of PDT but only when mice were treated with a dose of EGF-SubA that exerted less pronounced effects on the number of T and B lymphocytes as well as dendritic cells in mouse spleens. The observed antitumor effects were critically dependent on CD8+ T cells and were completely abrogated in immunodeficient SCID mice. All these results suggest that GRP78 targeting improves in vivo PDT efficacy provided intact T-cell immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gabrysiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Barankiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Pilch
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Ratajska
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Skrzypek
- Department of Pathology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Winiarska
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antoni Domagala
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz P Rygiel
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kracow, Poland
| | - Louis Boon
- EPIRUS Biopharmaceuticals Netherlands BV, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1A, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Broekgaarden M, Weijer R, van Gulik TM, Hamblin MR, Heger M. Tumor cell survival pathways activated by photodynamic therapy: a molecular basis for pharmacological inhibition strategies. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2015; 34:643-90. [PMID: 26516076 PMCID: PMC4661210 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-015-9588-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising alternative to conventional cancer therapies such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. PDT comprises the administration of a photosensitizer, its accumulation in tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the photosensitizer-loaded tumor, leading to the localized photoproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The resulting oxidative damage ultimately culminates in tumor cell death, vascular shutdown, induction of an antitumor immune response, and the consequent destruction of the tumor. However, the ROS produced by PDT also triggers a stress response that, as part of a cell survival mechanism, helps cancer cells to cope with the PDT-induced oxidative stress and cell damage. These survival pathways are mediated by the transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (NRF2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and those that mediate the proteotoxic stress response. The survival pathways are believed to render some types of cancer recalcitrant to PDT and alter the tumor microenvironment in favor of tumor survival. In this review, the molecular mechanisms are elucidated that occur post-PDT to mediate cancer cell survival, on the basis of which pharmacological interventions are proposed. Specifically, pharmaceutical inhibitors of the molecular regulators of each survival pathway are addressed. The ultimate aim is to facilitate the development of adjuvant intervention strategies to improve PDT efficacy in recalcitrant solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Weijer
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Broekgaarden M, Kos M, Jurg FA, van Beek AA, van Gulik TM, Heger M. Inhibition of NF-κB in Tumor Cells Exacerbates Immune Cell Activation Following Photodynamic Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19960-77. [PMID: 26307977 PMCID: PMC4581334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although photodynamic therapy (PDT) yields very good outcomes in numerous types of superficial solid cancers, some tumors respond suboptimally to PDT. Novel treatment strategies are therefore needed to enhance the efficacy in these therapy-resistant tumors. One of these strategies is to combine PDT with inhibitors of PDT-induced survival pathways. In this respect, the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) has been identified as a potential pharmacological target, albeit inhibition of NF-κB may concurrently dampen the subsequent anti-tumor immune response required for complete tumor eradication and abscopal effects. In contrast to these postulations, this study demonstrated that siRNA knockdown of NF-κB in murine breast carcinoma (EMT-6) cells increased survival signaling in these cells and exacerbated the inflammatory response in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results suggest a pro-death and immunosuppressive role of NF-κB in PDT-treated cells that concurs with a hyperstimulated immune response in innate immune cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mans Broekgaarden
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Milan Kos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Freek A Jurg
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Adriaan A van Beek
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Wageningen University, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas M van Gulik
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Michal Heger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pansa MF, Lamberti MJ, Cogno IS, Correa SG, Rumie Vittar NB, Rivarola VA. Contribution of resident and recruited macrophages to the photodynamic intervention of colorectal tumor microenvironment. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:541-52. [PMID: 26232323 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of cellular interactions in the tumor microenvironment has become one of the main areas of research in the fight against cancer. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) influence tumor progression and therapy response due to its functional plasticity. Regarding cancer treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive and clinically approved procedure that involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS), a nontoxic photosensitizing drug which is selectively retained in neoplastic tissue. Here, we investigated the role of resident and nonresident macrophages in the context of a PDT-treated colorectal tumor by developing a combination of 2-D and three-dimensional (3-D) experimental platform, recreating tumor-stroma interactions in vitro. Enhancement of cytotoxicity of PDT was achieved in the presence of nonresident macrophages which had a strong anti-tumor phenotype mediated by the production of nitric oxide, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). On the contrary, tumor resident macrophages induced a pro-tumor phenotype promoting tumor cell migration and endothelial stimulation. Due to their plasticity, tumor-resident or tumor-recruited macrophages can differentially influence the response of tumors to PDT, so their multifactorial roles should be considered in the overall design of anti-tumor therapeutic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Pansa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Julia Lamberti
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Sol Cogno
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Silvia Graciela Correa
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, CIBICI-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Natalia Belén Rumie Vittar
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Viviana Alicia Rivarola
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, 5800, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wachowska M, Muchowicz A, Golab J. Targeting Epigenetic Processes in Photodynamic Therapy-Induced Anticancer Immunity. Front Oncol 2015; 5:176. [PMID: 26284197 PMCID: PMC4519687 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is an approved therapeutic procedure that generates oxidative stress leading to cell death of tumor and stromal cells. Cell death resulting from oxidative damage to intracellular components leads to the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that trigger robust inflammatory response and creates local conditions for effective sampling of tumor-associated antigens (TAA) by antigen-presenting cells. The latter can trigger development of TAA-specific adaptive immune response. However, due to a number of mechanisms, including epigenetic regulation of TAA expression, tumor cells evade immune recognition. Therefore, numerous approaches are being developed to combine PDT with immunotherapies to allow development of systemic immunity. In this review, we describe immunoregulatory mechanisms of epigenetic treatments that were shown to restore the expression of epigenetically silenced or down-regulated major histocompatibility complex molecules as well as TAA. We also discuss the results of our recent studies showing that epigenetic treatments based on administration of methyltransferase inhibitors in combination with PDT can release effective mechanisms leading to development of antitumor immunity and potentiated antitumor effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Angelika Muchowicz
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Basic and Clinical Aspects of Photodynamic Therapy. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-12730-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
32
|
A combretastatin-mediated decrease in neutrophil concentration in peripheral blood and the impact on the anti-tumor activity of this drug in two different murine tumor models. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110091. [PMID: 25299269 PMCID: PMC4192533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular disrupting agent combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate (CA4P) induces fluctuations in peripheral blood neutrophil concentration. Because neutrophils have the potential to induce both vascular damage and angiogenesis we analyzed neutrophil involvement in the anti-tumoral effects of CA4P in C3H mammary carcinomas in CDF1 mice and in SCCVII squamous cell carcinomas in C3H/HeN mice. Flow cytometry analyses of peripheral blood before and up to 144 h after CA4P administration (25 and 250 mg/kg) revealed a decrease 1 h after treatment, followed by an early (3–6 h) and a late (>72 h) increase in the granulocyte concentration. We suggest that the early increase (3–6 h) in granulocyte concentration was caused by the initial decrease at 1 h and found that the late increase was associated with tumor size, and hence independent of CA4P. No alterations in neutrophil infiltration into the C3H tumor after CA4P treatment (25 and 250 mg/kg) were found. Correspondingly, neutrophil depletion in vivo, using an anti-neutrophil antibody, followed by CA4P treatment (25 mg/kg) did not increase the necrotic fraction in C3H tumors significantly. However, by increasing the CA4P dose to 250 mg/kg we found a significant increase of 359% in necrotic fraction when compared to neutrophil-depleted mice; in mice with no neutrophil depletion CA4P induced an 89% change indicating that the presence of neutrophils reduced the effect of CA4P. In contrast, neither CA4P nor 1A8 affected the necrotic fraction in the SCCVII tumors significantly. Hence, we suggest that the initial decrease in granulocyte concentration was caused by non-tumor-specific recruitment of neutrophils and that neutrophils may attenuate CA4P-mediated anti-tumor effect in some tumor models.
Collapse
|
33
|
Adamek M, Kawczyk-Krupka A, Mostowy A, Czuba Z, Krol W, Kasperczyk S, Jakobisiak M, Golab J, Sieron A. Topical ALA-PDT modifies neutrophils' chemiluminescence, lymphocytes' interleukin-1beta secretion and serum level of transforming growth factor beta1 in patients with nonmelanoma skin malignancies A clinical study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 2:65-72. [PMID: 25048558 DOI: 10.1016/s1572-1000(05)00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been recognized as a noninvasive therapeutic approach for the effective treatment of tumors. It has been shown in studies conducted on malignant cell lines and various animal tumor models, that the interaction of photosensitizing substances with light leads to the release of cytotoxic substances and stimulates the immune response. PURPOSE The aim of our study was to analyze the immune system response in patients undergoing photodynamic therapy due to basal cell carcinoma (BCC). METHODS Patients with skin malignancies have been treated by 10% delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany) topically and light from a diode laser. Blood samples were obtained from each patient twice in the same day: before and 4h after photodynamic treatment procedure. In patients' serum the concentration of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1) was determined. Additionally the study has been conducted on lymphocytes and granulocytes from peripheral blood. In cell culture supernatants the concentration of interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), the percentile composition of patients' lymphocytes and the chemiluminescence of neutrophils have been measured. RESULTS We have observed a significant increase (p=0.015) in the intensity of the neutrophil chemiluminescence and significant diminution (p=0.006) of IL-1β concentration in supernatants. Similarly the serum level of TGF-β1 has been significantly decreased (p<0.001). CONCLUSION It is very likely that human immune system activity is modified by topical ALA-PDT and may potentially contribute to its final outcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Adamek
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Mostowy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Zenon Czuba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Slawomir Kasperczyk
- Department of Biochemistry, Silesian Medical University, 19 Jordana St., PL-41808 Zabrze-Rokitnica, Poland
| | - Marek Jakobisiak
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, PL-02004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Center of Biostructure Research, The Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, PL-02004 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksander Sieron
- Center for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Chair and Clinic of Internal Diseases and Physical Medicine, Silesian Medical University, 15 Batory St., PL-41902 Bytom, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tetard MC, Vermandel M, Mordon S, Lejeune JP, Reyns N. Experimental use of photodynamic therapy in high grade gliomas: a review focused on 5-aminolevulinic acid. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2014; 11:319-30. [PMID: 24905843 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists of a laser light exposure of tumor cells photosensitized by general or local administration of a pharmacological agent. Nowadays, PDT is a clinically established modality for treatment of many cancers. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has proven its rational in fluoro-guided resection of malignant gliomas due to a selective tumor uptake and minimal skin sensitization. Moreover, the relatively specific accumulation of photosensitizing PPIX within the tumor cells has gained interest in the PDT of malignant gliomas. Several experimental and clinical studies have then established ALA-PDT as a valuable adjuvant therapy in the management of malignant gliomas. However, the procedure still requires optimizations in the fields of tissue oxygenation status, photosensitizer concentration or scheme of laser light illumination. In this extensive review, we focused on the methods and results of ALA-PDT for treating malignant gliomas in experimental conditions. The biological mechanisms, the effects on tumor and normal brain tissue, and finally the critical issues to optimize the efficacy of ALA-PDT were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Charlotte Tetard
- University Hospital of Lille - CHRU, Lille F59000, France; Université de Lille 2, Lille F59000, France; Inserm, U703 - ThIAIS, Loos F59120, France
| | - Maximilien Vermandel
- University Hospital of Lille - CHRU, Lille F59000, France; Université de Lille 2, Lille F59000, France; Inserm, U703 - ThIAIS, Loos F59120, France.
| | | | - Jean-Paul Lejeune
- University Hospital of Lille - CHRU, Lille F59000, France; Université de Lille 2, Lille F59000, France; Inserm, U703 - ThIAIS, Loos F59120, France
| | - Nicolas Reyns
- University Hospital of Lille - CHRU, Lille F59000, France; Université de Lille 2, Lille F59000, France; Inserm, U703 - ThIAIS, Loos F59120, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wachowska M, Gabrysiak M, Golab J. Epigenetic remodeling combined with photodynamic therapy elicits anticancer immune responses. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28837. [PMID: 25057447 PMCID: PMC4091536 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy has been shown to induce strong immunity against tumor cells expressing exogenous tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), including P1A antigen. Cancer cells can evade the immune system by epigenetic silencing of TAAs, while DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, such as 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) can restore the expression of silenced or downregulated TAA. Thus, epigenetic remodeling with 5-aza-dC combined with PDT can elicit robust and durable antitumor immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Wachowska
- Department of Immunology; Center for Biostructure Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gabrysiak
- Department of Immunology; Center for Biostructure Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology; Center for Biostructure Research; Medical University of Warsaw; Warsaw, Poland ; Institute of Physical Chemistry; Polish Academy of Sciences; Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mitra S, Modi KD, Foster TH. Enzyme-activatable imaging probe reveals enhanced neutrophil elastase activity in tumors following photodynamic therapy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:101314. [PMID: 23897439 PMCID: PMC3726228 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.10.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the use of an enzyme-activatable fluorogenic probe, Neutrophil Elastase 680 FAST (NE680), for in vivo imaging of neutrophil elastase (NE) activity in tumors subjected to photodynamic therapy (PDT). NE protease activity was assayed in SCC VII and EMT6 tumors established in C3H and BALB/c mice, respectively. Four nanomoles of NE680 was injected intravenously immediately following PDT irradiation. 5 h following administration of NE680, whole-mouse fluorescence imaging was performed. At this time point, levels of NE680 fluorescence were at least threefold greater in irradiated versus unirradiated SCC VII and EMT6 tumors sensitized with Photofrin. To compare possible photosensitizer-specific differences in therapy-induced elastase activity, EMT6 tumors were also subjected to 2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-PDT. NE levels measured in HPPH-PDT-treated tumors were twofold higher than in unirradiated controls. Ex vivo labeling of host cells using fluorophore-conjugated antibodies and confocal imaging were used to visualize Gr1+ cells in Photofrin-PDT-treated EMT6 tumors. These data were compared with recently reported analysis of Gr1+ cell accumulation in EMT6 tumors subjected to HPPH-PDT. The population density of infiltrating Gr1+ cells in treated versus unirradiated drug-only control tumors suggests that the differential in NE680 fold enhancement observed in Photofrin versus HPPH treatment may be attributed to the significantly increased inflammatory response induced by Photofrin-PDT. The in vivo imaging of NE680, which is a fluorescent reporter of NE extracellular release caused by neutrophil activation, demonstrates that PDT results in increased NE levels in treated tumors, and the accumulation of the cleaved probe tracks qualitatively with the intratumor Gr1+ cell population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Mitra
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Imaging Sciences, Rochester, New York 14642, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Rumie Vittar NB, Lamberti MJ, Pansa MF, Vera RE, Rodriguez ME, Cogno IS, Milla Sanabria LN, Rivarola VA. Ecological photodynamic therapy: new trend to disrupt the intricate networks within tumor ecosystem. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1835:86-99. [PMID: 23127970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2012] [Revised: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As with natural ecosystems, species within the tumor microenvironment are connected by pairwise interactions (e.g. mutualism, predation) leading to a strong interdependence of different populations on each other. In this review we have identified the ecological roles played by each non-neoplastic population (macrophages, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and other abiotic components (oxygen, extracellular matrix) directly involved with neoplastic development. A way to alter an ecosystem is to affect other species within the environment that are supporting the growth and survival of the species of interest, here the tumor cells; thus, some features of ecological systems could be exploited for cancer therapy. We propose a well-known antitumor therapy called photodynamic therapy (PDT) as a novel modulator of ecological interactions. We refer to this as "ecological photodynamic therapy." The main goal of this new strategy is the improvement of therapeutic efficiency through the disruption of ecological networks with the aim of destroying the tumor ecosystem. It is therefore necessary to identify those interactions from which tumor cells get benefit and those by which it is impaired, and then design multitargeted combined photodynamic regimes in order to orchestrate non-neoplastic populations against their neoplastic counterpart. Thus, conceiving the tumor as an ecological system opens avenues for novel approaches on treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Belén Rumie Vittar
- Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Biología Molecular, Ruta 36 Km 601, Río Cuarto (5800), Córdoba, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mitra S, Mironov O, Foster TH. Confocal fluorescence imaging enables noninvasive quantitative assessment of host cell populations in vivo following photodynamic therapy. Theranostics 2012; 2:840-9. [PMID: 23082097 PMCID: PMC3475210 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of optical imaging strategies to noninvasively examine photosensitizer distribution and physiological and host responses to 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2 devinyl pyropheophorbide-a (HPPH)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) of EMT6 tumors established in the ears of BALB/c mice. 24 h following intravenous (IV) administration of 1 μmol kg(-1) HPPH, wide-field fluorescence imaging reveals tumor selectivity with an approximately 2-3-fold differential between tumor and adjacent normal tissue. Confocal microscopy demonstrates a relatively homogeneous intratumor HPPH distribution. Labeling of host cells using fluorophore-conjugated antibodies allowed the visualization of Gr1(+)/CD11b(+) leukocytes and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)(+) cells in vivo. Imaging of the treated site at different time-points following irradiation shows significant and rapid increases in Gr1(+) cells in response to therapy. The maximum accumulation of Gr1(+) cells is found at 24 h post-irradiation, followed by a decrease at the 48 h time-point. Using IV-injected FITC-conjugated dextran as a fluorescent perfusion marker, we imaged tissue perfusion at different times post-irradiation and found that the reduced Gr1(+ )cell density at 48 h correlated strongly with functional damage to the vasculature as reported via decreased perfusion status. Dual color confocal imaging experiments demonstrates that about 90% of the anti-Gr1 cell population co-localized with anti-CD11b labeling, thus indicating that majority of the Gr1-labeled cells were neutrophils. At 24 h post-PDT, an approximately 2-fold increase in MHC-II+ cells relative to untreated control is also observed. Co-localization analysis reveals an increase in the fraction of Gr1(+) cells expressing MHC-II, suggesting that HPPH-PDT is stimulating neutrophils to express an antigen-presenting phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas H. Foster
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Brackett CM, Owczarczak B, Ramsey K, Maier PG, Gollnick SO. IL-6 potentiates tumor resistance to photodynamic therapy (PDT). Lasers Surg Med 2012; 43:676-85. [PMID: 22057495 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an anticancer modality approved for the treatment of early disease and palliation of late stage disease. PDT of tumors results in the generation of an acute inflammatory response. The extent and duration of the inflammatory response is dependent upon the PDT regimen employed and is characterized by rapid induction of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, and activation and mobilization of innate immune cells. The importance of innate immune cells in long-term PDT control of tumor growth has been well defined. In contrast the role of IL-6 in long-term tumor control by PDT is unclear. Previous studies have shown that IL-6 can diminish or have no effect on PDT antitumor efficacy. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study we used mice deficient for IL-6, Il6(-/-) , to examine the role of IL-6 in activation of antitumor immunity and PDT efficacy by PDT regimens known to enhance antitumor immunity. RESULTS Our studies have shown that elimination of IL-6 had no effect on innate cell mobilization into the treated tumor bed or tumor draining lymph node (TDLN) and did not affect primary antitumor T-cell activation by PDT. However, IL-6 does appear to negatively regulate the generation of antitumor immune memory and PDT efficacy against murine colon and mammary carcinoma models. The inhibition of PDT efficacy by IL-6 appears also to be related to regulation of Bax protein expression. Increased apoptosis was observed following treatment of tumors in Il6(-/-) mice 24 hours following PDT. CONCLUSIONS The development of PDT regimens that enhance antitumor immunity has led to proposals for the use of PDT as an adjuvant treatment. However, our results show that the potential for PDT induced expression of IL-6 to enhance tumor survival following PDT must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Brackett
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Souto JC, Vila L, Brú A. Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and cancer: intense and sustained neutrophilia as a treatment against solid tumors. Med Res Rev 2011; 31:311-63. [PMID: 19967776 DOI: 10.1002/med.20185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant circulating immune cells and represent the first line of immune defense against infection. This review of the biomedical literature of the last 40 years shows that they also have a powerful antitumoral effect under certain circumstances. Typically, the microenvironment surrounding a solid tumor possesses many of the characteristics of chronic inflammation, a condition considered very favorable for tumor growth and spread. However, there are many circumstances that shift the chronic inflammatory state toward an acute inflammatory response around a tumor. This shift seems to convert PMN into very efficient anticancer effector cells. Clinical reports of unexpected antitumoral effects linked to the prolonged use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which stimulates an intense and sustained neutrophilia, suggest that an easy way to fight solid tumors would be to encourage the development of intense peritumoral PMN infiltrates. Specifically designed clinical trials are urgently needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of such drug-induced neutrophilia in patients with solid tumors. This antitumoral role of neutrophils may provide new avenues for the clinical treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Souto
- Department of Hematology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Evangelou G, Farrar M, White R, Sorefan N, Wright K, McLean K, Andrew S, Watson R, Rhodes L. Topical aminolaevulinic acid-photodynamic therapy produces an inflammatory infiltrate but reduces Langerhans cells in healthy human skin in vivo. Br J Dermatol 2011; 165:513-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2011.10433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
42
|
Heat-shock protein 70-dependent dendritic cell activation by 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic treatment of human glioblastoma spheroids in vitro. Br J Cancer 2011; 105:961-9. [PMID: 21863026 PMCID: PMC3185943 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2011.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell responses contribute to the anti-tumoural effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). For such responses to occur, dendritic cells (DCs) have to migrate to the tumour, take up tumour antigens and respond to danger signals with maturation, before they engage in T-cell activation. Here, we have studied the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-mediated PDT on DCs in vitro in a human spheroid model of glioblastoma (GB). METHODS Spheroids of the GB cell lines U87 and U251 were treated with ALA/PDT, and effects on attraction, uptake of tumour antigens and maturation of DCs were studied. To block heat-shock protein-70 (HSP-70) on the spheroids, neutralising antibodies were used. RESULTS 5-Aminolevulinic acid /PDT-treated GB spheroids attracted DCs that acquired tumour antigens from the spheroids effectively. Moreover, co-culture with ALA/PDT-treated spheroids induced DC maturation as indicated by the upregulation of CD83 and co-stimulatory molecules as well as increased T-cell stimulatory activity of the DCs. Heat-shock protein-70 was upregulated on the spheroids after ALA/PDT treatment. Uptake of tumour antigens and DC maturation induced by the ALA/PDT-treated spheroids were inhibited when HSP-70 was blocked. CONCLUSION ALA/PDT treatment of glioma spheroids promotes the three initial steps of the afferent phase of adaptive immunity, which is at least partially mediated by HSP-70.
Collapse
|
43
|
Agostinis P, Berg K, Cengel KA, Foster TH, Girotti AW, Gollnick SO, Hahn SM, Hamblin MR, Juzeniene A, Kessel D, Korbelik M, Moan J, Mroz P, Nowis D, Piette J, Wilson BC, Golab J. Photodynamic therapy of cancer: an update. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61:250-81. [PMID: 21617154 PMCID: PMC3209659 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3230] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved, minimally invasive therapeutic procedure that can exert a selective cytotoxic activity toward malignant cells. The procedure involves administration of a photosensitizing agent followed by irradiation at a wavelength corresponding to an absorbance band of the sensitizer. In the presence of oxygen, a series of events lead to direct tumor cell death, damage to the microvasculature, and induction of a local inflammatory reaction. Clinical studies revealed that PDT can be curative, particularly in early stage tumors. It can prolong survival in patients with inoperable cancers and significantly improve quality of life. Minimal normal tissue toxicity, negligible systemic effects, greatly reduced long-term morbidity, lack of intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms, and excellent cosmetic as well as organ function-sparing effects of this treatment make it a valuable therapeutic option for combination treatments. With a number of recent technological improvements, PDT has the potential to become integrated into the mainstream of cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Agostinis
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Cell Death Research & Therapy Laboratory, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium,
| | - Kristian Berg
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - Keith A. Cengel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Thomas H. Foster
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
| | - Albert W. Girotti
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226-3548, USA,
| | - Sandra O. Gollnick
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Sts, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA,
| | - Stephen M. Hahn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19004, USA, ;
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Asta Juzeniene
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
| | - David Kessel
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit MI 48201, USA,
| | | | - Johan Moan
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, N-0310 Oslo, Norway, ;
- Institute of Physics, University of Oslo, Blindern 0316 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Pawel Mroz
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114-2696, USA, ;
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA 02115
| | - Dominika Nowis
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
| | - Jacques Piette
- GIGA-Research, Laboratory of Virology & Immunology, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège Belgium,
| | - Brian C. Wilson
- Ontario Cancer Institute/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada,
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland, ;
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department 3, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zhang SY, Li JL, Xu XK, Zheng MG, Wen CC, Li FC. HMME-based PDT restores expression and function of transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1) and surface presentation of MHC class I antigen in human glioma. J Neurooncol 2011; 105:199-210. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-011-0584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
45
|
Firczuk M, Nowis D, Gołąb J. PDT-induced inflammatory and host responses. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:653-63. [PMID: 21258727 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is used in the management of neoplastic and nonmalignant diseases. Its unique mechanisms of action include direct cytotoxic effects exerted towards tumor cells, destruction of tumor and peritumoral vasculature and induction of local acute inflammatory reaction. The latter develops in response to (1) damage to tumor and stromal cells that leads to the release of cell death-associated molecular patterns (CDAMs) or damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), (2) early vascular changes that include increased vascular permeability, vascular occlusion, and release of vasoactive and proinflammatory mediators, (3) activation of alternative pathway of complement leading to generation of potent chemotactic factors, and (4) induction of signaling cascades and transcription factors that trigger secretion of cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases, or adhesion molecules. The majority of studies indicate that induction of local inflammatory response contributes to the antitumor effects of PDT and facilitates development of systemic immunity. However, the degree of PDT-induced inflammation and its subsequent contribution to its antitumor efficacy depend on multiple parameters, such as chemical nature, concentration and subcellular localization of the photosensitizers, the spectral characteristics of the light source, light fluence and fluence rate, oxygenation level, and tumor type. Identification of detailed molecular mechanisms and development of therapeutic approaches modulating PDT-induced inflammation will be necessary to tailor this treatment to particular clinical conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Firczuk
- Department of Immunology, Centre of Biostructure Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The development of photodynamic therapy (PDT)-generated cancer vaccines is potentially one of the most significant achievements in the field of PDT. Employing vaccine protocols optimizes the capacity of PDT of inducing a strong immune response against treated tumor due to the establishment of highly favourable conditions for maximizing the avidity of the immune reaction while sustaining and prolonging its tumor-destroying attack. While the introduction of PDT vaccines into the clinics and testing on patients is still in a very early phase, much work can still be done on further improvement of the potency of PDT vaccines. Considerable advances can be expected by identifying the most effective adjuvants to be used with PDT vaccines, which will most likely be different with different types of cancerous lesions.
Collapse
|
47
|
Brackett CM, Gollnick SO. Photodynamic therapy enhancement of anti-tumor immunity. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2011; 10:649-52. [PMID: 21253659 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00354a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved modality for the treatment of early-stage disease and palliation of late-stage disease. Pre-clinical studies using mouse models and clinical studies in patients have demonstrated that PDT is capable of influencing the immune system. The effect of PDT on the generation of anti-tumor immunity is regimen-dependent and is tightly linked to the degree and nature of inflammation induced by PDT. However, the precise mechanism underlying PDT-regulated adaptive anti-tumor immunity remains unclear. This review will focus on the current knowledge of immune regulation by PDT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig M Brackett
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Garg AD, Nowis D, Golab J, Agostinis P. Photodynamic therapy: illuminating the road from cell death towards anti-tumour immunity. Apoptosis 2010; 15:1050-71. [PMID: 20221698 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0479-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) utilizes the destructive power of reactive oxygen species generated via visible light irradiation of a photosensitive dye accumulated in the cancerous tissue/cells, to bring about their obliteration. PDT activates multiple signalling pathways in cancer cells, which could give rise to all three cell death modalities (at least in vitro). Simultaneously, PDT is capable of eliciting various effects in the tumour microenvironment thereby affecting the tumour-associated/-infiltrating immune cells and by extension, leading to infiltration of various immune cells (e.g. neutrophils) into the treated site. PDT is also associated to the activation of different immune phenomena, e.g. acute-phase response, complement cascade and production of cytokines/chemokines. It has also come to light that, PDT is capable of activating 'anti-tumour adaptive immunity' in both pre-clinical as well as clinical settings. Although the ability of PDT to induce 'anti-cancer vaccine effect' is still debatable, yet it has been shown to be capable of inducing exposure/release of certain damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) like HSP70. Therefore, it seems that PDT is unique among other approved therapeutic procedures in generating a microenvironment suitable for development of systemic anti-tumour immunity. Apart from this, recent times have seen the emergence of certain promising modalities based on PDT like-photoimmunotherapy and PDT-based cancer vaccines. This review mainly discusses the effects exerted by PDT on cancer cells, immune cells as well as tumour microenvironment in terms of anti-tumour immunity. The ability of PDT to expose/release DAMPs and the future perspectives of this paradigm have also been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee LS, Thong PSP, Olivo M, Chin WWL, Ramaswamy B, Kho KW, Lim PL, Lau WKO. Chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone mediated photodynamic therapy--A potential bladder sparing option for high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2010; 7:213-20. [PMID: 21112542 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bladder sparing treatment options for high risk non-muscle invasive blader cancer (NMIBC) after intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) failure are limited. OBJECTIVE To evaluate photodynamic therapy (PDT) using chlorin e6-polyvinylpyrrolidone (Ce6-PVP) as a bladder sparing therapy for NMIBC refractory to intravesical BCG therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between July 2004 and June 2009, patients with recurrent NMIBC after induction intravesical BCG therapy were treated with PDT performed with a 665nm laser and light dosimetry of 10-24J/cm(2). The patients underwent cystoscopic surveillance for tumour recurrence post PDT. Post treatment lower urinary tract symptoms and bladder capacity were also monitored. Serum and urine samples were collected for spectrometric quantification of photosensitizer levels. RESULTS Five patients underwent PDT, with a total of seven treatments performed. One patient received intravenous Ce6-PVP, while the rest received intravesical Ce6-PVP.The median age was 80 years (mean 79 years, range 72-88 years). There were three patients with primary CIS of the bladder and two with T1 high grade TCC and CIS of the bladder. At a median follow-up of 29 months (mean 25 months, range 6-36 months), two patients were disease free, two patients developed recurrence and one patient progressed to muscle invasive disease. There were no immediate adverse effects. The patient receiving intravenous Ce6-PVP developed an enterovesical fistula 16 months post PDT. CONCLUSIONS Despite being a small pilot study, intravesical Ce6-PVP mediated PDT is a feasible bladder sparing treatment option for recurrent high risk non-muscle invasive bladder carcinoma in selected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lui Shiong Lee
- Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, 169608, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an FDA-approved modality that rapidly eliminates local tumors, resulting in cure of early disease and palliation of advanced disease. PDT was originally considered to be a local treatment; however, both pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown that local PDT treatment of tumors can enhance systemic anti-tumor immunity. The current state of investigations into the ability of PDT to enhance anti-tumor immunity, the mechanisms behind this enhancement and the future of PDT as an immunotherapy are addressed in this review.
Collapse
|