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GSK3β Activity in Reward Circuit Functioning and Addiction. NEUROSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci2040033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), primarily described as a regulator of glycogen metabolism, is a molecular hub linking numerous signaling pathways and regulates many cellular processes like cytoskeletal rearrangement, cell migration, apoptosis, and proliferation. In neurons, the kinase is engaged in molecular events related to the strengthening and weakening of synapses, which is a subcellular manifestation of neuroplasticity. Dysregulation of GSK3β activity has been reported in many neuropsychiatric conditions, like schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we describe the kinase action in reward circuit-related structures in health and disease. The effect of pharmaceuticals used in the treatment of addiction in the context of GSK3β activity is also discussed.
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Takaki M, Kodama M, Mizuki Y, Kawai H, Yoshimura B, Kishimoto M, Sakamoto S, Okahisa Y, Yamada N. Effects of the antipsychotics haloperidol, clozapine, and aripiprazole on the dendritic spine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2018; 28:610-619. [PMID: 29571966 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Three types of antipsychotics, typical (e.g. haloperidol), atypical (e.g. clozapine), and dopamine partial agonist (e.g. aripiprazole), are administered for treatment of schizophrenia. These antipsychotics have different efficacy and side-effect profiles. We investigated whether aripiprazole, clozapine, and haloperidol differentially regulate the dendritic spine through the AKT-GSK-3 beta cascade. Dissociated cortical neurons from Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared and cultured for 28 days. Aripiprazole, clozapine, or haloperidol was administered to the rat cortical neurons. The levels of PSD95 protein and AKT-GSK-3 beta cascade-related proteins were investigated by Western blot. The number of spines and PSD95 puncta were investigated by immunofluorescence cell staining. Aripiprazole (1 µM or 10 µM) and clozapine (1 µM) increased the levels of PSD95 protein, the number of spines, phosphorylated Akt Thr308 and Ser473, and phosphorylated GSK-3 beta Ser9. On the other hand, haloperidol (1 µM or 10 µM) or an inappropriate concentration of clozapine (10 µM) decreased them. A GSK inhibitor also increased the levels of PSD-95 protein and caused the same morphology. Aripiprazole, clozapine, and haloperidol differentially regulate the dendritic spine, and this effect may occur through the AKT-GSK-3 beta cascade. Selection and appropriate dose of these antipsychotics may be important for the protection of dendritic spines in patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Takaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Kodama
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mizuki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kawai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Bunta Yoshimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Makiko Kishimoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Shinji Sakamoto
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Yuko Okahisa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Norihito Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Tuplin EW, Holahan MR. Aripiprazole, A Drug that Displays Partial Agonism and Functional Selectivity. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:1192-1207. [PMID: 28412910 PMCID: PMC5725548 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170413115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of schizophrenia is challenging due to the wide range of symptoms (positive, negative, cognitive) associated with the disease. Typical antipsychotics that antagonize D2 receptors are effective in treating positive symptoms, but extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS) are a common occurrence. Atypical antipsychotics targeting 5-HT2A and D2 receptors are more effective at treating cognitive and negative symptoms compared to typical antipsychotics, but these drugs also result in side-effects such as metabolic syndromes. OBJECTIVE To identify evidence in the literature that elucidates the pharmacological profile of aripiprazole.s. METHODS We searched PubMed for peer reviewed articles on aripiprazole and its clinical efficacy, side-effects, pharmacology, and effects in animal models of schizophrenia symptoms. RESULTS Aripiprazole is a newer atypical antipsychotic that displays a unique pharmacological profile, including partial D2 agonism and functionally selective properties. Aripiprazole is effective at treating the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and has the potential to treat negative and cognitive symptoms at least as well as other atypical antipsychotics. The drug has a favorable side-effect profile and has a low propensity to result in EPS or metabolic syndromes. Animal models of schizophrenia have been used to determine the efficacy of aripiprazole in symptom management. In these instances, aripiprazole resulted in the reversal of deficits in extinction, pre-pulse inhibition, and social withdrawal. Because aripiprazole requires a greater than 90% occupancy rate at D2 receptors to be clinically active and does not produce EPS, this suggests a functionally selective effect on intracellular signaling pathways. CONCLUSION A combination of factors such as dopamine system stabilization via partial agonism, functional selectivity at D2 receptors, and serotonin-dopamine system interaction may contribute to the ability of aripiprazole to successfully manage schizophrenia symptoms. This review examines these mechanisms of action to further clarify the pharmacological actions of aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin W. Tuplin
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, 3414 Herzberg, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON Canada
| | - Matthew R. Holahan
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Science, Carleton University, 3414 Herzberg, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1S 5B6, ON Canada
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Shim SH, Hwangbo Y, Kwon YJ, Lee HY, Kim JH, Yoon HK, Hwang JA, Kim YK. Association between glycogen synthase kinase-3β gene polymorphisms and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Korean children: a preliminary study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 39:57-61. [PMID: 22658982 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β plays a key role in the phosphorylation and regulation of metabolic enzymes and many transcription factors. Recent studies have suggested the involvement of GSK-3β in the pathogenesis and treatment target of DA-associated neuropsychiatric disorders, which has led to consider GSK-beta as one of the candidate genes for those disorders. GSK-3β genes are likely to be involved in mechanisms underlying attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We investigated the association between -1727A/T and -50T/C SNPs of GSK-3β gene with ADHD. All ADHD subjects completed a comprehensive and standardized diagnostic test and psychological evaluation battery, including the parents' Korean version of the ADHD Rating Scale-IV (ARS). The genotype and allele frequencies of 103 ADHD patients and 173 normal controls were analyzed for -1727A/T and -50T/C SNPs of GSK-3β gene. There were statistically significant differences in the genotype distributions of the -1727A/T SNP of GSK-3β gene between the ADHD group and the control group. The frequency of the genotype AT was significantly higher in the ADHD patients. Concerning the haplotype, there was a significant difference in the A-C haplotype frequency between the two samples. However, no differences in either the genotype distribution or in allele frequencies of -50C/T were observed between the two samples. In the parents version of K-ARS of all subjects, ANCOVA revealed that two subscales and the total score were significantly higher in the subjects with AT+TT genotypes than those with AA genotype after adjusting for age and gender. The odds ratio for the ADHD patients was 1.79, comparing the AT genotype group with the AA genotype group. Therefore, genotype AT is associated with a higher risk of ADHD. Our results suggest that the -1727A/T SNP of GSK-3β gene may affect susceptibility in ADHD. Further investigation with a larger number of subjects is needed to validate this finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hoon Shim
- Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, 8 2Gil Soonchunhyang, Cheonan City, Choongnam Province 330-721, South Korea
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The genetics of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:375-400. [PMID: 22944042 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are among the most widely prescribed drugs in psychiatry. Based on the fact that SSRIs increase extracellular monoamine levels in the brain, the monoamine hypothesis of depression was introduced, postulating that depression is associated with too low serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels. However, several lines of evidence indicate that this hypothesis is too simplistic and that depression and the efficacy of SSRIs are dependent on neuroplastic changes mediated by changes in gene expression. Because a coherent view on global gene expression is lacking, we aim to provide an overview of the effects of SSRI treatment on the final targets of 5-HT receptor signal transduction pathways, namely the transcriptional regulation of genes. We address gene polymorphisms in humans that affect SSRI efficacy, as well as in vitro studies employing human-derived cells. We also discuss the molecular targets affected by SSRIs in animal models, both in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that serotonin transporter gene variation in humans affects the efficacy and side-effects of SSRIs, whereas SSRIs generally do not affect serotonin transporter gene expression in animals. Instead, SSRIs alter mRNA levels of genes encoding serotonin receptors, components of non-serotonergic neurotransmitter systems, neurotrophic factors, hypothalamic hormones and inflammatory factors. So far little is known about the epigenetic and age-dependent molecular effects of SSRIs, which might give more insights in the working mechanism(s) of SSRIs.
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Sharma A, Hu XT, Napier TC, Al-Harthi L. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 Tat down regulate β-catenin signaling: implications for methampetamine abuse and HIV-1 co-morbidity. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2011; 6:597-607. [PMID: 21744004 PMCID: PMC3714216 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-011-9295-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse exacerbates HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The underlying mechanism for this effect is not entirely clear but likely involves cooperation between Meth and HIV-1 virotoxins, such as the transactivator of transcription, Tat. HIV-1 Tat mediates damage in the CNS by inducing inflammatory processes including astrogliosis. Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates survival processes for both neurons and astrocytes. Here, we evaluated the impact of Meth on the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in astrocytes transfected with Tat. Meth and Tat downregulated Wnt/β-catenin signaling by >50%, as measured by TOPflash reporter activity in both an astrocytoma cell line and primary human fetal astrocytes. Meth and Tat also downregulated LEF-1 transcript by >30%. LEF-1 is a key partner of β-catenin to regulate cognate gene expression. Interestingly, estrogen, which induces β-catenin signaling in a cell-type specific manner, at physiological concentrations of 1.5 and 3 nM normalized individual Meth and Tat effects on β-catenin signaling but not their combined effects. These findings suggest that Meth and Tat likely exert different mechanisms to mediate down regulation of β-catenin signaling. The consequences of which may contribute to the pathophysiologic effects of HIV-1 and Meth co-morbidity in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Sharma
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, 614 Cohn, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiu-Ti Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago Center for AIDS Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T. Celeste Napier
- Department of Pharmacology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Chicago Center for AIDS Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 W. Harrison Street, 614 Cohn, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Chicago Center for AIDS Research, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Center for Compulsive Behavior and Addiction, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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The impact of glycogen synthase kinase 3β gene on psychotic mania in bipolar disorder patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011; 35:1303-8. [PMID: 21549170 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between glycogen synthase 3β gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder, manic in a Korean sample. METHODS Patients with bipolar disorder (n=118) and a control group (n=158) were assessed by genotyping for GSK3β single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) -1727A/T and -50C/T. The patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of psychotic symptoms (psychotic mania, n=92; non-psychotic mania, n=26) and also divided based on gender and age of onset. The severity of symptoms was measured using the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). RESULTS There were no significant differences in the genotype distributions or allelic frequencies of GSK3β polymorphisms and gender between patients with bipolar disorder and a normal control group. According to haplotype analysis, there was no association between these two groups. However, analysis of the age of onset of bipolar disorder revealed significant differences in genotype and allele distributions among the patients. Patients who were homozygous for the wild-type variant (TT) had an older age of onset than carriers of the mutant allele (A/A: 27.4±9.1; A/T: 30.1±11.8; T/T: 42.3±19.9; p=0.034). We detected differences in allele frequencies of the GSK3β -1727A/T polymorphism between the psychotic mania group and the non-psychotic mania group. CONCLUSION This study suggests that GSK3β polymorphisms are not associated with bipolar disorder. However, the GSK3β SNP -1727A/T is associated with age of onset and presence of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder.
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Sex differences in the activity of signalling pathways and expression of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases in the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion model of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:1-15. [PMID: 20158934 PMCID: PMC2992801 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145710000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals with the neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion (NVHL) demonstrate altered responsiveness to stress and various drugs reminiscent of that in schizophrenia. Post-pubertal onset of abnormalities suggests the possibility of sex differences in NVHL effects that may model sex differences in schizophrenia. Here we demonstrate that novelty- and MK-801-induced hyperactivity is evident in both male and female NVHL rats, whereas only NVHL males were hyperactive in response to apomorphine. Next, we examined the sex- and NVHL-dependent differences in the activity of the ERK and Akt pathways. The basal activity of both pathways was higher in females than in males. NVHL reduces the level of phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Akt, and GSK-3 in both sexes, although males show more consistent down-regulation. Females had higher levels of G-protein-coupled kinases [G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)] 3 and 5, whereas the concentrations of other GRKs and arrestins were the same. In the nucleus accumbens, the concentration of GRK5 in females was elevated by NVHL to the male level. The data demonstrate profound sex differences in the expression and activity of signalling molecules that may underlie differential susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Undieh AS. Pharmacology of signaling induced by dopamine D(1)-like receptor activation. Pharmacol Ther 2010; 128:37-60. [PMID: 20547182 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/19/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine D(1)-like receptors consisting of D(1) and D(5) subtypes are intimately implicated in dopaminergic regulation of fundamental neurophysiologic processes such as mood, motivation, cognitive function, and motor activity. Upon stimulation, D(1)-like receptors initiate signal transduction cascades that are mediated through adenylyl cyclase or phosphoinositide metabolism, with subsequent enhancement of multiple downstream kinase cascades. The latter actions propagate and further amplify the receptor signals, thus predisposing D(1)-like receptors to multifaceted interactions with various other mediators and receptor systems. The adenylyl cyclase response to dopamine or selective D(1)-like receptor agonists is reliably associated with the D(1) subtype, while emerging evidence indicates that the phosphoinositide responses in native brain tissues may be preferentially mediated through stimulation of the D(5) receptor. Besides classic coupling of each receptor subtype to specific G proteins, additional biophysical models are advanced in attempts to account for differential subcellular distribution, heteromolecular oligomerization, and activity-dependent selectivity of the receptors. It is expected that significant advances in understanding of dopamine neurobiology will emerge from current and anticipated studies directed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms of D(5) coupling to phosphoinositide signaling, the structural features that might enhance pharmacological selectivity for D(5) versus D(1) subtypes, the mechanism by which dopamine may modulate phosphoinositide synthesis, the contributions of the various responsive signal mediators to D(1) or D(5) interactions with D(2)-like receptors, and the spectrum of dopaminergic functions that may be attributed to each receptor subtype and signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashiwel S Undieh
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuropharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University School of Pharmacy, 130 South 9th Street, Suite 1510, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Yoon HK, Kim YK. Association between glycogen synthase kinase-3beta gene polymorphisms and major depression and suicidal behavior in a Korean population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:331-4. [PMID: 20015462 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3beta plays a key role in the phosphorylation and regulation of metabolic enzymes and many transcription factors. Several lines of evidence implicate GSK-3beta in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and susceptibility to suicidal behavior. In this study, we aimed to investigate the GSK-3beta gene's association with major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behavior. METHODS One hundred seventy suicidal depressed patients and 147 non-suicidal depressed patients who met DSM-IV criteria for MDD were recruited. One hundred sixty-four healthy volunteers recruited by local advertisement served as controls. Patients and normal controls were genotyped for GSK-3beta -1727A/T and -50C/T. Haplotype trend regression (HTR) analysis was used for the evaluation of haplotype association. RESULTS The genotype distributions of -1727A/T and -50C/T were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The results showed that the alleles, genotypes, and haplotypes of the two SNPs do not differ between suicidal MDD subjects, non-suicidal MDD subjects, and normal controls. There was no difference in the haplotype frequency combination between the three groups. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that two promoter polymorphisms of the GSK-3beta gene may not be related to the pathogenesis of MDD and the risk of suicidal behavior in Korean depressive patients. Further studies with larger sample sizes and different populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Kyoung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Republic of Korea
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Perrine SA, Miller JS, Unterwald EM. Cocaine regulates protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase-3 activity in selective regions of rat brain. J Neurochem 2008; 107:570-7. [PMID: 18717814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase B (also known as Akt) signaling regulates dopamine-mediated locomotor behaviors. Here the ability of cocaine to regulate Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) was studied. Rats were injected with cocaine or saline in a binge-pattern, which consisted of three daily injections of 15 mg/kg cocaine or 1 mL/kg saline spaced 1 h apart for 1, 3, or 14 days. Amygdala, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and hippocampus tissues were dissected 30 min following the last injection and analyzed for phosphorylated and total Akt and GSK3(alpha and beta) protein levels using western blot analysis. Phosphorylation of Akt on the threonine-308 (Thr308) residue was significantly reduced in the nucleus accumbens and increased in the amygdala after 1 day of cocaine treatment; however, these effects were not accompanied by a significant decrease in GSK3 phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3 was significantly reduced after 14 days of cocaine administration, an effect that was only observed in the amygdala. Cocaine did not alter Akt or GSK3 phosphorylation in the caudate putamen or hippocampus. The findings in nucleus accumbens may reflect dopaminergic motor-stimulant activity caused by acute cocaine, whereas the effects in amygdala may be associated with changes in emotional state that occur after acute and chronic cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Perrine
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Substance Abuse Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Lee WJ, Kim DU, Lee MY, Choi KY. Identification of proteins interacting with the catalytic subunit of PP2A by proteomics. Proteomics 2007; 7:206-14. [PMID: 17163575 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a serine/threonine phosphatase involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways including the Wnt/beta-catenin and the ERK pathways. To understand the complex signaling networking associated with PP2A, we searched proteins interacting with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) by a pull-down analysis followed by 2-D gel electrophoresis and proteomic analyses. The probability of identification of the proteins interacting with PP2Ac was increased by searching proteins differently interacting with PP2Ac according to stimulation of Wnt3a, which regulates both the Wnt/beta-catenin and the ERK pathways. Around 100 proteins, pulled-down by His-tagged PP2Ac, were identified in 2-D gels stained with CBB. By MALDI-TOF-MS analyses of 45 protein spots, we identified several proteins that were previously known to interact with PP2A, such as Axin and CaMK IV. In addition, we also identified many proteins that potentially interact with PP2Ac. The interactions of several candidate proteins, such as tuberous sclerosis complex 2, RhoB, R-Ras, and Nm23H2, with PP2Ac, were confirmed by in vitro binding analyses and/or coimmunoprecipitation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jeong Lee
- National Laboratory of Molecular Complex Control, Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering and Protein Network Research Center, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Li X, Friedman AB, Roh MS, Jope RS. Anesthesia and post-mortem interval profoundly influence the regulatory serine phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 in mouse brain. J Neurochem 2005; 92:701-4. [PMID: 15659239 PMCID: PMC1850892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) is a crucial enzyme contributing to the regulation of neuronal structure, plasticity and survival, is implicated as a contributory factor in prevalent diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and mood disorders and is regulated by a wide range of signaling systems and pharmacological agents. Therefore, factors regulating GSK3 in vivo are currently of much interest. GSK3 is inhibited by phosphorylation of serine-9 or serine-21 in GSK3beta and GSK3alpha, respectively. This study found that accurate measurements of phospho-Ser-GSK3 in brain are confounded by a rapid post-mortem dephosphorylation, with approximately 90% dephosphorylation of both GSK3 isoforms occurring within 2 min post-mortem. Furthermore, three anesthetics, pentobarbital, halothane and chloral hydrate, each caused large in vivo increases in the serine phosphorylation of both GSK3beta and GSK3alpha in several regions of mouse brain. Thus, studies of the phosphorylation state of GSK3 in brain, and perhaps in other tissues, need to take into account post-mortem changes and the effects of anesthetics and there is a direct correlation between anesthesia and high levels of serine-phosphorylated GSK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA
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Novikova SI, He F, Bai J, Lidow MS. Neuropathology of the cerebral cortex observed in a range of animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure may reflect alterations in genes involved in the Wnt and cadherin systems. Synapse 2005; 56:105-16. [PMID: 15729737 DOI: 10.1002/syn.20134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reports show that the cerebral cortex in humans and animals with altered expressions of Wnt/cadherin network-associate molecules display cytoarchitectural abnormalities reminiscent of cortical dysplasias seen in some (mouse-, rat-, and monkey-based) animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure. Therefore, we employed oligo microarrays followed by real-time RT-PCR to compare expressions of genes involved in Wnt and cadherin systems in the cerebral wall of 18-day-old (E18) fetuses from cocaine-treated (20 mg/kg cocaine, s.c., b.i.d., E8-18) and drug-naive (saline, s.c.) mice. The pregnant mice chronically treated with cocaine in the above-described manner represent one of the animal models producing offspring with widespread cortical dysplasias. Out of more than 150 relevant genes in the arrays, 32 were upregulated and 9 were downregulated in cocaine-exposed fetuses. The majority of these genes (30 out of 41) were similarly affected in the frontal and occipital regions of the cerebral wall. We also used Western immunoblotting to examine the ability of cocaine to regulate the protein levels of beta-catenin, the key functional component of both Wnt and cadherin systems. While the total cell levels of beta-catenin were increased throughout the cerebral wall of cocaine-exposed fetuses, its nuclear (gene-transcription driving) levels remained unaltered. This suggests a transcription-unrelated role for cocaine-induced upregulation of this protein. Overall, our findings point to an intriguing possibility that that cerebral cortical dysplasias observed in several animal models of prenatal cocaine exposure may be at least in part related to alterations in the Wnt/cadherin molecular network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana I Novikova
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Program of Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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